Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. Umbilical hernias are more common in persons with obesity, metabolic syndrome, ascites, and in those with a history of multiple pregnancies. Certain configurations of the umbilical ring can also influence the formation of an umbilical hernia. Any chronic or repetitive increase in intraabdominal pressure may increase the risk for an umbilical hernia, and there may be an association between the use of umbilical site laparoscopic trocars and umbilical hernias. Additional predisposing factors for adult umbilical hernias include connective tissue disorders, ethnic background, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Trisomy 21, and poor nutrition. […] The overall incidence of umbilical hernias in adults is between 23% and 50%. The prevalence of umbilical hernias peaks between ages 31 to 40 in women and between ages 61 to 70 in men. Umbilical hernias are three times more common in women due to the effects of pregnancy and childbirth, as well as the increased incidence of obesity. Despite the higher incidence in women, 70% of umbilical hernia surgical repairs are performed on men.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/u/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is an abnormal bulge that can be seen or felt at the umbilicus (belly button). This hernia develops when a portion of the lining of the abdomen, part of the intestine, and / or fluid from the abdomen, comes through the muscle of the abdominal wall. […] Umbilical hernias are common, occurring in 10 percent to 20 percent of all children. They are more common in African-Americans. […] Low birth weight and premature infants are also more likely to have an umbilical hernia. […] As the fetus develops during pregnancy, there is a small opening in the abdominal muscles that allows the umbilical cord to pass through, connecting mother to baby. […] As the baby grows after birth, this opening in the abdominal muscles closes. Sometimes, however, these muscles do not meet and grow together completely, and a small opening remains. This opening is called an umbilical hernia.

• #1 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  Umbilical hernias occur due to the incomplete closure of the umbilical ring fascia, allowing intraabdominal contents to protrude through it. […] Although the exact etiology is unknown, it is believed to involve a dysfunction related to the umbilical vein component of the fascial ring. […] In addition to prematurity and low birth weight, other disorders that are associated with pediatric umbilical hernias include: Ascites, Autosomal trisomies, such as trisomies 13, 18, and 21, Childhood obesity, Dysmorphic conditions (Beckwith-Wiedemann, Down, Ehlers-Danlos, and Marfan syndromes), Hypothyroidism, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Peritoneal dialysis. […] The technique used for clamping or cutting the umbilical cord after birth does not have any impact on the potential development of an umbilical hernia in the future. […] If the umbilical ring fails to close and obliterate after the separation of the umbilical cord, it will increase the risk of developing an umbilical hernia.

• #1 Umbilical Hernias (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/umbilical-hernias.html

  An umbilical hernia happens when part of a child’s intestines bulges through the abdominal wall inside the belly button. […] A hernia is when part of the intestine bulges through the muscle wall that’s supposed to hold it in place. With an umbilical hernia, the opening is in the middle of the belly button, at a part of the abdominal wall called the umbilical ring. […] The umbilical ring should close shortly after birth. If it doesn’t close correctly, the intestines can poke through. This can cause a bulge near the belly button, especially when the baby cries, coughs, or strains.

• #1 Inguinal and Umbilical Hernias in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=inguinal-and-umbilical-hernias-in-children-90-P01998

  A baby can develop a hernia in the first few months of life. This happens because of a weakness in the belly muscles. Inguinal and umbilical hernias happen for slightly different reasons. […] As an unborn baby develops during pregnancy, there is a small opening in the abdominal muscles. After birth, this opening closes. But sometimes, these muscles dont fully close. A small opening is left. A loop of intestine can then move into the opening between the belly muscles. This causes an umbilical hernia.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/hernia-surgery/umbilical-hernia

  When the umbilical cord forms, it creates a hole in the abdominal wall that later becomes a belly button. When fatty tissue or part of the intestines pushes through this hole, it causes a bulge at the belly button called an umbilical hernia. […] Pressure in the abdomen can result in an umbilical hernia. Laughing, crying, and coughing can cause this pressure in infants and children. For adults, the pressure may result from chronic coughing, physical strain, or pregnancy with more than one baby. […] For infants and young children, the risk factors for developing an umbilical hernia include being born prematurely or at a low weight. The rates of umbilical hernias can be as high as 84% in infants weighing 2 pounds (lb) 3 ounces (oz) to 3 lb 5 oz at birth. African American infants may also be at increased risk of developing an umbilical hernia.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/umbilical-hernia

  Umbilical hernias occur in approximately 20 percent of all newborns, but are more common in African-Americans and premature infants. […] An umbilical hernia occurs when the normal closure of the abdominal wall at the level of the belly button fails to occur normally. This allows either tissue or fluid to enter into the protruding sac.

