Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Perianal Fistula; from Etiology to Treatment – A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11316198/

  Anal fistula has been a challenging clinical issue for years due to its complex pathogenesis. […] The primary cause of fistulas is often an anorectal abscess. In fact, the most common cause of fistulas is an anorectal abscess. […] Perianal fistulas can be classified into two main categories, primary, which is caused by the obstruction of anal glands leading to stasis and infection with abscess, and secondary, which can be attributed to conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), malignancy, iatrogenic factors, and infection. […] IBD, notably CD, is a primary cause of anal fistulas, with CD showing a significantly higher incidence of perianal fistulas (34%) compared with ulcerative colitis (UC) (4%). […] The underlying mechanisms of anal fistulas are not yet fully understood. However, two primary mechanisms appear to play a crucial role: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and matrix remodelling enzymes.

• #1 Fistula-in-Ano: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/190234-overview

  In the vast majority of cases, fistula-in-ano is caused by a previous anorectal abscess. Typically, there are eight to 10 anal crypt glands at the level of the dentate line in the anal canal, arranged circumferentially. These glands penetrate the internal sphincter and end in the intersphincteric plane. They provide a path by which infecting organisms can reach the intramuscular spaces. The cryptoglandular hypothesis states that an infection begins in the anal canal glands and progresses into the muscular wall of the anal sphincters to cause an anorectal abscess. […] After surgical or spontaneous drainage in the perianal skin, a granulation tissuelined tract is occasionally left behind, causing recurrent symptoms. Multiple series have shown that formation of a fistula tract after anorectal abscess occurs in 7-40% of cases. […] Other fistulas develop secondary to trauma (eg, rectal foreign bodies), Crohn disease, anal fissures, carcinoma, radiation therapy, actinomycoses, tuberculosis, and lymphogranuloma venereum secondary to chlamydial infection.

• #1 Anal fistula – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anal-fistula/symptoms-causes/syc-20352871

  Most anal fistulas are the result of an infection that starts in an anal gland. The infection causes an abscess that drains on its own or is drained surgically through the skin next to the anus. This drainage tunnel remains open and connects the infected anal gland or the anal canal to a hole in the outside skin around the anus. […] Most anal fistulas are caused by an infection that starts in an anal gland. The infection results in an abscess that drains on its own or is drained surgically through the skin next to the anus. A fistula is the tunnel that forms under the skin along this drainage tract. The tunnel connects the anal gland or anal canal to a hole in the outside skin around the anus.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02617227

  An anatomic study has shown that anal glands penetrated the internal sphincter in half of a series of 44 patients. […] In an unselected serie of 30 consecutive patients with anal fistula, the histologic appearance in 21 strongly suggested that the cause of the disease was infection in anal glands.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Anal-Fistula-Causes.aspx

  The most common cause of an anal fistula is an anal abscess, although there are several other possible causes of the condition. Most anal fistulas form in the posterior midline. […] Each of these potential causes of anal fistula is discussed in more detail below. […] Anal abscess is by far the most common cause of anal fistula, and is responsible for causing approximately 80% of cases. Up to half of all patients with an anal abscess will develop an anal fistula. […] An anal fistula can also present as a complication of medical conditions that involve inflammation of the intestines, such as Crohns disease and diverticulitis. […] Both of these conditions cause chronic inflammation of the colon and the rectum, and have the potential to cause anal fistulas in some patients. […] Some sexually transmitted infections also have the potential to cause anal fistula.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anal-fistula/

  An anal fistula is a small tunnel that develops between the end of the bowel and the skin near the opening of the bottom (anus). […] Its usually caused by an infection near the anus, which results in a collection of pus (abscess) in the nearby tissue. […] Most anal fistulas develop after an anal abscess. You can get one if the abscess does not heal properly after the pus has drained away. […] Less common causes of anal fistulas include: Crohn’s disease a long-term condition where the digestive system becomes inflamed, diverticulitis infection of the small pouches that can stick out of the side of the large intestine (colon), hidradenitis suppurativa a long-term skin condition that causes abscesses and scarring, infection with tuberculosis (TB) or HIV, a complication of surgery near the anus.

