Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33915094/

  Miscarriage is generally defined as the loss of a pregnancy before viability. An estimated 23 million miscarriages occur every year worldwide, translating to 44 pregnancy losses each minute. The pooled risk of miscarriage is 153% (95% CI 125-187%) of all recognised pregnancies. The population prevalence of women who have had one miscarriage is 108% (103-114%), two miscarriages is 19% (18-21%), and three or more miscarriages is 07% (05-08%). […] Risk factors for miscarriage include very young or older female age (younger than 20 years and older than 35 years), older male age (older than 40 years), very low or very high body-mass index, Black ethnicity, previous miscarriages, smoking, alcohol, stress, working night shifts, air pollution, and exposure to pesticides. […] The costs of miscarriage affect individuals, health-care systems, and society. The short-term national economic cost of miscarriage is estimated to be 471 million per year in the UK. […] We recommend that miscarriage data are gathered and reported to facilitate comparison of rates among countries, to accelerate research, and to improve patient care and policy development.

• #2 Miscarriage epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Miscarriage_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Determining the prevalence of miscarriage is difficult. Many miscarriages happen very early in the pregnancy, before a woman may know she is pregnant. Treatment of women with miscarriage at home means medical statistics on miscarriage miss many cases. Prospective studies using very sensitive early pregnancy tests have found that 25% of pregnancies are miscarried by the sixth week LMP (since the woman’s Last Menstrual Period). The risk of miscarriage decreases sharply after the 8th week, i.e. when the fetal stage begins. Clinical miscarriages (those occurring after the sixth week LMP) occur in 8% of pregnancies. […] The prevalence of miscarriage increases considerably with age of the parents. Pregnancies from men younger than twenty-five years are 40% less likely to end in miscarriage than pregnancies from men 25-29 years. Pregnancies from men older than forty years are 60% more likely to end in miscarriage than the 25-29 year age group. The increased risk of miscarriage in pregnancies from older men is mainly seen in the first trimester. In women, by the age of forty-five, 75% of pregnancies may end in miscarriage.

• #3 Miscarriage epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Miscarriage_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Determining the prevalence of miscarriage is difficult. Many miscarriages happen very early in the pregnancy, before a woman may know she is pregnant. Treatment of women with miscarriage at home means medical statistics on miscarriage miss many cases. Prospective studies using very sensitive early pregnancy tests have found that 25% of pregnancies are miscarried by the sixth week LMP (since the woman’s Last Menstrual Period). The risk of miscarriage decreases sharply after the 8th week, i.e. when the fetal stage begins. Clinical miscarriages (those occurring after the sixth week LMP) occur in 8% of pregnancies. […] The prevalence of miscarriage increases considerably with age of the parents. Pregnancies from men younger than twenty-five years are 40% less likely to end in miscarriage than pregnancies from men 25-29 years. Pregnancies from men older than forty years are 60% more likely to end in miscarriage than the 25-29 year age group. The increased risk of miscarriage in pregnancies from older men is mainly seen in the first trimester. In women, by the age of forty-five, 75% of pregnancies may end in miscarriage.

• #4 Miscarriage – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage

  Around 15% of known pregnancies end in miscarriage, totaling around 23 million miscarriages per year worldwide. Miscarriage rates among all fertilized zygotes are around 30% to 50%. A 2012 review found the risk of miscarriage between 5 and 20 weeks from 11% to 22%. Up to the 13th week of pregnancy, the risk of miscarriage each week was around 2%, dropping to 1% in week 14 and reducing slowly between 14 and 20 weeks. […] The precise rate is not known because a large number of miscarriages occur before pregnancies become established and before the woman is aware she is pregnant. Additionally, those with bleeding in early pregnancy may seek medical care more often than those not experiencing bleeding. […] In 2010, 50,000 inpatient admissions for miscarriage occurred in the UK.

• #5 Miscarriage – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage

  Around 15% of known pregnancies end in miscarriage, totaling around 23 million miscarriages per year worldwide. Miscarriage rates among all fertilized zygotes are around 30% to 50%. A 2012 review found the risk of miscarriage between 5 and 20 weeks from 11% to 22%. Up to the 13th week of pregnancy, the risk of miscarriage each week was around 2%, dropping to 1% in week 14 and reducing slowly between 14 and 20 weeks. […] The precise rate is not known because a large number of miscarriages occur before pregnancies become established and before the woman is aware she is pregnant. Additionally, those with bleeding in early pregnancy may seek medical care more often than those not experiencing bleeding. […] In 2010, 50,000 inpatient admissions for miscarriage occurred in the UK.

• #6 Prevalence and clinical, social, and health care predictors of miscarriage | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-021-03682-z

  Pregnancy loss is common and several factors (e.g. chromosomal anomalies, parental age) are known to increase the risk of occurrence. […] Our objective was to estimate the population-level prevalence of miscarriages and to assess the contributions of clinical, social, and health care use factors as predictors of the first detected occurrence of these losses. […] We estimated an average annual miscarriage rate of 11.3%. […] We estimate that 1 in 9 pregnant women in Manitoba experience and seek care for a miscarriage. […] Reliable statistics on both the population prevalence and distribution of these losses early in pregnancy are challenging to estimate. […] Two important gaps remain in the literature regarding the frequency and distribution of these pregnancy losses. […] We estimate annual rates of these events in the Manitoba population from 2003 to 2014, and then describe the clinical, social, and health care use profiles of women who experience their first miscarriage early in pregnancy compared with women who have a live birth.

• #7 Prevalence and clinical, social, and health care predictors of miscarriage | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-021-03682-z

  Women who experienced their first loss had higher predicted morbidity in the year before the event compared to women with a live birth. […] Conditional on clinical risk factors, social factors had moderate associations with miscarriage: women living in disadvantaged neighborhoods had higher rates of miscarriage while women on income assistance had lower rates. […] We estimate that 1 in 9 pregnant women in Manitoba experience and seek medical care for a miscarriage. Over the 2003-2014 period, we estimated an average annual rate of miscarriage of 11.3%. […] The findings regarding the association between miscarriage and mental disorders add to a growing literature emphasizing an important connection between mental and physical health. […] While we contribute to the existing evidence base by focusing on factors associated with first losses instead of recurrent losses, our findings may not be generalizable to the entire population given our exclusion of women with a previous therapeutic abortion.

• #8 Role of maternal age and pregnancy history in risk of miscarriage: prospective register based study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l869

  Objectives To estimate the burden of miscarriage in the Norwegian population and to evaluate the associations with maternal age and pregnancy history. […] The risk of miscarriage was lowest in women aged 25-29 (10%), and rose rapidly after age 30, reaching 53% in women aged 45 and over. […] There was a strong recurrence risk of miscarriage, with age adjusted odds ratios of 1.54 (95% confidence interval 1.48 to 1.60) after one miscarriage, 2.21 (2.03 to 2.41) after two, and 3.97 (3.29 to 4.78) after three consecutive miscarriages. […] The risk of miscarriage varies greatly with maternal age, shows a strong pattern of recurrence, and is also increased after some adverse pregnancy outcomes. […] The overall risk of miscarriage among recognised pregnancies in Norway was 12.8%. This risk is remarkably similar to reports from other Nordic countries (range of 13% to 14%).

• #9 Role of maternal age and pregnancy history in risk of miscarriage: prospective register based study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l869

  As expected, the risk of miscarriage was strongly related to maternal age. The risk was moderately increased (15.8%) for women under the age of 20, with the absolute lowest risk (9.5%) at age 27, and then rising nearly linearly after the age of 30 to reach 54% at ages 45 and over. […] The risk of miscarriage was increased if the previous pregnancy ended in a preterm delivery, caesarean section, or if the woman had gestational diabetes. […] Women who themselves were born small for gestational age had an increased risk of miscarriage.

• #10 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Recurrent-miscarriage-epidemiology.aspx

  Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has various definitions, but most specialists would define it as the loss of 3 or more clinically confirmed pregnancies. This criterion has been fixed on the basis of epidemiological studies. […] It is seen to affect about 1 in 100 women of reproductive age, but the reported incidence varies between 0.4 to 3%. Of this 1%, about a third is attributable to chance alone. […] The true incidence is harder to find because of the impact of age, definition of pregnancy loss (biochemical versus clinical pregnancy). […] Thus, the reported incidence of spontaneous abortions can vary significantly, depending on the population being studied, whether of an infertile group under fertility treatment or of the general female population of reproductive age. […] The risk of RPL varies from about 11% in the age group between 20 and 24, to over 50% in women between the ages of 40 and 44 years.

