Rak głowy i szyi – Etiologia i przyczyny

Rak głowy i szyi
Etiologia i przyczyny

Rak głowy i szyi to grupa nowotworów, głównie raków płaskonabłonkowych (ok. 90%), rozwijających się w obrębie błon śluzowych górnych dróg oddechowych i pokarmowych. Kluczowymi czynnikami ryzyka są palenie tytoniu (odpowiedzialne za 70-80% przypadków, z ryzykiem wzrostu 5-25-krotnym) oraz spożycie alkoholu (30-38% przypadków raka gardła, 22-34% raka jamy ustnej, 22% raka krtani), z synergistycznym działaniem obu czynników, które może zwiększyć ryzyko nawet 40-krotnie. Zakażenie HPV, zwłaszcza typem 16, jest istotnym czynnikiem etiologicznym raka części ustnej gardła, odpowiadając za około 70% tych nowotworów, z lepszym rokowaniem niż nowotwory związane z tytoniem i alkoholem. Inne wirusy, takie jak EBV i HIV, również zwiększają ryzyko, podobnie jak czynniki środowiskowe (pył drzewny, formaldehyd, azbest) i genetyczne (zespoły Fanconiego, Li-Fraumeni). Wiek powyżej 40 lat oraz płeć męska (2-4 razy wyższa zachorowalność) to dodatkowe czynniki predysponujące.

Etiologia raka głowy i szyi – wprowadzenie

Rak głowy i szyi (ang. head and neck cancer) to termin obejmujący grupę nowotworów rozwijających się w obszarze głowy i szyi, w tym w jamie ustnej, gardle, krtani, nosie, zatokach przynosowych i gruczołach ślinowych. Większość (około 90%) przypadków stanowią raki płaskonabłonkowe, które wywodzą się z komórek nabłonka płaskiego wyściełającego błony śluzowe górnego odcinka dróg oddechowych i pokarmowych.¹²

Etiologia raka głowy i szyi jest złożona i wieloczynnikowa. Chociaż naukowcy nie są w stanie wskazać dokładnej przyczyny każdego przypadku, zidentyfikowano szereg czynników ryzyka, które mogą prowadzić do rozwoju tych nowotworów. W większości przypadków rak głowy i szyi rozwija się, gdy dochodzi do zmian (mutacji) w DNA komórek w obrębie głowy i szyi. Mutacje te powodują niekontrolowany wzrost i mnożenie się komórek, które mogą tworzyć guz.³⁴

Zachorowalność na raka głowy i szyi rośnie, a według prognoz tendencja ta będzie się utrzymywać. Szacuje się, że w samych Stanach Zjednoczonych każdego roku diagnozuje się około 72 680 nowych przypadków tych nowotworów.⁵ W Wielkiej Brytanii każdego roku rozpoznaje się około 12 800 nowych przypadków raka głowy i szyi.⁶ Znaczna część tych nowotworów (szacunkowo 46-88%) jest potencjalnie możliwa do zapobieżenia poprzez unikanie głównych czynników ryzyka.⁷

Główne czynniki ryzyka raka głowy i szyi

Używanie tytoniu

Palenie tytoniu i używanie produktów tytoniowych stanowi najważniejszy pojedynczy czynnik ryzyka raka głowy i szyi. Szacuje się, że około 70-80% przypadków raka głowy i szyi na całym świecie jest związanych z używaniem tytoniu.⁸⁹ Ryzyko rozwoju tych nowotworów jest 5-25 razy wyższe u osób palących w porównaniu z populacją ogólną.¹⁰

Wszystkie formy używania tytoniu, w tym palenie papierosów, cygar, fajek, a także tytoń bezdymny (tytoń do żucia, tabaka), zwiększają ryzyko raka głowy i szyi. Dodatkowo narażenie na dym tytoniowy z drugiej ręki również podnosi to ryzyko.¹¹¹²

Badania wykazały, że ryzyko raka krtani jest 8,3 razy wyższe u osób, które kiedykolwiek paliły papierosy, w porównaniu z osobami nigdy niepalącymi. Ryzyko raka gardła jest 3 razy wyższe u aktualnych palaczy w porównaniu z osobami niepalącymi. Ryzyko raka jamy nosowo-gardłowej jest o 59% wyższe u aktualnych palaczy, a ryzyko raka jamy ustnej o 91% wyższe w porównaniu z osobami niepalącymi.¹³¹⁴

Dym tytoniowy zawiera liczne substancje rakotwórcze, które bezpośrednio uszkadzają DNA komórek wyściełających jamę ustną i gardło, prowadząc do mutacji. Wysokie stężenie nikotyny w produktach tytoniowych powoduje uszkodzenia nabłonka płaskiego (drażniąc go), co może prowadzić do mutacji komórek.¹⁵¹⁶

Spożycie alkoholu

Spożywanie alkoholu stanowi drugi główny niezależny czynnik ryzyka raka głowy i szyi. Badania wykazują, że około 30-38% przypadków raka gardła, 22-34% przypadków raka jamy ustnej i 22% przypadków raka krtani jest spowodowanych przez spożywanie alkoholu.¹⁷¹⁸

Ryzyko raka krtani jest o 49% wyższe u osób, które spożywają około 12,5-50g (1,5-6 jednostek) alkoholu dziennie, i 2,4 razy wyższe u tych, którzy spożywają 50g+ (6+ jednostek) alkoholu dziennie, w porównaniu z osobami niepijącymi lub pijącymi okazjonalnie.¹⁹

Nadmierne i długotrwałe spożywanie alkoholu zwiększa ryzyko, a mechanizm działania alkoholu polega na tym, że działa on jako rozpuszczalnik, zwiększając narażenie błony śluzowej na substancje rakotwórcze i zwiększając ich wchłanianie przez komórki.²⁰²¹ Ryzyko może wzrastać proporcjonalnie do stężenia alkoholu (np. spożywanie napojów spirytusowych vs piwo lub wino), nawet po uwzględnieniu całkowitej ilości spożywanego alkoholu.²²

Synergistyczne działanie tytoniu i alkoholu

Jednoczesne używanie tytoniu i alkoholu ma działanie synergistyczne (nie addytywne, a mnożnikowe), co znacznie zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju raka głowy i szyi. Osoby, które zarówno palą, jak i piją alkohol, mają nawet 40 razy większe ryzyko rozwoju raka płaskonabłonkowego głowy i szyi niż osoby, które nie stosują żadnej z tych używek.²³²⁴

Jeśli używasz tytoniu i regularnie pijesz alkohol (co najmniej dwa drinki dziennie), ryzyko raka głowy i szyi jest 20 razy większe niż u osób, które tego nie robią.²⁵ Szacuje się, że około 72-75% przypadków raka głowy i szyi jest związanych ze współwystępowaniem obu tych czynników ryzyka.²⁶²⁷

Zakażenie wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV)

Zakażenie wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV), szczególnie typem HPV-16, jest coraz częściej rozpoznawanym czynnikiem etiologicznym raka gardła środkowego (oropharynx), w tym migdałków, podstawy języka i podniebienia miękkiego.²⁸²⁹

W krajach rozwiniętych zakażenie HPV wyprzedza używanie tytoniu jako najważniejszy czynnik ryzyka raka głowy i szyi.³⁰ Około 70% nowotworów części ustnej gardła i 25% wszystkich przypadków raka głowy i szyi jest związanych z zakażeniem HPV.³¹³²

W ciągu ostatnich 20 lat znacznie wzrosła liczba przypadków raka części ustnej gardła, co jest bezpośrednio związane ze wzrostem częstości zakażeń HPV.³³ Według National Cancer Institute, około 70% raków części ustnej gardła (w tym migdałków, podniebienia miękkiego i podstawy języka) jest związanych z HPV.³⁴

Wirus HPV przenosi się głównie drogą kontaktów seksualnych. Zakażenie HPV przez kontakt oralny może prowadzić do przetrwałego zakażenia jamy ustnej i gardła, które uszkadza komórki i może prowadzić do rozwoju raka.³⁵³⁶

Co ciekawe, pacjenci z nowotworami związanymi z HPV różnią się od tych z nowotworami wywołanymi przez tytoń i alkohol – są to zwykle osoby niepalące, białe, heteroseksualne mężczyźni w wieku 50-60 lat. Nowotwory związane wyłącznie z HPV mają niższe stadium i lepsze rokowanie niż nowotwory związane z paleniem.³⁷³⁸

Inne czynniki ryzyka raka głowy i szyi

Zakażenia wirusowe

Oprócz HPV, inne wirusy również odgrywają rolę w etiologii raka głowy i szyi:

Wirus Epsteina-Barr (EBV) – zakażenie tym wirusem jest czynnikiem ryzyka raka nosogardła i raka gruczołów ślinowych. W Wielkiej Brytanii 80% przypadków raka nosogardła jest spowodowanych przez EBV. Wirus Epsteina-Barr może zwiększać ryzyko raka nosogardła i raka za nosem oraz raków gruczołów ślinowych.³⁹⁴⁰⁴¹
HIV/AIDS – osoby z obniżoną odpornością, w tym zakażone HIV, mają zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju raka głowy i szyi. Ryzyko raka jamy ustnej, części ustnej gardła i gardła jest około dwa razy wyższe u osób z HIV/AIDS w porównaniu z populacją ogólną. Ryzyko raka krtani jest o 50-172% wyższe u osób z HIV w porównaniu z osobami niezakażonymi.⁴²⁴³

Czynniki związane z dietą

Dieta odgrywa istotną rolę w ryzyku rozwoju raka głowy i szyi:

Niedobór owoców i warzyw – dieta uboga w owoce i warzywa może zwiększać ryzyko raka głowy i szyi. Szacuje się, że niewystarczające spożycie owoców i warzyw jest związane z około 56% przypadków raka jamy ustnej i 45% przypadków raka krtani w Wielkiej Brytanii.⁴⁴⁴⁵
Solone i konserwowane potrawy – dieta bogata w solone i konserwowane potrawy, szczególnie solone ryby w stylu chińskim, jest czynnikiem ryzyka raka nosogardła.⁴⁶⁴⁷⁴⁸
Yerba mate – picie gorącej yerba mate, napoju kofeinowego z Ameryki Południowej, może być potencjalnym czynnikiem ryzyka raka jamy ustnej, gardła i krtani.⁴⁹⁵⁰
Niedobory witamin – niedobory witaminy A i B mogą zwiększać ryzyko raka głowy i szyi.⁵¹⁵²

Narażenie zawodowe i środowiskowe

Długotrwałe narażenie na niektóre substancje w miejscu pracy może zwiększać ryzyko raka głowy i szyi, szczególnie raka nosa, zatok i nosogardła:⁵³⁵⁴

Pył drzewny – narażenie zawodowe na pył drzewny jest czynnikiem ryzyka raka nosogardła. Klasyfikowany przez Międzynarodową Agencję Badań nad Rakiem (IARC) jako przyczyna raka nosogardła.⁵⁵⁵⁶
Formaldehyd – sklasyfikowany przez IARC jako przyczyna raka nosogardła.⁵⁷
Azbest – narażenie na azbest jest klasyfikowane przez IARC jako prawdopodobna przyczyna raka gardła. Szacuje się, że 0,4% raków krtani w Wielkiej Brytanii jest związanych z zawodowym narażeniem na azbest.⁵⁸
Silne nieorganiczne mgły kwasowe – klasyfikowane przez IARC jako przyczyna raka krtani. Szacuje się, że 2% raków krtani w Wielkiej Brytanii jest związanych z zawodowym narażeniem na silne nieorganiczne mgły kwasowe.⁵⁹
Inne substancje – narażenie na pestycydy, pyły z niklu, krzemionkę i inne chemikalia również może zwiększać ryzyko.⁶⁰⁶¹

Czynniki genetyczne i rodzinne

Chociaż większość przypadków raka głowy i szyi nie jest dziedziczna, istnieją pewne czynniki genetyczne, które mogą zwiększać ryzyko:⁶²

Zespół Fanconiego – to rzadka choroba genetyczna, która zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju zmian przedrakowych i nowotworów w młodym wieku.⁶³⁶⁴
Zespół Li-Fraumeni – dziedziczny zespół zwiększający ryzyko różnych typów nowotworów, w tym głowy i szyi.⁶⁵⁶⁶
Dyskeratoza wrodzona – genetyczny zespół mogący zwiększać ryzyko nowotworów głowy i szyi.⁶⁷⁶⁸
Historia rodzinna – ryzyko raka głowy i szyi jest o 70% wyższe u osób z rodzinną (szczególnie u rodzeństwa) historią raka głowy i szyi. Agregacje rodzinne mogą wskazywać, że dziedziczne czynniki genetyczne odgrywają rolę w ryzyku rozwoju raka głowy i szyi.⁶⁹⁷⁰