• #1 Anal Abscess: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/anal-abscess

  Almost 90% of all anal abscesses are caused by blocked glands that become infected. […] A fistula is a small tunnel that makes an abnormal connection between the inside of your anus and your skin. […] Fistulas usually develop when anal glands become infected. Your body creates the fistula as a way to drain pus from the infection. Pus-filled anal abscesses that result from infected anal glands cause 75% of anal fistulas. […] Anal abscesses have many different causes. These include: Blocked anal glands, Anal fissures (tears in the anal canal) that become infected, Sexually transmitted diseases and other infections, Trauma to the anus or rectum, Perianal hidradenitis suppurativa, an inflammatory condition affecting the anal glands, Infections of tissue lining the anal canal (often related to IBD).

• #1 Perianal Abscess & Fistula in Ano – Causes, Treatment & Surgery | Glasgow Colorectal Centre

  https://www.colorectalcentre.co.uk/abscess-fistula.html

  An anal fistula is almost always the result of a previous abscess. A fistula connects a previously infected anal gland to the skin on the buttocks outside the anus. Symptoms include a persistent discharge from an opening or sinus near the anus. It may arise at the site of discharge of a perianal abscess. […] An anal fistula usually develops after an anal abscess (a collection of pus) bursts, or when an abscess has not been completely treated. After an abscess has been drained, a tunnel may persist connecting the anal gland from which the abscess arose to the skin. If this occurs, persistent drainage from the outside opening may indicate the persistence of this tunnel. If the outside opening of the tunnel heals, recurrent abscess may develop. […] A fistula can also be caused by conditions that affect the intestines, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. As many as 50% of people with Crohn’s disease get an anal fistula. Up to 30% of people with HIV (a virus that attacks the body’s immune system) will also develop an anal fistula.

• #1 Fistula: Causes, Symptoms, Types, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-fistula-1941776

  Fistulas commonly form because of an abscess, a pocket of pus in the body. The abscess may be constantly filling with body fluids such as stool or urine, which prevents healing. Eventually, it breaks through to the skin, another body cavity, or an organ, creating a fistula. […] Trauma by way of injury or surgery is another common cause. […] Fistulas are also especially common in Crohn’s disease. The chronic inflammation associated with the disease can cause sores in the digestive tract that become so significant that they form a channel in the bowel wall. Up to 50% of people with Crohn’s disease develop fistulas within 20 years of diagnosis. […] Although rare, inflammatory and infectious conditions like diverticulitis and tuberculosis can cause fistulas.

• #1 Anal Fistula: Causes, Symptoms, And Treatment

  https://drdanielserralta.com/what-is-anal-fistula-what-are-the-causes-of-anal-fistula/

  Anal fistula, though relatively uncommon, is a condition that affects many individuals globally. It occurs when a small tunnel forms between the skin near the anus and the nearby skin. This tunnel, known as a fistula, often develops as a result of an infection or abscess. […] The primary cause of anal fistula is the development of an abscess in the anal area. When the anal glands become blocked or infected, they form a pocket of pus. Even after the abscess is treated, a tunnel may remain between the infection site and the skin near the anus, resulting in a fistula. […] Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Conditions such as Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause persistent inflammation of the bowel, significantly increase the risk of anal fistulas. These conditions make the bowel prone to infections and abscesses, which lead to fistula formation. […] Infections: Sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and other localized infections in the anal area can also contribute to fistula development. […] Surgical Complications: In rare cases, an anal fistula may form following rectal surgery or trauma in the anal region.

• #1 Causes Of Anal Fistula: Complete Guide For Prevention & Care

  https://drrajarshimitra.com/causes-of-anal-fistula/

  Surgeries around the rectal or anal area might inadvertently cause fistulas. Certain procedures are more likely to result in post-operative fistulas than others. […] Crohns disease is a key medical condition linked to anal fistulas due to its inflammatory nature. This inflammation often extends to the anal region, creating pathways that can evolve into fistulas. […] Similarly, diverticulitis increases your risk for anal fistulas. This condition causes inflammation and small pouches in your digestive tract, leading to infection and, eventually, fistula formation.

• #1

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/abscess-and-fistula-expanded-information

  An anal fistula (also commonly called fistula-in-ano) is frequently the result of a previous or current anal abscess. This occurs in up to 40% of patients with abscesses. […] Up to 50% of the time after an abscess has been drained, a tunnel (fistula) may persist, connecting the infected anal gland to the external skin. […] Fistula-in-ano is very common in Crohns disease, which is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Patients with Crohns disease are at increased risk for fecal incontinence because anorectal Crohns disease tends to recur and may lead to multiple operations involving the sphincter muscle.

