Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. The umbilicus is a frequent site of hernia, and umbilical hernias are often diagnosed during routine physical examinations. […] Many people are diagnosed with an umbilical hernia during a routine physical examination. If the hernia is asymptomatic, affected individuals often choose expectant management over surgical repair. However, 65% of adult patients with an umbilical hernia will eventually require surgical repair; 3% to 5% of these repairs will be emergent. […] Surgical repair of an umbilical hernia is indicated if there is pain, dysfunction, or enlargement. The surgical approach to umbilical hernia repair is determined by the size of the hernia and other patient-specific factors such as comorbidities, body mass index, and the presence of other abdominal wall hernias.

• #2 Umbilical Hernias: Guide to Symptoms & Treatment | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/umbilical-hernias-guide-symptoms-treatment

  Up to 2% of the adult population has an umbilical hernia, and is more common in those who are overweight, had multiple pregnancies, or with liver cirrhosis. […] The most common way umbilical hernias are diagnosed is through a physical exam during a visit with a physician. You may not even have any symptoms but may have an obvious bulge. Sometimes if your hernia is large or more complex, you may need medical images to see it better such as a CT scan or ultrasound. […] Even though some smaller hernias without symptoms can be watched over time, most research shows that even small hernias progress over time, therefore repairing them early may be beneficial.

• #3 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is a tissue bulge on or near your belly button. […] If your provider has concerns about an umbilical hernia, they may recommend surgery to put the tissue back into place. […] The most common sign of an umbilical hernia is a bulge on or near your belly button, where your small intestine pokes through your abdominal wall. […] A physical exam is usually enough to diagnose an umbilical hernia. Your healthcare provider may ask you to squeeze or contract your abdominal muscles so its easier for them to see and feel the bulge. […] To check for complications (like incarceration or a bowel obstruction), they may use imaging to see inside your abdomen. Common imaging procedures include an abdominal ultrasound and a CT scan. […] Most adults eventually need surgery. Umbilical hernias in adults are more likely to worsen and cause complications. […] Surgery to treat umbilical hernias is also very effective, and the risk of the hernia coming back is low. […] If your provider is concerned about complications, hernia repair surgery can help.

• #4 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959

  The literature on umbilical hernias in adults remains less extensive compared to other types of hernias. Adult umbilical hernias are frequently asymptomatic. The most frequent reasons for consultation are pain and esthetic discomfort. The diagnosis is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. […] Despite the recent advances in terms of mesh varieties and minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic and robotic surgery), there is still no real consensus on the optimal method for repair of umbilical hernia. […] The diagnosis of umbilical hernia is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. […] However, the clinical presentation depends mainly on the size of the hernia (neck and sac) and the patients BMI. In fact, hernias with a small neck or occurring in obese subjects can go unnoticed, especially in an emergency context. In these cases, performing imaging tests is important for an accurate diagnosis.

• #5 Umbilical hernia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378689

  An umbilical hernia is diagnosed during a physical exam. Sometimes imaging studies such as an abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan are used to screen for complications. […] Are any tests needed to diagnose the swelling? […] Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:

• #6 Umbilical Hernia | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/u/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is an abnormal bulge that can be seen or felt at the umbilicus (belly button). This hernia develops when a portion of the lining of the abdomen, part of the intestine, and / or fluid from the abdomen, comes through the muscle of the abdominal wall. […] Physical examination by a doctor can diagnose an umbilical hernia and can also determine if there are any abdominal contents caught in the hernia sac.

• #7 Umbilical hernia – diagnostics, therapy, surgery – Hernienzentrum.Berlin

  https://www.hernienzentrum.berlin/umbilical-hernia/diagnostic/operation/

  For experienced surgeons, a glance is enough for a diagnosis. When standing, a small bump appears in the umbilical region, which recedes when lying down and emerges again when pressing. […] If the findings are unclear, an ultrasound examination (sonography) can be performed. In the case of very large umbilical hernias or before planning surgery, a computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be performed. In this case, MRI is always preferable due to the absence of radiation exposure. […] We always perform an ultrasound examination before surgery to rule out additional upper abdominal hernias (epigastric hernias) and rectus diastasis. […] In patients with a new abdominal wall hernia who are older than 50 and who have not yet had a colonoscopy, this examination should definitely be performed as a preventive examination before surgery in order to rule out an intestinal tumor.

• #8 Diagnosis & Treatment of Umbilical Hernia | Dr. Azhar Alam

  https://www.drazharalam.com/bulge-in-your-navel-could-be-umbilical-hernia/

  Your navel (or belly button) is the place where your umbilical cord entered your body. […] An umbilical hernia occurs when a portion of your intestine protrudes from your abdomen muscles near or at the navel. […] We will discuss about diagnosis treatment of Umbilical Hernia. […] The Diagnosis Treatment of Umbilical Hernia is likely to have been delayed if you experience any of these symptoms: […] A physical exam is used to diagnose an umbilical hernia. Additional tests, such as blood tests or ultrasounds, may be necessary if the doctor suspects that there are complications, such as a bowel obstruction. […] It is important to have the problem checked by a doctor, even if it does not cause pain or discomfort. This will ensure that you get the correct treatment before any complications occur. […] You should visit a hospital with a Gastroenterology Center of Excellence if you suspect that you may have a hernia. This will ensure that you receive the best possible Hernia treatment and care.

• #9 Umbilical Hernias (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/umbilical-hernias.html

  An umbilical hernia happens when part of a child’s intestines bulges through the abdominal wall inside the belly button. It shows up as a bump under the belly button. The hernia isn’t painful and most don’t cause any problems. […] Doctors diagnose an umbilical hernia by looking for a bump or swelling in the belly button area. The bump usually will get bigger when the baby cries and get smaller or go away when the baby relaxes or rests on the back. […] The doctor may gently try to massage the hernia back into its proper place in the abdomen (called a reduction). A hernia that can be massaged back into place is called a „reducible” hernia. This shows that the intestine isn’t stuck („incarcerated”) in the muscle wall opening.

• #10 Umbilical Hernia – Miami Hernia Center

  https://www.miamiherniacenter.com/umbilical-hernia-belly-button

  Most umbilical hernias are diagnosed on physical examination by an experienced physician or Hernia specialist. […] Sometimes with non-palpable hernias or in the obese patient additional tests are indicated to help in the diagnosis including ultrasound, CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis or MRI. […] A hernia is called a reducible hernia when the bulge can be pushed back into the abdomen. An incarcerated or a non-reducible hernia occurs when the contents inside the hernia sac cannot be pushed back into their normal anatomic position inside the abdomen.

• #11 Umbilical hernia in children – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/438?locale=en_GB

  Umbilical hernias will usually close by 4 to 5 years of age without treatment. […] Diagnosis is clinical. […] Key diagnostic factors include: present since birth, bulge at the umbilicus, change in size/tension during movement, skin changes, easily reducible hernia sac, well-defined rim of fascia with central defect, variable diameter of defect, symptoms of small bowel obstruction. […] Other diagnostic factors include intermittent discomfort.

• #12 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is a tissue bulge on or near your belly button. […] If your provider has concerns about an umbilical hernia, they may recommend surgery to put the tissue back into place. […] The most common sign of an umbilical hernia is a bulge on or near your belly button, where your small intestine pokes through your abdominal wall. […] A physical exam is usually enough to diagnose an umbilical hernia. Your healthcare provider may ask you to squeeze or contract your abdominal muscles so its easier for them to see and feel the bulge. […] To check for complications (like incarceration or a bowel obstruction), they may use imaging to see inside your abdomen. Common imaging procedures include an abdominal ultrasound and a CT scan. […] Most adults eventually need surgery. Umbilical hernias in adults are more likely to worsen and cause complications. […] Surgery to treat umbilical hernias is also very effective, and the risk of the hernia coming back is low. […] If your provider is concerned about complications, hernia repair surgery can help.

• #13 Umbilical and Epigastric Hernias – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/general-and-gastrointestinal-surgery/hernia/umbilical-and-epigastric-hernias

  Sometimes, however, umbilical and epigastric hernias are diagnosed or develop later in childhood or in adulthood. […] Your doctor will review your medical and surgical history and then carefully examine your abdominal area. You will likely be asked to stand and cough so the doctor can see or feel a bulge that indicates a hernia. […] If you have an umbilical or epigastric hernia, your doctor will often order imaging tests, such as: Ultrasounds, Computed tomography (CT) scans, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. […] These scans will help your doctor determine your hernia’s location and help determine the surgical strategy.

• #14 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  The evaluation of a patient with a presumptive umbilical hernia is predominately clinical. The physical examination should begin with visually inspecting the anterior abdominal wall. […] Imaging is indicated in patients with a suspected umbilical hernia but an equivocal physical examination. Ultrasonography is efficient and cost-effective; in one study, ultrasound identified umbilical hernias in approximately 25% of the adult population. […] Patients with symptomatic hernias frequently present with an apparent protrusion from the umbilicus. If the hernia is incarcerated or strangulated, patients will present with an irreducible and tender, often discolored, umbilical bulge. […] Nonoperative management may be considered in asymptomatic patients with umbilical hernias; in these patients, the yearly risk of strangulation is less than 1%.

• #15 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959

  Imaging has an important role in the definitive diagnosis. In fact, clinical examination alone cannot exclude the diagnosis of hernia. […] Indeed, many hernias are only detectable on imaging (ultrasound or computed tomography) especially when the defect is small or the abdominal fat tissue is important. […] Ultrasound is cost effective and efficient. A study has shown that up to 25% of the general population present umbilical hernia when ultrasound is used for diagnosis. […] More recently, some studies have shown that MRI has the best sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 95%, respectively, in the definitive diagnosis of abdominal wall hernias.

