Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Head and neck cancer prevention: from primary prevention to impact of clinicians on reducing burden

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6551449/

  Head and neck cancer (HNC) prevention must focus on primary and secondary prevention to reduce HNC burden. […] Considering low survival of late-stage HNCs, reduction of risky behaviors and early detection of HNCs are keys in reducing incidence, cost burden, and mortality. Thus, HNC prevention should aim to improve two fundamental domains of patient care: risk behavior reduction to decrease HNC incidence (primary prevention) and accuracy and precision of early diagnostic detection (secondary prevention). […] Control of heavy drinking remains an important target for HNC control as well as for several other cancers. Individuals consuming 50 or more grams of alcohol per day (3.5 or more drinks per day) have at least a two to three times greater risk of developing HNCs than nondrinkers. […] The European Code against Cancer, a list of cancer-preventive strategies for public health initiatives, recommends limiting daily alcohol consumption or completely avoiding alcohol for overall cancer prevention.

• #1

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/head-and-neck-cancer/prevention.php

  A majority of head and neck cancers are preventable. […] Most of these cancers are preventable. In fact, as many as 80% of head and neck cancers can be prevented by not using tobacco, according to the American Society of Clinical Oncology. […] Most head and neck cancers can be avoided by adhering to the following head and neck cancer prevention guidelines: Do not use tobacco in any form. […] Avoid secondhand smoke as much as possible. Urge anyone who lives with you to quit. […] Get vaccinated against HPV. The vaccine is recommended for males and females ages 9 to 45. […] Practice good oral hygiene, including brushing your teeth daily and visiting a dentist twice a year. […] Eat a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

• #1 Prevention | How to Prevent Mouth, Throat, Tongue, Oral, Larynx or Laryngeal, Pharynx or Pharyngeal Cancers | University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center

  https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/head-and-neck-cancer/prevention

  The two most important risk factors for developing head and neck cancer are using tobacco (smoking or chewing) and heavy use of alcohol. […] Not only is tobacco use a major risk factor for developing an initial tumor, it also increases the risk for secondary tumors. […] All forms of tobacco increase the risk of developing head and neck cancer. It doesn’t matter whether it’s a cigarette, pipe, cigar or chewing tobacco. The single most important thing you can do to lower your risk for head and neck cancer is to stop smoking. If you stop smoking today, it will be 15 to 20 years before your risk level declines to that of the general population. But the risk drops most rapidly during the first few years, so it’s important to stop, no matter how long you’ve been a smoker. […] The Centers for Disease Control recommends the vaccine for both boys and girls ages 11 and 12, and for boys and young men ages 13 through 21 and girls and young women ages 13 to 26 who have not already had all 3 shots. Vaccinations may also be given to children as young as 9 and to men between the ages of 22 and 26. […] In 2016, National Cancer Institute designated Cancer Centers released a statement „encouraging all parents to have their daughters complete the 3-dose HPV vaccine series before their 13th birthday.

• #1 Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Month – NFCR

  https://www.nfcr.org/blog/head-and-neck-cancer-awareness-month/

  Head and neck cancers are often accompanied by symptoms that are uncomfortable and disruptive to everyday life, such as difficulty chewing, swallowing, breathing, or moving one’s jaw. Luckily, many cases of head and neck cancer are preventable and current treatment can often remove the tumor without many complications. […] The majority of head and neck cancer cases are preventable with certain lifestyle modifications. […] To greatly reduce the chances of developing head and neck cancer, individuals should consider eliminating tobacco use. […] Like many health-related concerns, quitting or reducing tobacco use can greatly reduce one’s risk of developing head and neck cancer. Tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, smokeless tobacco and secondhand smoke, is the single largest risk factor associated with this type of cancer. In fact, 85% of head and neck cancers are attributed to tobacco use.

• #1 Oral Cavity, Oropharynx, Hypopharynx, & Larynx Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/oral-prevention-pdq

  Studies have shown that when people stop smoking cigarettes, their risk of oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers decreases by one half (50%) within 5 to 9 years. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers are being studied in clinical trials.

• #1 Head and Neck Cancer | Cancer Screening and Prevention | Health & Senior Services

  https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/chronic/cancer/head-neck-cancer.php

  If you have a poor diet, eating more fruit and vegetables may decrease chances of developing cancer. […] Stop using tobacco products and reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of cancer in the oral cavity and larynx. Studies have shown that people who stop smoking cigarettes lower their risk of head and neck cancers in half (50%) within 5 to 9 years. […] Twenty years after people have stopped smoking lowers the risk to the same as for people who have never smoked. […] Studies have also shown that stopping alcohol use will decrease the risk of head and neck cancers. […] Condoms used correctly and a new one used every time during sex can provide some protection. Condoms do not cover every possible HPV-infected area of the body. […] Limit the number of sex partners and avoid sex with people who have had may other partners.

