Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/prevention/

  In many cases, the cause of a miscarriage is not known and you would not have been able to prevent it. […] However, there are ways to lower your risk of miscarriage, including: […] The best way to protect your health and your baby’s wellbeing is to lose weight before you become pregnant. […] Sometimes the cause of a miscarriage can be identified. In these cases, it may be possible to have treatment to prevent this causing any more miscarriages. […] Research has shown that a combination of aspirin and heparin (a medicine used to prevent blood clots) can improve pregnancy outcomes in women with the condition. […] A weakened cervix, also known as cervical incompetence, can be treated with an operation to put a small stitch of strong thread around your cervix to keep it closed.

• #1 Miscarriage: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9688-miscarriage

  How can I prevent another miscarriage? […] It’s usually not possible to prevent a miscarriage. If you have a miscarriage, it’s not because you did something to cause it. Taking care of your body is the best thing you can do. Some examples of ways to care for yourself include: […] Avoiding risk factors for miscarriage like drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes. […] Attending all your prenatal care appointments. […] Maintaining a weight that’s healthy for you. […] Taking a prenatal vitamin. […] Getting regular exercise and eating a healthy diet.

• #1 Preventing Recurrent Miscarriage | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/recurrent-miscarriage/prevention

  Most recurrent miscarriages are caused by an abnormality in the embryos chromosomes. The mothers age can be a factor, too, but there are steps you can take to increase your odds of a successful pregnancy. […] Smoking tobacco has been linked with reduced fertility in women and a higher risk of miscarriage, in which a pregnancy ends before the 20th week. Its important to quit smoking before you try to conceive a baby. […] Certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) increase your risk of miscarriage. […] Visit your NYU Langone doctor to be screened for pelvic inflammatory disease, chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, and herpes, all of which increase the risk of miscarriage. […] At NYU Langone, our doctors recommend that all women trying to conceive take folic acid daily. This vitamin B supplement can help reduce your chances of miscarriage and birth defects. […] If blood tests reveal that your blood sugar is high or that you have diabetes, losing weight, exercising regularly, and eating nutritious foods may reverse the disease and improve your chances of a successful pregnancy.

• #1 Understanding Miscarriage — Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/understanding-miscarriage-prevention

  Most miscarriages are caused by genetic abnormalities in the fetus. Unfortunately, there is nothing that can be done to prevent miscarriages caused by genetic abnormalities. […] If you have had a miscarriage, work with your health care provider to determine the reason for your miscarriage, if possible, and to plan a future pregnancy. A healthy lifestyle before and during pregnancy may help. Here are some tips that may help prevent miscarriage: Be sure to take at least 400 mcg of folic acid every day, beginning at least one to two months before conception, if possible. Exercise regularly. Eat healthy, well-balanced meals. Manage stress. Keep your weight within normal limits. Don’t smoke and stay away from secondhand smoke. Don’t drink alcohol or have more than one to two cups of a caffeinated beverage like coffee a day. Avoid illicit drugs. Make sure you are up to date on immunizations.

• #1 Understanding Miscarriage — Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/understanding-miscarriage-prevention

  These steps may help to prevent miscarriage, too: Avoid radiation and poisons such as arsenic, lead, formaldehyde, benzene, and ethylene oxide. Take special care to keep your abdomen safe while pregnant. Avoid sports that carry a higher risk for injury, such as contact sports and skiing, and always wear your seat belt. Check with your health care provider before taking any medication including over-the-counter drugs during pregnancy. Avoid environmental hazards such as X-rays and infectious diseases. […] You can also help ensure a healthy baby by finding out about and treating any health conditions you have before you try to conceive. If, for example, you know a previous miscarriage was due to an autoimmune response, seek treatment for this underlying condition. Once you become pregnant, get early, comprehensive prenatal care to improve your chances of a healthy pregnancy.

• #1

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/miscarriage/prevention/

  take a vitamin D supplement before you get pregnant and during pregnancy. […] It is important not to smoke, drink alcohol or use drugs if you are pregnant or trying to get pregnant. […] If you are trying for a baby or you become pregnant, check with your doctor: before taking any supplements – they can tell you if these are safe and how much to take […] if you need to change a medicine or dosage. […] Most miscarriages are not caused by anything you did. […] Anxiety and stress do not cause miscarriage. But it’s important to look after your mental health.

• #1 What is a miscarriage and how can I avoid it happening?

  https://www.marilynglenville.com/womens-health-issues/miscarriage/

  Any woman trying to become pregnant now knows about the importance of folic acid, which has been proven to prevent spina bifida. […] It is, therefore, important that both folic acid and vitamin B12 form a part of your supplement plan. […] Zinc is an essential component of genetic material and a zinc deficiency can cause chromosome changes in both partners, leading to an increased risk of miscarriage. […] Selenium is a powerful antioxidant and it can prevent chromosome breakage and DNA damage, which are known to be a cause of miscarriages and birth defects. […] Research shows that women with low levels of co-enzyme Q10 are at an increased risk of miscarriage, because good levels prevent the womb from contracting abnormally. […] These essential fats have a profound effect on every system of the body, including the reproductive system and they are crucial for healthy hormone functioning, help to prevent abnormal clotting and to control inflammation which may cause a miscarriage.

• #1 How to Prevent Miscarriage: Is It Possible?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/how-to-prevent-miscarriage

  A miscarriage cannot be prevented in most cases. […] While you cannot prevent a miscarriage, you can take steps to have a healthier pregnancy. This may lower the risk of a miscarriage by reducing the risk of possible causes of the premature end of the pregnancy. […] Rarely, doctors are able to find an issue that increases the risk for a miscarriage. In that case, treating the issue may help prevent a future miscarriage. […] Miscarriage cannot be prevented in most cases. However, you can improve your chances of a healthy pregnancy and possibly reduce your risk for miscarriage with these tips. […] If you have a health issue, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or an autoimmune disease, work with your doctor to properly treat or manage it. This can help prevent miscarriages when you become pregnant.

• #1 The Prevention of Miscarriage | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-19–pregnancy-shortening-etiology-prediction-and-prevention–the-prevention-of-miscarriage/id/419043

  A recent systematic review including 16 studies and more than 1200 male participants identified a strong association between high DNA damage in sperm and the risk of miscarriage. […] Thyroid dysfunction has been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. […] This has led researchers to suggest the use of exogenous progesterone supplementation for the prevention of miscarriage. […] In its latest guideline for recurrent pregnancy loss, the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) recommended the use of vaginal micronized progesterone at a dose of 400 mg twice daily for women with the dual risk factor of vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy and a history of three or more previous miscarriages, to be continued until 16 completed weeks of gestation. […] In women with PCOS, the use of metformin has been associated with a reduction in the composite outcome of late miscarriage and preterm delivery.

• #1 Can You Prevent Miscarriage? What You Need to Know

  https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/complications/miscarriage/preventing-miscarriage-is-there-anything-you-can-do/

  Dr. Zobel suggests that people who might become pregnant should limit or eliminate alcohol from their diets. She also says those who smoke or use recreational drugs should ask their doctors for support to help them quit because these substances might be linked to an increased risk of miscarriage. […] Besides improving your overall mood, effectively managing stress may also help the overall health of your pregnancy. A 2017 review of available studies in Scientific Reports found that stress might increase the risk of miscarriage by as much as 42%. […] According to Dr. Nichelson, elevated blood sugar can lead to fetal malformation and a subsequent loss, so pregnant people with diabetes should seek assistance and take care to manage their condition as best as possible. […] A study published in 2021 in Annals of Internal Medicine found that low-dose „baby” aspirin might help prevent another miscarriage. Specifically, taking one 81-milligram tablet each day while trying to conceive and throughout pregnancy was associated with more pregnancies, more live births, and fewer pregnancy losses in the trial participants as long as they strictly adhered to the aspirin regimen. […] While the strategies above may help lower your risk of a miscarriage, they can’t prevent it entirely.