• #1 Umbilical hernia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000987.htm

  An umbilical hernia is an outward bulge in the area around the belly button. It occurs when internal organs or the abdominal lining bulges through the muscles near the belly button. […] When this area doesn’t close completely, it leaves a weak spot in the abdomen, which can lead to a hernia. Hernias may be seen after birth or later in life. […] Most umbilical hernias are not related to disease. Some umbilical hernias are linked with rare conditions such as Down syndrome.

• #1 Umbilical Hernias in Babies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-are-umbilical-hernias

  Most umbilical hernias aren’t serious. However, there’s a risk that a loop of your intestines can get trapped, cutting off the blood supply. That can cause the tissue to die, leading to infection inside your abdomen or even death. […] In adults, umbilical hernias tend to get bigger over time, and surgery is usually needed. […] Yes. In fact, 90% of umbilical hernias in babies close on their own as the child grows. In adults, however, an umbilical hernia won’t heal without treatment.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia: When Should You Worry?

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2017/06/umbilical-hernia-when-should-you-worry

  Part of the normal development that happens when a baby is in the womb is the closure of the abdominal muscles just below the navel, forming what is known as the umbilical ring. Sometimes, the muscles dont come together completely and a small hole remains. After birth, the intestines can push through the opening, causing an umbilical hernia. […] Umbilical hernias are common in newborns and infants younger than six months. […] Umbilical hernias often (80%) close on their own, usually by the age of three or four. If that doesnt happen, or if the hernia becomes incarcerated (unable to be pushed back manually) or strangulated (cutting off the blood supply to the intestines) surgery will be performed to repair it.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. Patients with umbilical hernias often lack an umbilical fascia, and the round hepatic ligament may be abnormally attached to the inferior margin of the umbilical ring. Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. Up to 20% of patients with cirrhotic ascites develop an umbilical hernia.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia

  Umbilical hernias in children happen when the holes in their abdominal walls that allow the umbilical cord to pass through (the umbilical ring) dont fully close. […] In adults, umbilical hernias happen when pressure in your abdomen causes weaknesses in your abdominal wall muscles. Parts of your small intestine and related tissue can bulge through the weakened muscle. […] Several factors can increase your risk, including: […] Females are more likely to have umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias are more common in adults with obesity. […] Women whove given birth multiple times have a higher risk of umbilical hernias. […] People with cirrhosis of the liver are at a greater risk of developing umbilical hernias due to developing ascites. […] Procedures on your abdomen that weaken the muscle wall can increase your risk for a hernia.

• #1 Umbilical hernia: causes, symptoms, complications and treatment – Blog de Patología de la pared abdominal Blog de Patología de la pared abdominal Blog

  https://www.barnaclinic.com/blog/patologia-pared-abdominal/en/umbilical-hernia-causes-symptoms-complications-and-treatment/

  Umbilical hernia is the most common abdominal wall hernia. Like all hernias, it consists of intra-abdominal content, covered by the peritoneal membrane, extruding from an orifice in the abdominal wall. In this case, as the name indicates, it extrudes through the umbilicus. […] The main causes of umbilical hernia in adults are related to: […] Incomplete closure of the umbilical orifice after birth that remains into adulthood. […] Undertaking intense physical exertion without due care, which greatly increases intra-abdominal pressure. This is transmitted to the midline of the abdominal wall and specifically to the umbilicus, rupturing this area. […] They are more common in obese people, who by definition have higher intra-abdominal pressure and weaker abdominal wall tissues.