• #1 Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10304137/

  Counseling by healthcare practitioners and pharmacotherapy (nicotine replacement, varenicline, and/or bupropion) for smoking cessation in tangent have been shown to be most effective in promoting smoking cessation among head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients in large systematic reviews. […] Studies from Taiwan, India, and China suggest that ceasing areca nut consumption would prevent roughly half of oral cancers in those nations. […] HPV vaccination is currently approved as a two-dose routine vaccine beginning at ages 1112, though it may be administered through to the age of 26 according to the US Centers for Disease Control. […] The prevention of HPV-related HNSCC involves promoting awareness of sexual transmission and safe sex practices and increasing HPV vaccination rates.

• #1 Preventing Head & Neck Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/head-neck-cancer/prevention

  Preventing Head Neck Cancer […] Doctors at NYU Langones Perlmutter Cancer Center recommend making lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of head and neck cancer. […] Many head and neck cancers are linked to smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco. Our doctors strongly urge people who smoke to quit. Our Tobacco Cessation Program can provide assistance and resources to help you quit. […] Long-term, heavy alcohol use also increases the odds of being diagnosed with mouth and throat cancer. A combination of heavy smoking and drinking greatly increases the odds. […] Perlmutter Cancer Center doctors advise drinking alcohol in moderationno more than two drinks per day for men and no more than one drink per day for women. Talk with your doctor about how to find support if you want to cut back. […] Research shows that infection with the human papillomavirus, or HPV, is an increasingly important risk factor for head and neck cancer, especially cancers of the base of the tongue, tonsils, and throat. HPV is easily transmitted through contact with mucous membranes, usually through vaginal, oral, and anal sex.

• #1 Four Ways to Decrease Your Risk of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/stories/2017/four-ways-to-decrease-your-risk-of-oral-head-and-neck-cancer

  Each year, approximately 63,000 people in the United States nearly three times as many men as women – develop head and neck cancer. […] With April being national Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Month, here are four important tips for lowering your risk of oral, head and neck cancer. […] Tobacco is the single largest risk factor for head and neck cancer, followed by alcohol consumption. […] Together, tobacco and alcohol use account for 85 percent of oral, head and neck cancers and can further increase ones risk if used together. […] Even those who quit smoking after the age of 50 can reduce their risk of early death. […] Studies now reveal an increasing number of head and neck cancer cases acquired through the HPV infection. […] Although the vaccination is typically given to children at the age of 11 or 12, it is strongly recommended for young women through age 26 and young men through age 21 who have not yet received it.

• #1 Oral Cavity, Oropharynx, Hypopharynx, & Larynx Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/oral-prevention-pdq

  Interventions With Adequate Evidence of a Decreased Risk of Oral Cavity, Oropharyngeal, Hypopharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancers […] Tobacco cessation […] Based on solid evidence, cessation of exposure to tobacco (e.g., cigarettes, pipes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco) leads to a decrease in the risk of oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers. […] Interventions With Inadequate Evidence of a Reduced Risk of Oral Cavity, Oropharyngeal, Hypopharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancers […] Cessation of alcohol consumption […] Based on fair evidence, cessation of alcohol consumption leads to a decrease in oral cavity and laryngeal cancer risk 20 years or more after cessation. […] Vaccination against HPV-16 and the other high-risk subtypes […] Vaccination against HPV-16 and HPV-18 has been shown to prevent approximately 90% of oral HPV-16/HPV-18 infections within 4 years of vaccination.

• #1 Center for Cancer Care to Host Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Prevention Open House | Griffin Health

  https://www.griffinhealth.org/news/center-for-cancer-care-to-host-oral-head-and-neck-cancer-prevention-open-house/

  In recognition of National Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Month, The Center for Cancer Care at Griffin Hospital, 350 Seymour Ave, Derby, is helping individuals reduce their risk for this potentially deadly disease. […] Three of the biggest risk factors for head and neck cancer are tobacco use, frequent alcohol use, and HPV, said Dr. Denise Barajas, medical director of the Center for Cancer Care at Griffin Hospital. You can reduce your risk by taking steps to mitigate these risk factors. This educational event will provide information on resources available to individuals to reduce their cancer risk, including Griffins free smoking cessation program. […] Tobacco (including smokeless tobacco) and alcohol use are very high risk factors for oral, head and neck cancers, particularly those of the tongue, mouth, throat and voice box. People who use both tobacco and alcohol are at greater risk for developing these cancers than people who use either tobacco or alcohol alone. HPV has recently emerged as having a connection to oropharyngeal (tonsil and base of tongue) cancer, particularly in non-smokers and younger age groups.

