Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. […] Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. […] Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. […] The diameter of the neck of the hernia defect can be narrow compared to the size of the hernia sac; the lifetime risk of incarceration and strangulation is between 1% and 3%. […] During the pathophysiologic progression to strangulation, venous drainage and, ultimately, arterial inflow are disrupted, leading to infarction of the omentum and bowel.

• #2 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). […] An umbilical hernia creates a soft swelling or bulge near the navel. It occurs when part of the intestine protrudes through the umbilical opening in the abdominal muscles. […] During gestation, the umbilical cord passes through a small opening in the baby’s abdominal muscles. The opening normally closes just after birth. If the muscles don’t join together completely in the midline of the abdominal wall, an umbilical hernia may appear at birth or later in life. […] In adults, too much abdominal pressure contributes to umbilical hernias. Causes of increased pressure in the abdomen include: Obesity, Multiple pregnancies, Fluid in the abdominal cavity, Previous abdominal surgery, Long-term peritoneal dialysis to treat kidney failure.

• #3 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is an unusual bulge you can often see or feel over your belly button (umbilicus). It develops when part of your small intestine, together with fat or fluid, forms a sac. The sac pushes through an opening or weakness in your abdominal wall muscle. […] In adults, umbilical hernias happen when pressure in your abdomen causes weaknesses in your abdominal wall muscles. Parts of your small intestine and related tissue can bulge through the weakened muscle. […] During the procedure to treat umbilical hernia, a surgeon makes incisions (cuts) that allow them to access the hernia and push the tissue back into place. Then, they strengthen the abdominal wall muscle to hold the tissue in place. Sometimes, they use a material called surgical mesh to strengthen the tissue barrier.

• #4 Umbilical hernia pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Umbilical_hernia_pathophysiology

  The pathophysiology of umbilical hernia involves the weakness of abdominal fascia or failure to fully form the fascia which may lead to an umbilical hernia in the newborn. During the fifth to tenth weeks of gestation, the intestinal tract undergoes rapid growth with protrusion of the abdominal content outside the abdominal cavity. This is followed by a gradual re-entry of the abdominal cavity and then the narrowing of the umbilical ring which completes the process of abdominal wall formation. […] The pathophysiology of umbilical hernia is as follows: During fetal development, the abdominal wall is formed by four separate embryologic folds: Cephalic, Caudal, Right and left lateral. Each fold is composed of somatic and splanchnic layers. The folds develop towards the anterior center portion of the coelomic cavity (derived from mesoderm in humans) and ultimately join to form a large umbilical ring that surrounds the following structures: Two umbilical arteries, Umbilical vein, Yolk sac (omphalomesenteric duct). These structures are enclosed by the outer layer of amnion.

• #5 Umbilical hernia pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Umbilical_hernia_pathophysiology

  During the time between fifth and tenth weeks of gestation, the intestinal tract undergoes rapid growth with protrusion of the abdominal content outside the abdominal cavity. This is followed by a gradual re-entry of the abdominal cavity and then the ultimate narrowing of the umbilical ring which completes the process of abdominal wall formation as fetal development concludes. Weak fascia or failure to fully form the fascia may predispose the newborn to an umbilical hernia.

• #6 Umbilical hernia pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Umbilical_hernia_pathophysiology

  The pathophysiology of umbilical hernia involves the weakness of abdominal fascia or failure to fully form the fascia which may lead to an umbilical hernia in the newborn. During the fifth to tenth weeks of gestation, the intestinal tract undergoes rapid growth with protrusion of the abdominal content outside the abdominal cavity. This is followed by a gradual re-entry of the abdominal cavity and then the narrowing of the umbilical ring which completes the process of abdominal wall formation. […] The pathophysiology of umbilical hernia is as follows: During fetal development, the abdominal wall is formed by four separate embryologic folds: Cephalic, Caudal, Right and left lateral. Each fold is composed of somatic and splanchnic layers. The folds develop towards the anterior center portion of the coelomic cavity (derived from mesoderm in humans) and ultimately join to form a large umbilical ring that surrounds the following structures: Two umbilical arteries, Umbilical vein, Yolk sac (omphalomesenteric duct). These structures are enclosed by the outer layer of amnion.

• #7 Umbilical hernia pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Umbilical_hernia_pathophysiology

  The pathophysiology of umbilical hernia involves the weakness of abdominal fascia or failure to fully form the fascia which may lead to an umbilical hernia in the newborn. During the fifth to tenth weeks of gestation, the intestinal tract undergoes rapid growth with protrusion of the abdominal content outside the abdominal cavity. This is followed by a gradual re-entry of the abdominal cavity and then the narrowing of the umbilical ring which completes the process of abdominal wall formation. […] The pathophysiology of umbilical hernia is as follows: During fetal development, the abdominal wall is formed by four separate embryologic folds: Cephalic, Caudal, Right and left lateral. Each fold is composed of somatic and splanchnic layers. The folds develop towards the anterior center portion of the coelomic cavity (derived from mesoderm in humans) and ultimately join to form a large umbilical ring that surrounds the following structures: Two umbilical arteries, Umbilical vein, Yolk sac (omphalomesenteric duct). These structures are enclosed by the outer layer of amnion.

• #8 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). […] An umbilical hernia creates a soft swelling or bulge near the navel. It occurs when part of the intestine protrudes through the umbilical opening in the abdominal muscles. […] During gestation, the umbilical cord passes through a small opening in the baby’s abdominal muscles. The opening normally closes just after birth. If the muscles don’t join together completely in the midline of the abdominal wall, an umbilical hernia may appear at birth or later in life. […] In adults, too much abdominal pressure contributes to umbilical hernias. Causes of increased pressure in the abdomen include: Obesity, Multiple pregnancies, Fluid in the abdominal cavity, Previous abdominal surgery, Long-term peritoneal dialysis to treat kidney failure.