Wiek i płeć

Rak głowy i szyi występuje częściej u osób po 40 roku życia, a ryzyko wzrasta wraz z wiekiem. Nowotwory te są rzadkie u osób młodych, ale mogą występować u osób w wieku 30-40 lat. Większość pacjentów ma ponad 55 lat w momencie diagnozy.⁷¹⁷²⁷³

Mężczyźni chorują 2-4 razy częściej niż kobiety, co może być częściowo związane z wyższym wskaźnikiem palenia tytoniu i spożycia alkoholu wśród mężczyzn, chociaż częstość występowania u kobiet wzrasta.⁷⁴⁷⁵⁷⁶

Narażenie na promieniowanie

Wcześniejsze narażenie na promieniowanie w obrębie głowy i szyi, np. w wyniku radioterapii z powodu innych chorób, może zwiększać ryzyko raka głowy i szyi, szczególnie raka gruczołów ślinowych i tarczycy.⁷⁷⁷⁸⁷⁹

Higiena jamy ustnej

Zły stan higieny jamy ustnej i zębów może zwiększać ryzyko raka jamy ustnej:⁸⁰

Choroby przyzębia – zaniedbanie higieny jamy ustnej może prowadzić do chorób dziąseł (takich jak zapalenie dziąseł i przyzębia), co zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju raka jamy ustnej.⁸¹⁸²
Przewlekłe podrażnienia – źle dopasowane protezy dentystyczne, ostre krawędzie zębów czy chroniczne owrzodzenia mogą zwiększać ryzyko raka jamy ustnej.⁸³⁸⁴
Stany przedrakowe – stany przedrakowe jamy ustnej, takie jak leukoplakia czy erytroplakia, zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju raka jamy ustnej.⁸⁵

Żucie betel quid i innych substancji

Żucie betel quid (paan) – zwyczaj rozpowszechniony w Azji Południowej i Południowo-Wschodniej – jest silnie związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem raka jamy ustnej.⁸⁶ W Indiach i innych krajach Azji Południowo-Wschodniej żucie betel quid, orzechów areca, gutka czy paan odpowiada za ponad połowę przypadków raka głowy i szyi.⁸⁷⁸⁸

Ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV

Długotrwała ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV ze słońca, solariów lub lamp opalających zwiększa ryzyko raka warg i skóry głowy i szyi.⁸⁹⁹⁰⁹¹

Choroby współistniejące

Refluks żołądkowo-przełykowy (GERD) – refluks kwasu żołądkowego do górnych dróg oddechowych i gardła może zwiększać ryzyko raka głowy i szyi.⁹²⁹³
Helicobacter pylori – zakażenie Helicobacter pylori może zwiększać ryzyko raka krtani dwukrotnie w porównaniu z osobami bez zakażenia.⁹⁴
Obniżona odporność – osłabiony układ odpornościowy, np. po przeszczepach narządów lub szpiku kostnego, zwiększa ryzyko raka głowy i szyi.⁹⁵⁹⁶

Używanie marihuany

Badania sugerują, że używanie marihuany może być związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem raka głowy i szyi, choć związek ten wymaga dalszych badań.⁹⁷⁹⁸

Nadwaga i otyłość

Nadmierna masa ciała zwiększa ryzyko raka części ustnej gardła i krtani.⁹⁹¹⁰⁰

Wcześniejszy nowotwór głowy i szyi

Osoby, które wcześniej miały raka głowy i szyi, mają zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju kolejnego pierwotnego nowotworu w tej lokalizacji. Ryzyko raka głowy i szyi jest 12-16 razy wyższe u osób z wcześniejszym rakiem głowy i szyi.¹⁰¹¹⁰²

Przyczyny konkurencyjne śmiertelności w raku głowy i szyi

Pacjenci z miejscowo zaawansowanym rakiem głowy i szyi mogą doświadczać wyższej częstości zgonów z przyczyn konkurencyjnych (nie związanych bezpośrednio z nowotworem) w porównaniu ze zdrową populacją.¹⁰³

Główne przyczyny śmiertelności konkurencyjnej obejmują:

Choroby współistniejące związane ze spożyciem alkoholu i tytoniu – różne badania wykazały, że choroby współistniejące są niezależnym czynnikiem prognostycznym przeżycia w raku głowy i szyi.¹⁰⁴
Powikłania związane z leczeniem – agresywne leczenie radioterapią i chemioterapią może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań, zagrażających życiu.¹⁰⁵¹⁰⁶
Drugie nowotwory pierwotne – narażenie na tytoń i alkohol predysponuje do rozwoju drugich pierwotnych nowotworów, które są główną przyczyną śmiertelności u osób, które przeżyły raka głowy i szyi.¹⁰⁷¹⁰⁸¹⁰⁹

W analizie przyczyn długoterminowej śmiertelności u pacjentów z rakiem płaskonabłonkowym głowy i szyi wykazano, że w ciągu pierwszych 3,5 roku obserwacji najczęstszą przyczyną zgonu jest sam guz głowy i szyi. Po tym okresie śmiertelność częściej związana jest z konkurencyjnymi przyczynami zgonu, takimi jak drugie nowotwory i przyczyny nienowotworowe. Śmiertelność związana z drugimi i kolejnymi nowotworami wynosiła 2,3% rocznie, natomiast śmiertelność przypisywana przyczynom nienowotworowym wynosiła 1,6% rocznie.¹¹⁰¹¹¹¹¹²

Zapobieganie rakowi głowy i szyi

Większość przypadków raka głowy i szyi można zapobiec poprzez eliminację lub redukcję głównych czynników ryzyka:¹¹³

Unikanie tytoniu – zaprzestanie palenia tytoniu i unikanie biernej ekspozycji na dym tytoniowy.¹¹⁴¹¹⁵
Ograniczenie spożycia alkoholu – zmniejszenie lub całkowite unikanie alkoholu.¹¹⁶¹¹⁷
Szczepienie przeciwko HPV – szczepienie przeciwko HPV może zmniejszyć ryzyko rozwoju raków związanych z HPV.¹¹⁸¹¹⁹
Dbanie o higienę jamy ustnej – regularne wizyty u dentysty i odpowiednia higiena jamy ustnej.¹²⁰¹²¹
Zdrowa dieta – spożywanie większej ilości owoców i warzyw, unikanie konserwowanych potraw.¹²²¹²³
Ochrona przed promieniowaniem UV – stosowanie kremów z filtrem UV, unikanie solariów.¹²⁴
Unikanie narażenia zawodowego na szkodliwe substancje lub stosowanie odpowiedniej ochrony.¹²⁵
Regularne badania kontrolne – szczególnie u osób z grupy podwyższonego ryzyka.¹²⁶

Warto również zwrócić uwagę na czynniki, które mogą obniżać ryzyko zachorowania na raka głowy i szyi, takie jak: spożywanie owoców, warzyw skrobiowych, suplementów witaminy C i wapnia, picie kawy z kofeiną, zielonej herbaty, przyjmowanie kwasu foliowego oraz aktywność fizyczna.¹²⁷