• #1 Adult Umbilical Hernia | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-patients/the-day-of-your-surgery/adult-umbilical-hernia/

  Most adult umbilical hernias are caused by increased abdominal pressure against a weak abdominal wall (acquired hernia). […] Pregnancy may cause a hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. Hernia among pregnancies is 0.08%. […] Risk factors include older age, overweight and obesity, chronic straining, family history, ascites, and pregnancy, particularly multiple pregnancies.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/umbilical-hernia

  Umbilical hernias occur when the abdominal wall layers don’t join completely, and the intestine or other tissues from inside the abdominal cavity bulge through the weak spot around the belly button. About 20 percent of babies are born with an umbilical hernia. […] An umbilical hernia occurs when the opening in the abdominal muscle that allows the umbilical cord to pass through fails to close completely. Umbilical hernias are most common in babies, but they can also occur in adults. […] African-American babies, premature babies, and babies born at a low birth weight are at an even higher risk of developing an umbilical hernia. […] An umbilical hernia in adults usually occurs when too much pressure is put on a weak section of the abdominal muscles. Potential causes include being overweight, frequent pregnancies, multiple gestation pregnancies (having twins, triplets, etc.), excess fluid in the abdominal cavity, abdominal surgery, and having a persistent, heavy cough.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/conditions/umbilical-hernia/

  An umbilical hernia appears when fat, tissue or a loop of the bowel pushes through the muscles around your navel. These muscles sometimes have a weakness at the navel, allowing an umbilical hernia to push through. […] During pregnancy, the umbilical cord passes through an opening in the babys abdomen and carries oxygen and nutrients to the baby. This opening should fully close after birth, but sometimes a weak spot may be left in the abdominal wall where the muscles havent sealed completely. An umbilical hernia can develop when fatty tissues, or part of the bowel, push through the weakened area. […] In adults, umbilical hernias usually develop when there is too much pressure on the abdominal wall and fatty tissues or part of the bowel push through. You’re more likely to develop an umbilical hernia if you’re: Pregnant especially if you’re pregnant with more than one baby or have had multiple pregnancies, Overweight, Suffering from a long-term (chronic) cough, Regularly lifting or pushing heavy objects.

• #1 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms, Causes, Complications and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/umbilical-hernia-symptoms-causes-complications-and-prevention

  Umbilical hernias are the second most common type of hernia in adults, and are particularly the most common type in newborns and babies. […] Umbilical hernias affect 20% of newborns, and 90% of them will naturally close or heal by the time the child is five years old. According to the American College of Surgeons, umbilical hernias account for about 10% of adult hernias. Adults experience these hernias at the age of 60 years or older. […] Umbilical hernias are commonly seen in 2% of the adult population, but they may occur more frequently in obese multiparous women and cirrhotic individuals. Umbilical hernia can occur in up to 20% of cirrhotic patients with ascites. […] The causes of umbilical hernias are as follows: Incomplete closure of abdominal walls at birth (in babies), Having multiple pregnancies, Overweight, Prolonged or chronic constipation that increases abdominal pressure, A chronic or persistent cough that increases abdominal pressure, Enlarged prostate gland, which leads to difficulty in urinating (in males), Ascites (excessive belly fluid), Straining on lifting or pushing heavy objects.

• #1 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms, Causes, Complications and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/umbilical-hernia-symptoms-causes-complications-and-prevention

  Risk factors for umbilical hernia include: Pregnancy (frequent or multiple): Women are more likely to develop umbilical hernias than men. Pregnancies may cause the umbilical hernia by raising the intra-abdominal pressure progressively. […] Obesity: Patients with overweight have an increased risk of umbilical hernia, as being overweight increases abdominal pressure. […] Liver cirrhosis with ascites (fluid accumulation in the belly region): Nearly 20% of patients suffering from liver cirrhosis associated with ascites might have the risk of developing an umbilical hernia due to the increased abdominal pressure, which is primarily caused by elevated abdominal fluid accumulation. […] Chronic abdominal distension: Abdominal distension, which is caused due to intestinal obstruction, might have the risk of developing a hernia. […] Long-term health conditions (cough, constipation, vomiting and benign prostatic hyperplasia): These conditions increase the strain on the abdominal wall muscles and lead to hernia.

• #1 Umbilical Hernias: Guide to Symptoms & Treatment | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/umbilical-hernias-guide-symptoms-treatment

  Umbilical hernias develop through the defect left behind from the umbilical cord. Most times the hernia closes after childhood but can open back up for many reasons. This can occur from repeated stress and wear and tear on the abdominal wall. Often, we do not know exactly why a person developed a hernia. […] Some of the common risk factors of getting a hernia are believed to include: Chronic cough, Chronic constipation, Repeated pregnancies, Lifting heavy objects.