• #11 Miscarriage epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Miscarriage_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Determining the prevalence of miscarriage is difficult. Many miscarriages happen very early in the pregnancy, before a woman may know she is pregnant. Treatment of women with miscarriage at home means medical statistics on miscarriage miss many cases. Prospective studies using very sensitive early pregnancy tests have found that 25% of pregnancies are miscarried by the sixth week LMP (since the woman’s Last Menstrual Period). The risk of miscarriage decreases sharply after the 8th week, i.e. when the fetal stage begins. Clinical miscarriages (those occurring after the sixth week LMP) occur in 8% of pregnancies. […] The prevalence of miscarriage increases considerably with age of the parents. Pregnancies from men younger than twenty-five years are 40% less likely to end in miscarriage than pregnancies from men 25-29 years. Pregnancies from men older than forty years are 60% more likely to end in miscarriage than the 25-29 year age group. The increased risk of miscarriage in pregnancies from older men is mainly seen in the first trimester. In women, by the age of forty-five, 75% of pregnancies may end in miscarriage.

• #12 Miscarriage epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Miscarriage_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Determining the prevalence of miscarriage is difficult. Many miscarriages happen very early in the pregnancy, before a woman may know she is pregnant. Treatment of women with miscarriage at home means medical statistics on miscarriage miss many cases. Prospective studies using very sensitive early pregnancy tests have found that 25% of pregnancies are miscarried by the sixth week LMP (since the woman’s Last Menstrual Period). The risk of miscarriage decreases sharply after the 8th week, i.e. when the fetal stage begins. Clinical miscarriages (those occurring after the sixth week LMP) occur in 8% of pregnancies. […] The prevalence of miscarriage increases considerably with age of the parents. Pregnancies from men younger than twenty-five years are 40% less likely to end in miscarriage than pregnancies from men 25-29 years. Pregnancies from men older than forty years are 60% more likely to end in miscarriage than the 25-29 year age group. The increased risk of miscarriage in pregnancies from older men is mainly seen in the first trimester. In women, by the age of forty-five, 75% of pregnancies may end in miscarriage.

• #13 Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33915094/

  Miscarriage is generally defined as the loss of a pregnancy before viability. An estimated 23 million miscarriages occur every year worldwide, translating to 44 pregnancy losses each minute. The pooled risk of miscarriage is 153% (95% CI 125-187%) of all recognised pregnancies. The population prevalence of women who have had one miscarriage is 108% (103-114%), two miscarriages is 19% (18-21%), and three or more miscarriages is 07% (05-08%). […] Risk factors for miscarriage include very young or older female age (younger than 20 years and older than 35 years), older male age (older than 40 years), very low or very high body-mass index, Black ethnicity, previous miscarriages, smoking, alcohol, stress, working night shifts, air pollution, and exposure to pesticides. […] The costs of miscarriage affect individuals, health-care systems, and society. The short-term national economic cost of miscarriage is estimated to be 471 million per year in the UK. […] We recommend that miscarriage data are gathered and reported to facilitate comparison of rates among countries, to accelerate research, and to improve patient care and policy development.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2010/11000/smoking_and_miscarriage_risk.33.aspx

  In 2006, George et al1 reported the results of a population-based casecontrol study, investigating the relationship between tobacco smoke and miscarriage. […] Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for miscarriage were calculated using unexposed women as reference category. […] In line with the results presented by George et al, the Mantel-Haenszel OR estimate for a 1-unit increase in plasma cotinine category, controlled for maternal-age classes was 1.46 (1.251.71). […] To better investigate maternal age as an effect modifier, we also conducted an analysis restricted to subjects with lower plasma cotinine levels (women not exposed to tobacco smoke) or higher levels (active smoker women) to minimize possible misclassification. […] Using the logistic regression model with interaction terms, we calculated stratum-specific ORs of miscarriage for active smokers compared with women not exposed to tobacco smoke: 3.12 (1.456.74) for women aged 24; 0.97 (0.521.82) for women aged 2529; 2.55 (1.434.56) for women aged 3034; and 2.76 (1.226.24) for women aged 35.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2010/11000/smoking_and_miscarriage_risk.33.aspx

  Apparently, miscarriage risk for women aged 2529 was not associated with tobacco smoke exposure, whereas all other age classes presented a higher risk of miscarriage in presence of active smoking. […] Our reanalysis suggests a possible role of maternal age in determining tobacco smoke effect during pregnancy; treating age as a confounder might hinder the appreciation of the true magnitude of damage due to ETS and to active smoking.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Recurrent-miscarriage-epidemiology.aspx

  Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has various definitions, but most specialists would define it as the loss of 3 or more clinically confirmed pregnancies. This criterion has been fixed on the basis of epidemiological studies. […] It is seen to affect about 1 in 100 women of reproductive age, but the reported incidence varies between 0.4 to 3%. Of this 1%, about a third is attributable to chance alone. […] The true incidence is harder to find because of the impact of age, definition of pregnancy loss (biochemical versus clinical pregnancy). […] Thus, the reported incidence of spontaneous abortions can vary significantly, depending on the population being studied, whether of an infertile group under fertility treatment or of the general female population of reproductive age. […] The risk of RPL varies from about 11% in the age group between 20 and 24, to over 50% in women between the ages of 40 and 44 years.

• #17 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Recurrent-miscarriage-epidemiology.aspx

  Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has various definitions, but most specialists would define it as the loss of 3 or more clinically confirmed pregnancies. This criterion has been fixed on the basis of epidemiological studies. […] It is seen to affect about 1 in 100 women of reproductive age, but the reported incidence varies between 0.4 to 3%. Of this 1%, about a third is attributable to chance alone. […] The true incidence is harder to find because of the impact of age, definition of pregnancy loss (biochemical versus clinical pregnancy). […] Thus, the reported incidence of spontaneous abortions can vary significantly, depending on the population being studied, whether of an infertile group under fertility treatment or of the general female population of reproductive age. […] The risk of RPL varies from about 11% in the age group between 20 and 24, to over 50% in women between the ages of 40 and 44 years.

• #18

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13224-015-0682-0

  The data on the prevalence of recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSM) in India are scarce. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of RSM in Indian females. […] The prevalence of RSM among the 753 enrolled patients who satisfied the eligibility criteria in the study was 7.46 %. […] The study revealed a higher prevalence of RSM among the Indian women as compared to western data. Age, clotting disorders, immunological factors, infections, and genetic disorders were the significant risk factors associated with RSM.

• #19 Role of maternal age and pregnancy history in risk of miscarriage: prospective register based study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l869

  Objectives To estimate the burden of miscarriage in the Norwegian population and to evaluate the associations with maternal age and pregnancy history. […] The risk of miscarriage was lowest in women aged 25-29 (10%), and rose rapidly after age 30, reaching 53% in women aged 45 and over. […] There was a strong recurrence risk of miscarriage, with age adjusted odds ratios of 1.54 (95% confidence interval 1.48 to 1.60) after one miscarriage, 2.21 (2.03 to 2.41) after two, and 3.97 (3.29 to 4.78) after three consecutive miscarriages. […] The risk of miscarriage varies greatly with maternal age, shows a strong pattern of recurrence, and is also increased after some adverse pregnancy outcomes. […] The overall risk of miscarriage among recognised pregnancies in Norway was 12.8%. This risk is remarkably similar to reports from other Nordic countries (range of 13% to 14%).

• #20 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Recurrent-miscarriage-epidemiology.aspx

  The risk of having a miscarriage is between 17% and 25% after 2 consecutive abortions, but between 25% and 46% after 3. […] One common identified cause of RPL is a thrombophilia, which is also associated with preterm births, pregnancy-induced hypertension and eclampsia, antiphospholipid syndromes (APS), intrauterine growth restriction and placental insufficiency. […] APS occurs in only 2% of healthy pregnancies, but in a fifth of women who have unexplained RPL, but a third of women with systemic lupus erythematosus. […] These are found in 3% of women overall, but in 27% of women with RPL. […] The lack of specific diagnostic tests and evidence for the efficacy of treatment of supposed luteal phase defects has led to controversy over the actual existence or importance of this factor.

