Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Early Pregnancy Loss (Spontaneous Abortion) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560521/

  Early pregnancy loss can be managed expectantly, medically, or surgically. […] Expectant management may be continued safely for as long as the patient desires, provided infection and hemorrhage do not develop. […] Misoprostol is the primary drug used to manage early pregnancy loss. […] Surgical management is indicated in all patients with contraindications to expectant and medical management, including patients with hemodynamic instability, uterine hemorrhage, or septic miscarriages, who all require emergent uterine evacuation. […] The differential diagnosis of early pregnancy loss primarily involves consideration of the underlying etiologies of vaginal bleeding early in pregnancy. […] The prognosis of early pregnancy loss is typically good. […] Recurrent pregnancy loss can vary slightly but is often defined as the spontaneous loss of 2 to 3 pregnancies.

• #2 Early Pregnancy Loss: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/266317-overview

  Early pregnancy loss, or miscarriage, is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks. […] In the first trimester, embryonic causes of spontaneous abortion are the predominant etiology and account for 80-90% of miscarriages. […] Second transvaginal sonogram obtained 1 week after the initial study fails to demonstrate fetal development. This confirms the diagnosis of an embryonic pregnancy. […] Examination in women with suspected early pregnancy loss includes the following: Assessment of hemodynamic stability, including vital signs. […] The pelvic examination checklist includes assessment of the following: Source of bleeding (cervical os). […] Testing: Laboratory studies used in the evaluation of early pregnancy loss include the following: Complete blood count with differential. […] Imaging studies: Perform pelvic ultrasonography using a vaginal probe to rule out an ectopic pregnancy, retained products of conception, hematometra, or other etiologies.

• #3 Early Pregnancy Loss | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2018/11/early-pregnancy-loss

  ABSTRACT: Early pregnancy loss, or loss of an intrauterine pregnancy within the first trimester, is encountered commonly in clinical practice. Obstetricians and gynecologists should understand the use of various diagnostic tools to differentiate between viable and nonviable pregnancies and offer the full range of therapeutic options to patients, including expectant, medical, and surgical management. The purpose of this Practice Bulletin is to review diagnostic approaches and describe options for the management of early pregnancy loss. […] Common symptoms of early pregnancy loss, such as vaginal bleeding and uterine cramping, also are common in normal gestation, ectopic pregnancy, and molar pregnancy. Before initiating treatment, it is important to distinguish early pregnancy loss from other early pregnancy complications. Treatment of an early pregnancy loss before confirmed diagnosis can have detrimental consequences, including interruption of a normal pregnancy, pregnancy complications, or birth defects. Therefore, a thorough evaluation is needed to make a definitive diagnosis. In combination with a thorough medical history and physical examination, ultrasonography and serum -hCG testing can be helpful in making a highly certain diagnosis.

• #4 Early Pregnancy Loss (Spontaneous Abortion) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560521/

  Early pregnancy loss, characterized by the spontaneous termination of an intrauterine pregnancy during the first trimester, presents a complex clinical scenario requiring multifaceted understanding and management. […] Accurate diagnosis, particularly in the early stages of gestation, can pose a significant challenge, and the lack of a comprehensive understanding of risk factors, differential diagnoses, and a failure to tailor management strategies to individual patient needs may result in suboptimal care. […] Identify the essential steps to diagnose early pregnancy loss. […] Verifying the location of a pregnancy within the uterus and assessing viability are the next steps in evaluating early pregnancy loss. Accurate diagnosis of early pregnancy loss is essential before initiating any treatment to prevent unintended consequences, including termination of a normally developing early pregnancy or engineering birth defects.

• #5 Symptoms & diagnosis – The Miscarriage Association

  https://www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/information/miscarriage/symptoms-diagnosis/

  The main symptoms of miscarriage are vaginal bleeding or spotting, with or without abdominal pain or cramping. But sometimes there are no obvious signs at all. […] If you have bleeding or spotting as well as pain, that might be a sign of miscarriage. […] Lack or loss of pregnancy symptoms can also sometimes be a sign of miscarriage, but like pain and bleeding, that doesn’t necessarily mean there is a problem. […] In some cases, there are no signs at all that anything is wrong and miscarriage is diagnosed only during a routine scan. […] Miscarriage is usually diagnosed or confirmed on an ultrasound scan or scans. The person doing the scan needs to be absolutely certain that the baby (or fetus or embryo) has died or not developed, and they may need more than one scan to confirm that usually with a gap of at least one week. […] In some cases, especially in later (second trimester) pregnancy, there may be no need for the miscarriage to be confirmed by scan. The physical process of bleeding, pain and passing a recognisable pregnancy sac or delivering a baby, is confirmation in itself.

• #6 Miscarriage: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9688-miscarriage

  A miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation. Most miscarriages happen in the first trimester of pregnancy. Chromosomal problems cause most miscarriages. […] A miscarriage (also called a spontaneous abortion) is the unexpected ending of a pregnancy in the first 20 weeks of gestation. Just because its called a miscarriage doesnt mean you did something wrong in carrying the pregnancy. Most miscarriages are beyond your control and occur because the fetus stops growing. […] Your pregnancy care provider may diagnose you with the following types of miscarriage: […] How do I know if Im having a miscarriage? […] You may not be aware youre having a miscarriage. In those who do have symptoms of miscarriage, the most common signs are: […] Chromosomal abnormalities cause about 50% of all miscarriages in the first trimester (up to 13 weeks) of pregnancy.

• #7 Miscarriage: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001488.htm

  A miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. […] A miscarriage may also be called a „spontaneous abortion.” […] Your health care provider may also use the term „threatened miscarriage.” The symptoms of this condition are abdominal cramps with or without vaginal bleeding. They are a sign that a miscarriage may occur. […] Most miscarriages are caused by chromosome problems that make it impossible for the fetus to develop. […] Around half of all fertilized eggs die and are lost (aborted) spontaneously, usually before the woman knows she is pregnant. Among women who know they are pregnant, about 10% to 25% will have a miscarriage. […] Possible symptoms of miscarriage may include: Low back pain or abdominal pain that is dull, sharp, or cramping; Tissue or clot-like material that passes from the vagina; Vaginal bleeding, with or without abdominal cramps.