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Head and neck cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer
The majority of head and neck cancer is caused by the use of alcohol or tobacco (including smokeless tobacco). An increasing number of cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Other risk factors include the EpsteinBarr virus, chewing betel quid (paan), radiation exposure, poor nutrition and workplace exposure to certain toxic substances. […] Alcohol and tobacco use are major risk factors for head and neck cancer. 72% of head and neck cancer cases are caused by using both alcohol and tobacco. […] There is thought to be a dose-dependent relationship between alcohol use and development of head and neck cancer where higher rates of alcohol consumption contribute to an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Tobacco smoking is one of the main risk factors for head and neck cancer. Cigarette smokers have a lifetime increased risk for head and neck cancer that is 5 to 25 times higher than the general population.
#2 Causes and Risk Factors For Head & Neck Cancer | Apollo Hospitals
https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/causes-and-risk-factors-for-head-neck-cancer/
Head and neck cancer is a group of cancers that arise from the salivary glands, larynx, sinuses, mouth cavity or in the throat. […] Since this medical condition is so complicated, it is crucial to know its origins and risk factors, as well as look for innovative treatment alternatives such as those available at Apollo Hospitals. […] Rising rates of tobacco intake over time have resulted in India currently accounting for about 60% of all cases globally of head and neck cancer. […] Usually, aberrant DNA alterations in squamous cells on the mucous membrane surface result in head and neck cancer. […] The majority of the time, extended exposure to certain carcinogens causes DNA alterations. Several factors contribute to the development of head and neck cancer, with the most prevalent being tobacco and alcohol use. […] But a lot of people dont know that one of the main causes of head neck cancer is the high nicotine concentration found in all tobacco products, including chewables.
#3 Head and neck cancers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-and-neck-cancers/symptoms-causes/syc-20354171
Head and neck cancers are cancers that start in the head and neck area. […] Experts aren’t certain exactly what causes head and neck cancers. What causes a cancer may depend on where the cancer starts. […] In general, head and neck cancer starts when a cell in the head and neck area develops changes in its DNA. […] Head and neck cancers have some risk factors in common. These include using tobacco and drinking alcohol. […] In general, things that increase the risk of head and neck cancers include: Using tobacco. Using tobacco of any kind increases the risk of many types of head and neck cancer. […] Drinking alcohol. Frequent and heavy drinking increases the risk of many types of head and neck cancer. […] Being exposed to human papillomavirus, also called HPV. HPV is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. […] Breathing chemicals in the air. Exposure to chemicals in the air can increase the risk of cancer in the nose and sinuses. […] Being exposed to the sun or tanning lamps. Ultraviolet light from the sun increases the risk of skin cancer of the head and neck.
#4 Throat cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20366462
Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably and continue living after healthy cells would normally die. The accumulating cells can form a tumor in your throat. […] It’s not clear what causes the mutation that causes throat cancer. But doctors have identified factors that may increase your risk. […] HPV increases the risk of cancer of the throat, soft palate, tonsils and back of the tongue. […] Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common infection that’s passed through sexual contact. It increases the risk of certain types of throat cancer. HPV has been linked to cancer that affects the soft palate, tonsils, back of the tongue, and the side and back wall of the throat. […] Factors that can increase your risk of throat cancer include: Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, Excessive alcohol use, Viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus, A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Exposure to toxic substances at work.
#5 Head and Neck Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancers, including mouth cancers, account for about 4 percent of all cancers in the United States, according to the National Cancer Institute. An estimated 72,680 people are expected to be diagnosed with head and neck cancer in 2025. […] Smoking presents the greatest risk for developing head and neck cancer. Secondhand smoke also may increase the risk. Chewing tobacco has been linked to oral cavity cancer. […] About 85 percent of head and neck cancer diagnoses are connected to tobacco use. The combined use of tobacco and alcohol accounts for at least 75 percent of head and neck cancers. […] People infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) are at higher risk for some throat and mouth cancers. HPV has been on the rise in recent years, especially among people in their 40s and 50s.
#6 Head and neck cancers statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers
There are around 12,800 new head and neck cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s 35 every day (2017-2019). […] 46-88% of head and neck cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 64% of laryngeal cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking. […] Certain occupational exposures cause laryngeal cancer. […] A diet high in fruit and vegetables may protect against head and neck cancer insufficient fruit and vegetables intake is linked to an estimated 56% of oral cancer cases, and an estimated 45% of laryngeal cancer cases in the UK. […] HPV infection, environmental tobacco smoke, and certain medical conditions may relate to higher laryngeal cancer risk, but evidence is unclear.
#7 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Head and neck cancer cases linked to exposure to tobacco smoke, UK […] Head and neck cancer cases linked to alcohol consumption, UK […] Head and neck cancer cases linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, UK […] 46-88% of head and neck cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] Head and neck cancer risk is associated with a number of risk factors. […] 64% of laryngeal cancer cases, 37% of pharyngeal cancer cases, 25% of nasopharyngeal cancer cases, and 17% of oral cavity cancer cases are caused by smoking. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 8.3 times higher in people who have ever smoked cigarettes compared with those who have never done so. […] Pharyngeal cancer risk is 3 times higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer risk is 59% higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers.
#8 Head and Neck Cancers: Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14458-head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancer includes several types of cancers that affect your mouth, throat or other parts of your head and neck. […] You can reduce your risk by avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol and getting the HPV vaccine. […] Approximately 70% to 80% of head and neck cancers worldwide are linked to tobacco use. […] In developed nations, including the United States, HPV infection is overtaking tobacco use as the greatest risk factor associated with head and neck cancer. […] Chewing betel nuts is a common practice in Southern and Southeast Asia and Polynesia. It accounts for more than half of head and neck cancers in these regions. […] A weakened immune system makes it harder for your body to fight cancer. […] Several carcinogens may cause head and neck cancers. These include asbestos, pesticides, wood dust and paint fumes. […] Prior radiation therapy to the head and neck has been linked to salivary gland cancer and other head and neck cancers. […] Regularly eating salt-cured meat and fish can increase your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Not taking care of your teeth and gums can increase your risk of oral cancer.
#9 Head and Neck Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancers, including mouth cancers, account for about 4 percent of all cancers in the United States, according to the National Cancer Institute. An estimated 72,680 people are expected to be diagnosed with head and neck cancer in 2025. […] Smoking presents the greatest risk for developing head and neck cancer. Secondhand smoke also may increase the risk. Chewing tobacco has been linked to oral cavity cancer. […] About 85 percent of head and neck cancer diagnoses are connected to tobacco use. The combined use of tobacco and alcohol accounts for at least 75 percent of head and neck cancers. […] People infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) are at higher risk for some throat and mouth cancers. HPV has been on the rise in recent years, especially among people in their 40s and 50s.
#10 Head and neck cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer
The majority of head and neck cancer is caused by the use of alcohol or tobacco (including smokeless tobacco). An increasing number of cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Other risk factors include the EpsteinBarr virus, chewing betel quid (paan), radiation exposure, poor nutrition and workplace exposure to certain toxic substances. […] Alcohol and tobacco use are major risk factors for head and neck cancer. 72% of head and neck cancer cases are caused by using both alcohol and tobacco. […] There is thought to be a dose-dependent relationship between alcohol use and development of head and neck cancer where higher rates of alcohol consumption contribute to an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Tobacco smoking is one of the main risk factors for head and neck cancer. Cigarette smokers have a lifetime increased risk for head and neck cancer that is 5 to 25 times higher than the general population.
#11 Head and Neck Cancers Basics | Head and Neck Cancers | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html
To lower your risk for head and neck cancers, don’t use tobacco products, limit the amount of alcohol you drink, and avoid tanning. […] Alcohol and tobacco are major risk factors for cancers of the head and neck. All tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff, or a type of chewing tobacco called betel quid) are linked to head and neck cancer (except for salivary gland cancers). Drinking any type of alcohol, such as beer, wine, or liquor, also raises the risk of getting cancers of the mouth, throat, and voice box. […] About 70% of cancers in the oropharynx (which includes the tonsils, soft palate, and base of the tongue) are linked to HPV, a common sexually transmitted virus. […] Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, tanning beds, or sunlamps is a cause of cancer on the lips.
#12 Head and Neck Cancers – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet
Cancers of the head and neck can form in the: […] What causes cancers of the head and neck? […] Alcohol and tobacco use (including secondhand smoke and smokeless tobacco, sometimes called chewing tobacco or snuff) are the two most important risk factors for head and neck cancers, especially cancers of the oral cavity, hypopharynx, and voice box. […] Infection with cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV type 16, is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers that involve the tonsils or the base of the tongue. […] Other known risk factors for specific cancers of the head and neck include the following: […] Paan (betel quid). The use of paan (betel quid) in the mouth, a common custom in Southeast Asia, is strongly associated with an increased risk of mouth cancers.
#13 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Head and neck cancer cases linked to exposure to tobacco smoke, UK […] Head and neck cancer cases linked to alcohol consumption, UK […] Head and neck cancer cases linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, UK […] 46-88% of head and neck cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] Head and neck cancer risk is associated with a number of risk factors. […] 64% of laryngeal cancer cases, 37% of pharyngeal cancer cases, 25% of nasopharyngeal cancer cases, and 17% of oral cavity cancer cases are caused by smoking. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 8.3 times higher in people who have ever smoked cigarettes compared with those who have never done so. […] Pharyngeal cancer risk is 3 times higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer risk is 59% higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers.
#14 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Oral cavity cancer risk is 91% higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers. […] 38% of pharyngeal cancer cases, 34% of oral cavity cancer cases, and 22% of laryngeal cancer cases are caused by alcohol drinking. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 49% higher in people who consume around 12.5-50g (1.5-6 units) of alcohol per day, and 2.4 times higher in those who consume 50g+ (6+ units) of alcohol per day, compared with non- or occasional drinkers. […] 70% of pharyngeal cancer cases and 1% of oral cavity cases are caused by HPV infection. […] 80% of nasopharyngeal cancer cases are caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. […] Oral, oropharyngeal and pharyngeal cancer risk is around twice higher in people with HIV/AIDS, compared with the general population. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 50-172% higher in people with HIV versus those without.
#15 Causes and Risk Factors For Head & Neck Cancer | Apollo Hospitals
https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/causes-and-risk-factors-for-head-neck-cancer/
Nicotine induces squamous cell mutations by irritating the epithelium. […] Because poisons like nicotine may harm mucosa and epithelium, they can enter the circulation and spread throughout the body, which is known as metastasis or the spread of cancer. […] The most frequently affected demographics of head and neck cancer include men and elders above the age limit of 50 years. […] In addition to age and sex, the largest risk factors are smoking, excessive alcohol consumption as well as HPV infections. […] Tobacco smoking is the most common risk factor for head and neck epithelial cancers. […] 70% to 80 % of these cancers have been associated with cigarette smoking. […] Another factor that could increase your risk is whether you are exposed to secondhand smoke. […] Overindulging in alcohol might make you more vulnerable. […] In particular, among younger individuals, the incidence of head neck cancers linked to HPV infection is rising.
#16 What Causes Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers? | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
Doctors and scientists cant say for sure what causes each case of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. But they do know many of the risk factors and how some of them may lead to cells becoming cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, may cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat. […] Many of the chemicals found in tobacco can damage DNA directly. […] Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (mainly HPV16), are important causes of most oropharyngeal (middle throat) cancers. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents that increase their risk for developing certain cancers. But inherited gene mutations are not believed to cause very many cancers of the oral cavity or oropharynx. […] Acquired gene mutations are gene changes that usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These gene mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke.
#17 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Oral cavity cancer risk is 91% higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers. […] 38% of pharyngeal cancer cases, 34% of oral cavity cancer cases, and 22% of laryngeal cancer cases are caused by alcohol drinking. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 49% higher in people who consume around 12.5-50g (1.5-6 units) of alcohol per day, and 2.4 times higher in those who consume 50g+ (6+ units) of alcohol per day, compared with non- or occasional drinkers. […] 70% of pharyngeal cancer cases and 1% of oral cavity cases are caused by HPV infection. […] 80% of nasopharyngeal cancer cases are caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. […] Oral, oropharyngeal and pharyngeal cancer risk is around twice higher in people with HIV/AIDS, compared with the general population. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 50-172% higher in people with HIV versus those without.
#18 Throat Cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council
https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/throat-cancer
Risk factors for throat cancers include: […] Around 60% of pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers in Australia are caused by smoking; around 30% are caused by excess alcohol consumption. So quitting smoking and moderating alcohol consumption will significantly reduce your risk of developing throat cancer.
#19 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Oral cavity cancer risk is 91% higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers. […] 38% of pharyngeal cancer cases, 34% of oral cavity cancer cases, and 22% of laryngeal cancer cases are caused by alcohol drinking. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 49% higher in people who consume around 12.5-50g (1.5-6 units) of alcohol per day, and 2.4 times higher in those who consume 50g+ (6+ units) of alcohol per day, compared with non- or occasional drinkers. […] 70% of pharyngeal cancer cases and 1% of oral cavity cases are caused by HPV infection. […] 80% of nasopharyngeal cancer cases are caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. […] Oral, oropharyngeal and pharyngeal cancer risk is around twice higher in people with HIV/AIDS, compared with the general population. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 50-172% higher in people with HIV versus those without.
#20 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-head-neck-cancer-causes-prevention-S1808869415303013
Although head and neck carcinoma ranks fifth among cancer types, patient survival rates have not changed significantly over the past years. […] To determine the risk factors, causes, therapies, and prevention measures for head and neck cancer. […] Alcohol and tobacco are still atop risk factors. Other factors may influence the development of head and neck carcinoma. […] Smoking and alcohol abuse are major risk factors for the development of this disease. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is also considered risk factor in about 25% of the disease. […] The major risk factor for oral cancers among non-drinkers is tobacco use and among non-smokers is alcohol use. […] Alcohol acts as a solvent to enhance mucosal exposure to carcinogens, increasing cellular uptake of these. […] Recent data confirms that infection with HPV-16 is an independent risk factor for HNSCC, mainly for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