• #21 Understanding Miscarriage Prevalence and Risk Factors: Insights from Women in Jordan

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1044

  Understanding Miscarriage Prevalence and Risk Factors: Insights from Women in Jordan […] Background and Objectives: Miscarriage is a complication that is influenced by many risk factors that have been reported in different studies and that vary among countries. Despite the influence of various known risk factors for miscarriage, 30% to 50% of miscarriages are from unidentified causes. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of miscarriages in Jordan and the associated risk factors. […] Miscarriage, also known as pregnancy loss or spontaneous abortion, is the term most frequently used to describe a nonviable intrauterine pregnancy up to 20 weeks of gestation. Miscarriage is a complication of pregnancy that globally affects 12–15% of pregnant females. […] Despite the influence of several known risk factors for miscarriage, 30% to 50% of miscarriages are from an unknown cause. […] The predictors of miscarriage in low- and middle-income countries have not been properly investigated. Until reliable information on the risk factors of miscarriage in such countries is compiled, it is challenging to construct and implement effective preventive interventional strategies. […] The estimated prevalence of miscarriage was 17.9%, which represents a noticeable increase when compared with previously estimated population rates. […] The study shed light on the risk factors most strongly associated with miscarriages in Jordan. […] The findings revealed a significant association between miscarriages and the family history of mothers. Specifically, the presence of a family history of miscarriage was found to elevate the risk of experiencing a miscarriage. […] The current study found that the likelihood of miscarriage among women with fertility problems and those who had conceived via medically assisted reproduction was higher than in those without fertility issues and those who had natural conception. […] This study found that pregnant women who flew throughout their pregnancy had a 2.7-fold higher risk of miscarriage than those who did not. […] The study’s results hold implications for public health efforts aimed at reducing the incidence of spontaneous miscarriages in Jordan and provide valuable insights for guiding interventions and policy development in this area.

• #22 Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss: Practice Essentials, Overview, Incidence

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/210857-overview

  The gestational age at the time of the SAB can provide clues about the cause. For instance, nearly 70% of SABs in the first 12 weeks are due to chromosomal anomalies. However, losses due to antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and cervical incompetence tend to occur after the first trimester. […] Recurrent pregnancy loss is associated with several autoimmune diseases. One such disease is antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), also known as lupus anticoagulant syndrome and Hugh syndrome. This disorder is characterized by the presence of APL antibodies, which are frequently linked to pregnancy losses in the pre-embryonic (6 wk), embryonic (6-9 wk), and fetal (10 wk gestation) time periods. 10-20% of women with early losses are positive for the anti-phospholipid antibodies, and an unusually high proportion of pregnancy losses occur in the fetal period compared to unselected population.

• #23 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Recurrent-miscarriage-epidemiology.aspx

  The risk of having a miscarriage is between 17% and 25% after 2 consecutive abortions, but between 25% and 46% after 3. […] One common identified cause of RPL is a thrombophilia, which is also associated with preterm births, pregnancy-induced hypertension and eclampsia, antiphospholipid syndromes (APS), intrauterine growth restriction and placental insufficiency. […] APS occurs in only 2% of healthy pregnancies, but in a fifth of women who have unexplained RPL, but a third of women with systemic lupus erythematosus. […] These are found in 3% of women overall, but in 27% of women with RPL. […] The lack of specific diagnostic tests and evidence for the efficacy of treatment of supposed luteal phase defects has led to controversy over the actual existence or importance of this factor.

• #24 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Recurrent-miscarriage-epidemiology.aspx

  The risk of having a miscarriage is between 17% and 25% after 2 consecutive abortions, but between 25% and 46% after 3. […] One common identified cause of RPL is a thrombophilia, which is also associated with preterm births, pregnancy-induced hypertension and eclampsia, antiphospholipid syndromes (APS), intrauterine growth restriction and placental insufficiency. […] APS occurs in only 2% of healthy pregnancies, but in a fifth of women who have unexplained RPL, but a third of women with systemic lupus erythematosus. […] These are found in 3% of women overall, but in 27% of women with RPL. […] The lack of specific diagnostic tests and evidence for the efficacy of treatment of supposed luteal phase defects has led to controversy over the actual existence or importance of this factor.

• #25 Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss: Practice Essentials, Overview, Incidence

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/210857-overview

  Anatomic uterine defects are known to cause obstetric complications, including recurrent pregnancy loss, preterm labor and delivery, and malpresentation, although many women with such defects may have uncomplicated pregnancies. […] The incidence of uterine anomalies is estimated to be 1 per 200-600 women, depending on the method used for diagnosis. When manual exploration is performed at the time of delivery, uterine anomalies are found in approximately 3% of women. However, uterine abnormalities are present in approximately 27% of women with a history of pregnancy loss. […] Environmental causes of human malformation account for approximately 10% of malformations, and fewer than 1% of all human malformations are related to exposures to prescription drugs, chemicals, or radiation. […] Many recurrent miscarriages are characterized by defective placentation and microthrombi in the placental vasculature. In addition, certain inherited disorders that predispose women to venous and/or arterial thrombus formation are associated with thrombophilic causes for pregnancy loss. […] Patients with early pregnancy loss and recurrent early pregnancy loss need education and support from their practitioner. Many controversies exist as to whether any intervention should be performed based on a suspected cause because of lacking scientific proof of therapeutic efficacy in many areas.

• #26 Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss: Practice Essentials, Overview, Incidence

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/210857-overview

  Anatomic uterine defects are known to cause obstetric complications, including recurrent pregnancy loss, preterm labor and delivery, and malpresentation, although many women with such defects may have uncomplicated pregnancies. […] The incidence of uterine anomalies is estimated to be 1 per 200-600 women, depending on the method used for diagnosis. When manual exploration is performed at the time of delivery, uterine anomalies are found in approximately 3% of women. However, uterine abnormalities are present in approximately 27% of women with a history of pregnancy loss. […] Environmental causes of human malformation account for approximately 10% of malformations, and fewer than 1% of all human malformations are related to exposures to prescription drugs, chemicals, or radiation. […] Many recurrent miscarriages are characterized by defective placentation and microthrombi in the placental vasculature. In addition, certain inherited disorders that predispose women to venous and/or arterial thrombus formation are associated with thrombophilic causes for pregnancy loss. […] Patients with early pregnancy loss and recurrent early pregnancy loss need education and support from their practitioner. Many controversies exist as to whether any intervention should be performed based on a suspected cause because of lacking scientific proof of therapeutic efficacy in many areas.

• #27 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Recurrent-miscarriage-epidemiology.aspx

  Alloimmune factors and environmental causes such as chemical exposure through tap water are also linked to RPL but evidence is weak. […] However, these women were typically at higher risk of having bad pregnancy outcomes, such as increased history of antepartum hemorrhage (bleeding before delivery), either in the patient or her family, increased chance that the personal or family history was positive for fetal anomalies, increased number of stillborn babies, and increased newborn deaths.

• #28 Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss: Practice Essentials, Overview, Incidence

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/210857-overview

  The gestational age at the time of the SAB can provide clues about the cause. For instance, nearly 70% of SABs in the first 12 weeks are due to chromosomal anomalies. However, losses due to antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and cervical incompetence tend to occur after the first trimester. […] Recurrent pregnancy loss is associated with several autoimmune diseases. One such disease is antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), also known as lupus anticoagulant syndrome and Hugh syndrome. This disorder is characterized by the presence of APL antibodies, which are frequently linked to pregnancy losses in the pre-embryonic (6 wk), embryonic (6-9 wk), and fetal (10 wk gestation) time periods. 10-20% of women with early losses are positive for the anti-phospholipid antibodies, and an unusually high proportion of pregnancy losses occur in the fetal period compared to unselected population.

• #29 Surveillance of pregnancy loss in human populations – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6340480/

  Surveillance of pregnancy loss as a way to detect hazardous exposures is attractive in principle. However, there are no established methods for monitoring pregnancy loss in humans. Surveillance is difficult because most loss occurs within the first 12 weeks of gestation, when pregnancy may not be documented or even recognized. Three possible approaches to surveillance of pregnancy loss are discussed here: direct surveillance of recognized loss, direct surveillance of unrecognized loss, and indirect surveillance of all loss. These approaches vary in cost, technique, power, and interpretability. While these surveillance methods appear potentially useful, their effectiveness in practice has not yet been determined.

• #30 Surveillance of pregnancy loss in human populations – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6340480/

  Surveillance of pregnancy loss as a way to detect hazardous exposures is attractive in principle. However, there are no established methods for monitoring pregnancy loss in humans. Surveillance is difficult because most loss occurs within the first 12 weeks of gestation, when pregnancy may not be documented or even recognized. Three possible approaches to surveillance of pregnancy loss are discussed here: direct surveillance of recognized loss, direct surveillance of unrecognized loss, and indirect surveillance of all loss. These approaches vary in cost, technique, power, and interpretability. While these surveillance methods appear potentially useful, their effectiveness in practice has not yet been determined.