• #1 3 ways to prevent head and neck cancer – Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center Blog

  https://cancerblog.mayoclinic.org/2024/06/06/3-ways-to-prevent-head-and-neck-cancer/

  Tobacco and alcohol use increase the risk of non-HPV tumors, while HPV is responsible for about 70% of head and neck cancers. […] „The big three: no smoking tobacco use, minimizing alcohol and then HPV vaccination,” she explains. „We know that smoking and alcohol are big risk factors for head and neck cancer if you do both. This increases your risk even more,” says Dr. Price. […] „We really should be striving to have a good whole-food diet, trying to minimize eating processed foods and refined sugars,” says Dr. Price.

• #1 HPV-related head and neck cancer treatment is improving, but prevention is best – Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center Blog

  https://cancerblog.mayoclinic.org/2024/04/11/hpv-related-head-and-neck-cancer-treatment-is-improving-but-prevention-is-best/

  HPV-related head and neck cancer treatment is improving, but prevention is best. […] The HPV vaccine can prevent head and neck cancer. […] Because it’s so common, it’s difficult to prevent HPV exposure, but you can prepare your immune system by getting the HPV vaccine. „We use the HPV vaccine to prevent HPV-associated cancers,” says Dr. Price. […] For maximum effectiveness, the HPV vaccine should be given before people become sexually active. […] Dr. Price says people often relate HPV to cervical cancer and might overlook HPV vaccination for boys, but it’s important to vaccinate all children. […] „If we look at cancers caused by HPV, the single greatest group of people who get HPV cancer in any given year are men with HPV-associated head and neck cancer, so we need to vaccinate boys.” […] „This vaccine can prevent cancers that cause a significant amount of death and suffering.”

• #1 Take these Steps to Prevent Head and Neck Cancers | Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey

  https://cinj.org/take-these-steps-prevent-head-and-neck-cancers

  People can reduce their risk of developing head and neck cancer by not smoking or chewing tobacco. […] The throat, mouth and airways are particularly vulnerable because they are directly exposed to the smoke or tobacco while using it. […] You Can Take Action Now People who smoke should talk with their doctor about ways to stop using tobacco to reduce their risk. […] An effective vaccine is available to prevent cancers caused by HPV infections. […] In 2020, the Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval of the HPV vaccine for the prevention of oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV. […] Talk to your doctor about getting vaccinated. […] Be proactive and self-screen by checking the neck for lumps, bumps or swelling, examining the inside of cheeks and paying attention to the skin in and around the mouth/chin for any changes or abnormalities. […] Talk with your doctor about medical history and lifestyle to determine personal risk of head and neck cancers. […] Additionally, regular health appointments provide medical professionals the opportunity to monitor for any abnormalities in the head and neck region.

• #1 Head and Neck Cancer | Cancer Screening and Prevention | Health & Senior Services

  https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/chronic/cancer/head-neck-cancer.php

  Get the Vaccine for HPV […] For maximum protection against HPV, vaccinate girls and boys between ages 9 to 12 with 2 doses of the vaccine. […] If you are 26 years or younger consult your dentist or doctor about the vaccines for HPV. People ages 27 to 45 may also receive the HPV vaccines if considered to be at high risk for HPV infections. […] Regularly see the dentist and doctor for checkups that include exams for head and neck cancers. Early detection may create better treatment outcomes if cancer is found. […] Perform monthly self-exams. Self-exams of your head and neck help you know what is normal for you. Doing the exam each month helps you find any changes that will need to be examined by a dentist or doctor. […] Be aware of your risk factors. Men are more likely to get head and neck cancer as they get older.

• #1 FDA Approves Gardasil 9 for Prevention of Oropharyngeal, Head & Neck Cancers Caused by HPV

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/fda-approves-gardasil-9-for-prevention-of-oropharyngeal-head-and-neck-cancers-caused-by-hpv

  The FDA approved an expanded indication for the HPV 9-valent vaccine, recombinant for the prevention of oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. […] The oropharyngeal and head and neck cancer indication was approved under accelerated approval based on the effectiveness Gardasil 9 has demonstrated in preventing HPV-related anogenital disease. […] Todays approval for the prevention of HPV-related oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers represents an important step in Mercks mission to help reduce the number of men and women affected by certain HPV-related cancers. […] The vaccine is indicated in females 9 years of age through 45 years of age for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal, and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. […] In males 9 years of age through 45 years of age, Gardasil 9 is indicated for the prevention of anal, oropharyngeal, and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.