• #9

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/umbilical-hernia-repair/

  During pregnancy, the umbilical cord passes through an opening in the baby’s abdomen (tummy). This opening should close shortly after birth, but in some cases the muscles don’t seal completely. […] This leaves a weak spot in the surrounding muscle wall (abdominal wall). An umbilical hernia can develop when fatty tissue or a part of the bowel pokes through into an area near the navel. […] In adults, factors that can contribute to developing an umbilical hernia include: being overweight or obese, straining while you are lifting or moving heavy objects, having a persistent heavy cough, having a multiple pregnancy such as twins or triplets.

• #10 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  Umbilical hernias occur due to the incomplete closure of the umbilical ring fascia, allowing intraabdominal contents to protrude through it. […] Following the separation of the umbilical cord, the fascial ring usually undergoes natural closure due to the growth of the rectus muscles and fusion of the fascial layers. However, if this process is hindered or delayed, it can result in the development of an umbilical hernia. […] Although the exact etiology is unknown, however, it is believed to involve a dysfunction related to the umbilical vein component of the fascial ring. […] If the umbilical ring fails to close and obliterate after the separation of the umbilical cord, it will increase the risk of developing an umbilical hernia. […] The umbilicus also serves as a relatively vulnerable area in the abdominal wall and is susceptible to herniation due to chronic elevation of intra-abdominal pressure.

• #11 Umbilical Hernias (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/umbilical-hernias.html

  An umbilical hernia happens when part of a child’s intestines bulges through the abdominal wall inside the belly button. It shows up as a bump under the belly button. The hernia isn’t painful and most don’t cause any problems. […] A hernia is when part of the intestine bulges through the muscle wall that’s supposed to hold it in place. With an umbilical hernia, the opening is in the middle of the belly button, at a part of the abdominal wall called the umbilical ring. […] The umbilical ring is a muscle that surrounds the belly button. During pregnancy, the umbilical cord flows through the umbilical ring to bring blood and nutrients to the developing baby. The umbilical ring should close shortly after birth. If it doesn’t close correctly, the intestines can poke through. This can cause a bulge near the belly button, especially when the baby cries, coughs, or strains.

• #12 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  Umbilical hernias occur due to the incomplete closure of the umbilical ring fascia, allowing intraabdominal contents to protrude through it. […] Following the separation of the umbilical cord, the fascial ring usually undergoes natural closure due to the growth of the rectus muscles and fusion of the fascial layers. However, if this process is hindered or delayed, it can result in the development of an umbilical hernia. […] Although the exact etiology is unknown, however, it is believed to involve a dysfunction related to the umbilical vein component of the fascial ring. […] If the umbilical ring fails to close and obliterate after the separation of the umbilical cord, it will increase the risk of developing an umbilical hernia. […] The umbilicus also serves as a relatively vulnerable area in the abdominal wall and is susceptible to herniation due to chronic elevation of intra-abdominal pressure.

• #13 Understanding Pediatric Umbilical Hernias

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-pediatric-umbilical-hernias

  A hernia is a protrusion of an organ through the wall of a cavity in which it normally resides. […] In some circumstances, there is an incomplete closure of the abdominal muscle and tissue (i.e., fascia) in the umbilical ring. With loss of fascial integrity, the intra-abdominal contents protrude through the weakened muscle near the belly button and result in a painful bulge called an umbilical hernia. […] The exact etiology of developing an umbilical hernia is currently unknown but usually occurs through the umbilical vein component of the ring. […] A hernia forms due to a defect in the muscle and connective tissues within the abdomen. Hernia development can present as a noticeable abdominal bulge that can sometimes be painful when fat or contents of the bowel push through the defect. An umbilical hernia is a specific type of hernia caused by a defect of the abdominal wall near the belly button or umbilicus. In a newborn, an umbilical hernia occurs as a result of incomplete closure of the muscles around the umbilical cord. […] It is important to have a deeper understanding of the etiology and presentation of umbilical hernias in order to determine which situations necessitate surgical evaluation.

• #14 Umbilical hernia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189580

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of the bowel or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, near the navel. […] An umbilical hernia happens when there is a defect in the anterior abdominal wall, which underlies the umbilicus, or navel. […] This type of hernia is particularly common in infants born preterm. According to older research, cited in a 2024 article, up to 84% of newborns with a birth weight of between 1 and 1.5 kilograms (kg) have an umbilical hernia. […] While the developing fetus is in the womb, the umbilical cord passes through an opening in the abdominal wall. This should close soon after birth. However, the muscles do not always seal completely, leaving a weak spot through which an umbilical hernia can push. […] Only 1 in 10 adults with umbilical hernias carry the condition from childhood, with about 90% of adults acquiring them as a result of issues with the abdominal muscles in later life. Increased pressure on the abdominal muscles, such as during pregnancy or when heavy lifting, raises the risk of acquired umbilical hernias.

• #15 Umbilical hernia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000987.htm

  An umbilical hernia is an outward bulge in the area around the belly button. It occurs when internal organs or the abdominal lining bulges through the muscles near the belly button. […] When this area doesn’t close completely, it leaves a weak spot in the abdomen, which can lead to a hernia. Hernias may be seen after birth or later in life. […] Most umbilical hernias are not related to disease. Some umbilical hernias are linked with rare conditions such as Down syndrome. […] There is no known way to prevent an umbilical hernia. Taping or strapping an umbilical hernia will not make it go away.