• #31 Surveillance of pregnancy loss in human populations – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6340480/

  Surveillance of pregnancy loss as a way to detect hazardous exposures is attractive in principle. However, there are no established methods for monitoring pregnancy loss in humans. Surveillance is difficult because most loss occurs within the first 12 weeks of gestation, when pregnancy may not be documented or even recognized. Three possible approaches to surveillance of pregnancy loss are discussed here: direct surveillance of recognized loss, direct surveillance of unrecognized loss, and indirect surveillance of all loss. These approaches vary in cost, technique, power, and interpretability. While these surveillance methods appear potentially useful, their effectiveness in practice has not yet been determined.

• #32 Pregnancy and Abortion Data | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/data-and-statistical-reports/washington-tracking-network-wtn/pregnancy-and-abortion

  The Department of Health collects information on pregnancies in Washington State from birth certificates, fetal death certificates, and the abortion reporting system. […] Abortion surveillance documents the number and demographics of people obtaining abortions, as well as information about the procedures used. […] Abortion data surveillance is necessary to examine trends in public health. […] It helps monitor changes in clinical practice patterns, procedures used, weeks of gestation, as well as procedure complications and management. […] A miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy at less than 20 weeks gestation. […] Fetal deaths and miscarriages are not included in the Pregnancy and Abortion dashboards.

• #33 Pregnancy and Pregnancy Loss and Delivery v1 – CDC | Knowledge Repository

  https://knowledgerepository.syndromicsurveillance.org/pregnancy-and-pregnancy-loss-and-delivery-v1-cdc

  CDC develop a syndrome definition to identify pregnancy, delivery, and pregnancy loss visits. […] The syndrome was used on emergency room data. […] The fields used to query the data include chief complaint and discharge diagnosis. […] The syndrome definition includes terms related to miscarriage, such as „miscarriage,” „miscarriage,” and variations of the term.

• #34 Cuts have eliminated more than a dozen US government health-tracking programs | News, Sports, Jobs – Weirton Daily Times

  https://www.weirtondailytimes.com/news/local-news/2025/05/cuts-have-eliminated-more-than-a-dozen-us-government-health-tracking-programs/

  More than a dozen data-gathering programs that track deaths and disease appear to have been eliminated in the tornado of layoffs and proposed budget cuts rolled out in the Trump administrations first 100 days. […] Among those terminated at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were experts tracking abortions, pregnancies, job-related injuries, lead poisonings, sexual violence and youth smoking, the AP found. […] Federal officials have not given a public accounting of specific surveillance programs that are being eliminated. […] Instead, a U.S. Department of Health and Human Services spokeswoman pointed the AP to a Trump administration budget proposal released Friday. It lacked specifics, but proposes to cut the CDCs core budget by more than half and vows to focus CDC surveillance only on emerging and infectious diseases.

• #35 Cuts have eliminated more than a dozen US government health-tracking programs | News, Sports, Jobs – Weirton Daily Times

  https://www.weirtondailytimes.com/news/local-news/2025/05/cuts-have-eliminated-more-than-a-dozen-us-government-health-tracking-programs/

  Yet some health experts say the eliminated programs are not duplicative, and erasing them will leave Americans in the dark. […] If the U.S. is interested in making itself healthier again, how is it going to know, if it cancels the programs that helps us understand these diseases? said Graham Mooney, a Johns Hopkins University public health historian. […] The core of the nations health surveillance is done by the CDCs National Center for Health Statistics. Relying on birth and death certificates, it generates information on birth rates, death trends and life expectancy. It also operates longstanding health surveys that provide basic data on obesity, asthma and other health issues. […] The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, which surveys women across the country, lost its entire staff about 20 people.

• #36 Cuts have eliminated more than a dozen US government health-tracking programs | News, Sports, Jobs – Weirton Daily Times

  https://www.weirtondailytimes.com/news/local-news/2025/05/cuts-have-eliminated-more-than-a-dozen-us-government-health-tracking-programs/

  Its the most comprehensive collection of data on the health behaviors and outcomes before, during and after childbirth. Researchers have been using its data to investigate the nations maternal mortality problem. […] Recent layoffs also wiped out the staffs collecting data on in vitro fertilizations and abortions. […] The CDC eliminated its program on lead poisoning in children, which helped local health departments through funding and expertise investigate lead poisoning clusters and find where risk is greatest. […] The loss of that program is going to greatly diminish the ability to make linkages between what might be in the environment and what health might be affected by that, Breysse said. […] In some cases, its not a matter of staffers leaving, but rather the end of specific types of data collection.

• #37 Prevalence and clinical, social, and health care predictors of miscarriage | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-021-03682-z

  Pregnancy loss is common and several factors (e.g. chromosomal anomalies, parental age) are known to increase the risk of occurrence. […] Our objective was to estimate the population-level prevalence of miscarriages and to assess the contributions of clinical, social, and health care use factors as predictors of the first detected occurrence of these losses. […] We estimated an average annual miscarriage rate of 11.3%. […] We estimate that 1 in 9 pregnant women in Manitoba experience and seek care for a miscarriage. […] Reliable statistics on both the population prevalence and distribution of these losses early in pregnancy are challenging to estimate. […] Two important gaps remain in the literature regarding the frequency and distribution of these pregnancy losses. […] We estimate annual rates of these events in the Manitoba population from 2003 to 2014, and then describe the clinical, social, and health care use profiles of women who experience their first miscarriage early in pregnancy compared with women who have a live birth.

• #38 Prevalence and clinical, social, and health care predictors of miscarriage | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-021-03682-z

  Pregnancy loss is common and several factors (e.g. chromosomal anomalies, parental age) are known to increase the risk of occurrence. […] Our objective was to estimate the population-level prevalence of miscarriages and to assess the contributions of clinical, social, and health care use factors as predictors of the first detected occurrence of these losses. […] We estimated an average annual miscarriage rate of 11.3%. […] We estimate that 1 in 9 pregnant women in Manitoba experience and seek care for a miscarriage. […] Reliable statistics on both the population prevalence and distribution of these losses early in pregnancy are challenging to estimate. […] Two important gaps remain in the literature regarding the frequency and distribution of these pregnancy losses. […] We estimate annual rates of these events in the Manitoba population from 2003 to 2014, and then describe the clinical, social, and health care use profiles of women who experience their first miscarriage early in pregnancy compared with women who have a live birth.

• #39 Epidemiology and aetiology of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy (Chapter 2) – Acute Gynaecology and Early Pregnancy

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/acute-gynaecology-and-early-pregnancy/epidemiology-and-aetiology-of-miscarriage-and-ectopic-pregnancy/EB4EB21C18B07F184E7EF6706A77B2C9

  Miscarriage is conventionally quoted to affect one in five pregnancies and ectopic pregnancy to occur in 1/100 gestations; however, establishing the true rate of these early pregnancy complications is challenging owing to the lack of accurate data. Hospital statistics provide information regarding the rate of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy resulting in hospital admissions. However, the majority of women diagnosed with miscarriage are nowadays managed without admission to hospital.

• #40 Abortion Reporting: Promoting Public Health, Not Politics | Guttmacher Institute

  https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2015/06/abortion-reporting-promoting-public-health-not-politics

  Reliable data on U.S. abortion incidence and patient characteristics are available; however, state surveillance is not always complete and some states do not report at all. […] First, three states do not report any basic data on abortion incidence and patient characteristics to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and in some other states, the reporting is incomplete and unreliable. These gaps in state abortion surveillance have hampered efforts by the CDC to compile complete abortion statistics at the national level. […] To address these challenges, abortion surveillance systems should be strengthened as needed in states where they are already in place and created in states where they are not; the federal government should facilitate this process through technical and financial assistance.