• #8 Miscarriage | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/miscarriage

  If you think you are having, or have had, a miscarriage, you should see a doctor or go to an emergency department. […] Most of the problems that cause miscarriage happen by chance and are not likely to happen again. […] There is no right time to try for another pregnancy. […] If you have an Rh negative blood group, you will require an injection of anti-D immunoglobulin following a miscarriage. […] Although the common reasons for miscarriage cannot be prevented, you can improve your chances for long-term fertility and a successful pregnancy by: stopping smoking, taking regular exercise and having a balanced diet, reducing stress, maintaining your weight within recommended limits. […] It is recommended that all women planning a pregnancy take folic acid as it helps promote the normal development of a baby’s nervous system.

• #9 Early Pregnancy Loss | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2018/11/early-pregnancy-loss

  Ultrasonography, if available, is the preferred modality to verify the presence of a viable intrauterine gestation. In some instances, making a diagnosis of early pregnancy loss is fairly straightforward and requires limited testing or imaging. […] The use of ultrasound criteria to confirm the diagnosis of early pregnancy loss was initially reported in the early 1990s, shortly after vaginal ultrasonography became widely available. […] Based on these studies, the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Multispecialty Panel on Early First Trimester Diagnosis of Miscarriage and Exclusion of a Viable Intrauterine Pregnancy created guidelines that are considerably more conservative than past recommendations and also have stricter cutoffs than the studies on which they are based. […] Obstetriciangynecologists caring for women experiencing possible early pregnancy loss should consider other clinical factors when interpreting the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound guidelines, including the womans desire to continue the pregnancy; her willingness to postpone intervention to achieve 100% certainty of pregnancy loss; and the potential consequences of waiting for intervention, including unwanted spontaneous passage of pregnancy tissue, the need for an unscheduled visit or procedure, and patient anxiety.

• #10 Early Ultrasound for Determining Miscarriage – International Ultrasound Services

  https://www.iuslondon.co.uk/blog/pregnancy/early-ultrasound-for-determining-miscarriage/

  Ultrasound is a critical tool for the diagnosis and management of suspected early pregnancy loss. […] The most common test in the diagnosis of miscarriage is an ultrasound scan such as an early scan to check the health of your baby and look for a heartbeat. […] The most accurate form of diagnosing miscarriage with ultrasound is during a transvaginal scan where a small probe is inserted into the vagina. […] Misdiagnosis of a miscarriage is a possibility and to avoid false positives in our private baby scan clinic in London we follow the same national guidelines the NHS follows. […] When performing an early ultrasound scan to determine the viability of an intrauterine pregnancy, first look to identify a fetal heartbeat. […] If there is no visible heartbeat when the crown-rump length is measured using a transabdominal ultrasound scan: record the size of the crown-rump length and perform a second scan a minimum of 14 days after the first before making a diagnosis. […] When diagnosing complete miscarriage on an ultrasound scan, in the absence of a previous scan confirming an intrauterine pregnancy, always be aware of the possibility of a pregnancy of unknown location.

• #11 Miscarriage – Diagnosis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/1st-trimester-bleeding-miscarriage-diagnosis/

  Obstetrics and Gynecology […] Early Pregnancy Loss (EPL): Intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) loss < 20 weeks Gestational Age (GA). [...] 80% occur in first 12 weeks GA. [...] 15-25% of all pregnancies. [...] Light bleeding or spotting in early pregnancy is common and does not increase risk of miscarriage. [...] Pain and heavy bleeding (similar or greater than normal menses) increases risk of miscarriage (adjusted OR 2.84, 95% CI 1.93–4.56). [...] With availability of US and β-hCG, pelvic exam is not required for diagnosis. [...] All symptomatic patients with a positive pregnancy test should have a pelvic US, irrespective of β-hCG level. [...] Gold standard is transvaginal US (TVUS) – in ED if provider proficient in US use, otherwise by radiology. [...] Serum progesterone: Consider if IUP of uncertain viability on U/S. Progesterone < 15 nmol/L has a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 98% in predicting nonviable pregnancy. An elevated serum progesterone is therefore reassuring for viability. [...] Obtain pelvic US on all pregnant patients irrespective of β-hCG. [...] Reliability of POCUS in ED to identify IUP, cardiac activity. [...] Deferral of pelvic exam when assessing threatened miscarriage.

• #12 Missed miscarriage | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/missed-miscarriage-2?lang=us

  A missed miscarriage, sometimes termed a missed abortion, is a situation when there is a non-viable fetus within the uterus, without symptoms of a miscarriage. […] Ultrasound diagnosis of miscarriage should only be considered when either a mean gestation sac diameter is 25 mm with no obvious yolk sac or a fetal pole with a crown rump length of 7 mm without evidence of fetal cardiac activity. […] Transvaginal ultrasound is the mainstay in the diagnosis of miscarriage. Once the diagnosis of miscarriage is made based on the above ultrasound criteria, the patient can then be offered different types of management depending on their clinical status and patient’s choice. […] For medical management, misoprostol is the drug of choice. Surgical management is dilatation and curettage.

• #13 Early Pregnancy Loss: How to Make the Ultrasound Diagnosis – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2018/07/19/early-pregnancy-loss-how-to-make-the-ultrasound-diagnosis/

  Early Pregnancy Loss (EPL) is defined as a nonviable intrauterine pregnancy identified before 13 weeks gestation. ACOG states that ultrasound is the “preferred modality to verify the presence of a viable intrauterine gestation.” […] The following criteria are derived from the 2012 Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Multispecialty Panel on Early First Trimester Diagnosis of Miscarriage and Exclusion of a Viable Intrauterine Pregnancy. […] Ultrasound, if available, is a critical diagnostic modality but must be used in combination with clinical and laboratory findings, particularly serum β-hCG. […] Document presence or absence of cardiac activity with M-mode imaging or a 2D video clip. […] ACOG highlights the limitations of the above guidelines including cut-offs may be overly conservative based on available evidence. […] Additional ACOG ‘suggestive’ criteria (not diagnostic) that also require follow up at 7 to 10 days include slow fetal heart rate: <100 bpm at 5 to 7 weeks and subchorionic hemorrhage.