• #1 ASCO 2024: HPV vaccine reduces head and neck cancer risk in men – Oncology Central

  https://www.oncology-central.com/asco-2024-hpv-vaccine-reduces-head-and-neck-cancer-risk-in-men/

  Results from a recent study show that the HPV vaccine is effective in preventing the development of several HPV-related cancers, most notably reducing the risk of head and neck cancer in male individuals. […] Following the analysis of this sample, researchers found that males vaccinated for HPV had a significantly lower risk of developing all HPV-related cancers, with 3.4 cases per 100,000 vaccinated people compared to 7.5 per 100,000 unvaccinated people. Most notably, the risk of developing head and neck cancers was substantially reduced, with only 2.8 cases per 100,000 vaccinated patients versus 6.3 per 100,000 unvaccinated patients. […] Glenn J Hanna (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MA, USA) spoke on the significance of these results: We have known the HPV vaccine decreases rates of oral HPV infection, but this study shows that in boys and men in particular, vaccination decreases the risk of HPV-related oropharyngeal head and neck cancers. HPV vaccination is cancer prevention.

• #1 Preventing Head & Neck Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/head-neck-cancer/prevention

  HPV vaccines protect against high-risk strains of the virus. They are most effective when given before a person becomes sexually active, at age 11 or 12. Consult your gynecologist, urologist, pediatrician, or primary care doctor for more information on the options. Researchers are currently trying to determine how effective the HPV vaccines are in preventing head and neck cancer. […] In addition to getting vaccinated, avoid sex with multiple partners and use condoms or other barrier methods when having vaginal, anal, or oral sex. This can help reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of becoming infected with HPV.

• #1 Four Ways to Decrease Your Risk of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/stories/2017/four-ways-to-decrease-your-risk-of-oral-head-and-neck-cancer

  Prolonged sun exposure is also linked to cancer in the lip area. […] For those who are exposed to large amounts of ultraviolet rays on a daily basis, it is recommended to wear a sunscreen lip balm or a wide-brimmed hat while outside. […] Irregular tooth brush and infrequent dentist visits are common risk factors for oral cancer. […] Making simple changes to your dental care such as brushing your teeth and flossing after each meal, can greatly decrease your risk of developing oral cancer, as well as preventing gum disease, cavities, broken teeth and fillings.

• #1 Prevention, Causes, and Risk Factors for Head and Neck Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/head-neck/risk-prevention-screening

  There are a number of different factors that can increase your risk of head and neck cancer. These include using tobacco, drinking alcohol, and being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), among others. […] If you smoke or chew tobacco, you can reduce your risk of head and neck cancer and the risk to those around you by stopping now. If you’ve been diagnosed with throat cancer or are in treatment, it’s not too late to quit. […] Drinking alcohol is a major risk factor for head and neck cancer. […] The combination of tobacco and alcohol use increases the risk of head and neck cancer even more than either of the two alone. […] Here are the top ways to reduce your head and neck cancer risk: If you smoke or use other tobacco products, reach out to a tobacco cessation program, like the one offered at MSK, to get help quitting. If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Protect yourself against HPV infection by practicing safe sex and getting the HPV vaccine. Do not use tanning beds and avoid extended periods of time in the sun. Wear a protective face mask if you are exposed to toxic fumes and dust. Companies can install air-filtration systems to minimize employees’ exposure to harmful fumes and dust. […] It’s also important to schedule regular checkups with your dentist. This is particularly important if you use tobacco or drink heavily. Many oral cancers are found during routine dental appointments.

• #1 An ENT Doctor’s Top Tips for Head and Neck Cancer Prevention | Health Matters | White Plains Hospital

  https://healthmatters.wphospital.org/blogs/an-ent-doctor-s-top-tips-for-head-and-neck-cancer-prevention/

  April is Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Month. […] Researchers estimate that over 55,000 men and women will develop head and neck cancer in 2023. […] there are a number of elements that can increase your chances of developing head and neck cancer, including using tobacco, drinking alcohol and being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] To lower your risk for head and neck cancer, avoid smoking or using smokeless tobacco, or make a plan to quit; reduce your alcohol intake; and ask your physician if HPV vaccination is right for you. […] Ultraviolet light can also cause skin cancer or lip cancer, so avoid tanning beds or extended time in the sun and always protect your skin, including your lips, with sunscreen. […] Head and neck cancers are highly treatable when caught early, so dont hesitate to contact your physician if you experience symptoms.