#21 Head And Neck Cancer Causes – Klarity Health Library
https://my.klarity.health/head-and-neck-cancer-causes/
Human papillomavirus HPV, especially HPV-16, is a significant etiological factor in oropharyngeal malignancies, which affect the posterior pharynx, base of the tongue, and tonsils. […] Poor oral health can also lead to the development of oral carcinomas. […] The impact of family history on the development of head and neck cancer may stem from familial aggregations suggesting that hereditary genetic factors contribute to cancer risk. […] The dietary choices may be associated with a lower likelihood of developing the illness. […] Head and neck cancer consists of various cancers that appear in the tissues of the head and neck, such as the mouth, throat, larynx, sinuses, and salivary glands. Its causes are linked to environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Tobacco smoking is a high-risk factor; the likelihood of developing cancer increases with the duration and intensity of smoking.
#22 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9443822/
Although head and neck carcinoma ranks fifth among cancer types, patient survival rates have not changed significantly over the past years. […] To determine the risk factors, causes, therapies, and prevention measures for head and neck cancer. […] Alcohol and tobacco are still atop risk factors. Other factors may influence the development of head and neck carcinoma. […] Smoking and alcohol abuse are major risk factors for the development of this disease. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is also considered risk factor in about 25% of the disease. […] The major risk factor for oral cancers among non-drinkers is tobacco use and among non-smokers is alcohol use. […] The risk may increase directly with alcohol concentration (eg, consumption of spirits vs beer or wine), even after adjustment for total alcohol consumed.
#23 Overview of Head and Neck Tumors – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/overview-of-head-and-neck-tumors
Head and neck cancer develops in over 70,000 people in the United States each year. […] The vast majority of patients with cancer of the head and neck have a history of alcohol use, smoking, or both. Heavy long-term users of tobacco and alcohol have an almost 40-fold greater risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma. Other suspected causes include use of smokeless tobacco, sunlight exposure, previous radiographs of the head and neck, certain viral infections, ill-fitting dental appliances, chronic candidiasis, and poor oral hygiene. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, particularly oropharyngeal cancer. The increase in HPV-related cancer has caused an overall increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer, which otherwise would have been expected to decrease because of the decrease in smoking over the few decades. The mechanism for viral-mediated tumor genesis appears to be distinct from tobacco-related pathways. […] Epstein-Barr virus plays a role in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal cancer, and serum measures of certain Epstein-Barr virus proteins may be biomarkers of recurrence.
#24 Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/11/2/42
Tobacco use remains the leading risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, accounting for an estimated 75% of all cases according to a study of cases in Western Europe. […] Alcohol consumption among nonsmokers is estimated to account for 4% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases globally. […] Alcohol and tobacco have a multiplicative effect on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. […] In South and Southeast Asia and Polynesia, chewing of the areca nut, also known as betel quid, accounts for over half of oral and oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases. […] HPV accounts for 72% of all head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases in developed nations, as compared to 13% of cases in developing nations. […] The use of opium has been linked to an elevated risk of laryngeal cancer.
#25 Understanding Head and Neck Cancer | Knight Cancer Institute | OHSU
https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/understanding-head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancers are often linked to alcohol and tobacco use. In recent years, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) has become a leading risk factor. […] About 75% of head and neck cancers are caused by tobacco use and heavy alcohol use. Research also shows a strong link between infection with some strains of HPV and certain throat cancers. […] Risks factors that may play a role include: Smoking and drinking: Doctors believe alcohol and tobacco act together to damage tissues in the head and neck. If you use tobacco and have two drinks a day, your risk of head and neck cancer is 20 times greater than if you do not. […] HPV: Some types of human papillomavirus, a common virus spread by sexual contact, are linked to throat cancer. […] Most head and neck cancers are not hereditary. A family history of Fanconi anemia, Li-Fraumeni syndrome and other conditions, however, may increase your risk.
#26 Head and Neck Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancers, including mouth cancers, account for about 4 percent of all cancers in the United States, according to the National Cancer Institute. An estimated 72,680 people are expected to be diagnosed with head and neck cancer in 2025. […] Smoking presents the greatest risk for developing head and neck cancer. Secondhand smoke also may increase the risk. Chewing tobacco has been linked to oral cavity cancer. […] About 85 percent of head and neck cancer diagnoses are connected to tobacco use. The combined use of tobacco and alcohol accounts for at least 75 percent of head and neck cancers. […] People infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) are at higher risk for some throat and mouth cancers. HPV has been on the rise in recent years, especially among people in their 40s and 50s.
#27 Understanding Head and Neck Cancer | Knight Cancer Institute | OHSU
https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/understanding-head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancers are often linked to alcohol and tobacco use. In recent years, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) has become a leading risk factor. […] About 75% of head and neck cancers are caused by tobacco use and heavy alcohol use. Research also shows a strong link between infection with some strains of HPV and certain throat cancers. […] Risks factors that may play a role include: Smoking and drinking: Doctors believe alcohol and tobacco act together to damage tissues in the head and neck. If you use tobacco and have two drinks a day, your risk of head and neck cancer is 20 times greater than if you do not. […] HPV: Some types of human papillomavirus, a common virus spread by sexual contact, are linked to throat cancer. […] Most head and neck cancers are not hereditary. A family history of Fanconi anemia, Li-Fraumeni syndrome and other conditions, however, may increase your risk.
#28 Aetiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4873944/
Alcohol is the other major independent risk factor for head and neck cancer. […] Human papilloma virus -16 is an increasingly relevant causative agent in oropharyngeal and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), however doubt remains in other sites and for other HPV subtypes. […] High risk human papilloma viruses (HPV 16 and 18) are recognised causative agents for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
#29 Head and Neck Cancers Basics | Head and Neck Cancers | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html
To lower your risk for head and neck cancers, don’t use tobacco products, limit the amount of alcohol you drink, and avoid tanning. […] Alcohol and tobacco are major risk factors for cancers of the head and neck. All tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff, or a type of chewing tobacco called betel quid) are linked to head and neck cancer (except for salivary gland cancers). Drinking any type of alcohol, such as beer, wine, or liquor, also raises the risk of getting cancers of the mouth, throat, and voice box. […] About 70% of cancers in the oropharynx (which includes the tonsils, soft palate, and base of the tongue) are linked to HPV, a common sexually transmitted virus. […] Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, tanning beds, or sunlamps is a cause of cancer on the lips.
#30 Head and Neck Cancers: Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14458-head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancer includes several types of cancers that affect your mouth, throat or other parts of your head and neck. […] You can reduce your risk by avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol and getting the HPV vaccine. […] Approximately 70% to 80% of head and neck cancers worldwide are linked to tobacco use. […] In developed nations, including the United States, HPV infection is overtaking tobacco use as the greatest risk factor associated with head and neck cancer. […] Chewing betel nuts is a common practice in Southern and Southeast Asia and Polynesia. It accounts for more than half of head and neck cancers in these regions. […] A weakened immune system makes it harder for your body to fight cancer. […] Several carcinogens may cause head and neck cancers. These include asbestos, pesticides, wood dust and paint fumes. […] Prior radiation therapy to the head and neck has been linked to salivary gland cancer and other head and neck cancers. […] Regularly eating salt-cured meat and fish can increase your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Not taking care of your teeth and gums can increase your risk of oral cancer.
#31 Head and Neck Cancers Basics | Head and Neck Cancers | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html
To lower your risk for head and neck cancers, don’t use tobacco products, limit the amount of alcohol you drink, and avoid tanning. […] Alcohol and tobacco are major risk factors for cancers of the head and neck. All tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff, or a type of chewing tobacco called betel quid) are linked to head and neck cancer (except for salivary gland cancers). Drinking any type of alcohol, such as beer, wine, or liquor, also raises the risk of getting cancers of the mouth, throat, and voice box. […] About 70% of cancers in the oropharynx (which includes the tonsils, soft palate, and base of the tongue) are linked to HPV, a common sexually transmitted virus. […] Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, tanning beds, or sunlamps is a cause of cancer on the lips.
#32 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-head-neck-cancer-causes-prevention-S1808869415303013
Although head and neck carcinoma ranks fifth among cancer types, patient survival rates have not changed significantly over the past years. […] To determine the risk factors, causes, therapies, and prevention measures for head and neck cancer. […] Alcohol and tobacco are still atop risk factors. Other factors may influence the development of head and neck carcinoma. […] Smoking and alcohol abuse are major risk factors for the development of this disease. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is also considered risk factor in about 25% of the disease. […] The major risk factor for oral cancers among non-drinkers is tobacco use and among non-smokers is alcohol use. […] Alcohol acts as a solvent to enhance mucosal exposure to carcinogens, increasing cellular uptake of these. […] Recent data confirms that infection with HPV-16 is an independent risk factor for HNSCC, mainly for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
#33 Head and neck cancer risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support
https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-head-and-neck-cancer
Drinking alcohol is linked to mouth cancer and throat cancer. The more alcohol a person drinks, and the more years they drink for, the higher the risk. […] Drinking and smoking together greatly increases the risk of head and neck cancer. People who smoke and drink heavily over several years have the highest risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Like all cancers, the risk of head and neck cancer increases as you get older. It is most common in people aged over 70. It is more likely to develop in people aged over 50, but it can affect younger people from their 30s onwards. […] Cancer of the oropharynx (back of the tongue and tonsils) has become more common over the last 20 years. This is linked to HPV infection. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is linked to a virus called the Epstein-Barr virus.
#34 Head and Neck Cancers Basics | Head and Neck Cancers | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html
To lower your risk for head and neck cancers, don’t use tobacco products, limit the amount of alcohol you drink, and avoid tanning. […] Alcohol and tobacco are major risk factors for cancers of the head and neck. All tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff, or a type of chewing tobacco called betel quid) are linked to head and neck cancer (except for salivary gland cancers). Drinking any type of alcohol, such as beer, wine, or liquor, also raises the risk of getting cancers of the mouth, throat, and voice box. […] About 70% of cancers in the oropharynx (which includes the tonsils, soft palate, and base of the tongue) are linked to HPV, a common sexually transmitted virus. […] Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, tanning beds, or sunlamps is a cause of cancer on the lips.
#35 Throat cancer | Better Health Channel
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/throat-cancer
The human papillomavirus (HPV) the same virus that causes cervical cancer causes 70% of oropharyngeal cancers. […] Exposure to HPV primarily through vaginal, anal and oral sex, and it usually clears from the body by itself. […] For some people, HPV spread through oral sex can cause persistent oral HPV, which damages cells and leads to oropharyngeal cancer. […] Throat cancer risk factors include: smoking or chewing tobacco, heavy alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) the virus that causes glandular fever, family history of cancer (a genetic predisposition), Poor diet, chronic goitre (enlargement of the thyroid gland), radiation exposure, being overweight or obese.
#36 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Types and Stages
https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/throat-cancer-symptoms-treatments
Nobody knows for sure why throat cancer happens. Like other cancers, it arises when cells in your throat pick up genetic changes that make them grow too much or spread to other places. Those rapidly growing cells can turn into a mass (tumor). […] Although the causes of throat cancer are unknown, some things can increase your risk, including: […] Infections, especially the human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus. […] Experts dont know if having HPV alone can lead to cancer, or if you have to have another risk factor for it to happen (like being a cigarette smoker). But it causes about 70% of oropharyngeal cancer (which affects the middle part of the throat) in the U.S., with cases continuing to grow. […] While oral sex doesn’t cause throat cancer, it is a leading risk factor for it. One 2007 study found a strong link between oral HPV infection and oropharyngeal cancer.
#37 What men need to know about HPV-related throat cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center
https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/focused-on-health/what-men-need-to-know-about-hpv-related-throat-cancer.h12-1593780.html
HPV-related throat cancer is on the rise, and the typical patient is a male in his 50s or 60s. […] The reason: human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV-related throat cancer patients are usually non-smoking, white, heterosexual males in their 50s or 60s, says Neil Gross, M.D., professor and director of clinical research in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery at MD Anderson. […] „We used to see mostly smokers. Now we see mostly nonsmokers, and their throat cancers are almost uniformly HPV-related.” […] Experts are not sure why HPV-related throat cancer mostly strikes white males who don’t smoke. […] The HPV virus spreads to the oropharynx through oral sex or intimate kissing. […] The virus can lay dormant in cells for years if the body doesn’t clear it. In some cases, it causes cancer.
#38 Causes of Head and Neck Cancer – Southwest Ohio ENT Specialists
https://soents.com/causes-of-head-and-neck-cancer/
Head and neck cancer (often referred to generally as throat cancer) is most commonly Squamous Cell Carcinoma. This type of cancer is most often caused by smoking and/or Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection. […] The tobacco exposure causes damage to the cells that line the surface of the mouth and throat. […] Alcohol abuse while smoking is higher risk than smoking alone for the development of head and neck cancer. […] There are several different strains of the virus, some of which can be cancer causing if the virus is not cleared after the infection. […] Head and neck cancers caused by HPV infection alone have a lower stage and better prognosis than smoking related cancers. […] Other less common causes of squamous cell carcinoma include marijuana abuse, alcohol abuse, genetic causes and chronic trauma to an area of the mouth or throat.
#39 Head and Neck Cancers | Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center
https://vicc.org/cancer-info/adult-head-and-neck-cancers
Occupational exposure. Occupational exposure to wood dust is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Radiation exposure. Radiation to the head and neck, for noncancerous conditions or cancer, is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Epstein-Barr virus infection. Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] Ancestry. Asian ancestry, particularly Chinese ancestry, is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Underlying genetic disorders. Some genetic disorders, such as Fanconi anemia, can increase the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancers early in life.