• #16 The Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hernias – Hernia Surgery Istanbul

  https://herniaistanbul.com/general/the-role-of-ultrasound-in-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-hernias/

  Ultrasound is sufficient for primary hernias of the anterior abdominal wall, such as umbilical hernias, epigastric hernias, and Spigelian hernias, and provides valuable information. […] Ultrasound provides valuable information in umbilical hernias: the size of the hernia, the organs entering or trapped within it, the presence of accompanying rectus diastasis, and the presence of accompanying epigastric hernias. […] The size of the hole in the umbilical hernias (usually circular in the navel) is important. For hernias larger than 2 cm, we prefer laparoscopic techniques. […] Ultrasound allows us to measure this without any problems.

• #17 Umbilical hernia

  https://www.hernia-centre.com/umbilical-hernia.html

  Umbilical hernias commonly often occur directly after birth during infancy and are the result of the abdominal wall around the navel not developing completely. […] Umbilical hernias are common in babies. […] In adults, most umbilical hernias are acquired. […] Umbilical hernias often cause no symptoms, and they are often diagnosed as an incidental finding. […] An umbilical hernia can usually be diagnosed simply by clinical examination, i.e. following inspection and palpation of the hernial orifice. […] We subsequently carry out an ultrasound examination of the anterior abdominal wall. […] This not only provides an accurate picture of the size of the hernial orifice and what the hernial swelling contains, but it also allows us to rule out any other defects in the midline area (known as epigastric hernias). […] Another advantage of ultrasound is that it allows us to exclude rectus diastasis.

• #18 Umbilical hernia – diagnostics, therapy, surgery – Hernienzentrum.Berlin

  https://www.hernienzentrum.berlin/umbilical-hernia/diagnostic/operation/

  For experienced surgeons, a glance is enough for a diagnosis. When standing, a small bump appears in the umbilical region, which recedes when lying down and emerges again when pressing. […] If the findings are unclear, an ultrasound examination (sonography) can be performed. In the case of very large umbilical hernias or before planning surgery, a computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be performed. In this case, MRI is always preferable due to the absence of radiation exposure. […] We always perform an ultrasound examination before surgery to rule out additional upper abdominal hernias (epigastric hernias) and rectus diastasis. […] In patients with a new abdominal wall hernia who are older than 50 and who have not yet had a colonoscopy, this examination should definitely be performed as a preventive examination before surgery in order to rule out an intestinal tumor.

• #19 The Radiology Assistant : Abdominal wall hernias

  https://radiologyassistant.nl/abdomen/abdomen-1/abdominal-wall-hernias

  Abdominal hernias are usually a clinical diagnosis and have been considered a simple problem to be repaired. […] Due to increased complex abdominal wall surgery, pre-operative CT planning with abdominal wall mapping has gained increasing attention. In this article we will address the key imaging features of complex abdominal wall hernias. […] What the surgeon needs to know is: Exact location, size and number of defects. […] Volume of the hernia sac in relation to the total peritoneal volume, also called „loss of domain”, in order to determine whether there is enough space to reduce all herniated contents into the abdominal cavity without risk of recurrence or ventilatory restriction. […] Rectus diastasis is important to mention as hernia recurrence is more likely in the presence of rectus diastasis.

• #20 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  The evaluation of a patient with a presumptive umbilical hernia is predominately clinical. The physical examination should begin with visually inspecting the anterior abdominal wall. […] Imaging is indicated in patients with a suspected umbilical hernia but an equivocal physical examination. Ultrasonography is efficient and cost-effective; in one study, ultrasound identified umbilical hernias in approximately 25% of the adult population. […] Patients with symptomatic hernias frequently present with an apparent protrusion from the umbilicus. If the hernia is incarcerated or strangulated, patients will present with an irreducible and tender, often discolored, umbilical bulge. […] Nonoperative management may be considered in asymptomatic patients with umbilical hernias; in these patients, the yearly risk of strangulation is less than 1%.

• #21 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is a tissue bulge on or near your belly button. […] If your provider has concerns about an umbilical hernia, they may recommend surgery to put the tissue back into place. […] The most common sign of an umbilical hernia is a bulge on or near your belly button, where your small intestine pokes through your abdominal wall. […] A physical exam is usually enough to diagnose an umbilical hernia. Your healthcare provider may ask you to squeeze or contract your abdominal muscles so its easier for them to see and feel the bulge. […] To check for complications (like incarceration or a bowel obstruction), they may use imaging to see inside your abdomen. Common imaging procedures include an abdominal ultrasound and a CT scan. […] Most adults eventually need surgery. Umbilical hernias in adults are more likely to worsen and cause complications. […] Surgery to treat umbilical hernias is also very effective, and the risk of the hernia coming back is low. […] If your provider is concerned about complications, hernia repair surgery can help.

• #22 Abdominal hernias – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/abdominal-hernias/

  An abdominal hernia is usually a clinical diagnosis made on physical examination. […] Imaging may be necessary if the examination is difficult (e.g., due to tenderness, obesity, scarring) or presentation is atypical, and for surgical planning. […] Laboratory studies are indicated if strangulation or obstruction is suspected and as part of preoperative preparation. […] Unclear diagnosis, e.g., abdominal wall pain without a clinically apparent hernia […] Suspected complication, e.g., bowel obstruction or strangulation […] Imaging may be necessary if the examination is difficult (e.g., due to tenderness, obesity, scarring) or presentation is atypical, and for surgical planning. […] CT abdomen: Sensitive imaging study for suspected bowel obstruction or strangulation. […] Ultrasound: Consider in children and for nonacute adult groin hernias.

• #23 The Radiology Assistant : Abdominal wall hernias

  https://radiologyassistant.nl/abdomen/abdomen-1/abdominal-wall-hernias

  Abdominal hernias are usually a clinical diagnosis and have been considered a simple problem to be repaired. […] Due to increased complex abdominal wall surgery, pre-operative CT planning with abdominal wall mapping has gained increasing attention. In this article we will address the key imaging features of complex abdominal wall hernias. […] What the surgeon needs to know is: Exact location, size and number of defects. […] Volume of the hernia sac in relation to the total peritoneal volume, also called „loss of domain”, in order to determine whether there is enough space to reduce all herniated contents into the abdominal cavity without risk of recurrence or ventilatory restriction. […] Rectus diastasis is important to mention as hernia recurrence is more likely in the presence of rectus diastasis.

• #24 Umbilical hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/umbilical-hernia?lang=us

  Umbilical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are the most common ventral abdominal wall hernia and occur in the midline through the umbilicus. […] Umbilical hernias may present in the midline as a painless or painful mass. […] Umbilical hernias may be congenital or acquired: congenital: physiological herniation through the umbilicus occurs during the 10th week of gestation and congenital umbilical hernias occur when there is incomplete closure of the anterior abdominal wall after the gut returns to the abdominal cavity […] acquired: more common in adults. […] Umbilical hernias commonly contain fat, mesentery, small and/or large bowel. […] There is a high rate of strangulation and incarceration of bowel and Richter hernias are common. Bowel obstruction is common and can be also be complicated by bowel ischemia. […] Differential diagnosis: paraumbilical hernia, epigastric hernia, Spigelian hernia, incisional hernia.

• #25 Umbilical hernia – diagnostics, therapy, surgery – Hernienzentrum.Berlin

  https://www.hernienzentrum.berlin/umbilical-hernia/diagnostic/operation/

  For experienced surgeons, a glance is enough for a diagnosis. When standing, a small bump appears in the umbilical region, which recedes when lying down and emerges again when pressing. […] If the findings are unclear, an ultrasound examination (sonography) can be performed. In the case of very large umbilical hernias or before planning surgery, a computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be performed. In this case, MRI is always preferable due to the absence of radiation exposure. […] We always perform an ultrasound examination before surgery to rule out additional upper abdominal hernias (epigastric hernias) and rectus diastasis. […] In patients with a new abdominal wall hernia who are older than 50 and who have not yet had a colonoscopy, this examination should definitely be performed as a preventive examination before surgery in order to rule out an intestinal tumor.

• #26 Diagnosing Hernia | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hernia/diagnosis

  Doctors at NYU Langone typically diagnose a hernia by taking a medical history and performing a physical exam. […] Sometimes, imaging tests are used to help doctors diagnose a hernia, particularly when the bulge is small or when symptoms can be confused with other conditions, such as endometriosis in women or kidney stones. […] Your doctor may order a CT scan to check for conditions that can cause abdominal pain and swelling, such as appendicitis, which is an inflammation of the appendix. […] Your doctor may recommend an MRI scan, particularly if your pain gets worse when you exercise. […] An MRI scan can detect a tear in the abdominal muscles. […] Your doctor may recommend an ultrasound if you are a woman of childbearing age.

• #27 The Radiology Assistant : Abdominal wall hernias

  https://radiologyassistant.nl/abdomen/abdomen-1/abdominal-wall-hernias

  The number of defects and the location of the defect should be reported. […] A description of the size of the abdominal wall defect is needed for pre-operative planning. […] The Rectus to Defect Ratio (RDR) is the ratio of the sum of the width of the left and right rectus compared to the hernia width. […] The RDR is a practical and reliable tool to predict the ability to close the abdominal wall defect during routine hernia repair without the need to perform an additional component separation technique (CST). […] If the loss of domain is larger than 20 %, there is a high risk of surgical complications and abdominal wall repair will result in increased abdominal cavity pressure with complications such as respiratory failure and hernia recurrence. […] The only treatment option for abdominal wall hernia is surgery. The aim is to close the abdominal cavity by re-approximating the fascial edges of the rectus muscles. […] A mesh is almost always used to provide additional strength and to minimize the risk of a recurrent hernia. […] For primary and small hernias ultrasound imaging can suffice. For all other type of hernias CT imaging is preferred.