• #16 Umbilical hernia in neonates | Safer Care Victoria

  https://www.safercare.vic.gov.au/best-practice-improvement/clinical-guidance/neonatal/umbilical-hernia-in-neonates

  Umbilical hernias are common in the neonatal period and represent a central fascial gap beneath the umbilicus through which abdominal contents may protrude, covered by skin. […] This gap is a consequence of delayed contraction of the encircling fibromuscular umbilical ring. […] Umbilical hernias are more common in: preterm infants, Down syndrome, increased intra-abdominal pressure (such as ascites), congenital hypothyroidism. […] Although the hernia may be prominent with straining or crying, it should be easily reducible. Incarceration, strangulation and evisceration are rare complications. […] Surgical correction is only considered for those who have large defects that are still open at several years of age.

• #17 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. […] Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. […] Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. […] The diameter of the neck of the hernia defect can be narrow compared to the size of the hernia sac; the lifetime risk of incarceration and strangulation is between 1% and 3%. […] During the pathophysiologic progression to strangulation, venous drainage and, ultimately, arterial inflow are disrupted, leading to infarction of the omentum and bowel.

• #18 Umbilical hernia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189580

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of the bowel or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, near the navel. […] An umbilical hernia happens when there is a defect in the anterior abdominal wall, which underlies the umbilicus, or navel. […] This type of hernia is particularly common in infants born preterm. According to older research, cited in a 2024 article, up to 84% of newborns with a birth weight of between 1 and 1.5 kilograms (kg) have an umbilical hernia. […] While the developing fetus is in the womb, the umbilical cord passes through an opening in the abdominal wall. This should close soon after birth. However, the muscles do not always seal completely, leaving a weak spot through which an umbilical hernia can push. […] Only 1 in 10 adults with umbilical hernias carry the condition from childhood, with about 90% of adults acquiring them as a result of issues with the abdominal muscles in later life. Increased pressure on the abdominal muscles, such as during pregnancy or when heavy lifting, raises the risk of acquired umbilical hernias.

• #19 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. […] Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. […] Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. […] The diameter of the neck of the hernia defect can be narrow compared to the size of the hernia sac; the lifetime risk of incarceration and strangulation is between 1% and 3%. […] During the pathophysiologic progression to strangulation, venous drainage and, ultimately, arterial inflow are disrupted, leading to infarction of the omentum and bowel.

• #20 Umbilical Hernia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30753

  Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. Umbilical hernias are more common in persons with obesity, metabolic syndrome, ascites, and in those with a history of multiple pregnancies. Certain configurations of the umbilical ring can also influence the formation of an umbilical hernia. Any chronic or repetitive increase in intraabdominal pressure may increase the risk for an umbilical hernia, and there may be an association between the use of umbilical site laparoscopic trocars and umbilical hernias. Additional predisposing factors for adult umbilical hernias include connective tissue disorders, ethnic background, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Trisomy 21, and poor nutrition. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. Patients with umbilical hernias often lack an umbilical fascia, and the round hepatic ligament may be abnormally attached to the inferior margin of the umbilical ring. Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. Up to 20% of patients with cirrhotic ascites develop an umbilical hernia.

• #21 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. […] Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. […] Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. […] The diameter of the neck of the hernia defect can be narrow compared to the size of the hernia sac; the lifetime risk of incarceration and strangulation is between 1% and 3%. […] During the pathophysiologic progression to strangulation, venous drainage and, ultimately, arterial inflow are disrupted, leading to infarction of the omentum and bowel.

• #22 Umbilical Hernia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30753

  Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. Umbilical hernias are more common in persons with obesity, metabolic syndrome, ascites, and in those with a history of multiple pregnancies. Certain configurations of the umbilical ring can also influence the formation of an umbilical hernia. Any chronic or repetitive increase in intraabdominal pressure may increase the risk for an umbilical hernia, and there may be an association between the use of umbilical site laparoscopic trocars and umbilical hernias. Additional predisposing factors for adult umbilical hernias include connective tissue disorders, ethnic background, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Trisomy 21, and poor nutrition. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. Patients with umbilical hernias often lack an umbilical fascia, and the round hepatic ligament may be abnormally attached to the inferior margin of the umbilical ring. Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. Up to 20% of patients with cirrhotic ascites develop an umbilical hernia.

• #23 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. […] Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. […] Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. […] The diameter of the neck of the hernia defect can be narrow compared to the size of the hernia sac; the lifetime risk of incarceration and strangulation is between 1% and 3%. […] During the pathophysiologic progression to strangulation, venous drainage and, ultimately, arterial inflow are disrupted, leading to infarction of the omentum and bowel.

• #24 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). […] An umbilical hernia creates a soft swelling or bulge near the navel. It occurs when part of the intestine protrudes through the umbilical opening in the abdominal muscles. […] During gestation, the umbilical cord passes through a small opening in the baby’s abdominal muscles. The opening normally closes just after birth. If the muscles don’t join together completely in the midline of the abdominal wall, an umbilical hernia may appear at birth or later in life. […] In adults, too much abdominal pressure contributes to umbilical hernias. Causes of increased pressure in the abdomen include: Obesity, Multiple pregnancies, Fluid in the abdominal cavity, Previous abdominal surgery, Long-term peritoneal dialysis to treat kidney failure.