• #1 Does nutrition play a role in preventing miscarriage? | The Dietologist

  https://thedietologist.com.au/does-nutrition-play-a-role-in-preventing-miscarriage/

  Folic acid (and folate) are critical nutrients for making genetic material, which is what chromosomes are made of! […] Niacin or vitamin B3 has been studied in terms of miscarriage, showing that low B3 status increased the risk of birth defects and miscarriage. […] Choline is not a vitamin or mineral, but it is emerging as an essential nutrient for supporting your babys brain development and supporting the establishment of the placenta during pregnancy. […] Undiagnosed Coeliac Disease can contribute to infertility and due to the lack of ability to absorb nutrients, it may contribute to unexplained miscarriages when it is not appropriately managed. […] Avoiding heavy metals like mercury and lead is important as these can be toxic to the body, including the reproductive system. High levels of mercury and lead have both been associated with miscarriage.

• #1 Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6516817/

  Progesterone, a female sex hormone, is known to induce secretory changes in the lining of the uterus essential for successful implantation of a fertilized egg. It has been suggested that a causative factor in many cases of miscarriage may be inadequate secretion of progesterone. Therefore, clinicians use progestogens (drugs that interact with the progesterone receptors), beginning in the first trimester of pregnancy, in an attempt to prevent spontaneous miscarriage. […] For women with unexplained recurrent miscarriages, supplementation with progestogen therapy may reduce the rate of miscarriage in subsequent pregnancies. […] We found evidence from randomized controlled trials that giving progestogen medication may prevent miscarriage for women with recurrent previous miscarriages. […] The metaanalysis of all women suggests that there may be a reduction in the number of miscarriages for women given progestogen supplementation compared to placebo/controls (average risk ratio (RR) 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54 to 1.00, 10 trials, 1684 women, moderate-quality evidence).

• #1 Miscarriage: causes, prevention and counselling – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/miscarriage-causes-prevention-and-counselling

  NICE currently recommends the use of vaginal micronised progesterone 400mg twice daily to women with an intrauterine pregnancy if they have vaginal bleeding and have previously experienced a miscarriage. If a foetal heartbeat is confirmed, progesterone can be continued until 16 weeks gestation. This is an off-label use of progesterone, and this treatment offers an increased chance of a successful birth for this patient group. This treatment option is not recommended for patients with no history of a previous miscarriage. […] For patients with APS and recurrent miscarriage, treatment with aspirin and heparin can also improve pregnancy outcomes and reduce the risk of miscarriage.

• #1 Taking progesterone to help prevent pregnancy loss | Tommy’sCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/miscarriage-information-and-support/pregnancy-after-miscarriage/taking-progesterone-early-pregnancy

  Progesterone is not an effective treatment for women and birthing people with an ectopic pregnancy or a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL). Sadly, it is not possible to save these types of pregnancies. […] If you have had 1 or 2 miscarriages, taking progesterone in early pregnancy may increase your chances of having a successful pregnancy by 5%. […] If you have had 3 or more miscarriages (recurrent miscarriage), taking progesterone in early pregnancy may increase your chances of having a successful pregnancy by 15%. […] The studies show progesterone will increase your chance of a successful pregnancy. […] NICE guidelines say that, as long as the pregnancy is in the womb, progesterone can be started straight away. […] NICE guidelines recommend taking progesterone until you are 16 weeks pregnant.

• #1 The Prevention of Miscarriage | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-19–pregnancy-shortening-etiology-prediction-and-prevention–the-prevention-of-miscarriage/id/419043

  Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown a reduction in miscarriage and increase in live birth with the combined use of low-dose aspirin and heparin compared with placebo in women with antiphospholipid syndrome and recurrent miscarriage. […] Studies suggest that the risk of first-trimester miscarriage is increased in women with septate and bicornuate uteri compared to women without uterine anomalies. […] Miscarriage is common, occurring most often because of embryonic aneuploidy. Despite physical, psychological and societal consequences of miscarriage, research into treatments aimed at preventing miscarriage remains scarce. Existing studies on lifestyle factors contributing to pregnancy loss are largely observational, and there is a paucity of interventional data for therapies aimed at preventing miscarriage.

• #1 Miscarriage: Risk Factors and Prevention | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-19–pregnancy-shortening-etiology-prediction-and-prevention–miscarriage-risk-factors-and-prevention/id/419023

  Progesterone deficiency could be a cause of miscarriage and RPL. Micronized vaginal progesterone treatment can therefore be considered for asymptomatic women with recurrent miscarriages and is likely to be more effective in women with many previous miscarriages. […] The NICE committee guideline on management, „Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management (NG126)” recommends using vaginal micronized progesterone to treat women with the dual risk factors of a history of one or more previous miscarriages and early pregnancy bleeding. This should be a course of treatment with vaginal micronized progesterone 400 mg twice daily, started at the time of presentation of vaginal bleeding up to 16 weeks. […] Anticoagulant therapy with low-dose aspirin, heparin, or both reduced the miscarriage rate (relative risk [RR] 0.48; 95% CI 0.320.71; low certainty evidence) and increased live birth rate (RR 1.27; 95% CI 1.091.49; low certainty evidence), compared with aspirin alone, in women with antiphospholipid syndrome and a history of recurrent miscarriage.

• #1 Low-molecular-weight heparin in the prevention of unexplained recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-62949-5

  The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to analyze the efficacy of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) from the beginning of pregnancy in terms of live birth rates (LBR) in U-RPL. […] The meta-analysis results showed that LMWH used in the treatment of U-RPL was not associated with an increase in LBR with a pooled OR of 1.01, a medium heterogeneity (26.42%) and no publication bias. […] The results highlight a non-significant effect of LMWH in U-RPL on LBR based on moderate quality evidence. […] In the context of unexplained RPL (U-RPL), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is prescribed in up to half of patients, despite not being supported by current guidelines. […] Literature in the clinical setting has however provided non-conclusive results as to whether LMWH administration does indeed impact live-birth rates.

• #1 Miscarriage: Risk Factors and Prevention | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-19–pregnancy-shortening-etiology-prediction-and-prevention–miscarriage-risk-factors-and-prevention/id/419023

  Treating evident thyroid disorders in the periconceptional period and pregnancy is an established practice for reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage. […] It is suggested to start levothyroxine treatment in the periconceptional time or early pregnancy for subclinical hypothyroidism in women who are trying to conceive, and treatment could be considered for women with subclinical hypothyroidism in whom thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations are above 4.0 mIU/L. […] As insulin resistance and resulting hyperinsulinemia are key metabolic features in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, their improvement, through metformin treatment, could improve pregnancy outcomes. […] Various immunological markers, including elevated concentrations of natural killer cells, dysregulated cytokines, and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies or other autoantibodies, have been linked to miscarriages.