• #1 Anal Fistula, Causes, Size and Types of Fistula | Proctocure

  https://proctocure.com/things-you-need-to-know-about-anal-fistula/

  An anal fistula is a small abnormal tunnel/cavity/tract that forms between the end of the bowel (anal canal) and the perianal skin. This occurs due to an infection surrounding the anus causing an accumulation of pus (perennial abscess) or infection/clogging of the anal glands. The common causes include clogged anal glands, inflammation of these glands, and perianal abscesses. The less common causes include Crohns disease, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, sexually transmitted diseases, trauma, infection such as tuberculosis and HIV, radiation, hidradenitis suppurativa, a surgery complication near the anus, and cancer of the large bowel. […] Additionally, the causes for rectovaginal fistula include complications/injury caused during childbirth, impacted feces, and sexual abuse. For rectovesical fistula, the causes include a post transurethral resection of the bladder and post surgical procedures of prostate cancer. […] The cause of colorectal fistula is mostly due to the disease of the diverticula and it may also be due to colorectal cancer. Diverticulitis is the commonest cause of vesicointestinal fistula.

• #1 Anorectal Fistula – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560657/

  A multitude of causes cause fistulas, but the well-known mnemonic „FRIEND” here aids memory. „F” for foreign body, „R” radiation, „I” infection or Inflammatory Bowel Disease, „E” epithelialization, „N” neoplasm, and „D” for distal obstruction (as is the case in the cryptoglandular theory). […] Infection is the most common cause of anorectal fistula and is thought to originate from a blockage of the anal glands and crypts. The two anal sphincters are divided by an avascular fatty areolar plane, which provides means for the spread and infiltration of an infection. […] Anal fistulas are rarely a presentation of anal tuberculosis and should be suspected in endemic regions or nonhealing recurrent fistulas. […] Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) of the anus and rectum, usually secondary to anal receptive intercourse, may predispose individuals to perianal abscess and fistula.

• #1 Anal fistula – Causes of an anal fistula

  https://www.ibdrelief.com/learn/complications-of-ibd/fistulas-and-crohns-disease/anal-fistula-introduction/causes-of-an-anal-fistula

  Anal fistulas are small tunnels that can develop from the anal canal to the skin around the bottom. This article takes a look at some of the causes of anal (perianal) fistulas. […] The causes of an anal fistula include: […] An anal abscess causing an anal fistula […] Inflammation of the intestines from conditions such as Crohns disease or diverticulitis […] One of the most common causes of an anal fistula is having an anal abscess. […] Certain conditions can cause your intestines to become inflamed and anal fistulas can be a complication of this. […] Conditions which cause this type of inflammation include: Crohns disease – those with disease in their colon and/or rectum are more likely to get perianal fistulas […] Other causes include: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). This is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which can cause recurring abscesses. […] Tuberculosis (TB). Anal fistulas were found in 80-91% of cases of anorectal TB […] HIV – up to 30% of people with HIV will develop an anal fistula […] Complication of surgery. Fistulas can reoccur after surgery for anal fistula.

• #1 explain the causes of anal fistula and its symptoms

  http://evacosmolaserclinic.com/explain-the-causes-of-anal-fistula-and-its-symptoms/

  One common anorectal condition is an anal fistula. A fistula develops in around half of the people with an infected anal gland. Subsequently, seventy-five percent of anal fistulas are caused by an infected gland that produces an abscess, a pocket of pus that has to drain. […] An infection that originates in the anal gland is the main cause of anal fistulas. The other causes of anal fistulas include sexually transmitted infection, a severe wound or prior surgery to your anus, anus affected by tuberculosis, radiation therapy for pelvic cancer, chronic inflammatory skin illness called hidradenitis suppurativa can cause abscesses in your sweat glands and sometimes in your perianal area, and sometimes in the perianal area, bacterial infection results in abscesses (Actinomycosis).