#40 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Oral cavity cancer risk is 91% higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers. […] 38% of pharyngeal cancer cases, 34% of oral cavity cancer cases, and 22% of laryngeal cancer cases are caused by alcohol drinking. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 49% higher in people who consume around 12.5-50g (1.5-6 units) of alcohol per day, and 2.4 times higher in those who consume 50g+ (6+ units) of alcohol per day, compared with non- or occasional drinkers. […] 70% of pharyngeal cancer cases and 1% of oral cavity cases are caused by HPV infection. […] 80% of nasopharyngeal cancer cases are caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. […] Oral, oropharyngeal and pharyngeal cancer risk is around twice higher in people with HIV/AIDS, compared with the general population. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 50-172% higher in people with HIV versus those without.
#41 Head and Neck Cancers Basics | Head and Neck Cancers | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html
Occupational exposures, or being exposed to certain substances while on the job, can increase the risk of getting cancers in the nasopharynx. Working in the construction, textile, ceramic, logging, and food processing industries can cause people to be exposed to substances like wood dust, formaldehyde, asbestos, nickel, and other chemicals. […] Another possible cause is an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, a cause of infectious mononucleosis and other illnesses. This virus can raise the risk of cancers in the nose, behind the nose, and cancers of the salivary glands. […] Radiation treatments to the head and neck can cause head and neck cancers.
#42 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Oral cavity cancer risk is 91% higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers. […] 38% of pharyngeal cancer cases, 34% of oral cavity cancer cases, and 22% of laryngeal cancer cases are caused by alcohol drinking. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 49% higher in people who consume around 12.5-50g (1.5-6 units) of alcohol per day, and 2.4 times higher in those who consume 50g+ (6+ units) of alcohol per day, compared with non- or occasional drinkers. […] 70% of pharyngeal cancer cases and 1% of oral cavity cases are caused by HPV infection. […] 80% of nasopharyngeal cancer cases are caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. […] Oral, oropharyngeal and pharyngeal cancer risk is around twice higher in people with HIV/AIDS, compared with the general population. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 50-172% higher in people with HIV versus those without.
#43 Head and neck cancer risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support
https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-head-and-neck-cancer
Some people with reduced immunity have an increased risk of developing a head and neck cancer. […] Long-term exposure to ultraviolet light from sunlight, sun beds or sunlamps, increases the risk of cancer on the outer lip. […] Long-term exposure to some types of dust and certain chemicals at work increases the risk of developing cancers of the nasopharynx and sinuses. […] Pre-cancerous conditions of the mouth increase the risk of developing mouth cancer. […] The risk of developing mouth cancer is higher in people with poor oral health. […] A diet that is high in salted fish is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer.
#44 Head and neck cancers statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers
There are around 12,800 new head and neck cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s 35 every day (2017-2019). […] 46-88% of head and neck cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 64% of laryngeal cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking. […] Certain occupational exposures cause laryngeal cancer. […] A diet high in fruit and vegetables may protect against head and neck cancer insufficient fruit and vegetables intake is linked to an estimated 56% of oral cancer cases, and an estimated 45% of laryngeal cancer cases in the UK. […] HPV infection, environmental tobacco smoke, and certain medical conditions may relate to higher laryngeal cancer risk, but evidence is unclear.
#45 Risk Factors for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are twice as common in men than in women. This might be because men have been more likely to use tobacco and alcohol in the past. […] Having too much body weight appears to increase the risk of cancers of the oropharynx and larynx. […] Cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx usually take many years to develop, so theyâre not common in young people. Most patients with these cancers are older than 55 when the cancers are first found. […] Sunlight is the main source of UV light for most people. Cancers of the lip are more common in people who have outdoor jobs where they are exposed to sunlight for long periods of time. […] Several studies have found that a diet low in fruits and vegetables is linked with an increased risk of cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx.
#46 Head and Neck Cancers: Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14458-head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancer includes several types of cancers that affect your mouth, throat or other parts of your head and neck. […] You can reduce your risk by avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol and getting the HPV vaccine. […] Approximately 70% to 80% of head and neck cancers worldwide are linked to tobacco use. […] In developed nations, including the United States, HPV infection is overtaking tobacco use as the greatest risk factor associated with head and neck cancer. […] Chewing betel nuts is a common practice in Southern and Southeast Asia and Polynesia. It accounts for more than half of head and neck cancers in these regions. […] A weakened immune system makes it harder for your body to fight cancer. […] Several carcinogens may cause head and neck cancers. These include asbestos, pesticides, wood dust and paint fumes. […] Prior radiation therapy to the head and neck has been linked to salivary gland cancer and other head and neck cancers. […] Regularly eating salt-cured meat and fish can increase your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Not taking care of your teeth and gums can increase your risk of oral cancer.
#47 Head and neck cancer risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support
https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-head-and-neck-cancer
Some people with reduced immunity have an increased risk of developing a head and neck cancer. […] Long-term exposure to ultraviolet light from sunlight, sun beds or sunlamps, increases the risk of cancer on the outer lip. […] Long-term exposure to some types of dust and certain chemicals at work increases the risk of developing cancers of the nasopharynx and sinuses. […] Pre-cancerous conditions of the mouth increase the risk of developing mouth cancer. […] The risk of developing mouth cancer is higher in people with poor oral health. […] A diet that is high in salted fish is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer.
#48 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Formaldehyde is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Wood dust is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Drinking hot mat (a traditional South American drink) is classified by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) as a possible cause of mouth, pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers. […] Salted fish (Chinese-style) is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer.
#49 Prevention, Causes, and Risk Factors for Head and Neck Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/head-neck/risk-prevention-screening
People who chew betel quid or gutka, which are more common in parts of Asia, have an increased risk of head and neck cancer. […] A history of radiation in the head and neck area increases the risk of salivary gland cancer and thyroid cancer. […] Some cancers, like those that begin in the mouth, can take years to develop. […] Other factors that may put you at a greater risk of head and neck cancer include: a diet low in fruits and vegetables, a diet high in salt-cured fish and meat, a diagnosis of Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus, Asian ancestry, drinking yerba mate, a caffeinated drink from South America, poor oral hygiene, workplace exposure to inhalants such as asbestos, wood dust, nickel alloy dust, and silica dust, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a weakened immune system, graft versus host disease, a condition that sometimes occurs after a stem cell transplant, lichen planus, a disease that often affects the skin, certain genetic syndromes, such as Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenital.
#50 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Formaldehyde is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Wood dust is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Drinking hot mat (a traditional South American drink) is classified by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) as a possible cause of mouth, pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers. […] Salted fish (Chinese-style) is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer.
#51 Causes of head and neck cancer – Oracle Head and Neck Cancer UK
https://oraclehnc.org.uk/head-and-neck-cancer/causes
Research suggests that people who have used marijuana may be at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Reflux of stomach acid into the upper airway and throat may be associated with the development of head and neck cancer. […] A weakened immune system can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer. […] Exposure to radiation is associated with salivary gland cancer. […] People who have had 1 head and neck cancer have a higher chance of developing another head and neck cancer in the future.
#52 What Should I Know About Head and Neck Cancer? What Are the Symptoms?
https://www.webmd.com/cancer/head-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancer is a group of cancers that starts in or near your throat, voice box, nose, sinuses, or mouth. Usually, it begins in the cells that line the surfaces of these body parts. Doctors call these squamous cells. […] The biggest cause of head and neck cancers is tobacco. This includes chewing tobacco and using snuff, not just smoking. Secondhand smoke (smoke from other peoples cigarettes, cigars, or pipes) can also raise your risk of getting head and neck cancer. […] Drinking too much alcohol raises your risk, too. If you use tobacco and drink too much alcohol, you raise your risk even more. […] Other things that raise your risk are: Getting too much sun, Human papilloma virus (HPV), a type of sexually transmitted disease, Epstein-Barr virus, the virus that causes mononucleosis (mono), Being a man, Being older than 40, Being African-American, Not taking care of your mouth and teeth, Breathing in asbestos, wood dust, paint, or other chemical fumes, Smoking pot, Not getting enough vitamin A or B, Acid reflux, Having a weak immune system.
#53 Head and Neck Cancers Basics | Head and Neck Cancers | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html
Occupational exposures, or being exposed to certain substances while on the job, can increase the risk of getting cancers in the nasopharynx. Working in the construction, textile, ceramic, logging, and food processing industries can cause people to be exposed to substances like wood dust, formaldehyde, asbestos, nickel, and other chemicals. […] Another possible cause is an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, a cause of infectious mononucleosis and other illnesses. This virus can raise the risk of cancers in the nose, behind the nose, and cancers of the salivary glands. […] Radiation treatments to the head and neck can cause head and neck cancers.
#54 Head and Neck Cancers – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet
Occupational exposure. Occupational exposure to wood dust is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Radiation exposure. Radiation to the head and neck, for noncancerous conditions or cancer, is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Epstein-Barr virus infection. Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] Ancestry. Asian ancestry, particularly Chinese ancestry, is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Underlying genetic disorders. Some genetic disorders, such as Fanconi anemia, can increase the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancers early in life.
#55 Head and Neck Cancers | Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center
https://vicc.org/cancer-info/adult-head-and-neck-cancers
Occupational exposure. Occupational exposure to wood dust is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Radiation exposure. Radiation to the head and neck, for noncancerous conditions or cancer, is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Epstein-Barr virus infection. Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] Ancestry. Asian ancestry, particularly Chinese ancestry, is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Underlying genetic disorders. Some genetic disorders, such as Fanconi anemia, can increase the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancers early in life.
#56 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Formaldehyde is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Wood dust is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Drinking hot mat (a traditional South American drink) is classified by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) as a possible cause of mouth, pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers. […] Salted fish (Chinese-style) is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer.
#57 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Formaldehyde is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Wood dust is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Drinking hot mat (a traditional South American drink) is classified by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) as a possible cause of mouth, pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers. […] Salted fish (Chinese-style) is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer.
#58 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Laryngeal cancer risk is twice as high in people with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection versus those without. […] Head and neck cancer risk is 12-16 times higher in people with a previous head and neck cancer. […] Head and neck cancer risk is 70% higher in people with a family (particularly sibling) history of head and neck cancer, versus those without such history. […] Strong inorganic acid mists are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of laryngeal cancer. […] An estimated 2% of laryngeal cancers in Great Britain are linked to occupational exposure to strong inorganic acid mists. […] Exposure to asbestos is classified by IARC as a probable cause of pharyngeal cancer. […] An estimated 0.4% of laryngeal cancers in Great Britain are linked to occupational asbestos exposure.
#59 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Laryngeal cancer risk is twice as high in people with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection versus those without. […] Head and neck cancer risk is 12-16 times higher in people with a previous head and neck cancer. […] Head and neck cancer risk is 70% higher in people with a family (particularly sibling) history of head and neck cancer, versus those without such history. […] Strong inorganic acid mists are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of laryngeal cancer. […] An estimated 2% of laryngeal cancers in Great Britain are linked to occupational exposure to strong inorganic acid mists. […] Exposure to asbestos is classified by IARC as a probable cause of pharyngeal cancer. […] An estimated 0.4% of laryngeal cancers in Great Britain are linked to occupational asbestos exposure.
#60 Head and Neck Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/risk-factors
High doses of radiation to the head and neck, such as may be given during radiation therapy, may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer. Radiation exposure is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Poor nutrition and vitamin deficiencies may raise a patients risk of developing head and neck cancers. […] Studies also have linked marijuana use to a higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Not taking proper care of the mouth, teeth and gums may increase the risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Environmental factors may increase risk. […] GERD causes stomach acid to move into the upper airway and throat. That acid may increase the risk for head and neck cancer. […] People whose immune systems are compromised may be at higher risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] People who have previously been treated for head or neck cancer are at a higher risk of developing another cancer. […] This habit is strongly connected to an increased risk of mouth cancers.
#61 Head and neck cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer
EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) infection is associated with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Several other risk factors have been identified in the development of head and neck cancer. These include occupational environmental carcinogen exposure such as asbestos, wood dust, mineral acid, sulfuric acid mists and metal dusts.
#62 Understanding Head and Neck Cancer | Knight Cancer Institute | OHSU
https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/understanding-head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancers are often linked to alcohol and tobacco use. In recent years, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) has become a leading risk factor. […] About 75% of head and neck cancers are caused by tobacco use and heavy alcohol use. Research also shows a strong link between infection with some strains of HPV and certain throat cancers. […] Risks factors that may play a role include: Smoking and drinking: Doctors believe alcohol and tobacco act together to damage tissues in the head and neck. If you use tobacco and have two drinks a day, your risk of head and neck cancer is 20 times greater than if you do not. […] HPV: Some types of human papillomavirus, a common virus spread by sexual contact, are linked to throat cancer. […] Most head and neck cancers are not hereditary. A family history of Fanconi anemia, Li-Fraumeni syndrome and other conditions, however, may increase your risk.
#63 Head and Neck Cancers | Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center
https://vicc.org/cancer-info/adult-head-and-neck-cancers