• #28 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959

  Imaging has an important role in the definitive diagnosis. In fact, clinical examination alone cannot exclude the diagnosis of hernia. […] Indeed, many hernias are only detectable on imaging (ultrasound or computed tomography) especially when the defect is small or the abdominal fat tissue is important. […] Ultrasound is cost effective and efficient. A study has shown that up to 25% of the general population present umbilical hernia when ultrasound is used for diagnosis. […] More recently, some studies have shown that MRI has the best sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 95%, respectively, in the definitive diagnosis of abdominal wall hernias.

• #29 Appropriateness Criteria | Hernia |

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/acs-hernia

  For abdominal wall hernias, including umbilical, ventral (including spigelian), incisional (at prior surgery incision), and lumbar (in the lower back), usually appropriate imaging includes ultrasound abdomen, CT abdomen and pelvis with contrast, or CT abdomen and pelvis without contrast. […] MRI abdomen without and with contrast and MRI abdomen without contrast may also be appropriate.

• #30 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959

  Imaging has an important role in the definitive diagnosis. In fact, clinical examination alone cannot exclude the diagnosis of hernia. […] Indeed, many hernias are only detectable on imaging (ultrasound or computed tomography) especially when the defect is small or the abdominal fat tissue is important. […] Ultrasound is cost effective and efficient. A study has shown that up to 25% of the general population present umbilical hernia when ultrasound is used for diagnosis. […] More recently, some studies have shown that MRI has the best sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 95%, respectively, in the definitive diagnosis of abdominal wall hernias.

• #31 Diagnostic Testing for Hernias: Understand the Different Types

  https://www.herniainfo.com/us/en/blog/diagnostic-testing-for-hernias

  A hernia is often diagnosed by clinical examination and typically appears as a small lump that looks more pronounced when you cough or do strenuous exercise, such as lifting something heavy. To diagnose a hernia, your doctor will feel for a lump and may ask you to stand from a seated position. He or she may also ask you to cough to make the hernia bulge more prominent. […] However, for a more informed diagnosis, your doctor may ask you to undergo a diagnostic procedure like an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI scan. […] An ultrasound image can provide valuable insights into the size, location and characteristics of a hernia. This in turn can help your doctor create an individualized treatment plan specific to your hernia needs. […] CT scans can effectively detect complex hernias and evaluate potential complications such as hernia obstruction or strangulation. They are able to provide detailed anatomical information, aiding in treatment planning. […] MRIs provide detail and clarity, making them particularly useful for complex hernias or cases where surgical planning requires precise anatomical information.

• #32 Umbilical hernia – diagnostics, therapy, surgery – Hernienzentrum.Berlin

  https://www.hernienzentrum.berlin/umbilical-hernia/diagnostic/operation/

  For experienced surgeons, a glance is enough for a diagnosis. When standing, a small bump appears in the umbilical region, which recedes when lying down and emerges again when pressing. […] If the findings are unclear, an ultrasound examination (sonography) can be performed. In the case of very large umbilical hernias or before planning surgery, a computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be performed. In this case, MRI is always preferable due to the absence of radiation exposure. […] We always perform an ultrasound examination before surgery to rule out additional upper abdominal hernias (epigastric hernias) and rectus diastasis. […] In patients with a new abdominal wall hernia who are older than 50 and who have not yet had a colonoscopy, this examination should definitely be performed as a preventive examination before surgery in order to rule out an intestinal tumor.

• #33 Diagnosing Hernia | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hernia/diagnosis

  Doctors at NYU Langone typically diagnose a hernia by taking a medical history and performing a physical exam. […] Sometimes, imaging tests are used to help doctors diagnose a hernia, particularly when the bulge is small or when symptoms can be confused with other conditions, such as endometriosis in women or kidney stones. […] Your doctor may order a CT scan to check for conditions that can cause abdominal pain and swelling, such as appendicitis, which is an inflammation of the appendix. […] Your doctor may recommend an MRI scan, particularly if your pain gets worse when you exercise. […] An MRI scan can detect a tear in the abdominal muscles. […] Your doctor may recommend an ultrasound if you are a woman of childbearing age.

• #34 Umbilical hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/umbilical-hernia?lang=us

  Umbilical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are the most common ventral abdominal wall hernia and occur in the midline through the umbilicus. […] Umbilical hernias may present in the midline as a painless or painful mass. […] Umbilical hernias may be congenital or acquired: congenital: physiological herniation through the umbilicus occurs during the 10th week of gestation and congenital umbilical hernias occur when there is incomplete closure of the anterior abdominal wall after the gut returns to the abdominal cavity […] acquired: more common in adults. […] Umbilical hernias commonly contain fat, mesentery, small and/or large bowel. […] There is a high rate of strangulation and incarceration of bowel and Richter hernias are common. Bowel obstruction is common and can be also be complicated by bowel ischemia. […] Differential diagnosis: paraumbilical hernia, epigastric hernia, Spigelian hernia, incisional hernia.

• #35 Abdominal Wall Hernia: Diagnosis and Treatment – Dr. ABTIN KHOSRAVI, MD

  https://ocroboticsurgery.com/abdominal-wall-hernia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Diagnostics play an important role in identifying the presence of an abdominal wall hernia and helping a hernia doctor in Los Alamitos to determine the best course of action. […] After the medical history assessment, a thorough physical examination will be performed. This usually involves palpation of the abdomen to help a hernia doctor near me find any abnormal protrusion or hernias. […] Along with the medical history and physical exam, diagnostic tests are often performed by hernia doctors in Los Alamitos to help them confirm the presence of abdominal wall hernias and determine their severity. […] A differential diagnosis helps distinguish abdominal wall hernias from other potential causes of stomach area discomforts, such as muscle strain, lipoma, or lymphadenopathy. […] By closely evaluating the patients symptoms and conducting comprehensive exams, hernia doctors in Los Alamitos can better identify the underlying cause of swelling and pain in the abdominal area, which ensures appropriate treatment and helps prevent potential complications.

• #36 Diagnosis of Hernias – Wellington Hernia Clinic

  https://www.thewellingtonherniaclinic.co.nz/diagnosis-of-hernias

  Your family doctor or specialist will be able to perform a simple examination to confirm a hernia. Sometimes an ultrasound scan is necessary. […] Umbilical hernia – These usually occur in children through a weak umbilicus (belly button). In children under two, they are usually managed expectantly. After the age of two, surgery is usually offered. […] Paraumbilical hernia – In adults the hernia does not occur through the umbilical scar but rather through a small defect just above or below the umbilicus (belly button). These can become very large; however, the neck of the hernia may often remain small.

• #37 Umbilical hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/umbilical-hernia?lang=us

  Umbilical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are the most common ventral abdominal wall hernia and occur in the midline through the umbilicus. […] Umbilical hernias may present in the midline as a painless or painful mass. […] Umbilical hernias may be congenital or acquired: congenital: physiological herniation through the umbilicus occurs during the 10th week of gestation and congenital umbilical hernias occur when there is incomplete closure of the anterior abdominal wall after the gut returns to the abdominal cavity […] acquired: more common in adults. […] Umbilical hernias commonly contain fat, mesentery, small and/or large bowel. […] There is a high rate of strangulation and incarceration of bowel and Richter hernias are common. Bowel obstruction is common and can be also be complicated by bowel ischemia. […] Differential diagnosis: paraumbilical hernia, epigastric hernia, Spigelian hernia, incisional hernia.

• #38 Umbilical hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/umbilical-hernia?lang=us

  Umbilical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are the most common ventral abdominal wall hernia and occur in the midline through the umbilicus. […] Umbilical hernias may present in the midline as a painless or painful mass. […] Umbilical hernias may be congenital or acquired: congenital: physiological herniation through the umbilicus occurs during the 10th week of gestation and congenital umbilical hernias occur when there is incomplete closure of the anterior abdominal wall after the gut returns to the abdominal cavity […] acquired: more common in adults. […] Umbilical hernias commonly contain fat, mesentery, small and/or large bowel. […] There is a high rate of strangulation and incarceration of bowel and Richter hernias are common. Bowel obstruction is common and can be also be complicated by bowel ischemia. […] Differential diagnosis: paraumbilical hernia, epigastric hernia, Spigelian hernia, incisional hernia.

• #39 Umbilical hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/umbilical-hernia?lang=us

  Umbilical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are the most common ventral abdominal wall hernia and occur in the midline through the umbilicus. […] Umbilical hernias may present in the midline as a painless or painful mass. […] Umbilical hernias may be congenital or acquired: congenital: physiological herniation through the umbilicus occurs during the 10th week of gestation and congenital umbilical hernias occur when there is incomplete closure of the anterior abdominal wall after the gut returns to the abdominal cavity […] acquired: more common in adults. […] Umbilical hernias commonly contain fat, mesentery, small and/or large bowel. […] There is a high rate of strangulation and incarceration of bowel and Richter hernias are common. Bowel obstruction is common and can be also be complicated by bowel ischemia. […] Differential diagnosis: paraumbilical hernia, epigastric hernia, Spigelian hernia, incisional hernia.