• #14 Ultrasound diagnosis of miscarriage: new guidelines to prevent harm

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5024905/

  At the recent ISUOG meeting in Los Angeles, there was great debate about the current cutoffs we use to define miscarriage using transvaginal ultrasound. In particular, the guidelines used by both the RCOG and ASUM are not conservative enough and may lead to false positive diagnosis of miscarriage. […] A systematic review by Jeve, et al. concluded that the data behind the current guidelines is based on old studies and unreliable evidence. […] When there is doubt about the diagnosis of miscarriage, current guidelines suggest the woman should be rescanned seven to 10 days later to remeasure the gestational sac. If the gestational sac does not grow, it is assumed that a miscarriage has occurred. […] However, gestational sac and embryonic growth are not useful as criteria to define miscarriage, and the authors found that perfectly healthy pregnancies may show no measurable growth over this period of time.

• #15 Miscarriage – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pregnancy-loss-miscarriage/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354304

  Your health care team might do a variety of tests: […] These can check the level of the pregnancy hormone, called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), in your blood. […] A low or falling level of hCG could be a sign of pregnancy loss. […] If the pattern of changes in your hCG level is irregular, your health care professional may recommend more blood tests or an ultrasound. […] Your health care professional might check to see if the lower end of your uterus, called the cervix, has begun to open. […] If it has, that makes a miscarriage more likely. […] During this imagining test, your health care professional checks for a fetal heartbeat and figures out if the pregnancy is growing properly. […] If the result of the test isn’t clear, you might need to have another ultrasound in about a week.

• #16 Miscarriage: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9688-miscarriage

  Several factors may cause miscarriage: […] There is no scientific proof that stress, exercise, sexual activity or prolonged use of birth control pills cause miscarriage. […] Your pregnancy care provider will perform an ultrasound test to confirm a miscarriage. […] You may also have a blood test to measure human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced by the placenta. A low hCG level can confirm a miscarriage. […] If you experience the loss of a pregnancy, the fetus must be removed from your uterus. […] If the miscarriage is complete and your uterus expels all the fetal tissue, then no further treatment is usually needed. […] Your provider may perform a dilation and curettage (DC) or dilation and evacuation (DE) if your uterus hasnt passed the pregnancy or if youre bleeding heavily.

• #17 Early Pregnancy Loss | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/early-pregnancy-loss

  A low or decreasing level of hCG can mean loss of the pregnancy. Several ultrasound exams and hCG tests may be needed to confirm that a pregnancy has been lost. […] Your ob-gyn also may do a pelvic exam to see if your cervix has begun to dilate (open). Cervical dilation means that a miscarriage may be more likely. […] After a miscarriage, some of the pregnancy tissue may be left in the uterus. This is called an incomplete miscarriage. […] If you do not show any signs of an infection, your ob-gyn may recommend waiting and letting the tissue pass naturally. […] Surgery is recommended if you have signs of an infection, heavy bleeding, or other medical conditions. […] An ultrasound exam or blood test for hCG may be done after the miscarriage to confirm that all the tissue has passed. […] Losing a pregnancy can cause sadness and grief. […] Pregnancy loss in the first trimester usually is a one-time event. Most women who have an early pregnancy loss go on to have successful pregnancies. […] You can get pregnant again as soon as 2 weeks after an early miscarriage.

• #18 Diagnosing Recurrent Miscarriage | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/recurrent-miscarriage/diagnosis

  NYU Langone doctors are specialists in recurrent miscarriage, in which you have had two or more pregnancies in a row that end before the 20th week. […] To diagnose recurrent miscarriage, specialists at NYU Langones Fertility Center and NYU Langone Reproductive Specialists of New York take a medical history, perform a physical exam, and order certain tests. […] Your NYU Langone doctor may draw blood to test your levels of progesterone, a hormone that thickens the lining of the uterus and nurtures embryo development; thyroid hormones; and certain proteins that can affect the ability to maintain a pregnancy. […] An ultrasound which uses sound waves to create images of organs and other structures in the body enables a doctor to detect fibroids or polyps, uterine growths that can cause infertility or miscarriage.

• #19 Miscarriage Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/pregnancy-miscarriage

  To check whether you’ve had a miscarriage, your doctor will do: […] A pelvic exam. Theyll check to see if your cervix has started to dilate. […] An ultrasound test. This test uses sound waves to check for a fetal heartbeat. If the results arent clear, you may go back for another test in a week. […] Blood tests. The doctor uses them to look for pregnancy hormones in your blood and compare it to past levels. They may also test you for anemia if youve been bleeding a lot. […] Tissue tests. If tissue leaves your body, the doctor may send it to a lab to confirm that you had a miscarriage. It can also help make sure there wasnt another cause for your symptoms. […] Chromosome tests. If youve had two or more miscarriages, the doctor might do these tests to see if you or your partners genes are the cause.

• #20 Early miscarriage | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/early-miscarriage/

  This is successful in about 50 out of 100 women who choose this option. […] This is successful in 85 out of 100 women and avoids an anaesthetic. […] The operation may be carried out under general or local anaesthetic. It is successful in 95 out of 100 women. […] Some tissue removed at the time of surgery may be sent for testing in the laboratory. […] If you have any bleeding and/or pain, you can get medical help and advice from: your GP or midwife. […] If you are bleeding or have pain, a vaginal examination may be carried out. […] You should be offered a chaperone (someone to accompany you) for a vaginal examination or a transvaginal scan. […] You can expect to have some vaginal bleeding for 12 weeks after your miscarriage. […] You can try for a baby as soon as you and your partner feel physically and emotionally ready. […] You are not at higher risk of another miscarriage if you have had one or two early miscarriages. […] Most miscarriages occur as a one-off event and there is a good chance of having a successful pregnancy in the future.