Occupational exposure. Occupational exposure to wood dust is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Radiation exposure. Radiation to the head and neck, for noncancerous conditions or cancer, is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Epstein-Barr virus infection. Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] Ancestry. Asian ancestry, particularly Chinese ancestry, is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Underlying genetic disorders. Some genetic disorders, such as Fanconi anemia, can increase the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancers early in life.
#64 Prevention, Causes, and Risk Factors for Head and Neck Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/head-neck/risk-prevention-screening
People who chew betel quid or gutka, which are more common in parts of Asia, have an increased risk of head and neck cancer. […] A history of radiation in the head and neck area increases the risk of salivary gland cancer and thyroid cancer. […] Some cancers, like those that begin in the mouth, can take years to develop. […] Other factors that may put you at a greater risk of head and neck cancer include: a diet low in fruits and vegetables, a diet high in salt-cured fish and meat, a diagnosis of Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus, Asian ancestry, drinking yerba mate, a caffeinated drink from South America, poor oral hygiene, workplace exposure to inhalants such as asbestos, wood dust, nickel alloy dust, and silica dust, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a weakened immune system, graft versus host disease, a condition that sometimes occurs after a stem cell transplant, lichen planus, a disease that often affects the skin, certain genetic syndromes, such as Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenital.
#65 Head and neck cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council
https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/head-and-neck-cancers
Head and neck cancers are more common in people over the age of 40. Men are about three times more likely to develop a head or neck cancer than women. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are more likely to develop head and neck cancer than other Australians. […] There are a number of risk factors associated with the development of head and neck cancers. The main risk factors are alcohol consumption, and smoking tobacco (cigarettes, cigars and pipes) and having had human papillomavirus (HPV). If you drink and smoke, your risk is much greater than if you only drink or only smoke. […] Other risk factors include: having persistent sores or red or white patches in the mouth, breathing in asbestos fibres, wood dust or certain chemicals, viruses including the Epstein-Barr virus have been linked to head and neck cancers, a weakened immune system, oral hygiene – poor oral health including gum disease have been linked to cancers of the oral cavity, being overweight or obese, smoking or chewing betel nut, areca nut, gutka or pan, sun exposure, having radiation therapy to the head and neck area in the past, inheriting a condition linked to head and neck cancer such as Fanconi anaemia or Li-Fraumeni syndrome. […] The risk of head and neck cancers can be reduced by not smoking (or quitting) and reducing alcohol consumption.
#66 Prevention, Causes, and Risk Factors for Head and Neck Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/head-neck/risk-prevention-screening
People who chew betel quid or gutka, which are more common in parts of Asia, have an increased risk of head and neck cancer. […] A history of radiation in the head and neck area increases the risk of salivary gland cancer and thyroid cancer. […] Some cancers, like those that begin in the mouth, can take years to develop. […] Other factors that may put you at a greater risk of head and neck cancer include: a diet low in fruits and vegetables, a diet high in salt-cured fish and meat, a diagnosis of Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus, Asian ancestry, drinking yerba mate, a caffeinated drink from South America, poor oral hygiene, workplace exposure to inhalants such as asbestos, wood dust, nickel alloy dust, and silica dust, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a weakened immune system, graft versus host disease, a condition that sometimes occurs after a stem cell transplant, lichen planus, a disease that often affects the skin, certain genetic syndromes, such as Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenital.
#67 Head and Neck Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer
Besides HPV infection and tobacco and alcohol use, risk factors for head and neck cancer may include: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Fanconi anemia or dyskeratosis congenita, sun exposure, radiation therapy, particularly to the head and neck region, poor nutrition and vitamin deficiencies, vaping. […] Men are two to three times more likely than women to develop head and neck cancer. These cancers are more common in people over the age of 50.
#68 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More
https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer-throat-or-larynx
Cancer can develop in the larynx, vocal cords, tonsils, or pharynx. These cancers can be more common in people exposed to certain carcinogens, including cigarette smoke and asbestos. […] The risk factors for throat cancer depend on the type. […] Here are some general factors that may increase the risk of developing oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer: smoking, high alcohol consumption, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, exposure to asbestos (in the case of laryngeal cancer), chewing betel quid and gutka (in the case of oropharyngeal cancer), a high body weight, older age, as these cancers mostly occur after age 50 years, Fanconi anemia or dyskeratosis congenita, which are inherited genetic syndromes, certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), possibly poor oral hygiene. […] People who smoke and drink a lot are around 30 times more likely to develop oropharyngeal cancer than those who do not.
#69 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Laryngeal cancer risk is twice as high in people with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection versus those without. […] Head and neck cancer risk is 12-16 times higher in people with a previous head and neck cancer. […] Head and neck cancer risk is 70% higher in people with a family (particularly sibling) history of head and neck cancer, versus those without such history. […] Strong inorganic acid mists are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of laryngeal cancer. […] An estimated 2% of laryngeal cancers in Great Britain are linked to occupational exposure to strong inorganic acid mists. […] Exposure to asbestos is classified by IARC as a probable cause of pharyngeal cancer. […] An estimated 0.4% of laryngeal cancers in Great Britain are linked to occupational asbestos exposure.
#70 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-head-neck-cancer-causes-prevention-S1808869415303013
The diet can be associated with decreased risk for the disease. […] Carcinogen exposure, oral hygiene, dental plaque formation, chronic irritation to the lining of the mouth, family history, low body mass index and exposure to ultraviolet light also all play a role, individually or in combination, in the HNSCC development. […] The influence of family history in HNSCC development may be because familial aggregations that may indicate that inheritable genetic factors play a role in HNSCC risk. […] Occupational activity also appears to be associated with HNSCC development. […] The quitting cigarette smoking, limiting alcohol drinking, avoiding tobacco chewing, preventing exposure to second hand tobacco smoke, environmental carcinogens, screening for HPV, maintaining good oral health, nutritional habits and managing stress could be good primary measures for preventing or delaying HNSCC development.
#71 Head and neck cancer risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support
https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-head-and-neck-cancer
Drinking alcohol is linked to mouth cancer and throat cancer. The more alcohol a person drinks, and the more years they drink for, the higher the risk. […] Drinking and smoking together greatly increases the risk of head and neck cancer. People who smoke and drink heavily over several years have the highest risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Like all cancers, the risk of head and neck cancer increases as you get older. It is most common in people aged over 70. It is more likely to develop in people aged over 50, but it can affect younger people from their 30s onwards. […] Cancer of the oropharynx (back of the tongue and tonsils) has become more common over the last 20 years. This is linked to HPV infection. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is linked to a virus called the Epstein-Barr virus.
#72 Risk Factors for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are twice as common in men than in women. This might be because men have been more likely to use tobacco and alcohol in the past. […] Having too much body weight appears to increase the risk of cancers of the oropharynx and larynx. […] Cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx usually take many years to develop, so theyâre not common in young people. Most patients with these cancers are older than 55 when the cancers are first found. […] Sunlight is the main source of UV light for most people. Cancers of the lip are more common in people who have outdoor jobs where they are exposed to sunlight for long periods of time. […] Several studies have found that a diet low in fruits and vegetables is linked with an increased risk of cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx.
#73 Causes of head and neck cancer – Oracle Head and Neck Cancer UK
https://oraclehnc.org.uk/head-and-neck-cancer/causes
The Ebstein Barr virus, a common virus that causes glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis), can cause cancer in the upper throat (Nasopharynx). […] Men are 2 to 3 times more likely than women to develop head and neck cancer. […] Prolonged sun exposure is especially linked to cancer in the lip area, as well as skin cancer of the head and neck. […] People over the age of 40 are at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Inhaling asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals may increase a persons risk of head and neck cancer, particularly Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. […] Poor oral hygiene has been associated with various health risks, including Gum disease (such as gingivitis and periodontitis). […] A diet low in vitamins A and B can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer.
#74 Causes of head and neck cancer – Oracle Head and Neck Cancer UK
https://oraclehnc.org.uk/head-and-neck-cancer/causes
The Ebstein Barr virus, a common virus that causes glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis), can cause cancer in the upper throat (Nasopharynx). […] Men are 2 to 3 times more likely than women to develop head and neck cancer. […] Prolonged sun exposure is especially linked to cancer in the lip area, as well as skin cancer of the head and neck. […] People over the age of 40 are at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Inhaling asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals may increase a persons risk of head and neck cancer, particularly Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. […] Poor oral hygiene has been associated with various health risks, including Gum disease (such as gingivitis and periodontitis). […] A diet low in vitamins A and B can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer.
#75 Epidemiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancer is common in several regions of the world. The primary risk factors associated with head and neck cancer include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (for oropharyngeal cancer), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (for nasopharyngeal cancer). The chronic exposure of the upper aerodigestive tract to these carcinogenic factors can result in dysplastic or premalignant lesions in the oropharyngeal mucosa and ultimately result in head and neck cancer. […] The epidemiology of head and neck cancer and the risk factors for and pathogenesis of these tumors will be reviewed here. […] Males are affected significantly more than females, with a ratio ranging from 2:1 to 4:1. The incidence rate in males exceeds 20 per 100,000 in regions of France, Hong Kong, the Indian subcontinent, Central and Eastern Europe, Spain, Italy, and Brazil, and among African Americans in the United States.
#76 Head and neck cancer | World Cancer Research Fund
https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/
Head and neck cancer is caused by damaged cells, which can grow uncontrollably to form a tumour. When you use tobacco or drink alcohol, your mouth and throat are directly exposed to cancer-causing substances (carcinogens). […] Smoking (or the use of smokeless tobacco, sometimes called chewing tobacco or snuff) increases the risk of head and neck cancers. […] Drinking alcohol increases the risk of head and neck cancer. […] As much as 90 per cent of mouth cancers worldwide are attributable to tobacco, alcohol or a combination of the 2 together. […] Living with overweight or obesity increases the risk of head and neck cancer. […] Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) increases the risk of head and neck cancer. […] Head and neck cancer is 3 times more common in men than in women. This may be related to higher rates of smoking among men.
#77 Head and Neck Cancers – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet
Occupational exposure. Occupational exposure to wood dust is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Radiation exposure. Radiation to the head and neck, for noncancerous conditions or cancer, is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Epstein-Barr virus infection. Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] Ancestry. Asian ancestry, particularly Chinese ancestry, is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Underlying genetic disorders. Some genetic disorders, such as Fanconi anemia, can increase the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancers early in life.
#78 Head and Neck Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/risk-factors
Head and neck cancer is more common in people over the age of 40. Oral cancers develop slowly, which is why theyre not found as frequently in younger people. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and two inherited genetic syndromesFanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenitahave been linked to head and neck cancer. EBV, the virus that causes mononucleosis, is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] People infected with HPV are at higher risk for some throat and mouth cancers. HPV has been on the rise in recent years, especially among people in their 40s and 50s. HPV type 16 is most often linked to cancer of the oropharynx, especially those found in the tonsil and at the tongues base. […] Prolonged sun exposure may increase the risk of lip and oral cancer. The risk is particularly high for the lip area and skin cancers of the head and neck area.
#79 Head and neck cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support
https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancer is a general term to describe different cancers in this area. These cancers start in the tissues in the head and neck area. […] The main risk factors for head and neck cancer are tobacco and alcohol, especially when combined. Head and neck cancer is also much more common in men than in women. […] Many cancers of the oropharynx are linked to an infection with a virus called human papilloma virus (HPV) is linked to the Epstein-Barr virus. […] We have more information about the causes and risk factors for head and neck cancers.
#80 Head and Neck Cancers: Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14458-head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancer includes several types of cancers that affect your mouth, throat or other parts of your head and neck. […] You can reduce your risk by avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol and getting the HPV vaccine. […] Approximately 70% to 80% of head and neck cancers worldwide are linked to tobacco use. […] In developed nations, including the United States, HPV infection is overtaking tobacco use as the greatest risk factor associated with head and neck cancer. […] Chewing betel nuts is a common practice in Southern and Southeast Asia and Polynesia. It accounts for more than half of head and neck cancers in these regions. […] A weakened immune system makes it harder for your body to fight cancer. […] Several carcinogens may cause head and neck cancers. These include asbestos, pesticides, wood dust and paint fumes. […] Prior radiation therapy to the head and neck has been linked to salivary gland cancer and other head and neck cancers. […] Regularly eating salt-cured meat and fish can increase your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Not taking care of your teeth and gums can increase your risk of oral cancer.
#81 Causes of head and neck cancer – Oracle Head and Neck Cancer UK
https://oraclehnc.org.uk/head-and-neck-cancer/causes
The Ebstein Barr virus, a common virus that causes glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis), can cause cancer in the upper throat (Nasopharynx). […] Men are 2 to 3 times more likely than women to develop head and neck cancer. […] Prolonged sun exposure is especially linked to cancer in the lip area, as well as skin cancer of the head and neck. […] People over the age of 40 are at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Inhaling asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals may increase a persons risk of head and neck cancer, particularly Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. […] Poor oral hygiene has been associated with various health risks, including Gum disease (such as gingivitis and periodontitis). […] A diet low in vitamins A and B can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer.
#82 Head and Neck Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/risk-factors
High doses of radiation to the head and neck, such as may be given during radiation therapy, may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer. Radiation exposure is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Poor nutrition and vitamin deficiencies may raise a patients risk of developing head and neck cancers. […] Studies also have linked marijuana use to a higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Not taking proper care of the mouth, teeth and gums may increase the risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Environmental factors may increase risk. […] GERD causes stomach acid to move into the upper airway and throat. That acid may increase the risk for head and neck cancer. […] People whose immune systems are compromised may be at higher risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] People who have previously been treated for head or neck cancer are at a higher risk of developing another cancer. […] This habit is strongly connected to an increased risk of mouth cancers.