• #1 Reducing your risk for oropharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oropharyngeal/risks/reducing-your-risk

  You may lower your risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer by doing the following. […] Get vaccinated against human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Gardasil 9 is approved in Canada for people 9 to 45 years of age to prevent oropharyngeal cancer and other head and neck cancers caused by these types of HPV. […] Avoiding tobacco in any form is an effective way to prevent oropharyngeal cancer. […] Quitting lowers your risk for oropharyngeal cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer. […] To reduce your cancer risk, it’s best not to drink alcohol. […] Some studies show that eating a diet high in vegetables and fruit may offer some protection against oropharyngeal cancer. […] Talk to your doctor about your risk. If you are at higher than average risk, you may need to visit your doctor more often to check for oropharyngeal cancer.

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• #1 Head and Neck Cancer Screening Guidelines | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/head-neck/screening-guidelines-head-neck

  There is no solid scientific evidence about whether screening prevents people from dying from head and neck cancer. […] MSK recommends you get a yearly examination of your head, neck, and oropharynx from your primary care provider. We also recommend a yearly inspection of your oropharynx, mouth, and neck by your dentist. […] Talk with your healthcare provider about getting screened. […] Currently, there are no screening tests that work well to find head and neck cancer. […] However, right now there is no evidence this type of regular screening reduces deaths from oral cancer. More research is needed to learn if it helps find head and neck cancer earlier, when it’s easier to treat.

• #1 Early detection and prevention of head and neck cancers | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-022-5198-2

  Squamous cell carcinoma forms the vast majority of head and neck malignancies, with advanced disease incurring poor long-term survival. Early detection and prompt specialist referral allows the patient a greater chance of cure. […] Cancer screening should be common practice within dental professionals. In addition to enquiring about common red flag symptoms, a comprehensive and systematic extra- and intra-oral examination should be undertaken at each new and check-up appointment. Urgent referral to an appropriate secondary care provider should be made at the earliest opportunity where concern for cancer exists. […] Primary care physicians should be aware of referral criteria for suspected head and neck cancers and, where there is concern, should refer to secondary care units without delay.

• #1 Head and Neck Cancer Awareness and Risk Reduction | Head and Neck Cancer | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/head-and-neck-cancer/head-and-neck-cancer-awareness-and-prevention/

  HPV infection is a risk factor for some types of head and neck cancer, and early evidence suggests that HPV vaccines such as Gardasil prevent oral HPV infections. […] It’s important that high-risk people, especially those who use tobacco, talk to their doctor about reducing their risk and how frequently they should have checkups. […] Additionally, various medications to prevent head and neck cancers in high-risk people are currently being tested in clinical trials.

• #1 Head and Neck Cancer Prevention | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-9464-6_2

  Head and neck cancer (HNC) represents a broad spectrum of diseases that involves the nasal and oropharyngeal cavities, the paranasal sinuses, the major and minor salivary glands, the larynx and the lymphatic tissues of the neck. […] Tobacco (smoking and smokeless) and alcohol use are the principal risk factors, however, a substantial and increasing proportion of head and neck tumors cannot be attributed to these. […] Prevention represents the best opportunity to improve oncologic results and it consists of three levels of intervention: primary prevention (considered the best) aims to avoid exposure to established risk factors; secondary prevention consists of early diagnosis; tertiary prevention involves active management of patients already treated for HNC. […] Chemoprevention is the use of natural or synthetic chemicals to reverse, suppress, or prevent the conversion of a premalignant lesion to a true neoplasm. […] Improvement in HNC prevention requires a multidisciplinary approach to face complex processes and multiple factors that may act concurrently in the etiology of disease. […] Only then will we be able to impact the field of HNC, transforming prevention in the only form of cure.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40495-020-00213-w

  Cancer is a growing health concern worldwide associated with a rise in life expectancy, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. […] Primary prevention by minimizing exposure to known carcinogens is promising, but limited success is achieved due to addiction, economic, and individual freedom-related issues. […] Several plant-derived phytochemicals prevent/delay the onset and decrease incidence and/or multiplicity of carcinogen-induced tumors in HNSCC experimental models. […] Combining phytochemical(s)-mediated chemoprevention with primary prevention strategies and/or current treatment strategies may provide a better outcome. […] Phytochemicals showed protective effects in preclinical studies by decreasing incidence and multiplicity and increasing latency period. […] Leukoplakia lesions regressed upon treatment with phytochemicals. […] No chemopreventive agent makes tobacco use safe.

• #1 Chemoprevention and screening in oral dysplasia and squamous cell head and neck cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chemoprevention-and-screening-in-oral-dysplasia-and-squamous-cell-head-and-neck-cancer

  Chemoprevention and screening in oral dysplasia and squamous cell head and neck cancer […] The understanding of field cancerization provides the rationale for chemoprevention to decrease the incidence of SCCHN. […] The use of chemoprevention to block the progression of precancerous lesions and the potential role of screening are discussed in this topic, focusing primarily on carcinogen-related head and neck cancer. […] The rationale for pharmacologic chemoprevention in patients at risk for the development of invasive cancer is based on two factors: […] Field cancerization – Patients with carcinogen-related squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) have a predilection for cancer development throughout the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa.