• #1 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin for Miscarriage Prevention: A Review of Research – FACTS About Fertility

  https://www.factsaboutfertility.org/human-chorionic-gonadotropin-for-miscarriage-prevention-a-review-of-research/

  One treatment approach to potentially reduce the rate of miscarriage is supplemental human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placenta. This hormone prompts the corpus luteum to increase progesterone and estradiol, helping maintain the pregnancy. […] The study affirmed the use of hCG was safe in pregnancy with none of the five studies reporting any adverse effects. […] While the use of hCG may prevent recurrent miscarriages, additional studies with more power are needed to ensure statistical significance. Nevertheless, hCG remains a potential treatment option for women at risk for recurrent miscarriage, especially since there were no adverse events to mother or baby associated with its use in the five studies analyzed. […] hCG remains a potential treatment option for women at risk for recurrent miscarriage, especially since there were no adverse events to mother or baby associated with its use in the five studies analyzed.

• #1 Miscarriage: Risk Factors and Prevention | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-19–pregnancy-shortening-etiology-prediction-and-prevention–miscarriage-risk-factors-and-prevention/id/419023

  Therefore, there is insufficient evidence to recommend immunotherapy to prevent recurrent miscarriage. […] The prescription of extra vitamin D supplementation should be based on the blood concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and individual habit of daily sun uptake. […] Surgical interventions on uterine malformations depends on the type of anatomical anomalies and for some circumstances the surgical approach is controversial among experts.

• #1 Comprehensive Guide to Preventing Miscarriage: Identifying, Eliminating, and Curing – Antai Hospital – International Patent Miscarriage Specialist

  https://antaihospitals.com/comprehensive-guide-to-preventing-miscarriage-identifying-eliminating-and-curing/

  In conclusion, preventing miscarriage requires a comprehensive understanding of potential diseases and factors leading to pregnancy failure. Whether early or late-term miscarriage, a thorough understanding of specific reasons is the primary step in effective prevention. Each case is unique, emphasizing the importance of adopting personalized prevention strategies. […] Beijing Antai Hospital takes pride in its early miscarriage immune international patent technology, elevating individualized treatment to new heights, providing safer and more effective treatment options for early miscarriage patients. […] In late-term miscarriage treatment, the hospital has successfully developed the cervical cerclage technology, enhancing cervical support and effectively reducing the risk of late-term miscarriage caused by cervical weakness.

• #1 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (Recurrent Miscarriages) – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/fertility-infertility-reproductive-medicine/miscarriage-recurrent-pregnancy-loss

  Unfortunately, recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a common problem. As many as one in 20 women experience recurrent miscarriages. […] We will also provide close, supportive care and regular monitoring during your next pregnancy. Our team is available in person and virtually. […] Recurrent pregnancy loss increases your risk for having additional miscarriages, so its important to speak with your doctor about undergoing testing to identify any issues that may be impacting your ability to carry a healthy pregnancy. […] Treatment plans for preventing future pregnancy losses depend on what is causing the recurrent miscarriages. […] Your doctor may recommend a minimally invasive procedure called a hysteroscopy to fix the structural abnormality or remove any retained tissue. […] Your doctor may recommend a surgery called transabdominal cervical cerclage. This procedure can provide additional support to your cervix as the fetus grows.

• #1 Recurrent miscarriage | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/recurrent-miscarriage/

  If you have been found to have an inherited blood clotting condition, you may be offered heparin. […] If you have a uterine septum you may be offered an operation to correct this. […] If you have diabetes or thyroid disease, you will be supported to control this as well as possible before your next pregnancy. […] There is no evidence that progesterone treatment prevents recurrent miscarriage unless you experience bleeding in early pregnancy. […] It is very common that recurrent miscarriage is unexplained. In this situation, there is currently no evidence that any form of medical treatment will reduce your chance of a further miscarriage. […] Your chance of a successful pregnancy next time will depend on your individual circumstances but is likely to be good, even without changing anything.

• #1 Miscarriage Prevention: What Science Can Do And Why It’s Not Your Fault | News & Media | Calla Lily Clinical Care

  https://www.callali.ly/en-gb/news/2025-04-01/miscarriage-prevention-what-science-can-do-and-why-its-not-your-fault

  3. Correcting Structural Abnormalities […] Structural abnormalities in the uterus such as fibroids (non-cancerous growths) that hinder embryonic development can interfere with pregnancy. An ultrasound can usually pick up fibroids and other abnormalities pretty easily. […] 4. Addressing Blood Clotting Disorders […] Among women with clotting disorders like antiphospholipid syndrome, a combination of low-dose aspirin and the anticoagulant heparin may help support a healthy pregnancy, but these should only be taken in consultation with your doctor. […] 5. Preconception Counseling […] Preconception counseling helps women get ahead of potential issues, whether its screening for infections, updating vaccinations, or ensuring prenatal vitamins with folic acid are part of the routine. […] […] […] Lets be crystal clear: miscarriage is not your fault. […] This blame is not only unjust but harmful. It prevents women from seeking support, adds unnecessary shame, and perpetuates misinformation. It also stops them from seeking the evidence-based care they need.

• #1 Prevention and Management of Recurrent Miscarriage | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-75385-6_40

  Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies and affects 1% of couples who are trying to conceive. […] This chapter discusses the detailed clinical assessment of this condition looking for specific risk factors such as age, obesity, reproductive history, antiphospholipid syndrome, genetic factors, etc. that might be associated. […] Regardless of cause, a thorough clinical work-up and adequate follow-up with psychological support can help many couples achieve their goal. Life style modifications such as weight loss, diet and nutrition should also be implemented to improve outcome. […] The management of the condition in developing countries is hugely challenged by lack of infrastructure poor education, multiple myths, misinformation and stigmatisation.

• #1 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss – Causes, Testing, Treatments, and More

  https://www.cnyfertility.com/recurrent-pregnancy-loss/

  Antiphospholipid autoantibodies syndrome (APS) is an autoantibody-mediated disorder where antiphospholipid antibodies are produced by the immune system against itself. This can lead to blood clots, multiple miscarriages, and other pregnancy complications. […] Inflammation is another common cause of recurrent miscarriage. […] Uterine abnormalities or Mllerian duct anomalies are fairly uncommon (occurring in about 0.5% of women), but they can affect a womans fertility and cause recurrent miscarriages. […] Hormonal disorders like diabetes, Polycystic Ovary Syndrom (PCOS), and thyroid disease can also contribute to recurrent pregnancy loss. […] Following a second miscarriage, it is recommended that you go for testing to detect what may have caused the previous miscarriages. […] Treatment for recurrent miscarriage is based on the underlying cause of the condition.

• #1 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss – Causes, Testing, Treatments, and More

  https://www.cnyfertility.com/recurrent-pregnancy-loss/

  Recurrent pregnancy loss, as defined by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), is experiencing two or more miscarriages. […] Several other factors like systematic inflammation, autoimmunity, and more are also associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and likely have a significant impact on those experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss. […] Reproductive immunology treatment should be considered for patients who experience two failed IVF transfers or miscarriages. […] Genetically testing embryos and performing immunological testing can help to significantly reduce the chance of miscarriage and increase the odds of a live birth. […] Many cases of recurrent pregnancy loss are caused by Parental Compatibility (HLA mismatches), Natural Killer Cell, Cytotoxic Activity, Systemic Inflammation, Thrombophilia, Regulatory T-cell, and Autoimmunity.

• #1 Recurrent Miscarriage – Natural Treatment- Dr. Alison Hunter

  https://dralisonhunter.com/treatable-conditions/recurrent-miscarriage/

  Treatment administering a combination of low-dose aspirin and low-dose heparin may be effective in improving pregnancy outcome in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. […] A combination of IVF and PGD is often successful in preventing recurrent miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo.