• #41 Abortion Reporting: Promoting Public Health, Not Politics | Guttmacher Institute

  https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2015/06/abortion-reporting-promoting-public-health-not-politics

  Most of the states, for their part, require that abortions be reported, although these requirements differ significantly in scope and detail. […] Government abortion surveillance efforts have long been known to be incomplete. […] Because Guttmacher contacts abortion providers directly, and conducts multiple follow-ups for nonrespondents, it is able to compile reliable abortion incidence data that are significantly more comprehensive than what is published by the CDC. […] The complementary efforts of the states, the CDC and Guttmacher provide a comprehensive overview of access to abortion care in the United States: High-quality data are available on the number, rates and trends of induced abortion, along with demographic data for abortion patients and information on changes in clinical practice. […] Finally, abortion surveillance efforts by the CDC, along with university-based researchers working independently, have demonstrated that legal induced abortion is a very safe medical procedure, with low mortality and complication rates for patients.

• #42 Pregnancy and Abortion Data | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/data-and-statistical-reports/washington-tracking-network-wtn/pregnancy-and-abortion

  The Department of Health collects information on pregnancies in Washington State from birth certificates, fetal death certificates, and the abortion reporting system. […] Abortion surveillance documents the number and demographics of people obtaining abortions, as well as information about the procedures used. […] Abortion data surveillance is necessary to examine trends in public health. […] It helps monitor changes in clinical practice patterns, procedures used, weeks of gestation, as well as procedure complications and management. […] A miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy at less than 20 weeks gestation. […] Fetal deaths and miscarriages are not included in the Pregnancy and Abortion dashboards.

• #43 Abortion Reporting: Promoting Public Health, Not Politics | Guttmacher Institute

  https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2015/06/abortion-reporting-promoting-public-health-not-politics

  Reliable data on U.S. abortion incidence and patient characteristics are available; however, state surveillance is not always complete and some states do not report at all. […] First, three states do not report any basic data on abortion incidence and patient characteristics to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and in some other states, the reporting is incomplete and unreliable. These gaps in state abortion surveillance have hampered efforts by the CDC to compile complete abortion statistics at the national level. […] To address these challenges, abortion surveillance systems should be strengthened as needed in states where they are already in place and created in states where they are not; the federal government should facilitate this process through technical and financial assistance.

• #44 Abortion Reporting: Promoting Public Health, Not Politics | Guttmacher Institute

  https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2015/06/abortion-reporting-promoting-public-health-not-politics

  The incidence of induced abortion is an important public health indicator. […] Data from ongoing abortion surveillance also inform public health in two other key areas. Data on basic demographic characteristics of abortion patients (e.g., age, race and ethnicity, and marital status) are needed to identify disparities in reproductive health outcomes and help tailor public health interventions to groups at particular risk of having an unintended pregnancy. […] The CDC has long partnered with the states to collect statistics on abortions. States are responsible for collecting and managing data in accordance with their own policies and systems. […] The latest CDC abortion surveillance report compiling data for 2011 and published in late 2014 is based on reporting from 47 states (excluding California, Maryland and New Hampshire), as well as the District of Columbia and New York City (which reports abortion data independently of the rest of New York State).

• #45 Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33915094/

  Miscarriage is generally defined as the loss of a pregnancy before viability. An estimated 23 million miscarriages occur every year worldwide, translating to 44 pregnancy losses each minute. The pooled risk of miscarriage is 153% (95% CI 125-187%) of all recognised pregnancies. The population prevalence of women who have had one miscarriage is 108% (103-114%), two miscarriages is 19% (18-21%), and three or more miscarriages is 07% (05-08%). […] Risk factors for miscarriage include very young or older female age (younger than 20 years and older than 35 years), older male age (older than 40 years), very low or very high body-mass index, Black ethnicity, previous miscarriages, smoking, alcohol, stress, working night shifts, air pollution, and exposure to pesticides. […] The costs of miscarriage affect individuals, health-care systems, and society. The short-term national economic cost of miscarriage is estimated to be 471 million per year in the UK. […] We recommend that miscarriage data are gathered and reported to facilitate comparison of rates among countries, to accelerate research, and to improve patient care and policy development.

• #46 Epidemiology and aetiology of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy (Chapter 2) – Acute Gynaecology and Early Pregnancy

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/acute-gynaecology-and-early-pregnancy/epidemiology-and-aetiology-of-miscarriage-and-ectopic-pregnancy/EB4EB21C18B07F184E7EF6706A77B2C9

  Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy. It rarely causes serious health problems, but it can adversely affect women’s social and psychological wellbeing. Ectopic pregnancy is less common than miscarriage, but it remains the leading cause of first-trimester maternal mortality and is associated with significant physical and psychosocial morbidity. […] According to the Seventh Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom, there are around 1000 000 pregnancies per year in the UK, with approximately 700 000 deliveries occurring each year. It is estimated that the number of miscarriages per year is at least 200 000 and the number of ectopic pregnancies at least 10 000. The maternal mortality rate in relation to early pregnancy complications in the UK in the 3 years between 2003 and 2005 was 0.47/100 000 maternities for ectopic pregnancy (a total of ten deaths) and 0.05/100 000 maternities for miscarriage (one recorded death). Thus, despite a relatively low mortality rate, the overall impact of these disorders on women’s health is significant.

• #47 Epidemiology and aetiology of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy (Chapter 2) – Acute Gynaecology and Early Pregnancy

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/acute-gynaecology-and-early-pregnancy/epidemiology-and-aetiology-of-miscarriage-and-ectopic-pregnancy/EB4EB21C18B07F184E7EF6706A77B2C9

  Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy. It rarely causes serious health problems, but it can adversely affect women’s social and psychological wellbeing. Ectopic pregnancy is less common than miscarriage, but it remains the leading cause of first-trimester maternal mortality and is associated with significant physical and psychosocial morbidity. […] According to the Seventh Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom, there are around 1000 000 pregnancies per year in the UK, with approximately 700 000 deliveries occurring each year. It is estimated that the number of miscarriages per year is at least 200 000 and the number of ectopic pregnancies at least 10 000. The maternal mortality rate in relation to early pregnancy complications in the UK in the 3 years between 2003 and 2005 was 0.47/100 000 maternities for ectopic pregnancy (a total of ten deaths) and 0.05/100 000 maternities for miscarriage (one recorded death). Thus, despite a relatively low mortality rate, the overall impact of these disorders on women’s health is significant.

• #48 Epidemiology and aetiology of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy (Chapter 2) – Acute Gynaecology and Early Pregnancy

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/acute-gynaecology-and-early-pregnancy/epidemiology-and-aetiology-of-miscarriage-and-ectopic-pregnancy/EB4EB21C18B07F184E7EF6706A77B2C9

  Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy. It rarely causes serious health problems, but it can adversely affect women’s social and psychological wellbeing. Ectopic pregnancy is less common than miscarriage, but it remains the leading cause of first-trimester maternal mortality and is associated with significant physical and psychosocial morbidity. […] According to the Seventh Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom, there are around 1000 000 pregnancies per year in the UK, with approximately 700 000 deliveries occurring each year. It is estimated that the number of miscarriages per year is at least 200 000 and the number of ectopic pregnancies at least 10 000. The maternal mortality rate in relation to early pregnancy complications in the UK in the 3 years between 2003 and 2005 was 0.47/100 000 maternities for ectopic pregnancy (a total of ten deaths) and 0.05/100 000 maternities for miscarriage (one recorded death). Thus, despite a relatively low mortality rate, the overall impact of these disorders on women’s health is significant.

• #49 Miscarriage – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage

  Around 15% of known pregnancies end in miscarriage, totaling around 23 million miscarriages per year worldwide. Miscarriage rates among all fertilized zygotes are around 30% to 50%. A 2012 review found the risk of miscarriage between 5 and 20 weeks from 11% to 22%. Up to the 13th week of pregnancy, the risk of miscarriage each week was around 2%, dropping to 1% in week 14 and reducing slowly between 14 and 20 weeks. […] The precise rate is not known because a large number of miscarriages occur before pregnancies become established and before the woman is aware she is pregnant. Additionally, those with bleeding in early pregnancy may seek medical care more often than those not experiencing bleeding. […] In 2010, 50,000 inpatient admissions for miscarriage occurred in the UK.

• #50 Prevalence and clinical, social, and health care predictors of miscarriage | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-021-03682-z

  Women who experienced their first loss had higher predicted morbidity in the year before the event compared to women with a live birth. […] Conditional on clinical risk factors, social factors had moderate associations with miscarriage: women living in disadvantaged neighborhoods had higher rates of miscarriage while women on income assistance had lower rates. […] We estimate that 1 in 9 pregnant women in Manitoba experience and seek medical care for a miscarriage. Over the 2003-2014 period, we estimated an average annual rate of miscarriage of 11.3%. […] The findings regarding the association between miscarriage and mental disorders add to a growing literature emphasizing an important connection between mental and physical health. […] While we contribute to the existing evidence base by focusing on factors associated with first losses instead of recurrent losses, our findings may not be generalizable to the entire population given our exclusion of women with a previous therapeutic abortion.