• #1 Anal fistula – Symptoms, Causes, Types, Complications, Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/anal-fistula-symptoms-causes-types-complications-prevention

  Anal fistula causes include: peri anal abscess, inflammatory conditions such as Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, radiation therapy, anal STIs (sexually transmitted infections), hidradenitis suppurativa (chronic inflammatory skin disease), anus affected by tuberculosis, surgical complication near the anus. […] The majority of anal fistulas or fistulas in ano arise in response to an anal gland that has been infected with pus (abscess). […] An anal fistula or fistula in ano starts as a side effect of an anal abscess. An anal abscess is a drainage associated with pus, usually from the infected wound. This abscess creates a tunnel through the anus to the skin outside, often called a fistula.

• #1 Causes of Fistula in Ano- Kaizen Fistula Care

  https://www.kaizenfistulacare.org/causes-of-fistula/

  A fistula is a small tunnel that forms between two organs or between an organ and the skin. In the case of an anal fistula, it is a small tunnel that develops between the skin of the anus and the rectum or colon. There are several causes of fistula, and understanding them can help with prevention and treatment. […] Anal gland Infection is one of the most common causes of fistula. When an infection occurs in the anal area, it can cause inflammation and swelling. The swelling can then lead to the formation of a small tunnel or tract, which becomes a fistula. […] Trauma to the anal area can also cause fistula. Trauma can be caused by injury, surgery, childbirth, or prolonged pressure from sitting or standing. When trauma occurs, it can cause damage to the anal tissue, leading to inflammation and the formation of a fistula.

• #1 Understanding anal fistulas: symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and more | King Edward VII’s Hospital

  https://www.kingedwardvii.co.uk/health-hub/understanding-anal-fistulas-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-more

  Diverticulitis This condition occurs when small, bulging pouches (diverticula) that can form in the lining of the digestive system become inflamed or infected. This can result in abscess formation, which could subsequently lead to a fistula. […] Surgery Near the Anus Any surgical procedure in the anal region, such as removal of an anal fissure, hemorrhoid, or abscess, can potentially lead to fistula formation if the surgical wound becomes infected. […] Tuberculosis (TB) In rare cases, a form of TB affecting the intestines can lead to the formation of an anal fistula. […] Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Certain STIs like HIV and syphilis can increase the risk of an anal fistula. […] Cancer In rare cases, anal or rectal cancer can cause a fistula. […] Radiation therapy Radiation therapy used in the treatment of various types of cancers in the pelvic area can sometimes cause fistulas.

• #1 Anorectal Fistula – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560657/

  Radiation proctitis is another cause of anal fistulas. […] Complicated vaginal deliveries with 3rd or 4th-degree tears or requirement of episiotomy may predispose to anal fistula; however, these fistulas often heal spontaneously. […] Although the majority of the resting anal tone is attributed to the involuntary internal sphincter, the external sphincter is vital to maintaining fecal continence and is comprised of striated voluntary muscle fibers.

• #1 Anal Fistula | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/anal-fistula.html

  An anal fistula most often happens from an anal gland that has developed a pus-filled infection (abscess). A fistula can also happen with certain conditions, such as Crohns disease. Or it may happen after radiation therapy for cancer. Injury to the anal canal and surgery can also cause anal fistulas. […] This condition often occurs from an anal gland that has developed a pus-filled infection (abscess). It can also occur with certain conditions, such as Crohns disease. Injury to the anal canal and surgery can also cause it.

• #1 Top 5 Anal Fistula Causes: Essential Insights for Relief

  https://www.gutcareclinics.com/top-5-anal-fistula-causes-insights-relief/

  Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body, including the anal region. When TB affects the anal area, it can lead to the development of fistulas due to the chronic nature of the infection and its tendency to cause tissue necrosis. […] Physical trauma or injury to the anal region can result in anal fistulas by damaging the anal glands or tissues. Trauma can cause disruption in normal tissue healing processes, leading to the development of a fistula as the body attempts to heal the damaged area. […] Radiation therapy, used to treat cancers, can lead to anal fistulas as a side effect. The high doses of radiation aimed at treating tumors can damage the surrounding healthy tissue, leading to inflammation and necrosis that can result in fistula formation.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Anal-Fistula-Causes.aspx

  The formation of an anal fistula is also associated with trauma to the rectal area. […] Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that often affects the lungs but can also occur anywhere in the body. It may sometimes affect the rectum, causing an anal abscess to form, which tracks to the surface, causing an anal fistula. […] Cancer of the anorectal region is a rare cause of anal fistula.