• #1 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss – Causes, Testing, Treatments, and More

  https://www.cnyfertility.com/recurrent-pregnancy-loss/

  Pre-Implantation Genetic Testing (PGT) can be completed to test embryos for chromosomal abnormalities during the IVF process after they are retrieved and before they are transferred back to the uterus. […] Intralipids are administered 4-7 days prior to embryo transfer or insemination to improve implantation and reduce pregnancy loss by lowering the activity of the natural killer cells in our immune system. […] Low-dose aspirin treatment has been shown to increase pregnancy rates for patients undergoing IVF treatment by improving ovarian responsiveness, uterine and ovarian blood flow velocity, and implantation. […] Lovenox can also be prescribed in cases of recurrent miscarriage, especially when theres a known blood-clotting disorder. […] Vitamin D deficiency has been linked with recurrent pregnancy loss. The effects of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy are well documented and they include all of the following; preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, fetal growth restriction, preterm labor, and spontaneous abortion. […] If you have experienced two or more miscarriages, it is recommended that you go for testing and seek the assistance of a fertility specialist specially trained in reproductive immunology.

• #1 Miscarriage & Recurrent Pregnancy Loss – Causes, Prevention & Treatment

  https://www.santamonicafertility.com/known-causes-of-miscarriage/

  Because the underlying cause of most miscarriages is chromosomal abnormalities, the various therapies and techniques typically promoted for prevention are not proven and are unlikely to be useful. […] Treatments can vary, but many doctors recommend that women consider doing IVF with genetic testing (PGD or PGS), or consider using a donor egg, and transferring embryos that test normal. […] Treatment or correction of the underlying disease, deficiency, or abnormality may reduce the chance of future miscarriage for some patients. […] According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, medical treatments such as leukocyte (white blood cell) immunization and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy for preventing miscarriage have no proven benefit at this time. […] If you are experiencing a recurring pregnancy loss, its time to see a fertility specialist.

• #1 Usefulness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Miscarriage Surgery for Induced Abortion and Retained Products of Conception: a Narrative Review | Auctores

  https://www.auctoresonline.org/article/usefulness-of-antibiotic-prophylaxis-in-miscarriage-surgery-for-induced-abortion-and-retained-products-of-conception-a-narrative-review

  Usefulness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Miscarriage Surgery for Induced Abortion and Retained Products of Conception: a Narrative Review […] Background: Miscarriage surgery is one of the most performed surgeries worldwide. Prophylactic antibiotics aim to avoid postoperative pelvic infection. Its use and benefit are well-known in induced surgical abortion, but far more ambiguous for miscarriage surgery for retained products of conception. Objective: To investigate the usefulness of prophylactic antibiotics in miscarriage surgery for retained products of conception and induced abortion and evaluate the antibiotic regimen of preference. […] Conclusion: There is evidence that antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the risk of pelvic infection. Single dose preoperatively is favoured, for its effectiveness and patient compliance. Doxycycline and metronidazole are preferred, as for the type of antibiotics. There is limited evidence that antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical removal of retained products of conception or non-viable pregnancies might reduce the risk of pelvic infection.

• #1 Usefulness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Miscarriage Surgery for Induced Abortion and Retained Products of Conception: a Narrative Review | Auctores

  https://www.auctoresonline.org/article/usefulness-of-antibiotic-prophylaxis-in-miscarriage-surgery-for-induced-abortion-and-retained-products-of-conception-a-narrative-review

  The aim of prophylactic antibiotics in miscarriage surgery is to avoid pelvic infection, thereby preventing acute morbidity and mortality, as well as reducing the risk of infertility and extra-uterine pregnancies. […] Whilst antibiotic prophylaxis is often used in surgical interventions for induced abortion, data about its benefit in retained products of conception surgery, are less consistent. Some guidelines do not recommend antibiotics based on a lack of data, whilst others support its use based on hypothetical ground. Also, the optimal antibiotic regimen remains uncertain. […] There is sufficient data supporting the use of prophylactic antibiotics for induced surgical abortion. However, data on prophylactic antibiotics in surgery for retained products of conception, are far more ambiguous. Some studies suggest a significant reduction in infection rates in retained products of conception, when using oral doxycycline or metronidazole, whilst others fail to show a significant effect of antibiotics.

• #1 Usefulness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Miscarriage Surgery for Induced Abortion and Retained Products of Conception: a Narrative Review | Auctores

  https://www.auctoresonline.org/article/usefulness-of-antibiotic-prophylaxis-in-miscarriage-surgery-for-induced-abortion-and-retained-products-of-conception-a-narrative-review

  The most important and largest randomized controlled trial on this topic is the AIMS-trial and could only demonstrate a significant reduction in infections using strict diagnostic criteria for PID. […] As for the type of antibiotics of choice for prophylaxis in miscarriage surgery, there is more consistency. Since infections after obstetrical surgical interventions are usually caused by endogenous flora or STD, the antibiotic prophylaxis should cover gram-negative, -positive and anaerobic agents. Therefore, the combination of doxycycline and metronidazole tend to be the preferred. […] When comparing multiple versus single dose, the latter is to be preferred as to patient compliance. Given the plasma half-life of both doxycycline and metronidazole is over 10 hours, and given a curettage takes less than 30 minutes, a single dose may be considered sufficient. Therefore, antibiotic prophylaxis administered as a single dose pre-operatively is to be favored.

• #1 Usefulness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Miscarriage Surgery for Induced Abortion and Retained Products of Conception: a Narrative Review | Auctores

  https://www.auctoresonline.org/article/usefulness-of-antibiotic-prophylaxis-in-miscarriage-surgery-for-induced-abortion-and-retained-products-of-conception-a-narrative-review

  Another issue that remains uncertain, is whether a screen-and-treat-strategy should be preferred over universal prophylaxis. An advantage of a screen-and-treat-strategy is that only women who were tested positive would be treated, thereby avoiding unnecessary administration of antibiotics. […] Importantly, antibiotic prophylaxis is applicable in asymptomatic patients. Clinical examination remains of utmost importance, to rule out infection already present at the time of intervention. In that case the patient should be treated according to local therapeutic protocol. […] Further research should validate the benefit of prophylaxis in retained products of conception and clarify whether management should depend on the population profile.

• #1 Improving Miscarriage Prevention Research: a survey exploring the expectations of service users and stakeholders (IMPRESS) – a study protocol for a UK-based survey | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/7/e085929

  Miscarriage prevention is an active area of research driven by pronounced clinical need. Miscarriage, defined as the loss of a pregnancy prior to viability, poses not only physical risks but also significant psychological consequences. Regrettably, miscarriage is common, with 10% of the population experiencing at least one miscarriage and 2% experiencing recurrent miscarriage (RM), defined as two or more losses. […] Interventional clinical trials should be adequately powered to be able to detect a difference between treatments if one exists. These sample size calculations combine different statistical parameters including the target difference or effect size of the treatment. The target difference may reflect the minimum clinically important difference or be defined by parameters set by the researchers. The minimum clinically important difference represents the smallest change in treatment outcomes considered clinically meaningful.

• #1 How to prevent miscarriage with acupuncture » Dr Vitalis

  https://vitalis.co.nz/miscarriage/

  acupuncture demonstrates beneficial hormonal responses with decreased miscarriage rates […] There are two ways to prevent miscarriage: preconception care and early pregnancy support. Fertility acupuncture plays a role in both. […] An early study discovered, that women who had acupuncture leading to IVF had 50% fewer miscarriages. The most current studies also keep a good record, and women who have this natural therapy are more likely to end up with a baby. […] We recommend preconception care to every woman willing to prevent a miscarriage and have a healthy baby. […] The best way to prevent future pregnancy loss is by taking an integrative and holistic approach. […] Women who had acupuncture in early pregnancy had fewer miscarriages. […] A good example is this Australian study for first-trimester nausea. Participants received on average five acupuncture sessions. This brief course of treatment had a very beneficial side effect, it seemed to half their risk of miscarriage: only 5% of women in the study miscarried, compared to the average of 11% miscarriages in Australia.