• #51 Prevalence and clinical, social, and health care predictors of miscarriage | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-021-03682-z

  Women who experienced their first loss had higher predicted morbidity in the year before the event compared to women with a live birth. […] Conditional on clinical risk factors, social factors had moderate associations with miscarriage: women living in disadvantaged neighborhoods had higher rates of miscarriage while women on income assistance had lower rates. […] We estimate that 1 in 9 pregnant women in Manitoba experience and seek medical care for a miscarriage. Over the 2003-2014 period, we estimated an average annual rate of miscarriage of 11.3%. […] The findings regarding the association between miscarriage and mental disorders add to a growing literature emphasizing an important connection between mental and physical health. […] While we contribute to the existing evidence base by focusing on factors associated with first losses instead of recurrent losses, our findings may not be generalizable to the entire population given our exclusion of women with a previous therapeutic abortion.

• #52 Prevalence and clinical, social, and health care predictors of miscarriage | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-021-03682-z

  Women who experienced their first loss had higher predicted morbidity in the year before the event compared to women with a live birth. […] Conditional on clinical risk factors, social factors had moderate associations with miscarriage: women living in disadvantaged neighborhoods had higher rates of miscarriage while women on income assistance had lower rates. […] We estimate that 1 in 9 pregnant women in Manitoba experience and seek medical care for a miscarriage. Over the 2003-2014 period, we estimated an average annual rate of miscarriage of 11.3%. […] The findings regarding the association between miscarriage and mental disorders add to a growing literature emphasizing an important connection between mental and physical health. […] While we contribute to the existing evidence base by focusing on factors associated with first losses instead of recurrent losses, our findings may not be generalizable to the entire population given our exclusion of women with a previous therapeutic abortion.

• #53 Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33915094/

  Miscarriage is generally defined as the loss of a pregnancy before viability. An estimated 23 million miscarriages occur every year worldwide, translating to 44 pregnancy losses each minute. The pooled risk of miscarriage is 153% (95% CI 125-187%) of all recognised pregnancies. The population prevalence of women who have had one miscarriage is 108% (103-114%), two miscarriages is 19% (18-21%), and three or more miscarriages is 07% (05-08%). […] Risk factors for miscarriage include very young or older female age (younger than 20 years and older than 35 years), older male age (older than 40 years), very low or very high body-mass index, Black ethnicity, previous miscarriages, smoking, alcohol, stress, working night shifts, air pollution, and exposure to pesticides. […] The costs of miscarriage affect individuals, health-care systems, and society. The short-term national economic cost of miscarriage is estimated to be 471 million per year in the UK. […] We recommend that miscarriage data are gathered and reported to facilitate comparison of rates among countries, to accelerate research, and to improve patient care and policy development.

• #54 The value of livestock abortion surveillance in Tanzania: identifying disease priorities and informing interventions

  https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/95296

  This important study reports the use of a surveillance approach in identifying emerging diseases, monitoring disease trends, and informing evidence-based interventions in the control and prevention of livestock abortions, as it relates to their public health implications. […] Aetiological and epidemiological data can be generated through established protocols for sample collection and laboratory diagnosis. […] Livestock abortion surveillance, even at a small scale and when capturing only a small proportion of events, can generate valuable information on causes of zoonotic disease outbreaks, livestock reproductive losses and can identify important pathogens that are not easily captured through other forms of livestock disease surveillance. […] This study demonstrated the feasibility of establishing an effective reporting and investigation system that could be implemented across a range of settings, including remote rural areas.

• #55 The value of livestock abortion surveillance in Tanzania: identifying disease priorities and informing interventions

  https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/95296

  This important study reports the use of a surveillance approach in identifying emerging diseases, monitoring disease trends, and informing evidence-based interventions in the control and prevention of livestock abortions, as it relates to their public health implications. […] Aetiological and epidemiological data can be generated through established protocols for sample collection and laboratory diagnosis. […] Livestock abortion surveillance, even at a small scale and when capturing only a small proportion of events, can generate valuable information on causes of zoonotic disease outbreaks, livestock reproductive losses and can identify important pathogens that are not easily captured through other forms of livestock disease surveillance. […] This study demonstrated the feasibility of establishing an effective reporting and investigation system that could be implemented across a range of settings, including remote rural areas.

• #56 Trends and determinants of pregnancy loss in eastern Ethiopia from 2008 to 2019: analysis of health and demographic surveillance data | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04994-4

  Pregnancy losses remain a neglected issue and it will be taking more than a century before a pregnant woman in Sub Sahara has the same chance of her baby being born alive as a woman in a high-income country. […] This study was aimed to assess the magnitude and determinants of pregnancy loss in eastern Ethiopia. […] The prevalence proportions were calculated as the sum of all pregnancy loss divided by the number births in the specified year. […] From 39,153 included pregnancies, 810 (20.7; 95%CI:19.32, 22.15 per 1000 births) experienced pregnancy loss. […] The overall rate pregnancy loss was ranged between 19.32, 22.15 per 1000 births with higher still births than miscarriage or abortion. […] Pregnancy loss was positively associated with social factors reproductive health factors, and maternal health service utilization.

• #57 Trends and determinants of pregnancy loss in eastern Ethiopia from 2008 to 2019: analysis of health and demographic surveillance data | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04994-4

  The percentage of pregnancy loss was increasing over the years and the highest pregnancy loss was recorded in 2015. […] Overall, the rate of pregnancy loss was 20.7 per 1000 births (20.69, 95%CI:19.32, 22.15). […] Pregnancy loss was higher among mothers who did not receive antenatal care and not receive tetanus toxoid vaccine. […] In conclusion pregnancy loss was increasing over the last five years (2015-2019) and positively associated with low own low socioeconomic status and adverse pregnancy experience.

• #58 Understanding Miscarriage Prevalence and Risk Factors: Insights from Women in Jordan

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1044

  Understanding Miscarriage Prevalence and Risk Factors: Insights from Women in Jordan […] Background and Objectives: Miscarriage is a complication that is influenced by many risk factors that have been reported in different studies and that vary among countries. Despite the influence of various known risk factors for miscarriage, 30% to 50% of miscarriages are from unidentified causes. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of miscarriages in Jordan and the associated risk factors. […] Miscarriage, also known as pregnancy loss or spontaneous abortion, is the term most frequently used to describe a nonviable intrauterine pregnancy up to 20 weeks of gestation. Miscarriage is a complication of pregnancy that globally affects 12–15% of pregnant females. […] Despite the influence of several known risk factors for miscarriage, 30% to 50% of miscarriages are from an unknown cause. […] The predictors of miscarriage in low- and middle-income countries have not been properly investigated. Until reliable information on the risk factors of miscarriage in such countries is compiled, it is challenging to construct and implement effective preventive interventional strategies. […] The estimated prevalence of miscarriage was 17.9%, which represents a noticeable increase when compared with previously estimated population rates. […] The study shed light on the risk factors most strongly associated with miscarriages in Jordan. […] The findings revealed a significant association between miscarriages and the family history of mothers. Specifically, the presence of a family history of miscarriage was found to elevate the risk of experiencing a miscarriage. […] The current study found that the likelihood of miscarriage among women with fertility problems and those who had conceived via medically assisted reproduction was higher than in those without fertility issues and those who had natural conception. […] This study found that pregnant women who flew throughout their pregnancy had a 2.7-fold higher risk of miscarriage than those who did not. […] The study’s results hold implications for public health efforts aimed at reducing the incidence of spontaneous miscarriages in Jordan and provide valuable insights for guiding interventions and policy development in this area.