• #40 Umbilical hernia

  https://www.hernia-centre.com/umbilical-hernia.html

  Umbilical hernias commonly often occur directly after birth during infancy and are the result of the abdominal wall around the navel not developing completely. […] Umbilical hernias are common in babies. […] In adults, most umbilical hernias are acquired. […] Umbilical hernias often cause no symptoms, and they are often diagnosed as an incidental finding. […] An umbilical hernia can usually be diagnosed simply by clinical examination, i.e. following inspection and palpation of the hernial orifice. […] We subsequently carry out an ultrasound examination of the anterior abdominal wall. […] This not only provides an accurate picture of the size of the hernial orifice and what the hernial swelling contains, but it also allows us to rule out any other defects in the midline area (known as epigastric hernias). […] Another advantage of ultrasound is that it allows us to exclude rectus diastasis.

• #41 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  An umbilical hernia may be noticed as a protrusion in the area surrounding the navel at the site of the umbilicus in a newborn baby. […] This activity provides an overview of the pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of umbilical hernias and emphasizes the collaborative efforts of the interprofessional team in caring for infants affected by this condition. […] Umbilical hernias typically manifest as a noticeable bulge in the area surrounding the navel in a newborn baby, which becomes more evident when the infant cries or exerts pressure. […] Clinicians should effectively educate parents on the condition’s natural progression, as more than 90% of umbilical hernias in neonates and young children are asymptomatic, and they typically resolve spontaneously by the age of 5 or earlier.

• #42 Hernia: What it is, Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15757-hernia

  Common types of hernias include umbilical hernia, inguinal hernia and femoral hernia. […] An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine pokes through an opening in your abdominal wall near your belly button. Most umbilical hernias are congenital (present from birth). […] A simple physical exam is often enough to diagnose a hernia, depending on the type. Your healthcare provider may be able to see or feel it, or it may emerge when they ask you to cough or adjust your position. […] Most hernias will need surgical repair, but not necessarily right away. […] A congenital umbilical hernia will often close on its own as your child grows, but sometimes it won’t. In this case, your child will need umbilical hernia repair. […] Hernias do tend to grow bigger over time. The opening continues to weaken and stretch, and more tissue gradually pushes its way through. […] The surgery is usually a simple outpatient procedure with a short recovery. It’s almost always successful, but there is a 10% chance of the hernia returning sometime later, especially if the conditions that caused it continue.

• #43 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  No specific medical testing or imaging is necessary to diagnose pediatric umbilical hernias, as the diagnosis is primarily based on the history provided by the parents and the findings from the physical examination. […] Repairing umbilical hernias in infants is typically delayed because complications are uncommon, and a significant majority (90%) of these hernias close spontaneously within 2 years. […] Surgery is indicated for the following umbilical hernia patients: Ascites, Bowel injury or perforation, Hernia rupture, Incarceration, Large trunk-like hernia protrusion with a fascial defect that has not closed or improved by the age of 2 years, Metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism and mucopolysaccharidoses) and genetic syndromes (Beckwith-Wiedemann, Down, Ehlers-Danlos, and Marfan), Peritoneal dialysis, Persistent fascial defect by the age of 5 years, Skin erosion, maceration, or excoriation over the hernia defect, Strangulation, Symptomatic, Trisomies 13, 18, and 21.

• #44 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  No specific medical testing or imaging is necessary to diagnose pediatric umbilical hernias, as the diagnosis is primarily based on the history provided by the parents and the findings from the physical examination. […] Repairing umbilical hernias in infants is typically delayed because complications are uncommon, and a significant majority (90%) of these hernias close spontaneously within 2 years. […] Surgery is indicated for the following umbilical hernia patients: Ascites, Bowel injury or perforation, Hernia rupture, Incarceration, Large trunk-like hernia protrusion with a fascial defect that has not closed or improved by the age of 2 years, Metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism and mucopolysaccharidoses) and genetic syndromes (Beckwith-Wiedemann, Down, Ehlers-Danlos, and Marfan), Peritoneal dialysis, Persistent fascial defect by the age of 5 years, Skin erosion, maceration, or excoriation over the hernia defect, Strangulation, Symptomatic, Trisomies 13, 18, and 21.

• #45 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  No specific medical testing or imaging is necessary to diagnose pediatric umbilical hernias, as the diagnosis is primarily based on the history provided by the parents and the findings from the physical examination. […] Repairing umbilical hernias in infants is typically delayed because complications are uncommon, and a significant majority (90%) of these hernias close spontaneously within 2 years. […] Surgery is indicated for the following umbilical hernia patients: Ascites, Bowel injury or perforation, Hernia rupture, Incarceration, Large trunk-like hernia protrusion with a fascial defect that has not closed or improved by the age of 2 years, Metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism and mucopolysaccharidoses) and genetic syndromes (Beckwith-Wiedemann, Down, Ehlers-Danlos, and Marfan), Peritoneal dialysis, Persistent fascial defect by the age of 5 years, Skin erosion, maceration, or excoriation over the hernia defect, Strangulation, Symptomatic, Trisomies 13, 18, and 21.

• #46 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). […] Umbilical hernias are most common in infants, but they can affect adults as well. […] Umbilical hernias that appear during adulthood are more likely to need surgical repair. […] Talk with your doctor if you have a bulge near your navel. Seek emergency care if the bulge becomes painful or tender. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications. […] Adults with umbilical hernias are somewhat more likely to experience a blockage of the intestines. Emergency surgery is typically required to treat these complications.

• #47

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/umbilical-hernia-in-children.aspx

  In most cases, the muscle around the umbilicus closes up soon after the baby is born. […] In about 1 in 5 newborns, the muscle around the belly button doesn’t close. The small opening that remains in the baby’s abdominal wall under the belly button is called an umbilical hernia. […] The most common sign of an umbilical hernia is a bulging of the belly button. […] Most of the time, your child’s doctor can diagnose an umbilical hernia by examining your child. Rarely, they may order an ultrasound to see if there is a hernia or to see if belly organs are trapped inside the hernia. […] A jelly-like liquid will be placed on the belly button and a probe will be used on the skin to see the organs underneath.

• #48 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  An umbilical hernia may be noticed as a protrusion in the area surrounding the navel at the site of the umbilicus in a newborn baby. […] This activity provides an overview of the pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of umbilical hernias and emphasizes the collaborative efforts of the interprofessional team in caring for infants affected by this condition. […] Umbilical hernias typically manifest as a noticeable bulge in the area surrounding the navel in a newborn baby, which becomes more evident when the infant cries or exerts pressure. […] Clinicians should effectively educate parents on the condition’s natural progression, as more than 90% of umbilical hernias in neonates and young children are asymptomatic, and they typically resolve spontaneously by the age of 5 or earlier.

• #49 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). […] Umbilical hernias are most common in infants, but they can affect adults as well. […] Umbilical hernias that appear during adulthood are more likely to need surgical repair. […] Talk with your doctor if you have a bulge near your navel. Seek emergency care if the bulge becomes painful or tender. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications. […] Adults with umbilical hernias are somewhat more likely to experience a blockage of the intestines. Emergency surgery is typically required to treat these complications.

• #50 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. The umbilicus is a frequent site of hernia, and umbilical hernias are often diagnosed during routine physical examinations. […] Many people are diagnosed with an umbilical hernia during a routine physical examination. If the hernia is asymptomatic, affected individuals often choose expectant management over surgical repair. However, 65% of adult patients with an umbilical hernia will eventually require surgical repair; 3% to 5% of these repairs will be emergent. […] Surgical repair of an umbilical hernia is indicated if there is pain, dysfunction, or enlargement. The surgical approach to umbilical hernia repair is determined by the size of the hernia and other patient-specific factors such as comorbidities, body mass index, and the presence of other abdominal wall hernias.

• #51 Umbilical Hernias in Babies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-are-umbilical-hernias

  If you think you or your child has an umbilical hernia, the doctor will feel and look at the area. Theyll also ask about any symptoms. The doctor may try to see if they can gently push the bulge of the hernia back into the abdomen. Sometimes, a doctor may suggest you get an ultrasound to check for complications. […] Most umbilical hernias in children dont need any treatment. Usually, the hole heals on its own by the time your child is 4 or 5 years old. Even if it doesnt, itll likely get smaller. Thatll make surgery a bit easier. […] In adults, umbilical hernias usually need to be repaired with surgery. If yours is small and you don’t have pain or other symptoms, your doctor may suggest waiting. But it’s likely to get larger over time and cause complications. […] Surgery is usually needed if the hernia is: Painful, Larger than 1/2 to 3/4 inch, Not getting smaller by age 2, Growing larger, Trapped or blocking intestines.

• #52 Umbilical Hernia Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/conditions/umbilical-hernia/

  Surgery may be recommended for a child if the hernia: Is large, Hasnt disappeared by the age of three or four. […] The only treatment for an umbilical hernia is umbilical surgery repair. […] During umbilical hernia repair, your surgeon will remove the hernia and strengthen the weakness in your abdominal muscles with mesh. […] You should be able to go home on the same day as your surgery. […] If you think you or your child has an umbilical hernia, you should see your GP. […] You should seek medical attention if you have: Pain and tenderness around the hernias bulge, Nausea and vomiting, A change in the colour of your hernia. […] The only way to fully get rid of an umbilical hernia is surgery.