#83 Risk Factors for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
People with syndromes caused by inherited defects (mutations) in certain genes have a very high risk of mouth and middle throat cancer. […] Some studies have suggested that mouthwash with a high alcohol content might be linked to a higher risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. […] Itâs been suggested that long-term irritation of the lining of the mouth caused by poorly fitting dentures is a risk factor for oral cancer. […] Studies have suggested the overall health of the mouth, teeth, and gums may impact oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer risk because of changes in the normal bacteria in the mouth.
#84 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9443822/
Alcohol acts as a solvent to enhance mucosal exposure to carcinogens, increasing cellular uptake of these. […] Recent data confirms that infection with HPV-16 is an independent risk factor for HNSCC, mainly for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. […] The diet can be associated with decreased risk for the disease. […] Carcinogen exposure, oral hygiene, dental plaque formation, chronic irritation to the lining of the mouth, family history, low body mass index and exposure to ultraviolet light also all play a role, individually or in combination, in the HNSCC development. […] The influence of family history in HNSCC development may be because familial aggregations that may indicate that inheritable genetic factors play a role in HNSCC risk. […] Occupational activity also appears to be associated with HNSCC development.
#85 Head and neck cancer risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support
https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-head-and-neck-cancer
Some people with reduced immunity have an increased risk of developing a head and neck cancer. […] Long-term exposure to ultraviolet light from sunlight, sun beds or sunlamps, increases the risk of cancer on the outer lip. […] Long-term exposure to some types of dust and certain chemicals at work increases the risk of developing cancers of the nasopharynx and sinuses. […] Pre-cancerous conditions of the mouth increase the risk of developing mouth cancer. […] The risk of developing mouth cancer is higher in people with poor oral health. […] A diet that is high in salted fish is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer.
#86 Head and Neck Cancers – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet
Cancers of the head and neck can form in the: […] What causes cancers of the head and neck? […] Alcohol and tobacco use (including secondhand smoke and smokeless tobacco, sometimes called chewing tobacco or snuff) are the two most important risk factors for head and neck cancers, especially cancers of the oral cavity, hypopharynx, and voice box. […] Infection with cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV type 16, is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers that involve the tonsils or the base of the tongue. […] Other known risk factors for specific cancers of the head and neck include the following: […] Paan (betel quid). The use of paan (betel quid) in the mouth, a common custom in Southeast Asia, is strongly associated with an increased risk of mouth cancers.
#87 Head and Neck Cancers: Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14458-head-and-neck-cancer
Head and neck cancer includes several types of cancers that affect your mouth, throat or other parts of your head and neck. […] You can reduce your risk by avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol and getting the HPV vaccine. […] Approximately 70% to 80% of head and neck cancers worldwide are linked to tobacco use. […] In developed nations, including the United States, HPV infection is overtaking tobacco use as the greatest risk factor associated with head and neck cancer. […] Chewing betel nuts is a common practice in Southern and Southeast Asia and Polynesia. It accounts for more than half of head and neck cancers in these regions. […] A weakened immune system makes it harder for your body to fight cancer. […] Several carcinogens may cause head and neck cancers. These include asbestos, pesticides, wood dust and paint fumes. […] Prior radiation therapy to the head and neck has been linked to salivary gland cancer and other head and neck cancers. […] Regularly eating salt-cured meat and fish can increase your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Not taking care of your teeth and gums can increase your risk of oral cancer.
#88 Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/11/2/42
Tobacco use remains the leading risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, accounting for an estimated 75% of all cases according to a study of cases in Western Europe. […] Alcohol consumption among nonsmokers is estimated to account for 4% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases globally. […] Alcohol and tobacco have a multiplicative effect on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. […] In South and Southeast Asia and Polynesia, chewing of the areca nut, also known as betel quid, accounts for over half of oral and oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases. […] HPV accounts for 72% of all head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases in developed nations, as compared to 13% of cases in developing nations. […] The use of opium has been linked to an elevated risk of laryngeal cancer.
#89 Head and neck cancers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-and-neck-cancers/symptoms-causes/syc-20354171
Head and neck cancers are cancers that start in the head and neck area. […] Experts aren’t certain exactly what causes head and neck cancers. What causes a cancer may depend on where the cancer starts. […] In general, head and neck cancer starts when a cell in the head and neck area develops changes in its DNA. […] Head and neck cancers have some risk factors in common. These include using tobacco and drinking alcohol. […] In general, things that increase the risk of head and neck cancers include: Using tobacco. Using tobacco of any kind increases the risk of many types of head and neck cancer. […] Drinking alcohol. Frequent and heavy drinking increases the risk of many types of head and neck cancer. […] Being exposed to human papillomavirus, also called HPV. HPV is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. […] Breathing chemicals in the air. Exposure to chemicals in the air can increase the risk of cancer in the nose and sinuses. […] Being exposed to the sun or tanning lamps. Ultraviolet light from the sun increases the risk of skin cancer of the head and neck.
#90 Causes of head and neck cancer – Oracle Head and Neck Cancer UK
https://oraclehnc.org.uk/head-and-neck-cancer/causes
The Ebstein Barr virus, a common virus that causes glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis), can cause cancer in the upper throat (Nasopharynx). […] Men are 2 to 3 times more likely than women to develop head and neck cancer. […] Prolonged sun exposure is especially linked to cancer in the lip area, as well as skin cancer of the head and neck. […] People over the age of 40 are at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Inhaling asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals may increase a persons risk of head and neck cancer, particularly Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. […] Poor oral hygiene has been associated with various health risks, including Gum disease (such as gingivitis and periodontitis). […] A diet low in vitamins A and B can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer.
#91 Head and Neck Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/risk-factors
Head and neck cancer is more common in people over the age of 40. Oral cancers develop slowly, which is why theyre not found as frequently in younger people. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and two inherited genetic syndromesFanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenitahave been linked to head and neck cancer. EBV, the virus that causes mononucleosis, is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] People infected with HPV are at higher risk for some throat and mouth cancers. HPV has been on the rise in recent years, especially among people in their 40s and 50s. HPV type 16 is most often linked to cancer of the oropharynx, especially those found in the tonsil and at the tongues base. […] Prolonged sun exposure may increase the risk of lip and oral cancer. The risk is particularly high for the lip area and skin cancers of the head and neck area.
#92 Head and Neck Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/risk-factors
High doses of radiation to the head and neck, such as may be given during radiation therapy, may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer. Radiation exposure is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Poor nutrition and vitamin deficiencies may raise a patients risk of developing head and neck cancers. […] Studies also have linked marijuana use to a higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Not taking proper care of the mouth, teeth and gums may increase the risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Environmental factors may increase risk. […] GERD causes stomach acid to move into the upper airway and throat. That acid may increase the risk for head and neck cancer. […] People whose immune systems are compromised may be at higher risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] People who have previously been treated for head or neck cancer are at a higher risk of developing another cancer. […] This habit is strongly connected to an increased risk of mouth cancers.
#93 A Comprehensive Guide on Neck & Head Cancer | ACTC
https://actchealth.com/blogs/navigating-head-and-neck-cancer-causes-symptoms-and-treatment
A weakened immune system, such as in cases of HIV infection or after major surgeries like organ or bone marrow transplants, can make people more susceptible to cancer. […] Consuming excessive salt-cured foods, like salted meats and fish, can raise the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) may increase the risk. […] Frequent exposure to certain substances at work, such as asbestos, pesticides, wood dust, or paint fumes, can contribute to head and neck cancer. […] Some individuals may inherit genetic factors from their biological parents, like Fanconi anemia, which can increase the risk of several types of cancers. […] Neglecting proper dental care and hygiene can increase the risk of periodontal disease and oral cancer.
#94 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Laryngeal cancer risk is twice as high in people with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection versus those without. […] Head and neck cancer risk is 12-16 times higher in people with a previous head and neck cancer. […] Head and neck cancer risk is 70% higher in people with a family (particularly sibling) history of head and neck cancer, versus those without such history. […] Strong inorganic acid mists are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of laryngeal cancer. […] An estimated 2% of laryngeal cancers in Great Britain are linked to occupational exposure to strong inorganic acid mists. […] Exposure to asbestos is classified by IARC as a probable cause of pharyngeal cancer. […] An estimated 0.4% of laryngeal cancers in Great Britain are linked to occupational asbestos exposure.
#95 Head and Neck Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/risk-factors
High doses of radiation to the head and neck, such as may be given during radiation therapy, may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer. Radiation exposure is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Poor nutrition and vitamin deficiencies may raise a patients risk of developing head and neck cancers. […] Studies also have linked marijuana use to a higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Not taking proper care of the mouth, teeth and gums may increase the risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Environmental factors may increase risk. […] GERD causes stomach acid to move into the upper airway and throat. That acid may increase the risk for head and neck cancer. […] People whose immune systems are compromised may be at higher risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] People who have previously been treated for head or neck cancer are at a higher risk of developing another cancer. […] This habit is strongly connected to an increased risk of mouth cancers.
#96 Causes and Risk Factors For Head & Neck Cancer | Apollo Hospitals
https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/causes-and-risk-factors-for-head-neck-cancer/
EBV has been linked to cancer risk in addition to the condition that is most frequently associated with mono. […] Studies indicate nasopharyngeal carcinoma may be caused by EBV infection. […] Your bodys ability to combat cancer is hampered by a compromised immune system. […] Cancer originating from compromised immune systems has been linked to both HIV infection and recent major procedures (such as organ or bone marrow transplants). […] The risk of cancer may be increased by your genes. […] The risk of oral cancer and periodontal disease might be raised by neglecting your teeth and gums. […] Exposure to certain chemicals and poor oral hygiene also contribute.
#97 Causes of head and neck cancer – Oracle Head and Neck Cancer UK
https://oraclehnc.org.uk/head-and-neck-cancer/causes
Research suggests that people who have used marijuana may be at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Reflux of stomach acid into the upper airway and throat may be associated with the development of head and neck cancer. […] A weakened immune system can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer. […] Exposure to radiation is associated with salivary gland cancer. […] People who have had 1 head and neck cancer have a higher chance of developing another head and neck cancer in the future.
#98 Head and Neck Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/risk-factors
High doses of radiation to the head and neck, such as may be given during radiation therapy, may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer. Radiation exposure is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Poor nutrition and vitamin deficiencies may raise a patients risk of developing head and neck cancers. […] Studies also have linked marijuana use to a higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Not taking proper care of the mouth, teeth and gums may increase the risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Environmental factors may increase risk. […] GERD causes stomach acid to move into the upper airway and throat. That acid may increase the risk for head and neck cancer. […] People whose immune systems are compromised may be at higher risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] People who have previously been treated for head or neck cancer are at a higher risk of developing another cancer. […] This habit is strongly connected to an increased risk of mouth cancers.
#99 Risk Factors for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are twice as common in men than in women. This might be because men have been more likely to use tobacco and alcohol in the past. […] Having too much body weight appears to increase the risk of cancers of the oropharynx and larynx. […] Cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx usually take many years to develop, so theyâre not common in young people. Most patients with these cancers are older than 55 when the cancers are first found. […] Sunlight is the main source of UV light for most people. Cancers of the lip are more common in people who have outdoor jobs where they are exposed to sunlight for long periods of time. […] Several studies have found that a diet low in fruits and vegetables is linked with an increased risk of cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx.
#100 Head and neck cancer | World Cancer Research Fund
https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/
Head and neck cancer is caused by damaged cells, which can grow uncontrollably to form a tumour. When you use tobacco or drink alcohol, your mouth and throat are directly exposed to cancer-causing substances (carcinogens). […] Smoking (or the use of smokeless tobacco, sometimes called chewing tobacco or snuff) increases the risk of head and neck cancers. […] Drinking alcohol increases the risk of head and neck cancer. […] As much as 90 per cent of mouth cancers worldwide are attributable to tobacco, alcohol or a combination of the 2 together. […] Living with overweight or obesity increases the risk of head and neck cancer. […] Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) increases the risk of head and neck cancer. […] Head and neck cancer is 3 times more common in men than in women. This may be related to higher rates of smoking among men.
#101 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Laryngeal cancer risk is twice as high in people with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection versus those without. […] Head and neck cancer risk is 12-16 times higher in people with a previous head and neck cancer. […] Head and neck cancer risk is 70% higher in people with a family (particularly sibling) history of head and neck cancer, versus those without such history. […] Strong inorganic acid mists are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of laryngeal cancer. […] An estimated 2% of laryngeal cancers in Great Britain are linked to occupational exposure to strong inorganic acid mists. […] Exposure to asbestos is classified by IARC as a probable cause of pharyngeal cancer. […] An estimated 0.4% of laryngeal cancers in Great Britain are linked to occupational asbestos exposure.
#102 Causes of head and neck cancer – Oracle Head and Neck Cancer UK
https://oraclehnc.org.uk/head-and-neck-cancer/causes
Research suggests that people who have used marijuana may be at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Reflux of stomach acid into the upper airway and throat may be associated with the development of head and neck cancer. […] A weakened immune system can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer. […] Exposure to radiation is associated with salivary gland cancer. […] People who have had 1 head and neck cancer have a higher chance of developing another head and neck cancer in the future.
#103 Causes of death in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy and systemic therapy | BMC Cancer | Full Text