• #1 Healthy Driven Blogs

  https://www.eehealth.org/blog/2023/04/head-and-neck-cancers/

  Approximately 4% of all cancers in the United States are cancers of the head and neck, according to the National Institutes of Healths National Cancer Institute. […] Regular dental checkups help identify early signs. Your dentist plays a key role in the identification of cancers of the head and neck. Be sure to get regular checkups and ask your hygienist and dentist to take a close look at your mouth and tongue. […] Certain lifestyle choices can lead to an increased risk of developing various cancers, including those of the head and neck. Avoid the following to decrease your chance of developing these cancers: Smoking cigarettes, Chewing tobacco, Heavy daily alcohol intake. […] An HPV vaccine is available to people aged 9 to 26 and recommended for protection against various types of HPV, including the types that can cause cancer. […] The bottom line. Head and neck cancers are preventable in many cases, through behavioral changes and the HPV vaccine. Don’t smoke or chew tobacco, limit alcohol intake and consider the HPV vaccine to keep risk factors low.

• #1 Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-head-neck-cancer-causes-prevention-S1808869415303013

  The poor prognosis for HNSCC is primarily due to disease detection at advanced stages. Therefore, the understanding of the field cancerization and the molecular genetics of HNSCC is essential to provide better intervention and therapeutic approaches, thus introducing various biomarkers with potential application for diagnosing, staging, monitoring, and prognosticating. […] Although there is data showing instruments for preventing head and neck cancer, it is necessary for further clarification more studies for detection of the new prognostic indicators, which could be used in diagnostics.

• #1 What to know about head and neck cancers | American Dental Association

  https://adanews.ada.org/ada-news/2024/april/what-to-know-about-head-and-neck-cancers/

  April is Oral Cancer Awareness Month, and dentists can play an important part in detecting head and neck cancers and educating their patients about ways to prevent them. […] By conducting thorough intraoral and extraoral examinations, dentists can identify suspicious lesions that may require a biopsy at their early stages when treatment is most effective. Additionally, dentists can leverage their patient relationships to encourage tobacco cessation strategies to prevent oral cancer. […] The ADA adopted a policy in 2018 that urges dentists to support the use and administration of the human papillomavirus vaccine, recognizing it as a way to help prevent infection of the types of HPV associated with oropharyngeal cancer. […] Supporting the use of the HPV vaccine and educating patients and parents about its role in preventing HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers is essential due to the rising incidence rates of these cancers in the U.S.

• #1 What to know about head and neck cancers | American Dental Association

  https://adanews.ada.org/ada-news/2024/april/what-to-know-about-head-and-neck-cancers/

  Research shows that a provider’s recommendation is the best predictor of vaccination uptake, emphasizing the critical role dentists play in promoting HPV vaccination as a safe and effective cancer prevention tool. […] Risk factors for oral cancer include tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, age, sun exposure and diet, according to NIDCR. Tobacco and alcohol use are also risk factors for oropharyngeal cancer. HPV infection is a major risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer and a risk factor for a small percentage of other head and neck cancers, according to the ADA. […] Regular dental checkups are an opportunity to screen patients for oral cancer by performing a head and neck examination. […] Dentists can educate the parents of their pediatric patients starting around age 9 or 10 about the risks of HPV and the importance of getting vaccinated to help prevent cancer.

• #1 Preventing and Controlling Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer: Recommendations from a National Strategic Planning Conference

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/preventing-and-controlling-oral-and-pharyngeal-cancer-recommendations-national-strategic-planning

  Strengthen and enforce laws regarding youth access to tobacco and alcohol. […] Require instruction in preventing and controlling tobacco and alcohol use, including tobacco cessation, at all levels of training in dental, medical, nursing, and related health-care disciplines. […] Develop health-care curricula that require competency in prevention, diagnosis, and multidisciplinary management of oral cancer, including the prevention and cessation of tobacco use and alcohol abuse. […] Develop and conduct a national campaign to raise public awareness of oral cancer and its link to tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption. […] Comprehensive education of medical and dental practitioners in diagnosing and promptly managing early lesions could facilitate the multidisciplinary collaboration necessary to detect oral cancer in its earliest stages. […] The publics awareness of oral cancer (including its risk factors, signs, and symptoms) must also be increased.