• #1 Vaginal Progesterone for Miscarriage Prevention: How It Works and What to Expect: Complete Healthcare for Women: OB-GYNs

  https://www.complete-obgyn.com/blog/vaginal-progesterone-for-miscarriage-prevention-how-it-works-and-what-to-expect

  Progesterone is one of the most important hormones in early pregnancy, which plays a crucial role in supporting the uterine lining and maintaining a healthy pregnancy. In some cases, progesterone supplementation especially through the vaginal route may help reduce the risk of miscarriage. […] In some women, low progesterone levels can lead to a weakened uterine lining, which may increase the risk of early pregnancy loss or recurrent miscarriage. […] Vaginal progesterone is commonly prescribed for women at risk of miscarriage, particularly those with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. […] By administering progesterone directly to the vaginal tissue, absorption is enhanced, delivering the hormone more efficiently to the uterus compared to oral or injectable forms. This targeted delivery helps maintain a healthy pregnancy by stabilizing the uterine lining and reducing contractions.

• #1 Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/des-fact-sheet

  Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic form of the female hormone estrogen. It was prescribed to pregnant women between 1940 and 1971 to prevent miscarriage, premature labor, and related complications of pregnancy. […] Several studies have found increased risks of premature birth, miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy in females exposed to DES in utero. An analysis of updated data published in 2011 determined the cumulative risk of various fertility complications in DES daughters as follows: Infertility 33% […] Miscarriage (second trimester) 16% […] Some studies suggest that the increased risk of infertility in DES daughters is due mainly to uterine or fallopian tube problems. […] Women who know or believe they were exposed to DES before birth should be aware of the health effects of DES and inform their health care provider about their possible exposure. […] It is generally recommended that DES daughters follow the routine breast cancer screening recommendations for their age group.

• #1 The PROMISE trial – The Miscarriage Association

  https://www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/research/the-promise-trial/

  Over time, it is likely that doctors will stop prescribing progesterone to women who are pregnant after previous miscarriages, unless there are clear reasons to do so. […] The research makes it clear that progesterone isn’t harmful to you or your baby, so it’s up to you and your doctor to discuss whether to continue it or not. […] Above all, we hope you can find comfort in the fact that whether they had progesterone or the placebo, nearly two thirds of the women in the trial had their much-wanted baby. That means there is still a good chance of a healthy pregnancy after unexplained recurrent miscarriage without any treatment at all. […] They will continue to explore and test other treatments that really can reduce the risk of miscarriage.

• #1 Miscarriage: causes, prevention and counselling – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/miscarriage-causes-prevention-and-counselling

  Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of pregnancy during the first 23 weeks of gestation. It is a common experience where the products of conception (embryo or foetus and pregnancy tissue) detach from the uterus and pass through the vagina naturally, or with medical or surgical intervention. […] In 2020, 716,704 births were registered in the UK; however it is estimated that up to 1 in 4 women will miscarry during their pregnancy. This is likely to be an underestimate as women can miscarry without realising they are pregnant, or they may miscarry without seeking medical attention. […] This article explores the important role of pharmacists in positively impacting pregnancy, from providing information about suitable medication choices; helping patients to modify and reduce the risk factors associated with miscarriage during preconception and early pregnancy; and signposting to support available in the event of a miscarriage.

• #2 Miscarriage: causes, prevention and counselling – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/miscarriage-causes-prevention-and-counselling

  Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of pregnancy during the first 23 weeks of gestation. It is a common experience where the products of conception (embryo or foetus and pregnancy tissue) detach from the uterus and pass through the vagina naturally, or with medical or surgical intervention. […] In 2020, 716,704 births were registered in the UK; however it is estimated that up to 1 in 4 women will miscarry during their pregnancy. This is likely to be an underestimate as women can miscarry without realising they are pregnant, or they may miscarry without seeking medical attention. […] This article explores the important role of pharmacists in positively impacting pregnancy, from providing information about suitable medication choices; helping patients to modify and reduce the risk factors associated with miscarriage during preconception and early pregnancy; and signposting to support available in the event of a miscarriage.

• #2 Understanding Miscarriage — Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/understanding-miscarriage-prevention

  Most miscarriages are caused by genetic abnormalities in the fetus. Unfortunately, there is nothing that can be done to prevent miscarriages caused by genetic abnormalities. […] If you have had a miscarriage, work with your health care provider to determine the reason for your miscarriage, if possible, and to plan a future pregnancy. A healthy lifestyle before and during pregnancy may help. Here are some tips that may help prevent miscarriage: Be sure to take at least 400 mcg of folic acid every day, beginning at least one to two months before conception, if possible. Exercise regularly. Eat healthy, well-balanced meals. Manage stress. Keep your weight within normal limits. Don’t smoke and stay away from secondhand smoke. Don’t drink alcohol or have more than one to two cups of a caffeinated beverage like coffee a day. Avoid illicit drugs. Make sure you are up to date on immunizations.

• #2 The Prevention of Miscarriage | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-19–pregnancy-shortening-etiology-prediction-and-prevention–the-prevention-of-miscarriage/id/419043

  Miscarriage refers to the loss of a clinical pregnancy before viability, whose threshold is usually considered to be between 22 and 24 completed weeks of gestation. It is estimated that miscarriage affects approximately 1 in 6 clinical pregnancies, exerting huge physical and psychological burden on individuals, couples, their families and society in general, with significant implications upon countries workforces and healthcare resources. This chapter focuses on modifiable risk factors and evidence-based interventions to prevent miscarriage. […] Strategies to optimize maternal weight include a focus on weight management in the preconception period, aiming for weight-neutral pregnancies, supporting women to achieve optimum body weight in between pregnancies, offering individuals a target weight to work towards, and optimizing nutrition overall.

• #2 Miscarriage – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pregnancy-loss-miscarriage/symptoms-causes/syc-20354298

  Often, there’s nothing you can do to prevent a miscarriage. Instead, focus on taking good care of yourself and your unborn baby: […] If you’ve had one or more prior miscarriages, ask your health care professional if you should take low-dose aspirin. […] Stay away from miscarriage risk factors such as smoking, drinking alcohol and illegal drug use. […] Limit caffeine. Many experts recommend having no more than 200 milligrams per day while pregnant. This is the amount of caffeine in a 12-ounce cup of brewed coffee. Also, check food labels for amounts of caffeine. The effects of caffeine aren’t clear for your unborn baby and higher amounts may include miscarriage or preterm birth. Ask your pregnancy care team what’s right for you.

• #2 Does nutrition play a role in preventing miscarriage? | The Dietologist

  https://thedietologist.com.au/does-nutrition-play-a-role-in-preventing-miscarriage/

  Unfortunately, there are no guaranteed ways to prevent miscarriages, however, there are certainly some things you can do to prevent it from happening. […] There is no sure-fire way to prevent a miscarriage, I know you want to do everything you can to give yourself the best chance, and diet is often the first place we turn to. […] Omega-3 fatty acids, are healthy unsaturated fats that are important in helping maintain a healthy egg and reduce inflammation around your egg. […] About 50% of miscarriages occur due to chromosomal or genetic abnormalities. […] Easier said than done, thats for sure! But unfortunately, the data shows that women with higher or low body mass indexes (BMIs) are at increased risk of miscarriages. […] Antioxidants are found in a range of fruits and vegetables and are known to help protect cells (including eggs and sperm) from damage, which can leave the genetic material inside at risk of damage too.