• #21 Miscarriage – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pregnancy-loss-miscarriage/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354304

  If you’ve passed what looks like tissue, it can be sent to a lab to confirm that a miscarriage has happened and that your symptoms aren’t tied to another cause. […] If you’ve had two or more previous miscarriages, your health care professional may recommend blood tests for both you and your partner. […] The tests can help find out if your or your partner’s chromosome make-up might be linked with increased risk for miscarriage. […] If your test results show that you had a miscarriage or are at risk of having one, your health care professional might use one of the following medical terms to describe what happened: […] This means that you have bleeding from the vagina, but your cervix hasn’t begun to open. […] This describes a miscarriage that can’t be avoided because you’re bleeding, cramping and your cervix is open.

• #22 Miscarriage – Diagnosis & Treatments

  https://www.camelbackfamilyplanning.com/miscarriage-management

  To confirm your miscarriage, we can provide a variety of tests and procedures. […] Blood tests check and compare levels in your blood to previous measurements. If the pattern of changes in your levels is abnormal, there could be a problem. Blood tests can check levels such as the pregnancy hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin ie. HCG). […] If you’ve had two or more previous miscarriages, we may refer you to a genetic counselor or a general gynecologist. They will be able to run blood tests for you and your partner to determine if your chromosomes are a factor. […] We can send passed tissue to a lab to possibly identify an abnormality that might have caused of the miscarriage. […] In an ultrasound, our staff will check the fetal heartbeat and determine if the embryo is properly developing.

• #22 Miscarriage – Diagnosis & Treatments

  https://www.camelbackfamilyplanning.com/miscarriage-management

  If you are bleeding, cramping and your cervix has dilated, a miscarriage is inevitable. […] If you have received a diagnosis of an inevitable miscarriage and would like to speed up the process, medication can be prescribed to cause your body to expel the pregnancy tissue and placenta. […] Surgical treatment is needed if you have a miscarriage accompanied by heavy bleeding or signs of an infection. […] Your provider removes the contents from inside your uterus to: Prevent infection or heavy bleeding, Remove a tumor that forms instead of a typical pregnancy (molar pregnancy), Treat excessive bleeding. […] If you are experiencing multiple miscarriages (2-3 in a row), consider testing to identify an underlying cause. Such causes could include problems with the uterus, blood clotting, or chromosomal abnormality.

• #23 Threatened Miscarriage: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25055-threatened-miscarriage

  A threatened miscarriage describes vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain in the first trimester of pregnancy. Treatment usually involves watchful waiting. In most cases, the pregnancy continues and doesn’t end in miscarriage. […] A threatened miscarriage (threatened abortion) describes a pregnancy that could possibly end in miscarriage due to mild vaginal bleeding with or without abdominal pain or cramping. […] Contact your pregnancy care provider if you have vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain or cramping. […] Yes, many fetuses survive and the pregnancy continues. One study found that of the 25% of pregnant women that had some vaginal bleeding in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy, 60% of them continued with the pregnancy to term (37 weeks). […] Threatened miscarriage may occur in about 15% to 20% of all pregnancies before 20 weeks.

• #24 Miscarriage: Diagnosis and Healing — Huntsville Pregnancy Resource Center

  https://huntsvilleprc.org/blog/2022/11/2/miscarriage-diagnosis-treatment-and-healing

  Threatened miscarriage. A threatened miscarriage means that there is potential for a miscarriage to occur. You may be bleeding, but your cervix hasnt started to dilate. Thankfully, these pregnancies often continue successfully. […] Inevitable miscarriage. If your miscarriage symptoms cant be stopped, the miscarriage is considered inevitable. […] Complete miscarriage. If youve passed all the pregnancy tissue from your uterus, the miscarriage is complete. […] Incomplete miscarriage. If the miscarriage has begun, but some pregnancy tissue remains in your uterus, the miscarriage is incomplete. […] Septic miscarriage. A septic miscarriage refers to an infection that develops in the uterus. It can be a serious condition that demands immediate treatment.

• #25 Miscarriage – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pregnancy-loss-miscarriage/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354304

  This is when you pass pregnancy tissue but some remains in your uterus. […] The placental and embryonic tissues remain in the uterus, but the embryo has died or was never formed. […] This means you have passed all the pregnancy tissues. […] This condition happens when you get an infection in your uterus after a miscarriage. […] If tests show that you’re having or will have a miscarriage, your health care team might recommend one of the following treatment choices: […] If you have no symptoms of an infection, you might choose to let the miscarriage progress naturally. […] This helps the uterus pass pregnancy tissue out of the body. […] Another option is a minor procedure called suction dilation and curettage (DC). […] You need surgical treatment if you have a miscarriage along with heavy bleeding or signs of an infection.

• #26 Incomplete Miscarriage: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.parents.com/incomplete-miscarriage-symptoms-causes-treatment-8645920

  A miscarriage is labeled „incomplete” if bleeding has begun and the cervix is dilated, but tissue from the pregnancy still remains in the uterus. […] To diagnose an incomplete miscarriage, your health care provider will use a combination of tests, including: fetal heart scanning, pelvic exam, hCG blood test, ultrasound. […] An incomplete miscarriage diagnosis is not the same as a missed miscarriage. […] Treatment for an incomplete miscarriage usually entails one of the following: watchful waiting or expectant management, procedural management with dilation and curettage (DC), medical management with misoprostol. […] Overall, the success rate of misoprostol is around 80% to 99% for pregnancies of a gestational age of 13 weeks or less. […] For some people, treatment with misoprostol will not be effective and a DC will then be needed.

• #27 Miscarriage – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage

  A threatened miscarriage is any bleeding during the first half of pregnancy. An anembryonic pregnancy (also called an „empty sac” or „blighted ovum”) is a condition where the gestational sac develops normally, while the embryonic part of the pregnancy is either absent or stops growing very early. This accounts for approximately half of miscarriages. All other miscarriages are classified as embryonic miscarriages, meaning that there is an embryo present in the gestational sac. A complete miscarriage is when all products of conception have been expelled; these may include the trophoblast, chorionic villi, gestational sac, yolk sac, and fetal pole (embryo); or later in the pregnancy the fetus, umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic fluid, and amniotic membrane. A missed miscarriage is when the embryo or fetus has died, but a miscarriage has not yet occurred. Recurrent miscarriage („recurrent pregnancy loss” (RPL), „recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), or „habitual abortion”) is the occurrence of multiple consecutive miscarriages; the exact number used to diagnose recurrent miscarriage varies; however, two is the minimum threshold to meet the criteria.