• #53 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is a tissue bulge on or near your belly button. […] If your provider has concerns about an umbilical hernia, they may recommend surgery to put the tissue back into place. […] The most common sign of an umbilical hernia is a bulge on or near your belly button, where your small intestine pokes through your abdominal wall. […] A physical exam is usually enough to diagnose an umbilical hernia. Your healthcare provider may ask you to squeeze or contract your abdominal muscles so its easier for them to see and feel the bulge. […] To check for complications (like incarceration or a bowel obstruction), they may use imaging to see inside your abdomen. Common imaging procedures include an abdominal ultrasound and a CT scan. […] Most adults eventually need surgery. Umbilical hernias in adults are more likely to worsen and cause complications. […] Surgery to treat umbilical hernias is also very effective, and the risk of the hernia coming back is low. […] If your provider is concerned about complications, hernia repair surgery can help.

• #54 Abdominal Wall Hernias | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/surgery/abdominal-wall-hernias

  An umbilical hernia occurs when a weak spot in the belly allows a bit of fat, fluid, or intestine to push through, creating a lump or bulge near the belly button. […] Umbilical hernias frequently occur in infants. In most cases, these hernias will heal on their own. Occasionally, however, surgery may be required. […] Umbilical hernias also occur in adults, particularly those with health issues that cause increased pressure in the belly. Those issues may include obesity, pregnancy, chronic coughing or constipation, and difficulty urinating. […] Because they tend to grow bigger over time, umbilical hernias require treatment. Treatment typically involves surgery, but your doctor will discuss all your options with you in detail. Without treatment, you are at risk of developing a strangulated hernia, which means that blood supply to the tissue has been cut off. Strangulation is life threatening and requires emergency surgery.

• #55 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. The umbilicus is a frequent site of hernia, and umbilical hernias are often diagnosed during routine physical examinations. […] Many people are diagnosed with an umbilical hernia during a routine physical examination. If the hernia is asymptomatic, affected individuals often choose expectant management over surgical repair. However, 65% of adult patients with an umbilical hernia will eventually require surgical repair; 3% to 5% of these repairs will be emergent. […] Surgical repair of an umbilical hernia is indicated if there is pain, dysfunction, or enlargement. The surgical approach to umbilical hernia repair is determined by the size of the hernia and other patient-specific factors such as comorbidities, body mass index, and the presence of other abdominal wall hernias.

• #56 Umbilical Hernia Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/conditions/umbilical-hernia/

  An umbilical hernia is a bulge on or around the navel (belly button) which is usually painless but can cause complications. […] If you suspect your baby has an umbilical hernia, ask your GP for a diagnosis. […] Umbilical hernias in adults usually require surgery to reduce the risk of complications. […] If you think you have an umbilical hernia, make an appointment to see your GP. […] Your GP will examine your abdomen and may refer you for a CT scan or ultrasound to check for complications. […] If your GP recommends umbilical hernia repair, theyll refer you to a consultant surgeon, wholl discuss your options with you. […] In adults, surgery is often recommended because the hernia is unlikely to get better on its own and the risk of complications without treatment, such as obstruction and strangulation, is higher.

• #57 Adult Umbilical Hernia | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-patients/the-day-of-your-surgery/adult-umbilical-hernia/

  An umbilical hernia occurs when tissue bulges out through an opening in the muscles on the abdomen near the navel or belly button (umbilicus). About 10% of abdominal hernias are umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias are usually diagnosed by clinical examination only. Imaging by ultrasound or CT scan can be considered if clinical examination is unsure. […] The type of operation depends on hernia size and location, and if it is a repeat hernia (recurrence). Your health, age, and the surgeons expertise are also important. An operation is the only treatment for a hernia repair. […] Open mesh and laparoscopic repair for umbilical hernias do not differ in 30-day outcomes or in risk of recurrence. There is a slightly lower wound complication rate, including seromas, hematomas, and infection, with laparoscopic repair. […] The use of mesh or other type of patch repair appears to reduce the rate of recurrence.

• #58 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959

  The literature on umbilical hernias in adults remains less extensive compared to other types of hernias. Adult umbilical hernias are frequently asymptomatic. The most frequent reasons for consultation are pain and esthetic discomfort. The diagnosis is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. […] Despite the recent advances in terms of mesh varieties and minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic and robotic surgery), there is still no real consensus on the optimal method for repair of umbilical hernia. […] The diagnosis of umbilical hernia is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. […] However, the clinical presentation depends mainly on the size of the hernia (neck and sac) and the patients BMI. In fact, hernias with a small neck or occurring in obese subjects can go unnoticed, especially in an emergency context. In these cases, performing imaging tests is important for an accurate diagnosis.

• #59 Abdominal Wall Hernias | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/surgery/abdominal-wall-hernias

  An umbilical hernia occurs when a weak spot in the belly allows a bit of fat, fluid, or intestine to push through, creating a lump or bulge near the belly button. […] Umbilical hernias frequently occur in infants. In most cases, these hernias will heal on their own. Occasionally, however, surgery may be required. […] Umbilical hernias also occur in adults, particularly those with health issues that cause increased pressure in the belly. Those issues may include obesity, pregnancy, chronic coughing or constipation, and difficulty urinating. […] Because they tend to grow bigger over time, umbilical hernias require treatment. Treatment typically involves surgery, but your doctor will discuss all your options with you in detail. Without treatment, you are at risk of developing a strangulated hernia, which means that blood supply to the tissue has been cut off. Strangulation is life threatening and requires emergency surgery.

• #60 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  No specific medical testing or imaging is necessary to diagnose pediatric umbilical hernias, as the diagnosis is primarily based on the history provided by the parents and the findings from the physical examination. […] Repairing umbilical hernias in infants is typically delayed because complications are uncommon, and a significant majority (90%) of these hernias close spontaneously within 2 years. […] Surgery is indicated for the following umbilical hernia patients: Ascites, Bowel injury or perforation, Hernia rupture, Incarceration, Large trunk-like hernia protrusion with a fascial defect that has not closed or improved by the age of 2 years, Metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism and mucopolysaccharidoses) and genetic syndromes (Beckwith-Wiedemann, Down, Ehlers-Danlos, and Marfan), Peritoneal dialysis, Persistent fascial defect by the age of 5 years, Skin erosion, maceration, or excoriation over the hernia defect, Strangulation, Symptomatic, Trisomies 13, 18, and 21.

• #61 Umbilical Hernias: Guide to Symptoms & Treatment | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/umbilical-hernias-guide-symptoms-treatment

  Up to 2% of the adult population has an umbilical hernia, and is more common in those who are overweight, had multiple pregnancies, or with liver cirrhosis. […] The most common way umbilical hernias are diagnosed is through a physical exam during a visit with a physician. You may not even have any symptoms but may have an obvious bulge. Sometimes if your hernia is large or more complex, you may need medical images to see it better such as a CT scan or ultrasound. […] Even though some smaller hernias without symptoms can be watched over time, most research shows that even small hernias progress over time, therefore repairing them early may be beneficial.

• #62 Umbilical hernia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189580

  A doctor will diagnose an umbilical hernia during a physical examination. They may also be able to determine the type of hernia. For example, if it involves the bowel, there may be a risk of obstruction. […] If the doctor wants to screen for complications, they may request: an abdominal ultrasound, an X-ray, blood tests. […] Surgery for an umbilical hernia may be needed if it persists beyond age 5, causes pain, is larger than 1.5 cm, or leads to intestinal complications. […] Most umbilical hernias close on their own, but these conditions require intervention. […] Hernias are less likely to resolve on their own in adults than in children. As a result, they are more prone to complications, and a person has a higher chance of needing surgery. […] Umbilical hernia surgery is a small operation that typically takes about 20-30 minutes. In most cases, the person receiving surgery will be able to go home on the same day.

• #63 Umbilical hernia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189580

  Surgery involves making an incision at the base of the belly button and pushing the protruding tissue back into the abdomen. Surgeons may perform either open or laparoscopic surgery. […] However, while this approach has been shown to help prevent the recurrence of hernias, it also has potential complications, including a risk of chronic pain. […] If the protrusion becomes trapped, and it is not possible to push it back into the abdominal cavity, the intestines might lose blood supply, causing damage. […] If the hernia cuts off the blood supply to the protrusion, there is a risk of gangrene and life threatening infections. This is rare in adults and even less common in children.

• #64 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  The evaluation of a patient with a presumptive umbilical hernia is predominately clinical. The physical examination should begin with visually inspecting the anterior abdominal wall. […] Imaging is indicated in patients with a suspected umbilical hernia but an equivocal physical examination. Ultrasonography is efficient and cost-effective; in one study, ultrasound identified umbilical hernias in approximately 25% of the adult population. […] Patients with symptomatic hernias frequently present with an apparent protrusion from the umbilicus. If the hernia is incarcerated or strangulated, patients will present with an irreducible and tender, often discolored, umbilical bulge. […] Nonoperative management may be considered in asymptomatic patients with umbilical hernias; in these patients, the yearly risk of strangulation is less than 1%.

• #65 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter are suitable for primary repair. […] For umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter, herniorrhaphy with mesh is preferred; primary suture repair without mesh for hernias this size is associated with a 10% to 14% recurrence rate. […] Emergent herniorrhaphy is required in cases of incarceration or strangulation. Emergent procedures may be more technically demanding and require resection of nonviable intraabdominal contents such as bowel or omentum.

• #66 Umbilical Hernia – Miami Hernia Center

  https://www.miamiherniacenter.com/umbilical-hernia-belly-button

  Most umbilical hernias are diagnosed on physical examination by an experienced physician or Hernia specialist. […] Sometimes with non-palpable hernias or in the obese patient additional tests are indicated to help in the diagnosis including ultrasound, CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis or MRI. […] A hernia is called a reducible hernia when the bulge can be pushed back into the abdomen. An incarcerated or a non-reducible hernia occurs when the contents inside the hernia sac cannot be pushed back into their normal anatomic position inside the abdomen.