• #2 Miscarriage: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9688-miscarriage

  How can I prevent another miscarriage? […] It’s usually not possible to prevent a miscarriage. If you have a miscarriage, it’s not because you did something to cause it. Taking care of your body is the best thing you can do. Some examples of ways to care for yourself include: […] Avoiding risk factors for miscarriage like drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes. […] Attending all your prenatal care appointments. […] Maintaining a weight that’s healthy for you. […] Taking a prenatal vitamin. […] Getting regular exercise and eating a healthy diet.

• #2 Can You Prevent Miscarriage? What You Need to Know

  https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/complications/miscarriage/preventing-miscarriage-is-there-anything-you-can-do/

  Dr. Zobel suggests that people who might become pregnant should limit or eliminate alcohol from their diets. She also says those who smoke or use recreational drugs should ask their doctors for support to help them quit because these substances might be linked to an increased risk of miscarriage. […] Besides improving your overall mood, effectively managing stress may also help the overall health of your pregnancy. A 2017 review of available studies in Scientific Reports found that stress might increase the risk of miscarriage by as much as 42%. […] According to Dr. Nichelson, elevated blood sugar can lead to fetal malformation and a subsequent loss, so pregnant people with diabetes should seek assistance and take care to manage their condition as best as possible. […] A study published in 2021 in Annals of Internal Medicine found that low-dose „baby” aspirin might help prevent another miscarriage. Specifically, taking one 81-milligram tablet each day while trying to conceive and throughout pregnancy was associated with more pregnancies, more live births, and fewer pregnancy losses in the trial participants as long as they strictly adhered to the aspirin regimen. […] While the strategies above may help lower your risk of a miscarriage, they can’t prevent it entirely.

• #2 Can You Prevent Miscarriage? What You Need to Know

  https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/complications/miscarriage/preventing-miscarriage-is-there-anything-you-can-do/

  While the majority of miscarriages cannot be prevented, there are ways to prepare for a healthy pregnancy and reduce your risk of pregnancy loss. […] That said, taking certain steps before and during pregnancy may help pave the way for a lower-risk pregnancy, points out Erika Nichelson, DO, a board-certified OB-GYN at the UPMC Pinnacle Obstetrics and Gynecology Specialists. Ahead, learn more about recommendations for lowering the risk of a miscarriage and supporting a healthy pregnancy. […] „Preparing for pregnancy by modifying diet and exercise, limiting stress, optimizing chronic medical disorders, and beginning prenatal vitamins is ideal for all pregnancies,” Dr. Zobel notes. Choose a prenatal vitamin with at least 400 mcg of folic acid to help lower the risk of certain congenital anomalies that may also be associated with miscarriage.

• #2 Does nutrition play a role in preventing miscarriage? | The Dietologist

  https://thedietologist.com.au/does-nutrition-play-a-role-in-preventing-miscarriage/

  Folic acid (and folate) are critical nutrients for making genetic material, which is what chromosomes are made of! […] Niacin or vitamin B3 has been studied in terms of miscarriage, showing that low B3 status increased the risk of birth defects and miscarriage. […] Choline is not a vitamin or mineral, but it is emerging as an essential nutrient for supporting your babys brain development and supporting the establishment of the placenta during pregnancy. […] Undiagnosed Coeliac Disease can contribute to infertility and due to the lack of ability to absorb nutrients, it may contribute to unexplained miscarriages when it is not appropriately managed. […] Avoiding heavy metals like mercury and lead is important as these can be toxic to the body, including the reproductive system. High levels of mercury and lead have both been associated with miscarriage.

• #2 What is a miscarriage and how can I avoid it happening?

  https://www.marilynglenville.com/womens-health-issues/miscarriage/

  It is thought that Vitamin D plays a role in helping the body to maintain a pregnancy and overcoming problems with your immune system which may make it difficult to stay pregnant. […] There are a number of herbs that can be very helpful in the prevention of miscarriage, and they should be taken during the four-month preconceptual period. […] The analysis of these results lets you know what supplements you need to take in order to bring your body back into balance and into optimum health. […] The supplement programme below should be taken for at least three months in order to achieve best results.

• #2 Miscarriage: Risk Factors and Prevention | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-19–pregnancy-shortening-etiology-prediction-and-prevention–miscarriage-risk-factors-and-prevention/id/419023

  Treating evident thyroid disorders in the periconceptional period and pregnancy is an established practice for reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage. […] It is suggested to start levothyroxine treatment in the periconceptional time or early pregnancy for subclinical hypothyroidism in women who are trying to conceive, and treatment could be considered for women with subclinical hypothyroidism in whom thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations are above 4.0 mIU/L. […] As insulin resistance and resulting hyperinsulinemia are key metabolic features in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, their improvement, through metformin treatment, could improve pregnancy outcomes. […] Various immunological markers, including elevated concentrations of natural killer cells, dysregulated cytokines, and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies or other autoantibodies, have been linked to miscarriages.

• #2 Preventing Recurrent Miscarriage | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/recurrent-miscarriage/prevention

  Most recurrent miscarriages are caused by an abnormality in the embryos chromosomes. The mothers age can be a factor, too, but there are steps you can take to increase your odds of a successful pregnancy. […] Smoking tobacco has been linked with reduced fertility in women and a higher risk of miscarriage, in which a pregnancy ends before the 20th week. Its important to quit smoking before you try to conceive a baby. […] Certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) increase your risk of miscarriage. […] Visit your NYU Langone doctor to be screened for pelvic inflammatory disease, chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, and herpes, all of which increase the risk of miscarriage. […] At NYU Langone, our doctors recommend that all women trying to conceive take folic acid daily. This vitamin B supplement can help reduce your chances of miscarriage and birth defects. […] If blood tests reveal that your blood sugar is high or that you have diabetes, losing weight, exercising regularly, and eating nutritious foods may reverse the disease and improve your chances of a successful pregnancy.

• #2 Miscarriage prevention | Huggies® US

  https://www.huggies.com/en-us/resources/pregnancy/complications-and-miscarriages/how-to-prevent-a-miscarriage

  Smoking cigarettes is another modifiable risk factor. […] Studies have found that drinking 3 or more units of alcohol per week in the first 10 weeks of gestation increases the likelihood of miscarriage. […] Women who have preexisting medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, or lupus are at an increased risk of having a miscarriage. […] Untreated chronic conditions not only reduce the likelihood of conceiving in the first place they also increase the likelihood of miscarriage. […] It is important that you see your doctor or midwife if you start bleeding at any stage during your pregnancy.

• #2 Progestogen for preventing miscarriage | Cochrane

  https://www.cochrane.org/CD003511/PREG_progestogen-preventing-miscarriage

  Progestogen for preventing miscarriage […] Early pregnancy loss, also known as miscarriage, generally occurs in the first trimester. For some women and their partners, miscarriages can happen several times, also known as recurrent miscarriages. […] Supplementing these women with medications that act like progesterone (these are called progestogens) has been suggested as a possible way to prevent recurrent miscarriage. […] We found evidence from randomized controlled trials that giving progestogen medication may prevent miscarriage for women with recurrent previous miscarriages. […] For women with unexplained recurrent miscarriages, supplementation with progestogen therapy may reduce the rate of miscarriage in subsequent pregnancies.