• #28 Early Pregnancy Loss Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/266317-differential

  Failure to diagnose correctly may occur in early pregnancy loss. A presumed completed abortion may be an ectopic pregnancy with passage of clot in which the clot was thought to be tissue. […] If uncertainty exists regarding whether the passed material is tissue or a clot, have a pathologist evaluate it prior to sending the patient out. […] Misdiagnosis of an early intrauterine pregnancy for an ectopic pregnancy and administering methotrexate inappropriately may occur if the physician is not familiar with the laboratory and ultrasonography department’s discriminatory zone. […] Misdiagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy as an incomplete or inevitable abortion can be a problem. In these cases, it is important to follow up on the pathology findings from the suction DC.

• #29 Early Pregnancy Loss: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/266317-overview

  When the diagnosis is unclear, the following procedures may be performed: Culdocentesis. […] A complete abortion usually needs no further treatment, medically or surgically. […] An ectopic pregnancy may be treated medically (methotrexate) or surgically (laparoscopy, laparotomy), depending on the clinical situation. […] The following medications may be used in women with early pregnancy loss: Immune globulins (eg, Rho (D) immune globulin). […] Surgical intervention may include the following: Complete abortion: None. […] Inevitable and incomplete abortions: Suction dilation and curettage. […] Septic abortion: Broad spectrum antibiotic therapy and suction dilation and curettage. […] Ectopic pregnancy: Treat medically for appropriate patients; the rest require surgery such as linear salpingostomy or partial or complete salpingectomy via laparoscopy or laparotomy.

• #30 Office Management of Early Pregnancy Loss | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0701/p75.html

  Transvaginal ultrasonography is a reliable way to differentiate between viable and nonviable pregnancies and should be performed when early pregnancy loss is suspected. […] In the absence of visible tissue or an open cervical os, miscarriage must be differentiated from a viable intrauterine pregnancy or ectopic pregnancy by ultrasonography, serial beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG) levels, or both. […] A gestational sac should be visible on transvaginal ultrasonography at -hCG levels of 1,500 to 2,000 mIU per mL. […] Whenever possible, serial -hCG levels should be analyzed by the same laboratory to avoid interlaboratory variability. […] If the quantitative -hCG level is greater than the 1,500 to 2,000 mIU per mL discriminatory zone, an urgent ultrasonography should be arranged to rule out an ectopic pregnancy and assess viability.

• #31 Early Pregnancy Loss (Spontaneous Abortion) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560521/

  The first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) and findings from any prior ultrasound imaging performed during the current pregnancy should be reviewed. […] The concept of a discriminatory level may be useful in assessing pregnancy location, but similarly, it should be applied with care and in the context of the full clinical picture. […] Accurate gestational age calculation, rather than an absolute -hCG level, is the best determinant of when a normal pregnancy should be seen within the uterus with transvaginal ultrasonography. […] The evaluation usually involves a thorough history and physical exam, pelvic ultrasound, and -HCG measurement. […] The most common risk factor for early pregnancy loss is advanced maternal age. […] A prior history of pregnancy loss also increases the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss, with the risk increasing after each additional loss.

• #31 Early Pregnancy Loss (Spontaneous Abortion) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560521/

  Early pregnancy loss can be managed expectantly, medically, or surgically. […] Expectant management may be continued safely for as long as the patient desires, provided infection and hemorrhage do not develop. […] Misoprostol is the primary drug used to manage early pregnancy loss. […] Surgical management is indicated in all patients with contraindications to expectant and medical management, including patients with hemodynamic instability, uterine hemorrhage, or septic miscarriages, who all require emergent uterine evacuation. […] The differential diagnosis of early pregnancy loss primarily involves consideration of the underlying etiologies of vaginal bleeding early in pregnancy. […] The prognosis of early pregnancy loss is typically good. […] Recurrent pregnancy loss can vary slightly but is often defined as the spontaneous loss of 2 to 3 pregnancies.

• #32 Miscarriage (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/miscarriage-pro

  Miscarriage is defined as the loss of a pregnancy before 24 weeks of gestation. […] Diagnosis of miscarriage using one ultrasound scan cannot be guaranteed to be 100% accurate and there is a small chance that the diagnosis may be incorrect, particularly at very early gestational ages. Further scans may be needed before a diagnosis can be made. […] When diagnosing complete miscarriage on an ultrasound scan, in the absence of a previous scan confirming an intrauterine pregnancy, always be aware of the possibility of a pregnancy of unknown location. Advise these women to return for follow-up (for example, hCG levels, ultrasound scans) until a definitive diagnosis is obtained. […] For a woman with a decrease in serum hCG levels greater than 50% after 48 hours, the pregnancy is unlikely to continue but this is not confirmed. Advise a urine pregnancy test 14 days after the second serum hCG test. […] Rare causes of a raised hCG should also be borne in mind, including gestational trophoblastic disease or cranial germ cell tumour, which must be considered.

• #33 Evaluation of recurrent miscarriage – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1001

  Recurrent miscarriage is defined by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine as 2 or more failed clinical pregnancies (i.e., documented by ultrasound or histopathology). […] Evaluation can start after 2 or 3 consecutive miscarriages, as prevalence of causes is similar in those with 2, 3, or more miscarriages. […] Despite a wide range of investigations, no apparent cause is found in 50% of cases of recurrent miscarriage. […] Definite associations of recurrent miscarriage include chromosomal abnormalities, antiphospholipid syndrome, certain structural uterine abnormalities such as septate uterus, and certain thrombophilias. […] Recurrent miscarriage is a stressful condition, so alongside medical investigations and appropriate treatment, patient education, counseling, and support should be provided.