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-6427-1
Patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC) treated with combinations of radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) may experience higher incidence of competitive (non-tumoral) mortality compared with the healthy population, and a decrease in the therapeutic ratio of treatment. […] The major causes of competitive mortality in LAHNC are comorbidities, toxicities associated with treatment regimens, and second primary tumours. Survivors of LAHNC present an increased incidence of comorbidities associated with alcohol and tobacco consumption, and maybe predisposed to an increased risk of a non-tumoral cause of death. […] Different studies have shown that comorbidity is an independent prognostic factor for survival in head and neck cancer. […] Moreover, aggressive treatment with RT and CT has been associated with a significant number of acute and chronic complications, which are potentially life-threatening, causes the therapeutic ratio to decrease and limit the potential benefit of the treatment.
#104 Causes of death in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy and systemic therapy | BMC Cancer | Full Text
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-6427-1
Patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC) treated with combinations of radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) may experience higher incidence of competitive (non-tumoral) mortality compared with the healthy population, and a decrease in the therapeutic ratio of treatment. […] The major causes of competitive mortality in LAHNC are comorbidities, toxicities associated with treatment regimens, and second primary tumours. Survivors of LAHNC present an increased incidence of comorbidities associated with alcohol and tobacco consumption, and maybe predisposed to an increased risk of a non-tumoral cause of death. […] Different studies have shown that comorbidity is an independent prognostic factor for survival in head and neck cancer. […] Moreover, aggressive treatment with RT and CT has been associated with a significant number of acute and chronic complications, which are potentially life-threatening, causes the therapeutic ratio to decrease and limit the potential benefit of the treatment.
#105 Causes of death in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy and systemic therapy | BMC Cancer | Full Text
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-6427-1
Patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC) treated with combinations of radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) may experience higher incidence of competitive (non-tumoral) mortality compared with the healthy population, and a decrease in the therapeutic ratio of treatment. […] The major causes of competitive mortality in LAHNC are comorbidities, toxicities associated with treatment regimens, and second primary tumours. Survivors of LAHNC present an increased incidence of comorbidities associated with alcohol and tobacco consumption, and maybe predisposed to an increased risk of a non-tumoral cause of death. […] Different studies have shown that comorbidity is an independent prognostic factor for survival in head and neck cancer. […] Moreover, aggressive treatment with RT and CT has been associated with a significant number of acute and chronic complications, which are potentially life-threatening, causes the therapeutic ratio to decrease and limit the potential benefit of the treatment.
#106 Neuropathy | Head & Neck Cancer Alliance
https://www.headandneck.org/types/neuropathy/
Nerve damage and nerve pain can be caused by cancer treatments, including radiation, surgery, and some chemotherapy drugs including cisplatin. […] The majority of nerve problems resulting from head and neck cancer treatment arise in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which carries information back and forth from the body to the brain. […] Specifically, most head and neck patients have issues stemming from damage to the cranial nerves, which connect the brain to various regions of the head, neck, and trunk (torso).
#107 Causes of death in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy and systemic therapy | BMC Cancer | Full Text
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-6427-1
Finally, field cancerization resulting from exposure to tobacco and alcohol predisposes the development of second primary tumours, which are a major cause of mortality in LAHNC survivors. […] We have shown that age and comorbidity are the two main predictive factors of non-tumoral death in LAHNC treated with RT and systemic therapy, with a CIR for high-risk patients of 17.3 and 18.4% at 5 and 10years respectively.
#108 Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-00224-3
The FDA approved the immune checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab for treatment of recurrent or metastatic HNSCC and pembrolizumab as primary treatment for unresectable disease. […] Ongoing efforts aim to integrate our understanding of HNSCC biology and immunobiology to identify predictive biomarkers that will enable delivery of the most effective, least-toxic therapies. […] This paper describes the epidemiology of the emerging increase in HPV-positive HNSCC. […] This paper underscores the high risk of developing second primary tumors in carcinogen-associated HNSCC.
#109
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-021-07211-8
After treatment of a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), patients with an adequate control of the tumor have a decreased overall survival when compared to age- and gender-matched controls in the general population. […] The aim of our study was to analyze the causes of long-term mortality in patients with HNSCC. […] After the diagnosis of an HNSCC the most frequent cause of death is the head and neck tumor itself during the first 3.5 years of follow-up. Thereafter, mortality is more frequently associated with competing causes of death, such as second malignancies and non-cancer causes. […] Mortality associated with second and successive neoplasms was 2.3% per year, a percentage that was maintained constant throughout the follow-up. Likewise, mortality attributable to non-cancer causes was 1.6% per year, which also remained constant.
#110
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-021-07211-8
After treatment of a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), patients with an adequate control of the tumor have a decreased overall survival when compared to age- and gender-matched controls in the general population. […] The aim of our study was to analyze the causes of long-term mortality in patients with HNSCC. […] After the diagnosis of an HNSCC the most frequent cause of death is the head and neck tumor itself during the first 3.5 years of follow-up. Thereafter, mortality is more frequently associated with competing causes of death, such as second malignancies and non-cancer causes. […] Mortality associated with second and successive neoplasms was 2.3% per year, a percentage that was maintained constant throughout the follow-up. Likewise, mortality attributable to non-cancer causes was 1.6% per year, which also remained constant.
#111
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-021-07211-8
There are differences in the mortality patterns of patients with HNSCC depending on their characteristics. Knowledge of these patterns can help in the design of guidelines to improve the follow-up protocols of this group of patients to optimize the clinical cost-effectiveness. […] The knowledge of the timing and causes of death of patients with a HNSC according to their characteristics may help in the design of guidelines to optimize the clinical cost-effectiveness of follow-up protocols for this group of patients. […] The most frequent cause of competitive mortality after the 3rd year of follow-up for our patients was related to the appearance of second and successive neoplasms. […] The percentage of non-cancer mortality also remained constant throughout the follow-up period, and we quantified it at 1.6% per year.
#112
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-021-07211-8
This increase in mortality of non-cancer origin can be attributed to the disproportionate burden of morbidities associated with the high abuse of toxic substances. […] The most common cause of death after diagnosis of a HNSCC index tumor is the tumor itself during the first 3.5 years of follow-up. […] After the first 3.5 years of follow-up patients with HNSCC face a considerable risk of death not associated with the head and neck index tumor, including a mortality rate due to second malignancies and non-cancer causes higher than that of the general population.
#113 Head and neck cancers risk | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/risk-factors
Head and neck cancer cases linked to exposure to tobacco smoke, UK […] Head and neck cancer cases linked to alcohol consumption, UK […] Head and neck cancer cases linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, UK […] 46-88% of head and neck cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] Head and neck cancer risk is associated with a number of risk factors. […] 64% of laryngeal cancer cases, 37% of pharyngeal cancer cases, 25% of nasopharyngeal cancer cases, and 17% of oral cavity cancer cases are caused by smoking. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is 8.3 times higher in people who have ever smoked cigarettes compared with those who have never done so. […] Pharyngeal cancer risk is 3 times higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer risk is 59% higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers.
#114 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9443822/
The quitting cigarette smoking, limiting alcohol drinking, avoiding tobacco chewing, preventing exposure to second hand tobacco smoke, environmental carcinogens, screening for HPV, maintaining good oral health, nutritional habits and managing stress could be good primary measures for preventing or delaying HNSCC development. […] Although there are established risk factors, it is known that there are many other factors that may contribute to HNSCC development.
#115 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More
https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer-throat-or-larynx
According to the NCI, alcohol use and smoking combine to form the biggest risk factor for developing these cancers. […] This makes avoiding or limiting alcohol consumption and avoiding smoking two main ways of helping prevent head and neck cancers. […] Various types of cancer can affect the throat, including oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. Smoking and high alcohol consumption increase the risk. However, not everyone who develops these cancers will have these risk factors.
#116 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9443822/
The quitting cigarette smoking, limiting alcohol drinking, avoiding tobacco chewing, preventing exposure to second hand tobacco smoke, environmental carcinogens, screening for HPV, maintaining good oral health, nutritional habits and managing stress could be good primary measures for preventing or delaying HNSCC development. […] Although there are established risk factors, it is known that there are many other factors that may contribute to HNSCC development.
#117 Throat Cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council
https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/throat-cancer
Risk factors for throat cancers include: […] Around 60% of pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers in Australia are caused by smoking; around 30% are caused by excess alcohol consumption. So quitting smoking and moderating alcohol consumption will significantly reduce your risk of developing throat cancer.
#118 Cancers of the Head and Neck | MUSC Health
https://advance.muschealth.org/library/2024/june/cancers-of-the-head-and-neck
Head and neck cancers account for 4 percent of all cancers in the U.S., are twice as common in men as in women, and the incidence increases over the age of 50. […] There are a number of risk factors for developing cancers of the head and neck. These include alcohol and tobacco use (including secondhand smoke, chewing tobacco, and snuff) most commonly. The consumption of both alcohol and smoking increases the risk of cancer by 40 percent. […] Infection with cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV especially Type 16) in the tonsils or base of the tongue is another cause. Other risk factors include occupational exposure in construction, metal, textile, and logging industries. Previous radiation exposure, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and underlying genetic disorders are other causes of these cancers. […] HPV vaccination reduces the risk of developing these cancers.
#119 What men need to know about HPV-related throat cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center
https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/focused-on-health/what-men-need-to-know-about-hpv-related-throat-cancer.h12-1593780.html
In addition to throat cancer, HPV can cause genital warts as well as a number of cancers in both men and women, including anal, cervical, penile, vaginal and vulvar. […] There currently is no screening test to detect HPV in the throat. But getting vaccinated against the virus and being aware of changes in your body can protect you against HPV-related throat cancer.
#120 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9443822/
The quitting cigarette smoking, limiting alcohol drinking, avoiding tobacco chewing, preventing exposure to second hand tobacco smoke, environmental carcinogens, screening for HPV, maintaining good oral health, nutritional habits and managing stress could be good primary measures for preventing or delaying HNSCC development. […] Although there are established risk factors, it is known that there are many other factors that may contribute to HNSCC development.
#121 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-head-neck-cancer-causes-prevention-S1808869415303013
The diet can be associated with decreased risk for the disease. […] Carcinogen exposure, oral hygiene, dental plaque formation, chronic irritation to the lining of the mouth, family history, low body mass index and exposure to ultraviolet light also all play a role, individually or in combination, in the HNSCC development. […] The influence of family history in HNSCC development may be because familial aggregations that may indicate that inheritable genetic factors play a role in HNSCC risk. […] Occupational activity also appears to be associated with HNSCC development. […] The quitting cigarette smoking, limiting alcohol drinking, avoiding tobacco chewing, preventing exposure to second hand tobacco smoke, environmental carcinogens, screening for HPV, maintaining good oral health, nutritional habits and managing stress could be good primary measures for preventing or delaying HNSCC development.
#122 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9443822/
The quitting cigarette smoking, limiting alcohol drinking, avoiding tobacco chewing, preventing exposure to second hand tobacco smoke, environmental carcinogens, screening for HPV, maintaining good oral health, nutritional habits and managing stress could be good primary measures for preventing or delaying HNSCC development. […] Although there are established risk factors, it is known that there are many other factors that may contribute to HNSCC development.
#123 Head and neck cancer | World Cancer Research Fund
https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/
Older people are more at risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] There is some evidence that non-starchy vegetables may decrease the risk of head and neck cancer. […] There is some evidence that healthy dietary patterns may decrease the risk of head and neck cancer. […] There is some evidence that coffee may decrease the risk of head and neck cancer. […] The link between mat and cancer is likely the hot temperature that it is drunk at, rather than something in the drink itself. Most studies only find a link with cancer at hot and very hot temperatures.
#124 Head & Neck Cancer â Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | OSF Cancer Institute | OSF HealthCare
https://www.osfhealthcare.org/services/specialties/cancer/conditions-treatments/conditions/head-neck
Researchers arent sure what causes all head and neck cancers. There is no sure way to prevent cancer, but some things may help lower your risk for certain types, such as: Not using tobacco in any form, Limiting or not drinking alcohol, Protect your lips with sunscreen or lip balm with appropriate SPF protection, Reduce your risk for HPV infection.
#125 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9443822/
The quitting cigarette smoking, limiting alcohol drinking, avoiding tobacco chewing, preventing exposure to second hand tobacco smoke, environmental carcinogens, screening for HPV, maintaining good oral health, nutritional habits and managing stress could be good primary measures for preventing or delaying HNSCC development. […] Although there are established risk factors, it is known that there are many other factors that may contribute to HNSCC development.
#126 Head Cancer St. Petersburg | Neck Cancer St. Petersburg, FL
https://www.thirdcoast-ent.com/head-and-neck-cancer-st-petersburg/
Head and neck cancers, especially cancers of the oral cavity and larynx, are frequently caused by tobacco and alcohol use. […] Other risk factors may include: Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), Exposure to radiation, Childhood consumption of certain salted/preserved foods, Poor oral hygiene and/or sharp teeth, Occupational exposure to harmful substances, Previous infection with Epstein-Barr virus, Asian ancestry (elevated risk of nasopharyngeal cancer). […] Those at increased risk for developing head and neck cancers should be screened regularly. Early detection can significantly improve the effectiveness of treatment and overall outcomes.
#127 Causes – Head & Neck Cancer
https://hncuk.org/causes/
There are a number of factors that can increase your risk of head neck cancer. […] By lowering your exposure to the below causes, you can reduce your risk: Tobacco smoking. Smokeless tobacco (betel quid). Alcohol. The human papillomavirus (HPV). […] X-radiation, gamma-radiation. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Formaldehyde. Strong inorganic acid mists. Asbestos. Salted fish, Chinese-style. Wood dust. […] People without risk factors can also develop head neck Cancer. However, you are more likely to have head neck cancer if: You are an older person. You are male. You have had cancer in the past. You have a family history of cancer. […] While some factors increase your risk of head neck cancer, others have been shown to lower your risk: Fruit. Starchy vegetables. Vitamin C and calcium supplements. Caffeinated coffee. Green tea. Folate. Physical exercise.