• #59 Understanding Miscarriage Prevalence and Risk Factors: Insights from Women in Jordan

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1044

  Understanding Miscarriage Prevalence and Risk Factors: Insights from Women in Jordan […] Background and Objectives: Miscarriage is a complication that is influenced by many risk factors that have been reported in different studies and that vary among countries. Despite the influence of various known risk factors for miscarriage, 30% to 50% of miscarriages are from unidentified causes. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of miscarriages in Jordan and the associated risk factors. […] Miscarriage, also known as pregnancy loss or spontaneous abortion, is the term most frequently used to describe a nonviable intrauterine pregnancy up to 20 weeks of gestation. Miscarriage is a complication of pregnancy that globally affects 12–15% of pregnant females. […] Despite the influence of several known risk factors for miscarriage, 30% to 50% of miscarriages are from an unknown cause. […] The predictors of miscarriage in low- and middle-income countries have not been properly investigated. Until reliable information on the risk factors of miscarriage in such countries is compiled, it is challenging to construct and implement effective preventive interventional strategies. […] The estimated prevalence of miscarriage was 17.9%, which represents a noticeable increase when compared with previously estimated population rates. […] The study shed light on the risk factors most strongly associated with miscarriages in Jordan. […] The findings revealed a significant association between miscarriages and the family history of mothers. Specifically, the presence of a family history of miscarriage was found to elevate the risk of experiencing a miscarriage. […] The current study found that the likelihood of miscarriage among women with fertility problems and those who had conceived via medically assisted reproduction was higher than in those without fertility issues and those who had natural conception. […] This study found that pregnant women who flew throughout their pregnancy had a 2.7-fold higher risk of miscarriage than those who did not. […] The study’s results hold implications for public health efforts aimed at reducing the incidence of spontaneous miscarriages in Jordan and provide valuable insights for guiding interventions and policy development in this area.

• #60

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2015/03000/miscarriage_among_flight_attendants.11.aspx

  Cosmic radiation and circadian disruption are potential reproductive hazards for flight attendants. […] Using Cox regression models, we compared respondents (1) by levels of flight exposures and (2) to teachers from the same cities, to evaluate whether these exposures were associated with miscarriage. […] Analyses suggested that cosmic radiation exposure of 0.1 mGy or more may be associated with increased risk of miscarriage in weeks 9-13 (odds ratio = 1.7 [95% confidence interval = 0.95-3.2]). Risk of a first-trimester miscarriage with 15 hours or more of flying during home-base sleep hours was increased (1.5 [1.1-2.2]), as was risk with high physical job demands (2.5 [1.5-4.2]). Miscarriage risk was not increased among flight attendants compared with teachers. […] Miscarriage was associated with flight attendant work during sleep hours and high physical job demands and may be associated with cosmic radiation exposure.

• #61 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Social Media Use, Unhealthy Lifestyles, and the Risk of Miscarriage Among Pregnant Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospective Observational Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/1/e25241/

  Pregnant women with excessive media use were more likely to have no physical activity, inadequate dietary diversity, and poor sleep quality. […] Excessive media use and poor sleep quality were associated with a higher risk of miscarriage. […] The prevalence of miscarriage was 16.0% (n=73; 95% CI 12.6%-19.4%). […] Miscarriage prevalence was also higher in pregnant women with poor sleep quality (39/174, 22.4% vs 34/282, 12.1%; P=0.003) and a high education level (66/368, 17.9% vs 7/88, 8.0%; P=0.02). […] In the multivariable model, poor sleep quality (adjusted RR 2.06, 95% CI 1.24-3.44; P=0.006), 2-3 hours of media use daily (adjusted RR 1.74, 95% CI 1.02-2.97; P=0.04), and 3 hours of media use daily (adjusted RR 2.56, 95% CI 1.43-4.59; P=0.002) were associated with miscarriage. […] Our findings highlight the importance of healthy lifestyles during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #62 COVID-19 Vaccines Not Linked to Miscarriage | Newswise

  https://www.newswise.com/articles/covid-19-vaccines-not-linked-to-miscarriage

  There is no association between the COVID-19 vaccine and miscarriage, a new Obstetrics and Gynecology study confirms. […] These studies have confirmed that the vaccine is safe for pregnant women. This surveillance has found, for instance, that the COVID-19 vaccines have no association with stillbirths and that vaccinated women are more likely to have healthier pregnancies. […] There was no association between being vaccinated and having a miscarriage, the researchers found. Furthermore, the number of vaccine doses, type of vaccine (Moderna, Pfizer, etc.), and the timing of the vaccination were not linked to miscarriage. […] This is a rigorously conducted study that continues to show that the COVID-19 vaccines are safe during pregnancy.

• #63 COVID-19 Vaccines Not Linked to Miscarriage < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/covid-19-vaccines-not-linked-to-miscarriage/

  There is no association between the COVID-19 vaccine and miscarriage, a new Obstetrics and Gynecology study confirms. […] There was no association between being vaccinated and having a miscarriage, the researchers found. Furthermore, the number of vaccine doses, type of vaccine (Moderna, Pfizer, etc.), and the timing of the vaccination were not linked to miscarriage. […] This is a rigorously conducted study that continues to show that the COVID-19 vaccines are safe during pregnancy, says Sheth.

• #64 COVID-19 Vaccines Not Linked to Miscarriage in Surveillance Study

  https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/news/covid-19-vaccines-not-linked-to-miscarriage-surveillance-study/

  Administration of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk of miscarriage based on new surveillance data published in a research letter in JAMA. The findings support vaccine recommendations for pregnant patients from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] This report found no increased risk of spontaneous abortion among those who were vaccinated. […] Patients with spontaneous abortions (n=13,160) did not have an increased odds of exposure to a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine exposure in the prior 28 days compared with women with ongoing pregnancies (n=92,286) after adjusting for maternal age and other risk factors for miscarriage (odds ratio, 1.02; Table).

• #65 Thieme E-Journals – Seminars in Reproductive Medicine / Abstract

  https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2000-13722

  In reviewing the epidemiology of recurrent abortion (RAB), we believe it is necessary to consider the epidemiology of spontaneous abortion (SAB) as well, since it is clear that even a single pregnancy loss increases the risk for a subsequent abortion. […] Given that most epidemiologic studies have not distinguished karyotypically abnormal abortuses, risk factors are likely to be underestimated. […] Nevertheless, there is fair agreement that a variety of factors may increase risk for SAB or RAB, including advanced maternal age, single gene mutations such as PKU or G6PD deficiency, structural abnormalities of the uterus, poorly controlled diabetes, antiphospholipid syndrome, and smoking. […] Besides better designed epidemiologic studies to detect modifiable risk factors for SAB or RAB, there is a clear need for clinical trials of therapy for RAB which meet minimum epidemiologic standards including randomization, double-blinded (when possible), and placebo-controlled (when ethical).

• #66 Understanding Miscarriage Prevalence and Risk Factors: Insights from Women in Jordan

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1044

  Understanding Miscarriage Prevalence and Risk Factors: Insights from Women in Jordan […] Background and Objectives: Miscarriage is a complication that is influenced by many risk factors that have been reported in different studies and that vary among countries. Despite the influence of various known risk factors for miscarriage, 30% to 50% of miscarriages are from unidentified causes. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of miscarriages in Jordan and the associated risk factors. […] Miscarriage, also known as pregnancy loss or spontaneous abortion, is the term most frequently used to describe a nonviable intrauterine pregnancy up to 20 weeks of gestation. Miscarriage is a complication of pregnancy that globally affects 12–15% of pregnant females. […] Despite the influence of several known risk factors for miscarriage, 30% to 50% of miscarriages are from an unknown cause. […] The predictors of miscarriage in low- and middle-income countries have not been properly investigated. Until reliable information on the risk factors of miscarriage in such countries is compiled, it is challenging to construct and implement effective preventive interventional strategies. […] The estimated prevalence of miscarriage was 17.9%, which represents a noticeable increase when compared with previously estimated population rates. […] The study shed light on the risk factors most strongly associated with miscarriages in Jordan. […] The findings revealed a significant association between miscarriages and the family history of mothers. Specifically, the presence of a family history of miscarriage was found to elevate the risk of experiencing a miscarriage. […] The current study found that the likelihood of miscarriage among women with fertility problems and those who had conceived via medically assisted reproduction was higher than in those without fertility issues and those who had natural conception. […] This study found that pregnant women who flew throughout their pregnancy had a 2.7-fold higher risk of miscarriage than those who did not. […] The study’s results hold implications for public health efforts aimed at reducing the incidence of spontaneous miscarriages in Jordan and provide valuable insights for guiding interventions and policy development in this area.