• #34 Diagnosing Recurrent Miscarriage | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/recurrent-miscarriage/diagnosis

  Most miscarriages are due to aneuploidy, which means the embryo has an irregular number of chromosomes. […] A doctor may recommend that you and your partner have karyotype tests. This blood test helps doctors determine if you have the correct number and configuration of chromosomes. […] Because the risk for recurrent miscarriage increases with age, women ages 35 and older may have a blood test that checks for the level of follicle-stimulating hormone, or FSH. […] High FSH levels may mean the ovaries lack eggs suitable for pregnancy. […] Also called a hysterosalpingogram, or HSG, this test enables your doctor to view the reproductive organs for anatomical problems and conditions, such as fibroids, that can lead to miscarriage. […] If HSG or FemVue, a test that doesn’t require X-ray or contrast dye exposure, reveal a condition in the uterine cavity that can affect pregnancy, you may undergo a hysteroscopy, which allows the doctor to perform surgical techniques to correct the problem. […] This procedure, which may be performed at the same time as a hysteroscopy, can help your doctor determine whether the uterus is capable of maintaining a pregnancy.

• #35

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/diagnosis/

  If you’ve had a third miscarriage, it’s recommended that the foetus is tested for abnormalities in the chromosomes (blocks of DNA). […] A transvaginal ultrasound can be used to check the structure of your womb for any abnormalities. […] Your blood can be checked for high levels of the antiphospholipid (aPL) antibody and lupus anticoagulant. […] Sometimes a miscarriage is diagnosed during a routine scan carried out as part of your antenatal care. A scan may reveal your baby has no heartbeat or that your baby is too small for the date of your pregnancy. This is called a missed or delayed miscarriage.

• #36 Genetic testing after miscarriage – Gyncentrum

  https://gyncentrum.pl/en/miscarriages/genetic-testing-after-miscarriage-2/

  Did you know that the most common cause of miscarriages is genetic diseases of the fetus? They are responsible for as many as 80% of cases of pregnancy loss. This means that the cause of miscarriage can be one of the syndromes: Downs, Turners, Edwards or Patau, among others, which developed in the child. […] To confirm this, it is necessary to perform a genetic test met. PCR, which accurately analyzes chromosomes: 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, as well as the X and Y sex chromosomes, most often associated with the development of genetic defect syndromes. […] Genetic diseases are the most common cause of miscarriages, so it is worth ruling them out first. […] The test allows you to direct further diagnosis of miscarriage. […] The test makes it possible to estimate the risk of future miscarriages or the birth of a child with a genetic defect.

• #37 Miscarriage and Pregnancy Loss Diagnostic Testing | Labcorp Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.labcorp.com/patients/pregnancy/pregnancy-loss

  Even though miscarriage is common, this fact does not reduce the emotional impact it can have. […] There are many reasons for pregnancy loss, but most pregnancies end because the baby is not developing normally. About 50% of first trimester miscarriages are due to a chromosome abnormality in the developing baby. […] Genetic counseling can help you better understand genetic conditions that may impact a past, current, or future pregnancy. […] The Reveal SNP Microarray POC (products of conception) test offered by Integrated Genetics may help you to understand why your pregnancy loss occurred and your potential risk in future pregnancies. […] Reveal POC uses advanced technology called 'microarray’ to analyze tissue from a miscarriage or termination for various types of chromosome abnormalities.

• #38 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF RECURRENT MISCARRIAGE: Rocky Mountain Fertility Center: Reproductive Endocrinologists

  https://www.rockymountainfertility.com/blog/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-recurrent-miscarriage

  Recurrent miscarriage is defined as two or more miscarriages in a row. […] About 30% of these women will not be able to find a cause for their condition. […] A number of conditions have been identified as causes of miscarriage, while other conditions are known to be associated with the condition, although the precise mechanism by which they cause it is unknown. […] Conditions that can cause recurrent miscarriage include: Chromosomal abnormalities that either parent may pass on to the fetus, resulting in miscarriage. […] Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a condition that causes the blood to clot abnormally and can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth and premature birth. […] Thrombophilia, an inherited disorder that makes blood clotting more likely than normal; while this can cause miscarriages, its role in recurrent miscarriage is still unclear and whether treatment is beneficial is less clear.

• #39 Recurrent miscarriage | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/recurrent-miscarriage/

  Recurrent miscarriage is when you have had three or more early miscarriages. […] You will be offered investigations to see if there is a reason for recurrent miscarriage. If a possible reason is found, there may be treatment available to improve your chances of a successful pregnancy. […] Finding out whether or not there is a reason or treatable cause for your recurrent miscarriages is important so that you can be offered the support and treatment that is best for you. […] At the time of your third or further miscarriage, your healthcare professional should offer to test whether there were any inherited chromosomal problems causing this miscarriage. […] If you have APS and have had recurrent miscarriages, treatment with low-dose aspirin tablets and blood thinning injections (heparin) in pregnancy can increase your chance of having a successful pregnancy.

• #40 Recurrent Miscarriage Evaluation/Coagulation Panel with Consultation | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/19671/recurrent-miscarriage-evaluationcoagulation-panel-with-consultation?p=r&cc=MASTER

  Recurrent Miscarriage Evaluation/Coagulation Panel with Consultation […] Recurrent Miscarriage Evaluation/Coagulation Panel with Consultation […] This germline genetic test requires physician attestation that patient consent has been received if ordering medical facility is located in AK, DE, FL, GA, IA, MA, MN, NV, NJ, NY, OR, SD or VT or test is performed in MA. […] Prothrombin (Factor II) 20210G→A Mutation Analysis and Factor V (Leiden) Mutation Analysis: This test was developed and its analytical performance characteristics have been determined by Quest Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by FDA. This assay has been validated pursuant to the CLIA regulations and is used for clinical purposes. […] All requests for coagulation assays should include a brief patient history and other pertinent clinical information.

• #41 Recurrent Miscarriage/Coagulation Panel with Reflex (without Consultation) | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/11469/recurrent-miscarriagecoagulation-panel-with-reflex-without-consultation?p=r&cc=MASTER

  Recurrent Miscarriage/Coagulation Panel with Reflex (without Consultation) – This profile examines the most common hereditary and acquired thrombophilia risk factors associated with recurrent miscarriage or stillbirth. […] This germline genetic test requires physician attestation that patient consent has been received if ordering medical facility is located in AK, DE, FL, GA, IA, MA, MN, NV, NJ, NY, OR, SD or VT or test is performed in MA. […] This test was developed and its analytical performance characteristics have been determined by Quest Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by FDA. This assay has been validated pursuant to the CLIA regulations and is used for clinical purposes.