• #1 Head and Neck Cancer Awareness and Risk Reduction | Head and Neck Cancer | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/head-and-neck-cancer/head-and-neck-cancer-awareness-and-prevention/

  Head and neck cancer is associated with a number of risk factors, many of which can be avoided. At UT Southwestern Medical Center, were focused on head and neck cancer awareness and risk reduction. Early detection is key to successful treatment. […] While head and neck cancer might not be completely preventable, people can significantly lower their risk by taking certain steps. These include: Not smoking, Avoiding alcohol abuse, Eating a well-balanced diet, Using sunscreen and lip balm regularly, Practicing protected sex, Maintaining good oral hygiene. […] Quitting tobacco products decreases the risk of head and neck cancer, even if a person has been smoking or using them for many years. UT Southwestern offers a nicotine cessation program to help patients quit in a supportive environment at no cost.

• #1 Preventing and Treating Head and Neck Cancers | White Plains Hospital Healthcare Information

  https://healthmatters.wphospital.org/blogs/detection-and-prevention-key-in-treating-head-and-neck-cancers/

  The life altering effects of cancer can be reduced if caught early. […] As always, prevention is superior to early detection. Historically, the recommended approach is avoid using tobacco, particularly smoking, maintain good oral hygiene, limit alcohol intake, and avoiding exposure to dangerous fumes. […] Today, there is another recommendation with great promise to decrease head and neck cancer rates in the country, vaccination against human papilloma virus (HPV). […] Through prevention and early identification, we can hope to limit its ability to damage lives.

• #2 Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10304137/

  Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a group of malignancies, involving the oral cavity, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, and salivary glands, that together compose the seventh most common cancer diagnosis worldwide. […] Education on cancer risk and community engagement have reduced areca nut consumption in Asia as well as in diaspora communities. […] HPV vaccination, starting at age 1112 for both sexes, has been shown to reduce the prevalence of high-risk HPV serologies and prevent pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix, vagina, and vulva. […] Increased adoption of vaccination, education on safe sex practices, and routine visual oral screening for high-risk patients would curb growing HNSCC incidence in developed nations. […] The prevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma involves public health initiatives aimed at increasing oral screening and HPV vaccination, reducing exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and areca nut, and promoting a healthy lifestyle.

• #2 Oral, Laryngeal & Pharyngeal Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention of Lip Cancer | Cleveland OH | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/cancer-services/head-and-neck-cancer/diagnosis-and-treatments/lip-and-oral-cavity-cancer/prevention

  The following is a protective factor for oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers: Quitting smoking. […] Studies have shown that when people stop smoking cigarettes, their risk of oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers decreases by one half (50%) within 5 to 9 years. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers are being studied in clinical trials.

• #2 Prevention, Causes, and Risk Factors for Head and Neck Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/head-neck/risk-prevention-screening

  There are a number of different factors that can increase your risk of head and neck cancer. These include using tobacco, drinking alcohol, and being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), among others. […] If you smoke or chew tobacco, you can reduce your risk of head and neck cancer and the risk to those around you by stopping now. If you’ve been diagnosed with throat cancer or are in treatment, it’s not too late to quit. […] Drinking alcohol is a major risk factor for head and neck cancer. […] The combination of tobacco and alcohol use increases the risk of head and neck cancer even more than either of the two alone. […] Here are the top ways to reduce your head and neck cancer risk: If you smoke or use other tobacco products, reach out to a tobacco cessation program, like the one offered at MSK, to get help quitting. If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Protect yourself against HPV infection by practicing safe sex and getting the HPV vaccine. Do not use tanning beds and avoid extended periods of time in the sun. Wear a protective face mask if you are exposed to toxic fumes and dust. Companies can install air-filtration systems to minimize employees’ exposure to harmful fumes and dust. […] It’s also important to schedule regular checkups with your dentist. This is particularly important if you use tobacco or drink heavily. Many oral cancers are found during routine dental appointments.

• #2 Prevent Head and Neck Cancer – Minnesota Oncology

  https://mnoncology.com/resources/blog/prevent-head-and-neck-cancer

  Throat cancer is one of the fastest-growing cancers, and it is often linked to HPV. […] Dr. Katharine Price, a medical oncologist with the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, says there are three ways to reduce your risks and help prevent head and neck cancer. […] Tobacco and alcohol use increase the risk of non-HPV tumors, while HPV is responsible for about 70% of head and neck cancers. […] „The big three: no smoking tobacco use, minimizing alcohol and then HPV vaccination,” she explains. „We know that smoking and alcohol are big risk factors for head and neck cancer if you do both. This increases your risk even more,” says Dr. Price. […] And she encourages eating a healthy diet. […] „We really should be striving to have a good whole-food diet, trying to minimize eating processed foods and refined sugars,” says Dr. Price.