• #25

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/umbilical-hernia-repair/

  During pregnancy, the umbilical cord passes through an opening in the baby’s abdomen (tummy). This opening should close shortly after birth, but in some cases the muscles don’t seal completely. […] This leaves a weak spot in the surrounding muscle wall (abdominal wall). An umbilical hernia can develop when fatty tissue or a part of the bowel pokes through into an area near the navel. […] In adults, factors that can contribute to developing an umbilical hernia include: being overweight or obese, straining while you are lifting or moving heavy objects, having a persistent heavy cough, having a multiple pregnancy such as twins or triplets.

• #26 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms, Causes, Complications and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/umbilical-hernia-symptoms-causes-complications-and-prevention

  Umbilical hernia occurs when fat, tissue, or an organ, typically a portion of the intestine, pushes or bumps through a weak spot in the abdominal wall near to the belly button. […] Usually, an umbilical hernia develops when the layers of the abdominal wall do not fuse at the time of birth; umbilical hernias aren’t serious and typically don’t cause any major health problems. […] Still, in some cases, these abdominal wall layers don’t fuse or joint completely, resulting in hernia formation. […] The causes of umbilical hernias are as follows: Incomplete closure of abdominal walls at birth (in babies), having multiple pregnancies, overweight, prolonged or chronic constipation that increases abdominal pressure, a chronic or persistent cough that increases abdominal pressure, enlarged prostate gland, which leads to difficulty in urinating (in males), ascites (excessive belly fluid), straining on lifting or pushing heavy objects.

• #27 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms, Causes, Complications and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/umbilical-hernia-symptoms-causes-complications-and-prevention

  Risk factors for umbilical hernia include: Pregnancy (frequent or multiple), obesity, liver cirrhosis with ascites, chronic abdominal distension, history of abdominal surgeries, long-term peritoneal dialysis, long-term health conditions (cough, constipation, vomiting and benign prostatic hyperplasia). […] The complications of umbilical hernia include: Strangulation, which occurs when the blood flow to a strangulated hernia has been interrupted, leading to tissue necrosis; incarceration, which occurs when the hernia’s protrusion becomes lodged in a weak spot of the abdominal wall; and infections due to inadequate blood supply to the abdominal wall.

• #28 Paraumbilical/Umbilical Hernia | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75339

  Despite many studies involving UH, there is lack of data on its development; commonly documented causes for acquired UH include the following: connective tissue disorder (lower type I collagen), overweight, pregnancy (frequent or multiple gestation pregnancies), obesity, ascites, cirrhosis, rectus diastase, peritoneal dialysis, large abdominal tumor, and trisomy 21 syndrome. All conditions that may cause an increase in the intra-abdominal pressure that results in stretching of the abdominal muscles and separate muscle bundles which weaken the fascial layer strength and favor the occurrence of UH. […] Hernia development is more common in pregnancy due to two main components, hormonally induced increased laxity of the pelvic ligaments and high abdominal pressure. It is also more common in the elderly due to degenerative weakness of muscles and fibrous tissue.

• #29 Umbilical hernia: when and how – Maia – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery

  https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/5123/html

  In recent years, utilization of mesh in the repair of umbilical hernias bigger than 3cm has gained popularity. This is due to the fact that the rate of recurrence is lower after mesh repair when compared to open suture repair. […] There is much debate involving umbilical hernias 23 cm and even more for defects less than 1 cm. […] It is well-recognized that suture repair carries a higher risk of recurrence than mesh repair. […] Umbilical hernia repair in a cirrhotic patient with ascites is a very challenging scenario. […] The incidence of umbilical hernias in cirrhotic patients is approximately 20%, higher than in the general population and occurs more on males than in females. These hernias tend to enlarge rapidly and have a marked predisposition for complications. […] The most conventional approach to emergency umbilical hernia is the open hernia repair, especially if the patients are premorbidly unwell, be it with or without bowel resections. However, the laparoscopic approach is acceptable and may even be preferred when the patient is obese or when the presentation is early especially if there are no bowel resections required.

• #30 Umbilical Hernia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30753

  Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. Umbilical hernias are more common in persons with obesity, metabolic syndrome, ascites, and in those with a history of multiple pregnancies. Certain configurations of the umbilical ring can also influence the formation of an umbilical hernia. Any chronic or repetitive increase in intraabdominal pressure may increase the risk for an umbilical hernia, and there may be an association between the use of umbilical site laparoscopic trocars and umbilical hernias. Additional predisposing factors for adult umbilical hernias include connective tissue disorders, ethnic background, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Trisomy 21, and poor nutrition. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. Patients with umbilical hernias often lack an umbilical fascia, and the round hepatic ligament may be abnormally attached to the inferior margin of the umbilical ring. Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. Up to 20% of patients with cirrhotic ascites develop an umbilical hernia.

• #31 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. […] Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. […] Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. […] The diameter of the neck of the hernia defect can be narrow compared to the size of the hernia sac; the lifetime risk of incarceration and strangulation is between 1% and 3%. […] During the pathophysiologic progression to strangulation, venous drainage and, ultimately, arterial inflow are disrupted, leading to infarction of the omentum and bowel.

• #32 Umbilical Hernia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30753

  The diameter of the neck of the hernia defect can be narrow compared to the size of the hernia sac; the lifetime risk of incarceration and strangulation is between 1% and 3%. During the pathophysiologic progression to strangulation, venous drainage and, ultimately, arterial inflow are disrupted, leading to infarction of the omentum and bowel.

• #33 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. […] Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. […] Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. […] The diameter of the neck of the hernia defect can be narrow compared to the size of the hernia sac; the lifetime risk of incarceration and strangulation is between 1% and 3%. […] During the pathophysiologic progression to strangulation, venous drainage and, ultimately, arterial inflow are disrupted, leading to infarction of the omentum and bowel.