• #1 Causes of Fistula in Ano- Kaizen Fistula Care

  https://www.kaizenfistulacare.org/causes-of-fistula/

  Crohns disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract. It can cause inflammation and damage to the anal area, leading to the formation of a fistula. Crohns disease can also cause inflammation and damage to other parts of the digestive tract, leading to the formation of fistulas in other areas. […] In some cases, cancer can cause fistula. This is usually seen in cases where the cancer has spread to the anal area or surrounding tissues. Cancer can cause damage to the tissue, leading to inflammation and the formation of a fistula. […] Radiation therapy can also cause fistula. Radiation therapy is used to treat cancer and can cause damage to the tissue in the anal area, leading to the formation of a fistula. […] Foreign bodies such as toys, tampons, and other objects can also cause fistula. When a foreign body becomes lodged in the anal area, it can cause damage to the tissue, leading to inflammation and the formation of a fistula.

• #1 Anal Fistulas – IFFGD

  https://iffgd.org/gi-disorders/other-disorders/anal-fistulas/

  Perianal fistulas can occur in anyone; however, it is twice as common in men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB). Perianal fistulas are often a result of a specific cause or disease. These can include: […] It is when these anal glands get infected that abscesses and anal fistulas can occur. An abscess is a pocket of pus from an infection. […] Research has shown that between 23%-38% of those with Crohns disease may develop perianal Crohns fistulizing disease. […] Anal fistulas and abscesses of the perianal region are different signs of the same clinical disease. […] However, a fistula can also occur without an abscess if there is an injury to the anal canal. This sometimes can happen during surgery to the rectum or anus. […] Fistula-in-ano is a common condition that usually follows infection of an anal gland. Treatment is directed at eliminating infection, while preventing recurrence and incontinence after surgery.

• #1 Causes of Anal fistula – Best Piles Treatment in Agra

  https://drshavezkhan.com/causes-of-anal-fistula/

  An infection that originates in the anal gland is the main cause of Anal Fistulas. An abscess is the outcome of the infection, and it either drains naturally or requires surgical draining through the skin adjacent to the anus. The tube that develops beneath the skin along this drainage route is called a fistula. The anal gland or anal canal is connected to the tunnel by a hole in the outer skin around the anus. […] Anal fistulas typically affect adults over 40, while they can also affect younger people, particularly if they have a history of Crohns disease. Males are more likely than females to have anal fistulas.

• #1 Anal fistulas – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/anal-fistulas/

  Anal fistulas are unnatural ducts that form between the anal canal and the skin around the anal opening. As a rule, the ducts form due to inflammation of special glands in the anal canal, the proctodeal glands. […] However, there are other causes of anal fistulas, for example chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. […] The most common cause of anal fistulas is infection of the proctodeal glands with bacteria. The inflamed glands eventually become a long duct and fistula. […] More rarely, anal fistulas have other causes. These include chronic inflammatory bowel diseases: Crohns disease (about one third of patients develop anal fistulas). […] According to recent findings, there are some risk factors that are believed to promote anal fistulas. These include, for example: Obesity, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Skin diseases, high consumption of very spicy food, high daily salt consumption, Smoking, Alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, sitting for long periods of time, prolonged sitting on the toilet during defecation, psychosocial stress. […] The cause of anal fistulas in most cases is inflammation of the proctodeal glands. And this one you can not prevent. […] There are no known special measures for early detection of anal fistula. Always see your doctor if you notice pain or purulent secretions in the anal region.

• #1 Causes of an anal fistula

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/causes-of-an-anal-fistula/

  The cause of anal fistula is usually the formation of an abscess in the rectum that does not heal. […] Other causes of anal fistula are related to inflammatory diseases of the digestive tract such as Crohn’s disease. […] Generally the cause of anal fistula formation begins with infection and inflammation of a glandular portion or component of the colon, rectum or anus (mainly at the mouth of the anal glands of Hermann and Desfosses, which form the anal crypts which, in turn, form part of the anal canal or anus). […] Cryptoglandular fistula accounts for 90% of all anal fistulas. […] The other causes of an anal or anorectal fistula are medical problems that cause abscesses as part of the development of the disease and, as a consequence, form a fistulous tract or fistula. […] There are a large number of diseases that can cause fistulas secondarily, the most important of which are: inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis or inflammation and infection of diverticula in the colon, rectal cancer, etc.