• #1 Hernia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hernia

  Hernias are caused by a combination of muscle weakness and strain. Depending on its cause, a hernia can develop quickly or over a long period of time. […] Some common causes of muscle weakness or strain that can lead to a hernia include: a congenital condition, which occurs during development in the womb and is present from birth; aging; damage from an injury or surgery; strenuous exercise or lifting heavy weights; chronic coughing or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD); pregnancy, especially having multiple pregnancies; constipation, which causes you to strain when having a bowel movement; being overweight or having obesity; ascites. […] There are also certain risk factors that make you more likely to develop a hernia. They include: being born prematurely or having a low birth weight; being older; chronic cough (likely due to the repetitive increase in abdominal pressure); cystic fibrosis; pregnancy; chronic constipation; being overweight or having obesity; smoking, which leads to the weakening of connective tissue; a personal or family history of hernias.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, & Effective Treatment Options

  https://www.premiersurgicalnetwork.com/hernia-repair/umbilical-hernia/?utm_source=loclisting&utm_medium=Organic&utm_campaign=directory-appt&utm_content=PSNUN&rsiCampaignId=43316

  An umbilical hernia occurs when fat or part of the intestine pushes through a weak area near the navel (umbilicus). These hernias can develop at birth due to an opening in the abdominal muscles that doesnt fully close or later in life due to increased abdominal pressure. […] While umbilical hernias in adults are often caused by obesity, pregnancy, or past surgeries, they can also occur without a clear reason. Some remain small and painless, while larger ones may require surgical repair to prevent complications like strangulation, where the hernia becomes trapped and cuts off blood flow. […] Umbilical hernias develop when weakness in the abdominal wall allows tissue to push through. Some people are born with this weakness, while others develop it over time due to: Increased abdominal pressure from obesity, pregnancy, heavy lifting, or frequent straining (such as from constipation); Aging, as the abdominal muscles naturally weaken over time; Past surgeries or injuries, which can create weak points near the belly button; Chronic coughing, which increases strain on the abdominal wall. […] While these factors raise the risk, umbilical hernias can sometimes develop without a clear cause.

• #1 Umbilical Hernias in Babies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-are-umbilical-hernias

  An umbilical hernia is a gap in the abdominal wall that allows a section of intestines to poke through. It can happen in infants when the spot where the umbilical cord is attached doesn’t close properly after birth. […] It’s unclear exactly why this hole, called the umbilical ring, doesn’t close in some babies. But it has nothing to do with the way the doctor cuts or clamps the cord after delivery. […] Even when the umbilical ring does close, that area may always be weak. Over time, stress can cause an umbilical hernia to form. This comes from things that strain your abdominal muscles or put pressure on your abdominal wall, such as: Pregnancy, Being overweight, Extra belly fluid, Chronic cough, Problems urinating because of a large prostate, Constipation, Vomiting often, Heavy lifting, Surgery or other procedures that weaken the abdominal wall.

• #1 What Is a Hernia? Inguinal, Incisional, Umbilical, Hiatal, and Femoral Hernias

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-hernia-basics

  Women are more likely than men to get an umbilical hernia. Your chances are also higher if you are overweight, have been pregnant more than once, have a lot of belly fluid, have a long-term cough, have trouble peeing because of an enlarged prostate, are constipated for long periods of time, or vomit repeatedly. […] What all of these risk factors have in common is increased pressure in the belly area, or abdomen, that pushes the hernia out.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/umbilical-hernia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoo7g_PHjGF9XhLkNT-R_xpnmKgpYdb-uacuHKpm01VF9EIqjSro

  Umbilical hernias are quite common and typically harmless and eventually close up on their own after a few years of birth, but in some cases while growing up, they can cause a lot of discomfort and ultimately require a surgical option to repair the protruding part. […] During the gestation period, the umbilical cord usually passes through a small opening in the baby’s abdominal muscles. This opening normally gets closed on its own right after birth. But in some cases, if the abdominal muscles have a defect and dont join together completely in the middle portion, part of the intestine or some abdominal fatty tissue may pop up giving rise to an umbilical hernia at birth or some time later in life. […] In case of adults, an intense pressure on the abdominal muscles can often lead to umbilical hernia. This extreme pressure can happen due to accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, previous abdominal surgery, long term peritoneal dialysis, multiple pregnancies and even obesity.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia (swollen belly button) – How to tell if you have one