• #67 Miscarriage epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Miscarriage_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Determining the prevalence of miscarriage is difficult. Many miscarriages happen very early in the pregnancy, before a woman may know she is pregnant. Treatment of women with miscarriage at home means medical statistics on miscarriage miss many cases. Prospective studies using very sensitive early pregnancy tests have found that 25% of pregnancies are miscarried by the sixth week LMP (since the woman’s Last Menstrual Period). The risk of miscarriage decreases sharply after the 8th week, i.e. when the fetal stage begins. Clinical miscarriages (those occurring after the sixth week LMP) occur in 8% of pregnancies. […] The prevalence of miscarriage increases considerably with age of the parents. Pregnancies from men younger than twenty-five years are 40% less likely to end in miscarriage than pregnancies from men 25-29 years. Pregnancies from men older than forty years are 60% more likely to end in miscarriage than the 25-29 year age group. The increased risk of miscarriage in pregnancies from older men is mainly seen in the first trimester. In women, by the age of forty-five, 75% of pregnancies may end in miscarriage.

• #68 Miscarriage – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage

  Around 15% of known pregnancies end in miscarriage, totaling around 23 million miscarriages per year worldwide. Miscarriage rates among all fertilized zygotes are around 30% to 50%. A 2012 review found the risk of miscarriage between 5 and 20 weeks from 11% to 22%. Up to the 13th week of pregnancy, the risk of miscarriage each week was around 2%, dropping to 1% in week 14 and reducing slowly between 14 and 20 weeks. […] The precise rate is not known because a large number of miscarriages occur before pregnancies become established and before the woman is aware she is pregnant. Additionally, those with bleeding in early pregnancy may seek medical care more often than those not experiencing bleeding. […] In 2010, 50,000 inpatient admissions for miscarriage occurred in the UK.

• #69 Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33915094/

  Miscarriage is generally defined as the loss of a pregnancy before viability. An estimated 23 million miscarriages occur every year worldwide, translating to 44 pregnancy losses each minute. The pooled risk of miscarriage is 153% (95% CI 125-187%) of all recognised pregnancies. The population prevalence of women who have had one miscarriage is 108% (103-114%), two miscarriages is 19% (18-21%), and three or more miscarriages is 07% (05-08%). […] Risk factors for miscarriage include very young or older female age (younger than 20 years and older than 35 years), older male age (older than 40 years), very low or very high body-mass index, Black ethnicity, previous miscarriages, smoking, alcohol, stress, working night shifts, air pollution, and exposure to pesticides. […] The costs of miscarriage affect individuals, health-care systems, and society. The short-term national economic cost of miscarriage is estimated to be 471 million per year in the UK. […] We recommend that miscarriage data are gathered and reported to facilitate comparison of rates among countries, to accelerate research, and to improve patient care and policy development.

• #70 Role of maternal age and pregnancy history in risk of miscarriage: prospective register based study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l869

  Objectives To estimate the burden of miscarriage in the Norwegian population and to evaluate the associations with maternal age and pregnancy history. […] The risk of miscarriage was lowest in women aged 25-29 (10%), and rose rapidly after age 30, reaching 53% in women aged 45 and over. […] There was a strong recurrence risk of miscarriage, with age adjusted odds ratios of 1.54 (95% confidence interval 1.48 to 1.60) after one miscarriage, 2.21 (2.03 to 2.41) after two, and 3.97 (3.29 to 4.78) after three consecutive miscarriages. […] The risk of miscarriage varies greatly with maternal age, shows a strong pattern of recurrence, and is also increased after some adverse pregnancy outcomes. […] The overall risk of miscarriage among recognised pregnancies in Norway was 12.8%. This risk is remarkably similar to reports from other Nordic countries (range of 13% to 14%).

• #71 Understanding Miscarriage Prevalence and Risk Factors: Insights from Women in Jordan

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1044

  Understanding Miscarriage Prevalence and Risk Factors: Insights from Women in Jordan […] Background and Objectives: Miscarriage is a complication that is influenced by many risk factors that have been reported in different studies and that vary among countries. Despite the influence of various known risk factors for miscarriage, 30% to 50% of miscarriages are from unidentified causes. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of miscarriages in Jordan and the associated risk factors. […] Miscarriage, also known as pregnancy loss or spontaneous abortion, is the term most frequently used to describe a nonviable intrauterine pregnancy up to 20 weeks of gestation. Miscarriage is a complication of pregnancy that globally affects 12–15% of pregnant females. […] Despite the influence of several known risk factors for miscarriage, 30% to 50% of miscarriages are from an unknown cause. […] The predictors of miscarriage in low- and middle-income countries have not been properly investigated. Until reliable information on the risk factors of miscarriage in such countries is compiled, it is challenging to construct and implement effective preventive interventional strategies. […] The estimated prevalence of miscarriage was 17.9%, which represents a noticeable increase when compared with previously estimated population rates. […] The study shed light on the risk factors most strongly associated with miscarriages in Jordan. […] The findings revealed a significant association between miscarriages and the family history of mothers. Specifically, the presence of a family history of miscarriage was found to elevate the risk of experiencing a miscarriage. […] The current study found that the likelihood of miscarriage among women with fertility problems and those who had conceived via medically assisted reproduction was higher than in those without fertility issues and those who had natural conception. […] This study found that pregnant women who flew throughout their pregnancy had a 2.7-fold higher risk of miscarriage than those who did not. […] The study’s results hold implications for public health efforts aimed at reducing the incidence of spontaneous miscarriages in Jordan and provide valuable insights for guiding interventions and policy development in this area.

• #72 Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss: Practice Essentials, Overview, Incidence

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/210857-overview

  The gestational age at the time of the SAB can provide clues about the cause. For instance, nearly 70% of SABs in the first 12 weeks are due to chromosomal anomalies. However, losses due to antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and cervical incompetence tend to occur after the first trimester. […] Recurrent pregnancy loss is associated with several autoimmune diseases. One such disease is antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), also known as lupus anticoagulant syndrome and Hugh syndrome. This disorder is characterized by the presence of APL antibodies, which are frequently linked to pregnancy losses in the pre-embryonic (6 wk), embryonic (6-9 wk), and fetal (10 wk gestation) time periods. 10-20% of women with early losses are positive for the anti-phospholipid antibodies, and an unusually high proportion of pregnancy losses occur in the fetal period compared to unselected population.

• #73 Surveillance of pregnancy loss in human populations – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6340480/

  Surveillance of pregnancy loss as a way to detect hazardous exposures is attractive in principle. However, there are no established methods for monitoring pregnancy loss in humans. Surveillance is difficult because most loss occurs within the first 12 weeks of gestation, when pregnancy may not be documented or even recognized. Three possible approaches to surveillance of pregnancy loss are discussed here: direct surveillance of recognized loss, direct surveillance of unrecognized loss, and indirect surveillance of all loss. These approaches vary in cost, technique, power, and interpretability. While these surveillance methods appear potentially useful, their effectiveness in practice has not yet been determined.

• #74 Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33915094/

  Miscarriage is generally defined as the loss of a pregnancy before viability. An estimated 23 million miscarriages occur every year worldwide, translating to 44 pregnancy losses each minute. The pooled risk of miscarriage is 153% (95% CI 125-187%) of all recognised pregnancies. The population prevalence of women who have had one miscarriage is 108% (103-114%), two miscarriages is 19% (18-21%), and three or more miscarriages is 07% (05-08%). […] Risk factors for miscarriage include very young or older female age (younger than 20 years and older than 35 years), older male age (older than 40 years), very low or very high body-mass index, Black ethnicity, previous miscarriages, smoking, alcohol, stress, working night shifts, air pollution, and exposure to pesticides. […] The costs of miscarriage affect individuals, health-care systems, and society. The short-term national economic cost of miscarriage is estimated to be 471 million per year in the UK. […] We recommend that miscarriage data are gathered and reported to facilitate comparison of rates among countries, to accelerate research, and to improve patient care and policy development.

• #75 Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33915094/

  Miscarriage is generally defined as the loss of a pregnancy before viability. An estimated 23 million miscarriages occur every year worldwide, translating to 44 pregnancy losses each minute. The pooled risk of miscarriage is 153% (95% CI 125-187%) of all recognised pregnancies. The population prevalence of women who have had one miscarriage is 108% (103-114%), two miscarriages is 19% (18-21%), and three or more miscarriages is 07% (05-08%). […] Risk factors for miscarriage include very young or older female age (younger than 20 years and older than 35 years), older male age (older than 40 years), very low or very high body-mass index, Black ethnicity, previous miscarriages, smoking, alcohol, stress, working night shifts, air pollution, and exposure to pesticides. […] The costs of miscarriage affect individuals, health-care systems, and society. The short-term national economic cost of miscarriage is estimated to be 471 million per year in the UK. […] We recommend that miscarriage data are gathered and reported to facilitate comparison of rates among countries, to accelerate research, and to improve patient care and policy development.

Zobacz więcej