• #1 Understanding Anal Fistula: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.apollospectra.com/blog/general-health/why-surgery-is-the-right-option-for-recurring-anal-fistulas

  Blocked up anal glands and anal abscesses seem to be the most likely reasons for an anal fistula. […] The abnormal hollow tract connecting an exterior hole in perianal skin with an inner entrance in the anal canal is an anal fistula. Cryptoglandular disease, which begins in the intersphincteric region and expands in diverse ways, is responsible for anal fistulas among adults. […] Since a fistula is never cured by itself, AV Fistula surgery is the only option for treatment. […] With a documented rate of success varying from 87 per cent to 94 per cent, fistulotomy continues to be among the most regularly performed surgeries treating anal fistulas. […] The fistula may return in some cases following surgery. The recurrence rate is predicted to be between 7 and 21 per cent, depending on the type of fistula and the surgical approach used to eliminate it.

• #1 Perianal fistula: symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/perianal-fistula-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Perianal fistula can develop due to injury during surgery, infection or inflammation in the area, however, the most common cause is a blocked gland. […] Infection caused by mucous build-up is the most common cause of perianal fistula in 80-90 % of cases. […] While most fistulas are the result of an anal abscess, which we call primary fistulas and which represent 90% of all perianal fistulas, there are others (about 10%) that are caused by other processes such as Crohn’s disease, sexually transmitted diseases, anal sex, trauma, tuberculosis, cancer, diabetes, a weakened immune system, haematological diseases or diverticula. […] Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are risk factors predisposing to the development of perianal fistula.

• #1 Causes of an anal fistula

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/causes-of-an-anal-fistula/

  In each and every one of them, the discourse of the fistulous tract or fistula of the anus has the same characteristics as explained above. In each and every one of them, the origin must be an inflammatory and/or infectious process that degenerates into an abscess. […] This abscess, over time, will degenerate into a fistulous tract in search of an exit to the outside. […] The fundamental difference between primary fistulas and those secondary to other inflammatory processes such as Crohn’s disease is the presence of other alterations along the entire digestive tract.

• #1 Anal fistula – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anal-fistula/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20537243

  Treatment of an anal fistula depends on the fistula’s location and complexity and its cause. […] Damage to these muscles can lead to fecal incontinence. […] Medication may be part of treatment if Crohn’s disease is the cause of an anal fistula.

• #1 Perianal Fistula; from Etiology to Treatment – A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11316198/

  The treatment of complex anal fistula is challenging due to its various causes and forms, and it often carries a high risk of recurrence and potential incontinence disorders. […] The placement of a seton is an established treatment option for individuals with perianal fistulas, as it aids in the drainage or closure of the fistula. […] The LIFT is a newly introduced technique for treating anal fistula. […] The anal fistula plug is a technique aimed at preserving the sphincter by attempting to close the fistulas opening primarily. […] The medical treatment of perianal fistula is related to its etiology and elimination of background disease. […] A recent systematic review concluded that a combination of medical and surgical treatment approaches is superior to either single treatment alone.

• #1 Perianal and Perirectal Abscess/Fistula | UCSF Department of Surgery

  https://pedsurg.ucsf.edu/condition/perianal-and-perirectal-abscessfistula

  Perianal and perirectal abscesses can be associated with fistula development. […] Once a fistula forms, bacteria from the intestine becomes trapped and causes the infection to return. […] Perirectal abscess can be associated with fistula. […] If perirectal abscess or fistula is identified, your child will need to be seen by pediatric gastroenterologist to be evaluated for inflammatory bowel disease. […] In some occasions, the fistula stays open and continues to cause abscess formation. […] To prevent future abscess, your child’s pediatric surgeon may recommend an operation to place a Seton (thin rubber band) through the fistula to prevent bacteria and pus from building up.

• #2 Causes of an anal fistula

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/causes-of-an-anal-fistula/

  The cause of anal fistula is usually the formation of an abscess in the rectum that does not heal. […] Other causes of anal fistula are related to inflammatory diseases of the digestive tract such as Crohn’s disease. […] Generally the cause of anal fistula formation begins with infection and inflammation of a glandular portion or component of the colon, rectum or anus (mainly at the mouth of the anal glands of Hermann and Desfosses, which form the anal crypts which, in turn, form part of the anal canal or anus). […] Cryptoglandular fistula accounts for 90% of all anal fistulas. […] The other causes of an anal or anorectal fistula are medical problems that cause abscesses as part of the development of the disease and, as a consequence, form a fistulous tract or fistula. […] There are a large number of diseases that can cause fistulas secondarily, the most important of which are: inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis or inflammation and infection of diverticula in the colon, rectal cancer, etc.