• #34 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hernia-Pathophysiology.aspx

  An umbilical hernia forms when part of the intestine or fatty tissue protrudes through an opening in the abdominal muscles near to the navel, causing the belly button to swell. This type of hernia may develop in babies if the opening that the umbilical cord passes through does not close properly after birth. This hernia can also affect adults, possibly due to repeated abdominal strain. […] In children, umbilical hernia rarely causes complications, although complications can occur if protruding abdominal tissue becomes trapped and is not possible to push back into the abdominal cavity. This incarcerated tissue receives a reduced supply of blood which can lead to tissue damage and umbilical pain. […] If the trapped tissue receives no blood supply at all (strangulation) gangrene may occur and infection may spread throughout the abdomen, which can be life-threatening. Incarceration or obstruction of the intestine is more likely to occur in adults and these individuals must receive emergency surgical intervention immediately.

• #35 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hernia-Pathophysiology.aspx

  An umbilical hernia forms when part of the intestine or fatty tissue protrudes through an opening in the abdominal muscles near to the navel, causing the belly button to swell. This type of hernia may develop in babies if the opening that the umbilical cord passes through does not close properly after birth. This hernia can also affect adults, possibly due to repeated abdominal strain. […] In children, umbilical hernia rarely causes complications, although complications can occur if protruding abdominal tissue becomes trapped and is not possible to push back into the abdominal cavity. This incarcerated tissue receives a reduced supply of blood which can lead to tissue damage and umbilical pain. […] If the trapped tissue receives no blood supply at all (strangulation) gangrene may occur and infection may spread throughout the abdomen, which can be life-threatening. Incarceration or obstruction of the intestine is more likely to occur in adults and these individuals must receive emergency surgical intervention immediately.

• #36 Umbilical Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/umbilical-hernia

  Umbilical hernias occur when the abdominal wall layers don’t join completely, and the intestine or other tissues from inside the abdominal cavity bulge through the weak spot around the belly button. […] An umbilical hernia occurs when the opening in the abdominal muscle that allows the umbilical cord to pass through fails to close completely. […] An umbilical hernia in adults usually occurs when too much pressure is put on a weak section of the abdominal muscles. […] Complications from umbilical hernias rarely occur in children. However, additional complications can occur in both children and adults if the umbilical cord is incarcerated. […] Intestines that can’t be pushed back through the abdominal wall sometimes don’t get adequate blood supply. This can cause pain and even kill the tissue, which could result in a dangerous infection or even death. […] Hernia repair surgery is a fairly simple and common procedure. While all surgeries have risks, most children are able to return home from an umbilical hernia surgery within a few hours.

• #37 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hernia-Pathophysiology.aspx

  An umbilical hernia forms when part of the intestine or fatty tissue protrudes through an opening in the abdominal muscles near to the navel, causing the belly button to swell. This type of hernia may develop in babies if the opening that the umbilical cord passes through does not close properly after birth. This hernia can also affect adults, possibly due to repeated abdominal strain. […] In children, umbilical hernia rarely causes complications, although complications can occur if protruding abdominal tissue becomes trapped and is not possible to push back into the abdominal cavity. This incarcerated tissue receives a reduced supply of blood which can lead to tissue damage and umbilical pain. […] If the trapped tissue receives no blood supply at all (strangulation) gangrene may occur and infection may spread throughout the abdomen, which can be life-threatening. Incarceration or obstruction of the intestine is more likely to occur in adults and these individuals must receive emergency surgical intervention immediately.

• #38 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  For children, complications of an umbilical hernia are rare. Complications can occur when the protruding abdominal tissue becomes trapped (incarcerated) and can no longer be pushed back into the abdominal cavity. This reduces the blood supply to the section of trapped intestine and can lead to abdominal pain and tissue damage. […] Adults with umbilical hernias are somewhat more likely to experience a blockage of the intestines. Emergency surgery is typically required to treat these complications.

• #39 Mechanisms of Hernia Formation | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-8574-3_16

  Hernias emerge through preformed or acquired defects or weak areas of the abdominal wall unprotected by muscle or aponeurosis. […] The weakness could be an acquired scar such as the umbilicus, or a poorly healed abdominal incision or a scarred over defect resulting from loss of part of the abdominal wall through trauma, excision, or infection, or after disinsertion of the abdominal wall muscles from the iliac crest following harvesting of bone for grafting. […] However, the development of a hernia is usually multifactorial with one or more factors applying in any particular case.

• #40 Umbilical Hernia in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/hernia-umbilical-in-dogs

  An umbilical hernia occurs when the umbilical ring does not fully close after birth. […] Certain family lines have a higher incidence of umbilical hernias, suggesting at least a partial genetic predisposition to the condition. […] Most umbilical hernias pose no health threats. […] In rare cases, a portion of the intestines or other tissues can get trapped and become strangulated (blood flow is cut off to the tissue, causing its death). […] The prognosis is excellent following surgical correction.

• #41 Paraumbilical/Umbilical Hernia | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75339

  Despite many studies involving UH, there is lack of data on its development; commonly documented causes for acquired UH include the following: connective tissue disorder (lower type I collagen), overweight, pregnancy (frequent or multiple gestation pregnancies), obesity, ascites, cirrhosis, rectus diastase, peritoneal dialysis, large abdominal tumor, and trisomy 21 syndrome. All conditions that may cause an increase in the intra-abdominal pressure that results in stretching of the abdominal muscles and separate muscle bundles which weaken the fascial layer strength and favor the occurrence of UH. […] Hernia development is more common in pregnancy due to two main components, hormonally induced increased laxity of the pelvic ligaments and high abdominal pressure. It is also more common in the elderly due to degenerative weakness of muscles and fibrous tissue.