• #2 FDA Approves Gardasil 9 for Prevention of Oropharyngeal, Head & Neck Cancers Caused by HPV

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/fda-approves-gardasil-9-for-prevention-of-oropharyngeal-head-and-neck-cancers-caused-by-hpv

  The FDA approved an expanded indication for the HPV 9-valent vaccine, recombinant for the prevention of oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. […] The oropharyngeal and head and neck cancer indication was approved under accelerated approval based on the effectiveness Gardasil 9 has demonstrated in preventing HPV-related anogenital disease. […] Todays approval for the prevention of HPV-related oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers represents an important step in Mercks mission to help reduce the number of men and women affected by certain HPV-related cancers. […] The vaccine is indicated in females 9 years of age through 45 years of age for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal, and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. […] In males 9 years of age through 45 years of age, Gardasil 9 is indicated for the prevention of anal, oropharyngeal, and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.

• #2 Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10304137/

  Counseling by healthcare practitioners and pharmacotherapy (nicotine replacement, varenicline, and/or bupropion) for smoking cessation in tangent have been shown to be most effective in promoting smoking cessation among head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients in large systematic reviews. […] Studies from Taiwan, India, and China suggest that ceasing areca nut consumption would prevent roughly half of oral cancers in those nations. […] HPV vaccination is currently approved as a two-dose routine vaccine beginning at ages 1112, though it may be administered through to the age of 26 according to the US Centers for Disease Control. […] The prevention of HPV-related HNSCC involves promoting awareness of sexual transmission and safe sex practices and increasing HPV vaccination rates.

• #2 Preventing Oropharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/oropharyngeal-cancer/prevention

  NYU Langone doctors encourage the early detection of precancerous growths along with lifestyle changes to help prevent oropharyngeal cancer. […] Early detection of suspicious tissue can prevent oropharyngeal cancers, which sometimes develop from precancerous lesions in the tissue lining the oropharynx. […] Many oropharyngeal cancers are linked to smoking cigarettes. NYU Langone doctors strongly urge people who smoke to quit. […] Long-term, heavy alcohol use increases the odds of developing oropharyngeal cancer. […] Research shows that infection with the human papillomavirus, or HPV, is a significant risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. […] HPV vaccines protect against high-risk strains of the virus. They are most effective when given before a person becomes sexually active, by age 11 or 12. Researchers are currently studying how effective HPV vaccines are in preventing other forms of head and neck cancer. […] In addition to vaccination, doctors recommend limiting the number of sexual partners and using condoms when having vaginal, anal, or oral sex. This can help to reduce, but does not eliminate, the risk of becoming infected with HPV.

• #2 Head and Neck Cancers Basics | Head and Neck Cancers | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html

  To lower your risk for head and neck cancers, don’t use tobacco products, limit the amount of alcohol you drink, and avoid tanning. […] To lower your risk for head and neck cancers, don’t use tobacco products, limit the amount of alcohol you drink, and avoid tanning. Also, talk to your doctor about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. […] You can lower your risk of getting head and neck cancer in several ways: […] Talk to your doctor about HPV vaccination. The HPV vaccine can prevent new infections with the types of HPV that most often cause oropharyngeal and other cancers. Vaccination is recommended only for people at certain ages. […] Use lip balm that contains sunscreen, wear a wide-brimmed hat when outdoors, and avoid tanning. […] Visit the dentist regularly. Checkups often can find head and neck cancers early, when they are easier to treat.

• #2 Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/11/2/42

  Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a group of malignancies, involving the oral cavity, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, and salivary glands, that together compose the seventh most common cancer diagnosis worldwide. […] Education on cancer risk and community engagement have reduced areca nut consumption in Asia as well as in diaspora communities. […] HPV vaccination, starting at age 11–12 for both sexes, has been shown to reduce the prevalence of high-risk HPV serologies and prevent pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix, vagina, and vulva. Increased adoption of vaccination, education on safe sex practices, and routine visual oral screening for high-risk patients would curb growing HNSCC incidence in developed nations. […] The prevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma involves public health initiatives aimed at increasing oral screening and HPV vaccination, reducing exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and areca nut, and promoting a healthy lifestyle. The promotion of healthy diets, such as those high in fruits and vegetables, and good oral hygiene can also reduce the risk of HNSCC.

• #2 Oral Cavity, Oropharynx, Hypopharynx, & Larynx Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/oral-prevention-pdq

  Studies have shown that when people stop smoking cigarettes, their risk of oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers decreases by one half (50%) within 5 to 9 years. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers are being studied in clinical trials.

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