• #67 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  The evaluation of a patient with a presumptive umbilical hernia is predominately clinical. The physical examination should begin with visually inspecting the anterior abdominal wall. […] Imaging is indicated in patients with a suspected umbilical hernia but an equivocal physical examination. Ultrasonography is efficient and cost-effective; in one study, ultrasound identified umbilical hernias in approximately 25% of the adult population. […] Patients with symptomatic hernias frequently present with an apparent protrusion from the umbilicus. If the hernia is incarcerated or strangulated, patients will present with an irreducible and tender, often discolored, umbilical bulge. […] Nonoperative management may be considered in asymptomatic patients with umbilical hernias; in these patients, the yearly risk of strangulation is less than 1%.

• #68 Umbilical hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/umbilical-hernia?lang=us

  Umbilical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are the most common ventral abdominal wall hernia and occur in the midline through the umbilicus. […] Umbilical hernias may present in the midline as a painless or painful mass. […] Umbilical hernias may be congenital or acquired: congenital: physiological herniation through the umbilicus occurs during the 10th week of gestation and congenital umbilical hernias occur when there is incomplete closure of the anterior abdominal wall after the gut returns to the abdominal cavity […] acquired: more common in adults. […] Umbilical hernias commonly contain fat, mesentery, small and/or large bowel. […] There is a high rate of strangulation and incarceration of bowel and Richter hernias are common. Bowel obstruction is common and can be also be complicated by bowel ischemia. […] Differential diagnosis: paraumbilical hernia, epigastric hernia, Spigelian hernia, incisional hernia.

• #69 Umbilical hernia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189580

  Surgery involves making an incision at the base of the belly button and pushing the protruding tissue back into the abdomen. Surgeons may perform either open or laparoscopic surgery. […] However, while this approach has been shown to help prevent the recurrence of hernias, it also has potential complications, including a risk of chronic pain. […] If the protrusion becomes trapped, and it is not possible to push it back into the abdominal cavity, the intestines might lose blood supply, causing damage. […] If the hernia cuts off the blood supply to the protrusion, there is a risk of gangrene and life threatening infections. This is rare in adults and even less common in children.

• #70 Umbilical Hernias in Babies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-are-umbilical-hernias

  Most umbilical hernias aren’t serious. However, there’s a risk that a loop of your intestines can get trapped, cutting off the blood supply. That can cause the tissue to die, leading to infection inside your abdomen or even death. […] In babies, surgery is only recommended if the hernia isn’t closing on its own or is causing complications. In adults, umbilical hernias tend to get bigger over time, and surgery is usually needed.

• #71 Umbilical Hernia Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/conditions/umbilical-hernia/

  Surgery may be recommended for a child if the hernia: Is large, Hasnt disappeared by the age of three or four. […] The only treatment for an umbilical hernia is umbilical surgery repair. […] During umbilical hernia repair, your surgeon will remove the hernia and strengthen the weakness in your abdominal muscles with mesh. […] You should be able to go home on the same day as your surgery. […] If you think you or your child has an umbilical hernia, you should see your GP. […] You should seek medical attention if you have: Pain and tenderness around the hernias bulge, Nausea and vomiting, A change in the colour of your hernia. […] The only way to fully get rid of an umbilical hernia is surgery.

• #72 Abdominal hernias – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/abdominal-hernias/

  MRI abdomen: Indications: to rule out musculoskeletal disorders and occult groin hernia. […] Laboratory studies may show characteristic findings if a hernia is obstructed and/or strangulated, including findings that suggest bowel ischemia, e.g.: leukocytes, lactate. […] Diagnosis: usually clinical; imaging (CT or ultrasound) may be considered if the diagnosis is uncertain. […] Umbilical hernias are defined as midline hernias at the level of the umbilicus. […] Ninety percent of umbilical hernias are acquired, usually as a result of increased abdominal pressure. […] Treatment: Conservative: 90% will spontaneously close by 2 years of age. […] Surgery (rarely necessary) for large umbilical hernias (defect 1.5-2 cm) in children 2-3 years of age. […] No evidence of spontaneous closure by 5 years of age. […] Patients with incarcerated, obstructed, or strangulated umbilical hernias.

• #73 Abeezar Sarela| Umbilical Hernia| Para-Umbilical Hernia

  https://www.abeezarsarela.co.uk/services/hernia-surgery/umbilical-hernia/

  Usually, no special tests are needed to diagnose an umbilical hernia. Your doctor may make the diagnosis by examination only. But sometimes, the diagnosis of a hernia may not be clear and an ultrasound scan or a CT scan may be needed. […] As with any hernia, there is risk for bowel blockage and strangulation. The extent of the risk is different from person to person. […] Every hernia repair operation carries some risk for recurrence. The risk of recurrence with every operation is greater than the risk for the previous operation.

• #74 Abdominal Wall Hernias | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/surgery/abdominal-wall-hernias

  An umbilical hernia occurs when a weak spot in the belly allows a bit of fat, fluid, or intestine to push through, creating a lump or bulge near the belly button. […] Umbilical hernias frequently occur in infants. In most cases, these hernias will heal on their own. Occasionally, however, surgery may be required. […] Umbilical hernias also occur in adults, particularly those with health issues that cause increased pressure in the belly. Those issues may include obesity, pregnancy, chronic coughing or constipation, and difficulty urinating. […] Because they tend to grow bigger over time, umbilical hernias require treatment. Treatment typically involves surgery, but your doctor will discuss all your options with you in detail. Without treatment, you are at risk of developing a strangulated hernia, which means that blood supply to the tissue has been cut off. Strangulation is life threatening and requires emergency surgery.

• #75 Umbilical hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/umbilical-hernia?lang=us

  Umbilical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are the most common ventral abdominal wall hernia and occur in the midline through the umbilicus. […] Umbilical hernias may present in the midline as a painless or painful mass. […] Umbilical hernias may be congenital or acquired: congenital: physiological herniation through the umbilicus occurs during the 10th week of gestation and congenital umbilical hernias occur when there is incomplete closure of the anterior abdominal wall after the gut returns to the abdominal cavity […] acquired: more common in adults. […] Umbilical hernias commonly contain fat, mesentery, small and/or large bowel. […] There is a high rate of strangulation and incarceration of bowel and Richter hernias are common. Bowel obstruction is common and can be also be complicated by bowel ischemia. […] Differential diagnosis: paraumbilical hernia, epigastric hernia, Spigelian hernia, incisional hernia.

• #76 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). […] Umbilical hernias are most common in infants, but they can affect adults as well. […] Umbilical hernias that appear during adulthood are more likely to need surgical repair. […] Talk with your doctor if you have a bulge near your navel. Seek emergency care if the bulge becomes painful or tender. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications. […] Adults with umbilical hernias are somewhat more likely to experience a blockage of the intestines. Emergency surgery is typically required to treat these complications.

• #77 Umbilical hernia in children – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/438?locale=en_GB

  Umbilical hernias will usually close by 4 to 5 years of age without treatment. […] Diagnosis is clinical. […] Key diagnostic factors include: present since birth, bulge at the umbilicus, change in size/tension during movement, skin changes, easily reducible hernia sac, well-defined rim of fascia with central defect, variable diameter of defect, symptoms of small bowel obstruction. […] Other diagnostic factors include intermittent discomfort.

• #78 Abdominal Hernias: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-overview

  History and physical examination remain the best means of diagnosing hernias. […] Imaging studies are not required in the normal workup of a hernia. However, they may be useful in certain scenarios, as follows: […] Ultrasonography (US) can be used in differentiating masses in the groin or abdominal wall or in differentiating testicular sources of swelling. […] If an incarcerated or strangulated hernia is suspected, upright chest films or flat and upright abdominal films may be obtained. […] Computed tomography (CT) or ultrasonography may be necessary if a good examination cannot be obtained, because of the patients body habitus, or in order to diagnose a spigelian or obturator hernia. […] An umbilical hernia occurs through the umbilical fibromuscular ring, which is usually obliterated by age 2 years.

• #79 Abdominal Hernias Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Radiography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-workup

  Laboratory studies are not specific for hernia but may be useful for general medical evaluation. Imaging studies are not required in the normal workup of a hernia; however, radiography, computed tomography (CT), or ultrasonography (US) may be considered in certain circumstances. […] CT of the abdomen and pelvis with oral and intravenous (IV) contrast can help detect many elusive hernias by demonstrating extracoelomic location of the bowel, bladder, or female internal reproductive organs. […] US is helpful in narrowing the differential on both scrotal masses and masses below the inguinal ligament. It can also aid in the decision to drain or aspirate a nodal abscess. Like CT, US may be indicated when a spigelian or obturator hernia is suspected or when the patients body habitus hinders physical examination. […] Infants with omphaloceles require prompt, thorough evaluations to detect associated anomalies. Initial studies should include bilateral renal US and echocardiography, as well as karyotyping and plain radiography of the sacrum.

• #80 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. The umbilicus is a frequent site of hernia, and umbilical hernias are often diagnosed during routine physical examinations. […] Many people are diagnosed with an umbilical hernia during a routine physical examination. If the hernia is asymptomatic, affected individuals often choose expectant management over surgical repair. However, 65% of adult patients with an umbilical hernia will eventually require surgical repair; 3% to 5% of these repairs will be emergent. […] Surgical repair of an umbilical hernia is indicated if there is pain, dysfunction, or enlargement. The surgical approach to umbilical hernia repair is determined by the size of the hernia and other patient-specific factors such as comorbidities, body mass index, and the presence of other abdominal wall hernias.