• #42 Umbilical Hernia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30753

  Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. Umbilical hernias are more common in persons with obesity, metabolic syndrome, ascites, and in those with a history of multiple pregnancies. Certain configurations of the umbilical ring can also influence the formation of an umbilical hernia. Any chronic or repetitive increase in intraabdominal pressure may increase the risk for an umbilical hernia, and there may be an association between the use of umbilical site laparoscopic trocars and umbilical hernias. Additional predisposing factors for adult umbilical hernias include connective tissue disorders, ethnic background, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Trisomy 21, and poor nutrition. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. Patients with umbilical hernias often lack an umbilical fascia, and the round hepatic ligament may be abnormally attached to the inferior margin of the umbilical ring. Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. Up to 20% of patients with cirrhotic ascites develop an umbilical hernia.

• #43 Paraumbilical/Umbilical Hernia | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75339

  Despite many studies involving UH, there is lack of data on its development; commonly documented causes for acquired UH include the following: connective tissue disorder (lower type I collagen), overweight, pregnancy (frequent or multiple gestation pregnancies), obesity, ascites, cirrhosis, rectus diastase, peritoneal dialysis, large abdominal tumor, and trisomy 21 syndrome. All conditions that may cause an increase in the intra-abdominal pressure that results in stretching of the abdominal muscles and separate muscle bundles which weaken the fascial layer strength and favor the occurrence of UH. […] Hernia development is more common in pregnancy due to two main components, hormonally induced increased laxity of the pelvic ligaments and high abdominal pressure. It is also more common in the elderly due to degenerative weakness of muscles and fibrous tissue.

• #44 Mechanisms of Hernia Formation | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-8574-3_16

  Hernias emerge through preformed or acquired defects or weak areas of the abdominal wall unprotected by muscle or aponeurosis. […] The weakness could be an acquired scar such as the umbilicus, or a poorly healed abdominal incision or a scarred over defect resulting from loss of part of the abdominal wall through trauma, excision, or infection, or after disinsertion of the abdominal wall muscles from the iliac crest following harvesting of bone for grafting. […] However, the development of a hernia is usually multifactorial with one or more factors applying in any particular case.

• #45 Hernia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia

  Most hernias happen when the muscles and tendons in the belly weaken or get damaged, which makes it hard for them to keep the insides in place and support the body properly. The belly and pelvis act like a container made of muscles, tendons and bones. When pressure builds up inside this container, the muscles push back to keep everything in place. If the pressure gets too high, it may cause the belly’s wall to break, leading to a hernia. Once a hernia starts, it keeps enlarging, because the tension on the wall there increases.[13] […] They involve protrusion of intra-abdominal contents through a weakness at the site of passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall. Umbilical hernias in adults are largely acquired, and are more frequent in obese or pregnant women. Abnormal decussation of fibers at the linea alba may be a contributing factor.

• #46 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  For children, complications of an umbilical hernia are rare. Complications can occur when the protruding abdominal tissue becomes trapped (incarcerated) and can no longer be pushed back into the abdominal cavity. This reduces the blood supply to the section of trapped intestine and can lead to abdominal pain and tissue damage. […] Adults with umbilical hernias are somewhat more likely to experience a blockage of the intestines. Emergency surgery is typically required to treat these complications.

• #47 Umbilical Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/umbilical-hernia

  Umbilical hernias occur when the abdominal wall layers don’t join completely, and the intestine or other tissues from inside the abdominal cavity bulge through the weak spot around the belly button. […] An umbilical hernia occurs when the opening in the abdominal muscle that allows the umbilical cord to pass through fails to close completely. […] An umbilical hernia in adults usually occurs when too much pressure is put on a weak section of the abdominal muscles. […] Complications from umbilical hernias rarely occur in children. However, additional complications can occur in both children and adults if the umbilical cord is incarcerated. […] Intestines that can’t be pushed back through the abdominal wall sometimes don’t get adequate blood supply. This can cause pain and even kill the tissue, which could result in a dangerous infection or even death. […] Hernia repair surgery is a fairly simple and common procedure. While all surgeries have risks, most children are able to return home from an umbilical hernia surgery within a few hours.

• #48 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  Umbilical hernias account for 10% of abdominal-wall hernias. Conditions that lead to increased intra-abdominal pressure and weakened fascia at the level of the umbilicus (eg, obesity, ascites, multiple pregnancies, and large abdominal tumors) contribute to the development of umbilical hernias. […] The most common symptom of umbilical hernias is pain at the umbilicus (44% of cases). Other complaints include pressure (20%) and nausea and vomiting (9%). Complications such as irreducibility, obstruction, strangulation, skin ulceration, and rupture are more common in paraumbilical hernias than in other abdominal hernias. […] All adult umbilical hernias should be repaired, owing to the high risk of complications. Indications for operative repair include the following: Pain, Incarceration, Strangulation, Defect larger than 1 cm, Skin ulceration, Hernia rupture.

• #49 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959

  The literature on umbilical hernias in adults remains less extensive compared to other types of hernias. […] The risk of strangulation is important, estimated at up to 17% in umbilical hernias, up to three times higher than in femoral hernia. […] The risk factors are the same as for other abdominal wall hernias and are caused predominantly by intra-abdominal hyper pressure and/or parietal weakness. The repetitive action on the abdominal wall due to increased intraabdominal pressure favor microscopic tears of tissue. This will lead in time to hernia formation. […] The diagnosis of umbilical hernia is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. […] Mesh repair should be preferred for uncomplicated hernia with a defect of more than 1 cm. […] According to the emergency, the patient characteristics, or the context, tailored and optimized surgery should always be used to have the best short and long terms outcomes.