• #2 Taking progesterone to help prevent pregnancy loss | Tommy’sCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/miscarriage-information-and-support/pregnancy-after-miscarriage/taking-progesterone-early-pregnancy

  Progesterone is a hormone that plays an important role in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining a pregnancy in the early stages. If you have miscarried before and are bleeding in early pregnancy, you may benefit from taking progesterone. […] Progesterone also helps your body maintain your pregnancy in the early stages. It helps to prevent miscarriage. […] Research has shown that taking progesterone may prevent a miscarriage if you: are bleeding in early pregnancy (before 12 weeks) and you have had 1 or more miscarriages before. […] The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) says you should be offered progesterone if: you are bleeding in early pregnancy (before 12 weeks) and you have had a miscarriage before and your pregnancy is checked and in the right place in the womb (uterus) by an ultrasound scan.

• #2 Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6516817/

  There was probably a slight benefit for women receiving progestogen seen in the outcome of live birth rate (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.13, 6 trials, 1411 women, moderate-quality evidence). […] We are uncertain about the effect on the rate of preterm birth because the evidence is very low-quality (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.53 to 2.41, 4 trials, 256 women, very low-quality evidence). […] The secondary outcome of live birth rate was also probably improved with progesterone therapy (moderate-quality evidence). This is mainly driven by the primary outcome of reduced miscarriages, as the rates of stillbirth, if reported at all, were typically very low or zero.

• #2 Taking progesterone to help prevent pregnancy loss | Tommy’sCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/miscarriage-information-and-support/pregnancy-after-miscarriage/taking-progesterone-early-pregnancy

  Progesterone is not an effective treatment for women and birthing people with an ectopic pregnancy or a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL). Sadly, it is not possible to save these types of pregnancies. […] If you have had 1 or 2 miscarriages, taking progesterone in early pregnancy may increase your chances of having a successful pregnancy by 5%. […] If you have had 3 or more miscarriages (recurrent miscarriage), taking progesterone in early pregnancy may increase your chances of having a successful pregnancy by 15%. […] The studies show progesterone will increase your chance of a successful pregnancy. […] NICE guidelines say that, as long as the pregnancy is in the womb, progesterone can be started straight away. […] NICE guidelines recommend taking progesterone until you are 16 weeks pregnant.

• #2 Miscarriage: causes, prevention and counselling – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/miscarriage-causes-prevention-and-counselling

  NICE currently recommends the use of vaginal micronised progesterone 400mg twice daily to women with an intrauterine pregnancy if they have vaginal bleeding and have previously experienced a miscarriage. If a foetal heartbeat is confirmed, progesterone can be continued until 16 weeks gestation. This is an off-label use of progesterone, and this treatment offers an increased chance of a successful birth for this patient group. This treatment option is not recommended for patients with no history of a previous miscarriage. […] For patients with APS and recurrent miscarriage, treatment with aspirin and heparin can also improve pregnancy outcomes and reduce the risk of miscarriage.

• #2 Miscarriage: Risk Factors and Prevention | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-19–pregnancy-shortening-etiology-prediction-and-prevention–miscarriage-risk-factors-and-prevention/id/419023

  Progesterone deficiency could be a cause of miscarriage and RPL. Micronized vaginal progesterone treatment can therefore be considered for asymptomatic women with recurrent miscarriages and is likely to be more effective in women with many previous miscarriages. […] The NICE committee guideline on management, „Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management (NG126)” recommends using vaginal micronized progesterone to treat women with the dual risk factors of a history of one or more previous miscarriages and early pregnancy bleeding. This should be a course of treatment with vaginal micronized progesterone 400 mg twice daily, started at the time of presentation of vaginal bleeding up to 16 weeks. […] Anticoagulant therapy with low-dose aspirin, heparin, or both reduced the miscarriage rate (relative risk [RR] 0.48; 95% CI 0.320.71; low certainty evidence) and increased live birth rate (RR 1.27; 95% CI 1.091.49; low certainty evidence), compared with aspirin alone, in women with antiphospholipid syndrome and a history of recurrent miscarriage.

• #2 Low-molecular-weight heparin in the prevention of unexplained recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-62949-5

  Two recent meta-analyses based on randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) concluded that LMWH has no beneficial effects on U-RPL. […] The objective of our systematic review and meta-analysis is thus to properly assess whether LMWH administration has an impact on live birth rates in women affected by U-RPL. […] The results of our meta-analysis show a non-significant effect of LMWH in U-RPL on LBR based on moderate quality registered RCTs. […] Altogether, our meta-analysis however does not support the use of LMWH in any subgroup of women with U-RPL. […] Current evidence thus discourages the use of LMWH in U-RPL, but highlights the need for further RCTs properly accounting for previous fetal karyotype, use of vaginal progesterone, patients BMI and mean of conception (spontaneous versus ART).

• #2 The Prevention of Miscarriage | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-19–pregnancy-shortening-etiology-prediction-and-prevention–the-prevention-of-miscarriage/id/419043

  A recent systematic review including 16 studies and more than 1200 male participants identified a strong association between high DNA damage in sperm and the risk of miscarriage. […] Thyroid dysfunction has been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. […] This has led researchers to suggest the use of exogenous progesterone supplementation for the prevention of miscarriage. […] In its latest guideline for recurrent pregnancy loss, the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) recommended the use of vaginal micronized progesterone at a dose of 400 mg twice daily for women with the dual risk factor of vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy and a history of three or more previous miscarriages, to be continued until 16 completed weeks of gestation. […] In women with PCOS, the use of metformin has been associated with a reduction in the composite outcome of late miscarriage and preterm delivery.

• #2 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin for Miscarriage Prevention: A Review of Research – FACTS About Fertility

  https://www.factsaboutfertility.org/human-chorionic-gonadotropin-for-miscarriage-prevention-a-review-of-research/

  After excluding the older, lower-powered studies, this meta-analysis was unable to provide statistically significant evidence to support the use of hCG to prevent recurrent miscarriages. Despite this limitation, hCG remains a promising alternative for women and couples as we await more data to assess its full impact in maintaining a viable pregnancy.

• #2 What treatments prevent miscarriage after recurrent pregnancy loss? | MDedge Family Medicine

  https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/61033/womens-health/what-treatments-prevent-miscarriage-after-recurrent

  Progesterone produces a small but significant decrease in miscarriage among pregnant women with 3 or more unexplained pregnancy losses (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, based on a meta-analysis of 3 small randomized controlled trials [RCTs] with wide confidence intervals). […] Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) reduces the rate of recurrent pregnancy loss among women with 2 or more unexplained pregnancy losses (SOR: B, based on a meta-analysis of 4 RCTs with significant methodologic weaknesses). […] Four types of immunotherapy are ineffective for preventing miscarriage (SOR: A, based on RCTs and systematic reviews of RCTs). […] Aspirin therapy is ineffective for preventing recurrent miscarriage for women who do not have an autoimmune explanation for previous pregnancy losses (SOR: A, based on RCTs).

• #2 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss – Causes, Testing, Treatments, and More

  https://www.cnyfertility.com/recurrent-pregnancy-loss/

  Antiphospholipid autoantibodies syndrome (APS) is an autoantibody-mediated disorder where antiphospholipid antibodies are produced by the immune system against itself. This can lead to blood clots, multiple miscarriages, and other pregnancy complications. […] Inflammation is another common cause of recurrent miscarriage. […] Uterine abnormalities or Mllerian duct anomalies are fairly uncommon (occurring in about 0.5% of women), but they can affect a womans fertility and cause recurrent miscarriages. […] Hormonal disorders like diabetes, Polycystic Ovary Syndrom (PCOS), and thyroid disease can also contribute to recurrent pregnancy loss. […] Following a second miscarriage, it is recommended that you go for testing to detect what may have caused the previous miscarriages. […] Treatment for recurrent miscarriage is based on the underlying cause of the condition.