• #81 Hernia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hernia/

  Umbilical hernias occur when fatty tissue or part of your bowel pokes through your tummy near your belly button. […] Adults can also be affected, possibly as a result of repeated strain on the tummy. […] A GP will usually be able to identify a hernia by examining the affected area. […] In some cases, they may refer you to a nearby hospital for an ultrasound scan to confirm the diagnosis or assess the extent of the problem. […] Once a diagnosis has been confirmed, a GP or hospital doctor will determine whether surgery to repair the hernia is necessary. […] To find out more about some common types of hernia surgery, see how umbilical hernias are repaired.

• #82 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  The evaluation of a patient with a presumptive umbilical hernia is predominately clinical. The physical examination should begin with visually inspecting the anterior abdominal wall. […] Imaging is indicated in patients with a suspected umbilical hernia but an equivocal physical examination. Ultrasonography is efficient and cost-effective; in one study, ultrasound identified umbilical hernias in approximately 25% of the adult population. […] Patients with symptomatic hernias frequently present with an apparent protrusion from the umbilicus. If the hernia is incarcerated or strangulated, patients will present with an irreducible and tender, often discolored, umbilical bulge. […] Nonoperative management may be considered in asymptomatic patients with umbilical hernias; in these patients, the yearly risk of strangulation is less than 1%.

• #83 Umbilical Hernias in Babies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-are-umbilical-hernias

  If you think you or your child has an umbilical hernia, the doctor will feel and look at the area. Theyll also ask about any symptoms. The doctor may try to see if they can gently push the bulge of the hernia back into the abdomen. Sometimes, a doctor may suggest you get an ultrasound to check for complications. […] Most umbilical hernias in children dont need any treatment. Usually, the hole heals on its own by the time your child is 4 or 5 years old. Even if it doesnt, itll likely get smaller. Thatll make surgery a bit easier. […] In adults, umbilical hernias usually need to be repaired with surgery. If yours is small and you don’t have pain or other symptoms, your doctor may suggest waiting. But it’s likely to get larger over time and cause complications. […] Surgery is usually needed if the hernia is: Painful, Larger than 1/2 to 3/4 inch, Not getting smaller by age 2, Growing larger, Trapped or blocking intestines.

• #84 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  The standard approach for pediatric umbilical hernia repair commonly involves an open surgical procedure, which takes less than 1 hour to complete and is performed under general anesthesia. […] The method of clamping or cutting the umbilical cord after birth does not significantly impact the development of an umbilical hernia. […] Most pediatric umbilical hernias are asymptomatic and will close spontaneously by the child is 5 years old.

• #85 Umbilical Hernias in Babies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-are-umbilical-hernias

  If you think you or your child has an umbilical hernia, the doctor will feel and look at the area. Theyll also ask about any symptoms. The doctor may try to see if they can gently push the bulge of the hernia back into the abdomen. Sometimes, a doctor may suggest you get an ultrasound to check for complications. […] Most umbilical hernias in children dont need any treatment. Usually, the hole heals on its own by the time your child is 4 or 5 years old. Even if it doesnt, itll likely get smaller. Thatll make surgery a bit easier. […] In adults, umbilical hernias usually need to be repaired with surgery. If yours is small and you don’t have pain or other symptoms, your doctor may suggest waiting. But it’s likely to get larger over time and cause complications. […] Surgery is usually needed if the hernia is: Painful, Larger than 1/2 to 3/4 inch, Not getting smaller by age 2, Growing larger, Trapped or blocking intestines.

• #86 Hernias of the Abdominal Wall – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/hernias-of-the-abdominal-wall

  Umbilical hernias (protrusions through the umbilical ring) are mostly congenital, but some are acquired in adulthood secondary to obesity, ascites, pregnancy, or chronic peritoneal dialysis. […] The diagnosis of an abdominal hernia is clinical. Because the hernia may be apparent only when abdominal pressure is increased, the patient should be examined in a standing position. […] Ultrasound may be done if physical examination is equivocal. […] Congenital umbilical hernias rarely strangulate and are not treated; most resolve spontaneously within several years. Very large defects may be repaired electively after age 2 years. […] Umbilical hernias in adults cause cosmetic concerns and can be electively repaired; strangulation and incarceration are unusual but can happen and usually contain omentum rather than intestine.

• #87 Adult Umbilical Hernia | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-patients/the-day-of-your-surgery/adult-umbilical-hernia/

  An umbilical hernia occurs when tissue bulges out through an opening in the muscles on the abdomen near the navel or belly button (umbilicus). About 10% of abdominal hernias are umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias are usually diagnosed by clinical examination only. Imaging by ultrasound or CT scan can be considered if clinical examination is unsure. […] The type of operation depends on hernia size and location, and if it is a repeat hernia (recurrence). Your health, age, and the surgeons expertise are also important. An operation is the only treatment for a hernia repair. […] Open mesh and laparoscopic repair for umbilical hernias do not differ in 30-day outcomes or in risk of recurrence. There is a slightly lower wound complication rate, including seromas, hematomas, and infection, with laparoscopic repair. […] The use of mesh or other type of patch repair appears to reduce the rate of recurrence.

• #88 Umbilical hernia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189580

  A doctor will diagnose an umbilical hernia during a physical examination. They may also be able to determine the type of hernia. For example, if it involves the bowel, there may be a risk of obstruction. […] If the doctor wants to screen for complications, they may request: an abdominal ultrasound, an X-ray, blood tests. […] Surgery for an umbilical hernia may be needed if it persists beyond age 5, causes pain, is larger than 1.5 cm, or leads to intestinal complications. […] Most umbilical hernias close on their own, but these conditions require intervention. […] Hernias are less likely to resolve on their own in adults than in children. As a result, they are more prone to complications, and a person has a higher chance of needing surgery. […] Umbilical hernia surgery is a small operation that typically takes about 20-30 minutes. In most cases, the person receiving surgery will be able to go home on the same day.

• #89 Umbilical hernia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189580

  A doctor will diagnose an umbilical hernia during a physical examination. They may also be able to determine the type of hernia. For example, if it involves the bowel, there may be a risk of obstruction. […] If the doctor wants to screen for complications, they may request: an abdominal ultrasound, an X-ray, blood tests. […] Surgery for an umbilical hernia may be needed if it persists beyond age 5, causes pain, is larger than 1.5 cm, or leads to intestinal complications. […] Most umbilical hernias close on their own, but these conditions require intervention. […] Hernias are less likely to resolve on their own in adults than in children. As a result, they are more prone to complications, and a person has a higher chance of needing surgery. […] Umbilical hernia surgery is a small operation that typically takes about 20-30 minutes. In most cases, the person receiving surgery will be able to go home on the same day.

• #90 Umbilical Hernias in Babies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-are-umbilical-hernias

  If you think you or your child has an umbilical hernia, the doctor will feel and look at the area. Theyll also ask about any symptoms. The doctor may try to see if they can gently push the bulge of the hernia back into the abdomen. Sometimes, a doctor may suggest you get an ultrasound to check for complications. […] Most umbilical hernias in children dont need any treatment. Usually, the hole heals on its own by the time your child is 4 or 5 years old. Even if it doesnt, itll likely get smaller. Thatll make surgery a bit easier. […] In adults, umbilical hernias usually need to be repaired with surgery. If yours is small and you don’t have pain or other symptoms, your doctor may suggest waiting. But it’s likely to get larger over time and cause complications. […] Surgery is usually needed if the hernia is: Painful, Larger than 1/2 to 3/4 inch, Not getting smaller by age 2, Growing larger, Trapped or blocking intestines.

• #91 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. The umbilicus is a frequent site of hernia, and umbilical hernias are often diagnosed during routine physical examinations. […] Many people are diagnosed with an umbilical hernia during a routine physical examination. If the hernia is asymptomatic, affected individuals often choose expectant management over surgical repair. However, 65% of adult patients with an umbilical hernia will eventually require surgical repair; 3% to 5% of these repairs will be emergent. […] Surgical repair of an umbilical hernia is indicated if there is pain, dysfunction, or enlargement. The surgical approach to umbilical hernia repair is determined by the size of the hernia and other patient-specific factors such as comorbidities, body mass index, and the presence of other abdominal wall hernias.

• #92 A complete guide to umbilical hernia surgery and treatment

  https://anandgastrosurgeon.com/guide-to-umbilical-hernia-surgery-and-treatment/

  Umbilical hernias develop when tissue protrudes through a weak point in the abdominal wall near the belly button. […] Diagnosing an umbilical hernia is generally clear and includes a few steps: […] A surgeon for hernia usually starts with a physical exam to check for any bulging in the abdominal area, mainly when you cough or strain. […] If there’s any concern about the hernia’s size, location, or whether other tissues are involved, imaging tests like ultrasounds, CT scans, or MRIs can provide more detailed information. […] Hernia surgery becomes necessary if the hernia: Causes constant pain or discomfort. […] Shows signs of growth or complications. […] Has a risk of becoming trapped (strangulated), which can lead to a serious condition where the blood flow to the protruding tissue is cut off. […] Hernia surgery is a reliable solution that addresses adult symptoms and complications. If you have an umbilical hernia or are experiencing pain near your belly button, consult a hernia specialist to explore your options.