• #50 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959

  The literature on umbilical hernias in adults remains less extensive compared to other types of hernias. […] The risk of strangulation is important, estimated at up to 17% in umbilical hernias, up to three times higher than in femoral hernia. […] The risk factors are the same as for other abdominal wall hernias and are caused predominantly by intra-abdominal hyper pressure and/or parietal weakness. The repetitive action on the abdominal wall due to increased intraabdominal pressure favor microscopic tears of tissue. This will lead in time to hernia formation. […] The diagnosis of umbilical hernia is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. […] Mesh repair should be preferred for uncomplicated hernia with a defect of more than 1 cm. […] According to the emergency, the patient characteristics, or the context, tailored and optimized surgery should always be used to have the best short and long terms outcomes.

• #51 Umbilical hernia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_hernia

  Importantly, an umbilical hernia must be distinguished from a paraumbilical hernia, which occurs in adults and involves a defect in the midline near to the umbilicus, and from omphalocele. […] Usually hernia has content of bowel, abdominal fat or omentum, tissue that normally would reside inside the abdominal cavity if it was not for the hernia. In some cases, the content gets trapped in the hernia sac, outside the abdominal wall. The blood flow to this trapped tissue may be compromised, or the content even strangulated in some cases. Depending on the severity and duration of blood flow compromise, it can cause some pain and discomfort. […] The hernia content becoming trapped combined with severe pain, inability to perform bowel movement or pass gas, swelling, fever, nausea and/or discoloration over the area could be signs of a prolonged compromise in blood flow of the hernia content. If so, emergency surgery is often required, since prolonged compromise in blood flow otherwise threatens organ integrity.

• #52 Umbilical hernia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_hernia

  Importantly, an umbilical hernia must be distinguished from a paraumbilical hernia, which occurs in adults and involves a defect in the midline near to the umbilicus, and from omphalocele. […] Usually hernia has content of bowel, abdominal fat or omentum, tissue that normally would reside inside the abdominal cavity if it was not for the hernia. In some cases, the content gets trapped in the hernia sac, outside the abdominal wall. The blood flow to this trapped tissue may be compromised, or the content even strangulated in some cases. Depending on the severity and duration of blood flow compromise, it can cause some pain and discomfort. […] The hernia content becoming trapped combined with severe pain, inability to perform bowel movement or pass gas, swelling, fever, nausea and/or discoloration over the area could be signs of a prolonged compromise in blood flow of the hernia content. If so, emergency surgery is often required, since prolonged compromise in blood flow otherwise threatens organ integrity.

• #53 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  Umbilical hernias account for 10% of abdominal-wall hernias. Conditions that lead to increased intra-abdominal pressure and weakened fascia at the level of the umbilicus (eg, obesity, ascites, multiple pregnancies, and large abdominal tumors) contribute to the development of umbilical hernias. […] The most common symptom of umbilical hernias is pain at the umbilicus (44% of cases). Other complaints include pressure (20%) and nausea and vomiting (9%). Complications such as irreducibility, obstruction, strangulation, skin ulceration, and rupture are more common in paraumbilical hernias than in other abdominal hernias. […] All adult umbilical hernias should be repaired, owing to the high risk of complications. Indications for operative repair include the following: Pain, Incarceration, Strangulation, Defect larger than 1 cm, Skin ulceration, Hernia rupture.

• #54 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  Umbilical hernias account for 10% of abdominal-wall hernias. Conditions that lead to increased intra-abdominal pressure and weakened fascia at the level of the umbilicus (eg, obesity, ascites, multiple pregnancies, and large abdominal tumors) contribute to the development of umbilical hernias. […] The most common symptom of umbilical hernias is pain at the umbilicus (44% of cases). Other complaints include pressure (20%) and nausea and vomiting (9%). Complications such as irreducibility, obstruction, strangulation, skin ulceration, and rupture are more common in paraumbilical hernias than in other abdominal hernias. […] All adult umbilical hernias should be repaired, owing to the high risk of complications. Indications for operative repair include the following: Pain, Incarceration, Strangulation, Defect larger than 1 cm, Skin ulceration, Hernia rupture.

• #55 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-patients/the-day-of-your-surgery/pediatric-umbilical-hernia/

  Suture repair is the primary type of umbilical hernia repair for infants and children. […] Pushing the umbilical hernia back into the abdomen and taping or strapping a coin to the umbilical area to try to close the hernia is not effective and is not recommended. […] Watchful waiting is recommended for children who have no symptoms. […] In 95% of cases, umbilical hernias less than 1 cm in diameter close on their own within 5 years of age. […] After age 5, repair is recommended. […] Both incarceration and strangulation requiring emergency surgery occur in less than 1 in 100 children with umbilical hernias. […] Surgical outcome is good in children, even with incarcerated or strangulated hernias, as long as fluid and electrolyte balance is corrected and the hernia is repaired quickly. […] There is a 2% chance that the hernia will come back after umbilical hernia repair.