• #2 Anal Abscess: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/anal-abscess

  About 40% of patients develop an anal fistula after their abscess is drained, especially within the first year of the procedure. The fistula can then cause recurrent abscesses, so surgery to remove the fistula is necessary. […] It’s important to see a doctor if you think you might have an anal abscess. In most cases, they will want to drain the abscess surgically.

• #2 Anal Fistula: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/anal-fistula-overview

  An anal fistula is an abnormal tunnel that forms between the inside of the anus and the skin around it. It usually forms after an infection in one of the glands inside the anus, which causes a painful collection of pus, or abscess. […] Just inside your anus are several glands that make fluid. Sometimes, they get blocked or clogged. When that happens, bacteria can build up, creating a swollen pocket of infected tissue and liquid. Doctors call this an abscess. […] Most fistulas happen when an untreated abscess causes an infection in the anal glands, forming a tunnel between the inside of the anus and the skin to allow the infection to drain.

• #2 Understanding anal fistulas: symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and more | King Edward VII’s Hospital

  https://www.kingedwardvii.co.uk/health-hub/understanding-anal-fistulas-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-more

  Diverticulitis This condition occurs when small, bulging pouches (diverticula) that can form in the lining of the digestive system become inflamed or infected. This can result in abscess formation, which could subsequently lead to a fistula. […] Surgery Near the Anus Any surgical procedure in the anal region, such as removal of an anal fissure, hemorrhoid, or abscess, can potentially lead to fistula formation if the surgical wound becomes infected. […] Tuberculosis (TB) In rare cases, a form of TB affecting the intestines can lead to the formation of an anal fistula. […] Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Certain STIs like HIV and syphilis can increase the risk of an anal fistula. […] Cancer In rare cases, anal or rectal cancer can cause a fistula. […] Radiation therapy Radiation therapy used in the treatment of various types of cancers in the pelvic area can sometimes cause fistulas.

• #2 Anal Fistula: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/infections/abscess-leaflet/anal-fistula

  An anal fistula is usually caused by an infection near your back passage (anus) that causes a collection of pus (abscess) in the nearby tissue. […] Most anal fistulas develop after an anal abscess. Just inside your back passage (anus) within your anal sphincter, there are a number of glands that make a fluid substance. These glands can become blocked and infected with bacteria (abscess). […] An anal fistula can also occur as a result of long term inflammation or infection affecting the bowel. This can also cause a tunnel to be formed from the lining of your back passage to an opening in the skin. Examples of long-term bowel conditions that can cause an anal fistula include Crohn’s disease and diverticulitis. […] An anal fistula can also be caused following surgery or radiotherapy to your bowel and back passage. A large tear through your anal sphincter during childbirth (often called a fourth-degree tear) can also lead to fistula formation. […] There are a number of other possible causes of an anal fistula. These include cancer of the anus, cancer of the rectum, tuberculosis and HIV infection and AIDS.

• #2 Anal Fistula, Causes, Size and Types of Fistula | Proctocure

  https://proctocure.com/things-you-need-to-know-about-anal-fistula/

  An anal fistula is a small abnormal tunnel/cavity/tract that forms between the end of the bowel (anal canal) and the perianal skin. This occurs due to an infection surrounding the anus causing an accumulation of pus (perennial abscess) or infection/clogging of the anal glands. The common causes include clogged anal glands, inflammation of these glands, and perianal abscesses. The less common causes include Crohns disease, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, sexually transmitted diseases, trauma, infection such as tuberculosis and HIV, radiation, hidradenitis suppurativa, a surgery complication near the anus, and cancer of the large bowel. […] Additionally, the causes for rectovaginal fistula include complications/injury caused during childbirth, impacted feces, and sexual abuse. For rectovesical fistula, the causes include a post transurethral resection of the bladder and post surgical procedures of prostate cancer. […] The cause of colorectal fistula is mostly due to the disease of the diverticula and it may also be due to colorectal cancer. Diverticulitis is the commonest cause of vesicointestinal fistula.

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