• #93 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter are suitable for primary repair. […] For umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter, herniorrhaphy with mesh is preferred; primary suture repair without mesh for hernias this size is associated with a 10% to 14% recurrence rate. […] Emergent herniorrhaphy is required in cases of incarceration or strangulation. Emergent procedures may be more technically demanding and require resection of nonviable intraabdominal contents such as bowel or omentum.

• #94 Umbilical Hernia Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/conditions/umbilical-hernia/

  An umbilical hernia is a bulge on or around the navel (belly button) which is usually painless but can cause complications. […] If you suspect your baby has an umbilical hernia, ask your GP for a diagnosis. […] Umbilical hernias in adults usually require surgery to reduce the risk of complications. […] If you think you have an umbilical hernia, make an appointment to see your GP. […] Your GP will examine your abdomen and may refer you for a CT scan or ultrasound to check for complications. […] If your GP recommends umbilical hernia repair, theyll refer you to a consultant surgeon, wholl discuss your options with you. […] In adults, surgery is often recommended because the hernia is unlikely to get better on its own and the risk of complications without treatment, such as obstruction and strangulation, is higher.

• #95 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter are suitable for primary repair. […] For umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter, herniorrhaphy with mesh is preferred; primary suture repair without mesh for hernias this size is associated with a 10% to 14% recurrence rate. […] Emergent herniorrhaphy is required in cases of incarceration or strangulation. Emergent procedures may be more technically demanding and require resection of nonviable intraabdominal contents such as bowel or omentum.

• #96 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter are suitable for primary repair. […] For umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter, herniorrhaphy with mesh is preferred; primary suture repair without mesh for hernias this size is associated with a 10% to 14% recurrence rate. […] Emergent herniorrhaphy is required in cases of incarceration or strangulation. Emergent procedures may be more technically demanding and require resection of nonviable intraabdominal contents such as bowel or omentum.

• #97 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter are suitable for primary repair. […] For umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter, herniorrhaphy with mesh is preferred; primary suture repair without mesh for hernias this size is associated with a 10% to 14% recurrence rate. […] Emergent herniorrhaphy is required in cases of incarceration or strangulation. Emergent procedures may be more technically demanding and require resection of nonviable intraabdominal contents such as bowel or omentum.

• #98 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter are suitable for primary repair. […] For umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter, herniorrhaphy with mesh is preferred; primary suture repair without mesh for hernias this size is associated with a 10% to 14% recurrence rate. […] Emergent herniorrhaphy is required in cases of incarceration or strangulation. Emergent procedures may be more technically demanding and require resection of nonviable intraabdominal contents such as bowel or omentum.

• #99 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  An umbilical hernia may be noticed as a protrusion in the area surrounding the navel at the site of the umbilicus in a newborn baby. […] This activity provides an overview of the pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of umbilical hernias and emphasizes the collaborative efforts of the interprofessional team in caring for infants affected by this condition. […] Umbilical hernias typically manifest as a noticeable bulge in the area surrounding the navel in a newborn baby, which becomes more evident when the infant cries or exerts pressure. […] Clinicians should effectively educate parents on the condition’s natural progression, as more than 90% of umbilical hernias in neonates and young children are asymptomatic, and they typically resolve spontaneously by the age of 5 or earlier.

• #100 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). […] Umbilical hernias are most common in infants, but they can affect adults as well. […] Umbilical hernias that appear during adulthood are more likely to need surgical repair. […] Talk with your doctor if you have a bulge near your navel. Seek emergency care if the bulge becomes painful or tender. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications. […] Adults with umbilical hernias are somewhat more likely to experience a blockage of the intestines. Emergency surgery is typically required to treat these complications.

• #101 Infant Hernia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options – Southlake General Surgery

  https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/infant-hernia-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options/

  Physical exams are important to find infant hernia. A doctor looks for bulges near the belly button. […] The treatment of a hernia in infants depends on the severity and type of hernia. […] For umbilical hernias that require surgical intervention, hernia repair surgery is a common treatment option. […] The recovery process for infants after hernia repair surgery is typically quick and straightforward. […] Regular pediatric check-ups are essential for the early detection and management of hernias in infants. […] The outlook for infants with hernias is generally positive. Most umbilical hernias in infants close on their own by the age of 4 or 5, and the majority of cases do not require surgical intervention.

• #102 Hernia: What it is, Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15757-hernia

  Common types of hernias include umbilical hernia, inguinal hernia and femoral hernia. […] An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine pokes through an opening in your abdominal wall near your belly button. Most umbilical hernias are congenital (present from birth). […] A simple physical exam is often enough to diagnose a hernia, depending on the type. Your healthcare provider may be able to see or feel it, or it may emerge when they ask you to cough or adjust your position. […] Most hernias will need surgical repair, but not necessarily right away. […] A congenital umbilical hernia will often close on its own as your child grows, but sometimes it won’t. In this case, your child will need umbilical hernia repair. […] Hernias do tend to grow bigger over time. The opening continues to weaken and stretch, and more tissue gradually pushes its way through. […] The surgery is usually a simple outpatient procedure with a short recovery. It’s almost always successful, but there is a 10% chance of the hernia returning sometime later, especially if the conditions that caused it continue.

• #103 Umbilical Hernia Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/conditions/umbilical-hernia/

  Surgery may be recommended for a child if the hernia: Is large, Hasnt disappeared by the age of three or four. […] The only treatment for an umbilical hernia is umbilical surgery repair. […] During umbilical hernia repair, your surgeon will remove the hernia and strengthen the weakness in your abdominal muscles with mesh. […] You should be able to go home on the same day as your surgery. […] If you think you or your child has an umbilical hernia, you should see your GP. […] You should seek medical attention if you have: Pain and tenderness around the hernias bulge, Nausea and vomiting, A change in the colour of your hernia. […] The only way to fully get rid of an umbilical hernia is surgery.

• #104 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  The evaluation of a patient with a presumptive umbilical hernia is predominately clinical. The physical examination should begin with visually inspecting the anterior abdominal wall. […] Imaging is indicated in patients with a suspected umbilical hernia but an equivocal physical examination. Ultrasonography is efficient and cost-effective; in one study, ultrasound identified umbilical hernias in approximately 25% of the adult population. […] Patients with symptomatic hernias frequently present with an apparent protrusion from the umbilicus. If the hernia is incarcerated or strangulated, patients will present with an irreducible and tender, often discolored, umbilical bulge. […] Nonoperative management may be considered in asymptomatic patients with umbilical hernias; in these patients, the yearly risk of strangulation is less than 1%.

• #105 Umbilical hernia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378689

  An umbilical hernia is diagnosed during a physical exam. Sometimes imaging studies such as an abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan are used to screen for complications. […] Are any tests needed to diagnose the swelling? […] Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:

• #106 Diagnóstico de la Hernia Umbilical

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/umbilical-hernia/diagnosis

  An umbilical hernia is diagnosed by means of a physical examination. […] Imaging tests (ultrasound or CT) may be also necessary to make a diagnosis in doubtful cases, which are more common in patients with obesity or small hernias, or to detect complications.

• #107

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/umbilical-hernia-repair/

  Umbilical hernias are very common in infants and young children, particularly in babies born prematurely. […] An umbilical hernia appears as a painless lump in or near the belly button (navel). […] In many cases, the umbilical hernia goes back in and the muscles reseal by the time a child is 4 or 5 years old. […] Umbilical hernias can also develop in adults. Without treatment, the hernia will probably get worse over time. […] An umbilical hernia can develop when fatty tissue or a part of the bowel pokes through into an area near the navel. […] If necessary, umbilical hernias can be treated with surgery to push the bulge back into place and strengthen the weakness in the abdominal wall. […] Surgery is recommended for most adults with an umbilical hernia because the hernia is unlikely to get better by itself when you’re older and the risk of complications is higher.

• #108

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/umbilical-hernia-repair/

  Surgery will get rid of the hernia and prevent any serious complications, although there’s a chance of it returning after the operation. […] An umbilical hernia repair is a relatively simple procedure that normally takes about 20 to 30 minutes. […] In children, the weak spot in the abdominal wall is usually closed with stitches. […] If the hernia is large or in adults, a special mesh may be used to strengthen the area instead. […] Complications from an umbilical hernia repair are uncommon, but can include: infection of the wound it may appear red, have a yellow discharge and be painful or swollen.

• #109 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). […] Umbilical hernias are most common in infants, but they can affect adults as well. […] Umbilical hernias that appear during adulthood are more likely to need surgical repair. […] Talk with your doctor if you have a bulge near your navel. Seek emergency care if the bulge becomes painful or tender. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications. […] Adults with umbilical hernias are somewhat more likely to experience a blockage of the intestines. Emergency surgery is typically required to treat these complications.

• #110 Umbilical hernia repair: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002935.htm

  Umbilical hernia repair is surgery to repair an umbilical hernia. An umbilical hernia is a sac (pouch) formed from the inner lining of your belly (abdominal cavity) that pushes through a hole in the abdominal wall at the belly button. […] Umbilical hernia repair may be needed in children because: The hernia is painful and stuck in the bulging position. The blood supply to the intestine is restricted. The hernia has not closed by age 3 or 4. The hernia is very large or unacceptable to parents because of how it makes their child look. […] To avoid this problem, surgeons often recommend repairing umbilical hernias in adults. Surgery is also used for hernias that are getting larger or are painful. Surgery secures the weakened abdominal wall tissue (fascia) and closes any holes. […] Get medical care right away if you have a painful hernia or a hernia that does not get smaller when you are lying down or that you cannot push back in.

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