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/umbilical-hernia.html

  An umbilical hernia may develop because you have a hole or weak area in your abdominal muscles. The following may increase your risk for an umbilical hernia: […] High body weight or pregnancy […] Being female or age older than 60 […] A medical condition such as liver cirrhosis […] A large growth in your abdomen […] Chronic constipation, chronic cough, or straining to have bowel movements […] Surgery or trauma to the abdomen, such as from a motor vehicle accident […] Intense exercise or lifting heavy objects often.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/symptoms/umbilical-hernia

  Gastrointestinal ailments: Chronic constipation or frequent episodes of straining during bowel movements can apply unduly pressure on the abdominal wall, increasing the risk of an umbilical hernia. […] Connective tissue disorders, like Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, can cause weakening of the connective tissue, increasing the possibility of hernias, including an umbilical hernia. […] Factors such as a family history of hernias and previous abdominal surgeries can also contribute to the development of an umbilical hernia.

• #1 4 Unexpected Causes of Hernias | The Surgery Group

  https://thesurgerygroup.com/4-unexpected-causes-of-hernias/

  Congenital defects are one of the very few real known causes of a hernia. They involve a fault/defect or a problem that came about through natural (genetic) processes. More common are problems such as inguinal and umbilical hernias. These two areas of the abdominal wall are naturally weak sites because they have very little muscle compared to ligamentous connective tissue. These areas tend to weaken and stretch out over time predisposing to a hernia. Some families are predisposed to such hernias and have more weakness in these areas than usual, and pass this tendency from parent to child. […] Another thing that can significantly contribute to the development of a hernia is a structural weakness left behind or created by previous surgery that either didn’t heal properly or which further weakened tissue or muscle that may have already have been compromised (by disease, trauma, etc.).

• #1 Surgery for Umbilical Hernia – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/programs-services/pediatric-general-surgery/umbilical-hernia/

• #1 The umbilical hernia | Hernienzentrum Schweiz

  https://www.hernienzentrum.ch/en/hernien/nabelbruch/

  The navel is a natural weak point in the abdominal wall. A gap develops here when there is increased internal pressure in the abdominal cavity, and an umbilical hernia can form. […] Acquired umbilical hernias often occur in women aged 40 to 50 who have gone through several pregnancies and/or have weak connective tissue. Other risk factors are obesity or pregnancies that stretch the umbilical region considerably for a longer period of time, but severe weight loss can also be responsible for umbilical hernias. Heavy coughing, intense physical exertion, abdominal dropsy, asthma, prostate disease and smoking can all promote umbilical hernias. […] 98% of umbilical hernias are congenital and are usually diagnosed at baby age. But acquired umbilical hernias can also occur in babies. […] During pregnancy, umbilical hernias can develop more easily due to the pressure of the baby in the abdomen. […] An umbilical hernia that has formed during pregnancy can regress on its own. Otherwise, umbilical hernias in adults must be expected to enlarge slowly but steadily. An operation is necessary if the umbilical hernia causes pain or discomfort.

• #1 Umbilical hernia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_hernia

  An umbilical hernia is a health condition where the abdominal wall behind the navel is damaged. The bulge is often caused by fat or parts of the greater omentum. The causes of umbilical hernia are congenital and acquired malformation, but an apparent third cause is really a cause of a different type, a paraumbilical hernia. Congenital umbilical hernia is a congenital malformation of the navel (umbilicus). An acquired umbilical hernia directly results from increased intra-abdominal pressure caused by obesity, heavy lifting, a long history of coughing, or multiple pregnancies. Importantly, an umbilical hernia must be distinguished from a paraumbilical hernia, which occurs in adults and involves a defect in the midline near to the umbilicus. […] The small intestine can poke out through the opening. This can very rarely cause ischemia and necrosis of the intestine and is potentially life-threatening.

• #2 Umbilical hernia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189580

  An umbilical hernia happens when there is a defect in the anterior abdominal wall, which underlies the umbilicus, or navel. […] The causes of umbilical hernia are different among age groups. […] A round the time of birth, or shortly after, the opening should close. If this does not happen completely, fatty tissue or part of the bowel can poke through, which causes an umbilical hernia. […] If there is too much pressure on the abdominal wall, some fatty tissue or a part of the bowel can poke through a weak section of the abdominal muscle. […] In adults, umbilical hernias are caused by increased abdominal pressure due to factors like obesity, heavy lifting, multiple pregnancies, chronic coughing, or previous abdominal surgery. […] The majority of umbilical hernias in adults result from extra pressure on the abdominal wall. This extra pressure may come from carrying multiple pregnancies or straining intensely.

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