• #42 Recurrent Miscarriage: Common Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment | IRMS

  https://sbivf.com/recurrent-miscarriage-treatment-options/

  Recurrent miscarriage is defined as 3 (some articles say 2) or more consecutive, spontaneous pregnancy losses before 20 weeks gestation. […] Your medical history, a pelvic exam, and one or more of the tests listed below are necessary in diagnosing possible causes of your recurring miscarriages: […] Karyotype mapping of your chromosomes, used to diagnose genetic defects […] Hysterosalpingogram procedure that uses x-rays and a special dye to evaluate the shape of the inside of your uterus […] Laparoscopy outpatient surgical procedure in which your doctor uses a narrow fiber optic telescope inserted through an incision near your navel to evaluate your uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries […] Hysteroscopy procedure in which your doctor uses a narrow fiber optic telescope inserted into the uterus to look inside your uterine cavity

• #43 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF RECURRENT MISCARRIAGE: Rocky Mountain Fertility Center: Reproductive Endocrinologists

  https://www.rockymountainfertility.com/blog/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-recurrent-miscarriage

  Uterine problems, including fibroids, or abnormally shaped uterus. […] Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), a condition that has been linked to recurrent miscarriage, but is not yet fully understood. […] Age can play a factor as well; the older a woman is, the more likely she is to experience miscarriage. […] In spite of these causes, unexplained recurrent miscarriages are also common. […] The good news is that many of the conditions that cause recurrent miscarriage can be diagnosed and treated. […] Conditions such as APS and thrombophilia are detectable with a simple blood test. […] Uterine problems and PCOS can be diagnosed with ultrasound tests. […] And chromosomal problems can be found with a genetic test. […] Once a potential cause for recurrent miscarriage is found, treatment options are available.

• #44 Recurrent Miscarriage: Common Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment | IRMS

  https://sbivf.com/recurrent-miscarriage-treatment-options/

  Vaginal ultrasound scan that uses high-frequency sound waves to detect abnormalities in and around the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes […] Blood hormone levels blood tests that reveal the levels of certain hormones in your blood, such as prolactin, thyroid, and progesterone […] Endometrial biopsy procedure in which a sample of your endometrial tissue is examined under a microscope to determine if it is appropriately developed for implanting an embryo […] Glucose screening blood test used to diagnose diabetes mellitus, which, if left uncontrolled, increases the likelihood of miscarriage […] Antibodies tests blood tests used to detect an immune-system abnormality. […] After a thorough evaluation, we recommend proceeding with IVF with genetic testing, or preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), of the embryos created prior to implantation. PGT is when we perform an embryo biopsy, where we remove a cell or cells from the embryo to test it for overall chromosomal normalcy.

• #45 Your care after 3 miscarriages | Tommy’sCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/miscarriage-information-and-support/tests-and-treatments-after-miscarriage/your-care-after-3-miscarriages

  There are tests available to try and find out why you have had multiple pregnancy losses. […] Sadly, these tests may not always be able to find out why you lost your baby. No cause is found in about half of cases. […] If a cause is found, it may be possible to treat the issue and reduce your risk of miscarriage in your next pregnancy. […] The NHS follows guidelines that say your GP will refer you to a doctor who specialises in miscarriage after you have had 3 early miscarriages (recurrent miscarriage) or 1 late miscarriage. […] Some people consider losses such as ectopic pregnancy or molar pregnancy as a miscarriage. […] But you may not be referred to a miscarriage specialist after 2 or 3 miscarriages that include these types of losses. […] Your GP can also do blood tests, including a full blood count (FBC) to check for things like anaemia or coeliac disease.

• #46

  http://www.bcwomens.ca/health-info/pregnancy-parenting/miscarriage/treatment-options-for-miscarriage

  Understanding your treatment options may help you to feel more in control. Once an ultrasound confirms a miscarriage will occur, there are three treatment options available to you: Expectant management, Medical management, Surgical management (Dilation and curettage or 'DC’). […] These options are safe and do not affect your future pregnancies. Your healthcare provider will discuss each of these with you to help you determine the best option for you. […] Expectant management is when you wait for the miscarriage to occur on its own. Approximately 50% of patients will miscarry on their own within 2 weeks of a diagnosis of pregnancy demise in the first trimester. […] Medical management allows you to miscarry at home with greater control over when it may occur. […] In BC, medical management is possible using a 2-drug combination of mifepristone and misoprostol.

• #47 Early Pregnancy Loss | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2018/11/early-pregnancy-loss

  Accepted treatment options for early pregnancy loss include expectant management, medical treatment, or surgical evacuation. […] Medical management for early pregnancy loss can be considered in women without infection, hemorrhage, severe anemia, or bleeding disorders who want to shorten the time to complete expulsion but prefer to avoid surgical evacuation. […] Misoprostol-based regimens have been extensively studied for the medical management of early pregnancy loss. […] The addition of a dose of mifepristone (200 mg orally) 24 hours before misoprostol administration may significantly improve treatment efficacy and should be considered when mifepristone is available. […] Surgical uterine evacuation has long been the traditional approach for women presenting with early pregnancy loss and retained tissue.

• #48 Early Pregnancy Loss | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2018/11/early-pregnancy-loss

  Studies have demonstrated that expectant, medical, and surgical management of early pregnancy loss all result in complete evacuation of pregnancy tissue in most patients, and serious complications are rare. […] Overall, serious complications after early pregnancy loss treatment are rare and are comparable across treatment types. […] The risk of infection after suction curettage for missed early pregnancy loss should be similar to that after suction curettage for induced abortion. […] There are no effective interventions to prevent early pregnancy loss. […] The following recommendation and conclusion are based on good and consistent scientific evidence (Level A): In patients for whom medical management of early pregnancy loss is indicated, initial treatment using 800 micrograms of vaginal misoprostol is recommended, with a repeat dose as needed. The addition of a dose of mifepristone (200 mg orally) 24 hours before misoprostol administration may significantly improve treatment efficacy and should be considered when mifepristone is available.