• #56 Umbilical Hernia | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/u/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is an abnormal bulge that can be seen or felt at the umbilicus (belly button). This hernia develops when a portion of the lining of the abdomen, part of the intestine, and / or fluid from the abdomen, comes through the muscle of the abdominal wall. […] As the baby grows after birth, this opening in the abdominal muscles closes. Sometimes, however, these muscles do not meet and grow together completely, and a small opening remains. This opening is called an umbilical hernia. […] Many umbilical hernias close on their own by ages 3 to 4. If closure does not occur by this time, surgical repair is advised. In younger children, if there is an episode of incarceration or if the hernia is very large, surgical repair may be recommended. […] Once the hernia is closed, it is unlikely that it will reoccur. However, the risk of recurrence is increased in patients who have wound infections following surgery.

• #57 Hernia Types, Causes, and Treatments | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/hernia-types-causes-and-treatments

  A hernia is a weakness or opening in the abdominal wall which often results in soft tissue such as fat or intestine protruding through the abdominal muscles and occupying the space under the skin. The mechanism of a hernia is like what happens with a bulge in a damaged tire, where the inner tube, normally contained by the hard rubber of the tire, extends through a thin or weakened place. The opening in the abdominal wall that leads to the hernia is also known as a hernia defect. […] Ventral hernias occur in the part of the abdominal wall above or below the umbilicus (belly button) and/or within the umbilicus itself, where they are called umbilical hernias. […] The goal of hernia repair is to close the hernia defect with minimal or no tension to ensure that it does not recur. This occurs with or without mesh placement. Mesh is a surgical device used to help support the tissue around the hernia.

• #58 Umbilical hernia

  https://www.hernia-centre.com/umbilical-hernia.html

  The decision regarding the use of a mesh is made based on size of the hernial orifice, whether or not the patient is overweight and other patient-specific risk factors. […] Where the fascia defect is small (1.5 cm) and there are no other risk factors, a suturing approach still remains a reliable surgical method even today. […] For larger fascia defects (1.5 cm) or for patients with a relevant risk profile, additional mesh reinforcement (= mesh augmentation) should be used. […] This surgical technique is known as Pre-peritoneal Umbilical Mesh Plasty, or „PUMP repair” for short. […] The aim is to reconstruct the abdominal wall anatomy and restore function using a synthetic mesh to reinforce it (mesh augmentation). To avoid possible mesh-related foreign body reactions (e.g. adhesions) inside the abdominal cavity, care is taken to place the mesh extra-peritoneally, i.e. outside the abdominal cavity.

• #59 Paraumbilical/Umbilical Hernia | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75339

  The common risks of non-operative management include increasing discomfort or pain (worsening during coughing and defecation), increasing hernia size, skin complications, constipation due to worsening abdominal function and acute presentations such as sharp pain and irreducibility. […] Umbilical hernia repair can be achieved with either sutured or mesh repair. The latest guidelines by SAGE and EHS-AHS (European Hernia Society-American Hernia Society) recommended the mesh usage in order to reduce hernia recurrences. […] The recurrence rates with this technique has remained high over time. The modified technique used today is a simple defect closure with a single line of sutures. It is recommend to use non-absorbable sutures in order to reduce hernia recurrence (low level of evidence). […] It is important to remember that sutured repair of primary small umbilical hernia (1 cm) with the presence of muscles diastasis is a significant risk factor for recurrence, hence prosthetic reinforcement, using a mesh, for clean cases is recommended.

• #60 Umbilical hernia

  https://www.hernia-centre.com/umbilical-hernia.html

  The decision regarding the use of a mesh is made based on size of the hernial orifice, whether or not the patient is overweight and other patient-specific risk factors. […] Where the fascia defect is small (1.5 cm) and there are no other risk factors, a suturing approach still remains a reliable surgical method even today. […] For larger fascia defects (1.5 cm) or for patients with a relevant risk profile, additional mesh reinforcement (= mesh augmentation) should be used. […] This surgical technique is known as Pre-peritoneal Umbilical Mesh Plasty, or „PUMP repair” for short. […] The aim is to reconstruct the abdominal wall anatomy and restore function using a synthetic mesh to reinforce it (mesh augmentation). To avoid possible mesh-related foreign body reactions (e.g. adhesions) inside the abdominal cavity, care is taken to place the mesh extra-peritoneally, i.e. outside the abdominal cavity.

• #61 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  Treatable conditions such as ascites and obesity should be addressed and treated in advance of elective repair. Obese patients should be counseled on weight loss before surgery. The mortality associated with repair in patients with uncontrolled ascites is reportedly 2%, and the recurrence rate is high. Ascites should be controlled with medical management, diuretics, and dietary changes before elective repair. […] Recurrence rates associated with primary tissue repair have been reported to range from 15% to 40%. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Aslani and Brown showed a 10-fold decreased risk of recurrence in mesh repair as compared with primary suture repair. An increased risk of recurrence is seen in obese patients and defects larger than 3 cm. Other factors associated with an increased recurrence rate include smoking and diabetes.

• #62 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  A study using the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database demonstrated decreased overall morbidity in laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair as compared with open repair. Laparoscopic repair has been found to result in fewer complications, decreased length of stay, and decreased risk of recurrence.

• #63 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  Treatable conditions such as ascites and obesity should be addressed and treated in advance of elective repair. Obese patients should be counseled on weight loss before surgery. The mortality associated with repair in patients with uncontrolled ascites is reportedly 2%, and the recurrence rate is high. Ascites should be controlled with medical management, diuretics, and dietary changes before elective repair. […] Recurrence rates associated with primary tissue repair have been reported to range from 15% to 40%. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Aslani and Brown showed a 10-fold decreased risk of recurrence in mesh repair as compared with primary suture repair. An increased risk of recurrence is seen in obese patients and defects larger than 3 cm. Other factors associated with an increased recurrence rate include smoking and diabetes.

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