• #2 Miscarriage & Recurrent Pregnancy Loss – Causes, Prevention & Treatment

  https://www.santamonicafertility.com/known-causes-of-miscarriage/

  Because the underlying cause of most miscarriages is chromosomal abnormalities, the various therapies and techniques typically promoted for prevention are not proven and are unlikely to be useful. […] Treatments can vary, but many doctors recommend that women consider doing IVF with genetic testing (PGD or PGS), or consider using a donor egg, and transferring embryos that test normal. […] Treatment or correction of the underlying disease, deficiency, or abnormality may reduce the chance of future miscarriage for some patients. […] According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, medical treatments such as leukocyte (white blood cell) immunization and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy for preventing miscarriage have no proven benefit at this time. […] If you are experiencing a recurring pregnancy loss, its time to see a fertility specialist.

• #2 Usefulness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Miscarriage Surgery for Induced Abortion and Retained Products of Conception: a Narrative Review | Auctores

  https://www.auctoresonline.org/article/usefulness-of-antibiotic-prophylaxis-in-miscarriage-surgery-for-induced-abortion-and-retained-products-of-conception-a-narrative-review

  The aim of prophylactic antibiotics in miscarriage surgery is to avoid pelvic infection, thereby preventing acute morbidity and mortality, as well as reducing the risk of infertility and extra-uterine pregnancies. […] Whilst antibiotic prophylaxis is often used in surgical interventions for induced abortion, data about its benefit in retained products of conception surgery, are less consistent. Some guidelines do not recommend antibiotics based on a lack of data, whilst others support its use based on hypothetical ground. Also, the optimal antibiotic regimen remains uncertain. […] There is sufficient data supporting the use of prophylactic antibiotics for induced surgical abortion. However, data on prophylactic antibiotics in surgery for retained products of conception, are far more ambiguous. Some studies suggest a significant reduction in infection rates in retained products of conception, when using oral doxycycline or metronidazole, whilst others fail to show a significant effect of antibiotics.

• #2 Improving Miscarriage Prevention Research: a survey exploring the expectations of service users and stakeholders (IMPRESS) – a study protocol for a UK-based survey | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/7/e085929

  Consensus on stakeholder views of a meaningful target difference is needed to inform clinical trial design and the interpretation of results. Adaptive trial designs, such as those using a Bayesian framework, may also use stakeholder views on meaningful differences to influence decisions about when to stop a trial early if the trial meets the criteria for success or futility. […] This study aims to understand stakeholder views on a meaningful target difference and stopping criteria for miscarriage prevention trials. The primary outcome will be a meaningful target difference if there is a 50% chance of having a successful pregnancy without the new treatment. Secondary outcomes will look at whether varying the likelihood of successful pregnancy without treatment affects what the respondent considers a meaningful target difference, the effect of investigation invasiveness on consideration of meaningful target difference and thresholds for stopping criteria in clinical trials. […] It is hoped that the findings will inform the design and conduct of future miscarriage trials. It is anticipated that the findings will expand the knowledge base of patients and healthcare professionals expectations of miscarriage prevention treatment.

• #2 How to prevent miscarriage with acupuncture » Dr Vitalis

  https://vitalis.co.nz/miscarriage/

  Acupuncture may be helpful for early pregnancy bleeding, otherwise known as a threatened miscarriage. […] But we can. We can support your pregnancy with acupuncture. In this small study, women with early pregnancy bleeding who received this time-proven therapy had less threatened miscarriage symptoms like bleeding, cramping and back pain. […] Furthermore, acupuncture is known to reduce stress and anxiety. […] Acupuncture has a huge potential to reduce the risk. Supportive care and stress-relief reduce the rates of unexplained recurrent miscarriage.

• #2 Vaginal Progesterone for Miscarriage Prevention: How It Works and What to Expect: Complete Healthcare for Women: OB-GYNs

  https://www.complete-obgyn.com/blog/vaginal-progesterone-for-miscarriage-prevention-how-it-works-and-what-to-expect

  Most women prescribed vaginal progesterone for miscarriage prevention continue using it until 10-12 weeks of pregnancy when the placenta takes over progesterone production. […] While vaginal progesterone can help reduce the risk of miscarriage, it does not guarantee a full-term pregnancy. Other factors, such as genetic conditions or structural abnormalities, may also contribute to pregnancy loss.

• #2 Recurrent miscarriage | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/recurrent-miscarriage/

  If you have been found to have an inherited blood clotting condition, you may be offered heparin. […] If you have a uterine septum you may be offered an operation to correct this. […] If you have diabetes or thyroid disease, you will be supported to control this as well as possible before your next pregnancy. […] There is no evidence that progesterone treatment prevents recurrent miscarriage unless you experience bleeding in early pregnancy. […] It is very common that recurrent miscarriage is unexplained. In this situation, there is currently no evidence that any form of medical treatment will reduce your chance of a further miscarriage. […] Your chance of a successful pregnancy next time will depend on your individual circumstances but is likely to be good, even without changing anything.

• #2 How to Prevent Miscarriage: Is It Possible?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/how-to-prevent-miscarriage

  A miscarriage cannot be prevented in most cases. […] While you cannot prevent a miscarriage, you can take steps to have a healthier pregnancy. This may lower the risk of a miscarriage by reducing the risk of possible causes of the premature end of the pregnancy. […] Rarely, doctors are able to find an issue that increases the risk for a miscarriage. In that case, treating the issue may help prevent a future miscarriage. […] Miscarriage cannot be prevented in most cases. However, you can improve your chances of a healthy pregnancy and possibly reduce your risk for miscarriage with these tips. […] If you have a health issue, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or an autoimmune disease, work with your doctor to properly treat or manage it. This can help prevent miscarriages when you become pregnant.

• #3 Miscarriage prevention | Huggies® US

  https://www.huggies.com/en-us/resources/pregnancy/complications-and-miscarriages/how-to-prevent-a-miscarriage

  Miscarriage prevention is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation, though 80% of miscarriages will occur in the first 13 weeks. […] Preventing it from occurring is not only difficult, but in many cases is almost impossible. […] Many researchers believe that miscarriage is nature’s way of stopping an imperfect embryo from maturing. […] However, there are certain risk factors which are known to increase the likelihood of miscarriage. Some are known as being modifiable, because, to some extent, it is possible for a couple to change certain lifestyle factors which in turn reduce the overall risk of miscarriage. […] The chances of having pregnancy and delivery complications are also magnified when overweight. The risks of having recurrent miscarriages are also increased; it makes sense then to lose weight even before conceiving.

• #3 Enoxaparin for prevention of unexplained recurrent miscarriage: a multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4432556/

  The use of low-molecular-weight heparin did not improve live-birth rates in nonthrombophilic women with consecutive recurrent miscarriage. […] Prophylactic doses of low-molecular-weight heparin should no longer be prescribed in this clinical setting. […] In conclusion, in this first reported randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, enoxaparin given at a daily dose of 40 mg did not improve the chance of a live birth in nonthrombophilic women with a history of unexplained recurrent miscarriage. Prophylactic doses of LMWH do not improve the chance of a live birth in nonthrombophilic women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage and should consequently no longer be routinely prescribed in this clinical setting.

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