• #49

  http://www.bcwomens.ca/health-info/pregnancy-parenting/miscarriage/treatment-options-for-miscarriage

  Dilation and curettage (DC) is a surgical procedure in which the cervix is gently opened (dilation) and the pregnancy is removed with a suction device (curettage). […] The procedure generally lasts 10 to 15 minutes. It can be done with oral or intravenous pain medication as an outpatient procedure. […] It is 99% successful in completing your miscarriage.

• #50 Understanding Miscarriage: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://healthlibrary.umcno.org/wellness/MentalHealth/3,84969

  No two miscarriages are alike. Your health care provider will talk with you about the treatment that is most suited for you. […] To confirm the miscarriage, your health care provider will give you a pelvic exam. You may have a blood test to measure the levels of a pregnancy hormone called HCG. You may also have an ultrasound test. This is done to find out if all the tissue has passed from the uterus. […] If any tissue is still in the uterus, your health care provider may advise treatment, such as: […] Talk with your provider about the risks and benefits of these treatments. […] If your blood is Rh-negative, you may need treatment with Rho(D) immune globulin. This is done as an injection. It prevents substances in your blood from attacking the babys blood in a future pregnancy. […] Keep all follow-up appointments. These are to make sure that you are healing well. During these visits, mention if youre feeling very sad or depressed. Your health care provider can suggest counseling or other resources to help you. […] Contact your health care provider if you have any of these: Severe pain in your stomach, pelvis, or low back. Vaginal fluid that has a bad odor. Bleeding that soaks a new sanitary pad each hour. Fever of 100.4F (38C) or higher, or as directed by your provider.

• #51 Miscarriage – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pregnancy-loss-miscarriage/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354304

  After a miscarriage, if you are blood type Rh negative, you also may get a shot of medicine called Rh immunoglobulin. […] If you have more than one miscarriage, think about getting tested to find any underlying causes. […] Overall, people who’ve had three miscarriages still have a 60% to 80% chance of having a full-term pregnancy.

• #52 Understanding Miscarriage: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/TestsProcedures/3,84969

  If any tissue is still in the uterus, your health care provider may advise treatment, such as: […] Medicine. This is prescribed for you to take at home. The medicine causes the uterus to expel any remaining tissue. Take the medicine exactly as directed. […] Dilation and curettage (D C). This is a procedure done in your providers office or at the hospital. You are given medicine to prevent pain and allow you to relax or sleep during the procedure. The provider uses tools to make the cervix (dilation) wider. Tissue and blood that line the uterus are then removed (curettage). […] Talk with your provider about the risks and benefits of these treatments. […] If your blood is Rh-negative, you may need treatment with Rho(D) immune globulin. This is done as an injection. It prevents substances in your blood from attacking the babys blood in a future pregnancy. Your health care provider can tell you more.

• #53 Understanding Miscarriage: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/TestsProcedures/3,84969

  Keep all follow-up appointments. These are to make sure that you are healing well. During these visits, mention if youre feeling very sad or depressed. Your health care provider can suggest counseling or other resources to help you. […] Contact your health care provider if you have any of these: […] Severe pain in your stomach, pelvis, or low back […] Vaginal fluid that has a bad odor […] Bleeding that soaks a new sanitary pad each hour […] Fever of 100.4F (38C) or higher, or as directed by your provider

• #54 Understanding Miscarriage: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://healthlibrary.somc.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/HighRiskPregnancy/3,84969

  Follow-up care […] Keep all follow-up appointments. These are to make sure that you are healing well. During these visits, mention if youre feeling very sad or depressed. Your health care provider can suggest counseling or other resources to help you. […] When to get medical care […] Contact your health care provider if you have any of these: […] Severe pain in your stomach, pelvis, or low back […] Vaginal fluid that has a bad odor […] Bleeding that soaks a new sanitary pad each hour […] Fever of 100.4F (38C) or higher, or as directed by your provider

• #55 Early Pregnancy Loss: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/266317-overview

  The prognosis for early pregnancy loss is excellent. […] After one complete abortion, no increased risk exists for another one. […] Symptoms of vaginal bleeding but not abdominal pain are associated with increased risk of miscarriage. […] One paper suggests that miscarriage can occur in about 50% of patients who present with threatened abortion.

• #56 Miscarriage: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9688-miscarriage

  Blood tests or genetic tests might be necessary if youve more than three miscarriages in a row (called repeated miscarriage). […] Its usually not possible to prevent a miscarriage. […] Most women (87%) who have miscarriages have subsequent normal pregnancies and births. […] Taking time to heal both physically and emotionally after a miscarriage is important. […] If youve had three miscarriages in a row, ask your provider about performing tests to figure out an underlying cause. […] Losing a pregnancy can be devastating and leave you with a range of emotions and lots of questions. […] A miscarriage is a very emotional moment for expectant parents and its natural to grieve the loss.

• #57 You can have a baby after miscarriages. Learn about recurrent pregnancy loss testing and evaluation from our Austin infertility specialists.

  https://txfertility.com/fertility-treatments/recurrent-pregnancy-loss-testing/

  Recurrent pregnancy loss testing is the first step to having a healthy baby. […] When someone faces two or more miscarriages, our doctors recommend recurrent pregnancy loss testing. For many patients, a miscarriage evaluation is the first step to bringing home a much-wanted baby. […] If both of these statements are true for a hopeful parent, we diagnose them with recurrent pregnancy loss. Our team will then order testing to help develop a personalized treatment plan to make parenthood possible. […] Recurrent pregnancy loss testing is what helps our team answer this question. […] The basic miscarriage evaluation includes several tests. Each one focuses on different issues that can cause miscarriages. […] Once we have the results of recurrent pregnancy loss testing, developing a treatment plan is the next step. Texas Fertility Center offers many recurrent pregnancy loss treatments. […] A woman has a 60% to 80% chance of having a full-term pregnancy even after three miscarriages.

Zobacz więcej