Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/squamous-cell-carcinoma/

  Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is the second most common form of skin cancer, characterized by abnormal, accelerated growth of squamous cells. […] Squamous cell carcinoma occurs when DNA damage from exposure to ultraviolet radiation or other damaging agents trigger abnormal changes in the squamous cells. […] While the majority of squamous cell carcinoma cases can be easily and successfully treated, if allowed to grow, these lesions can become disfiguring, dangerous and even deadly. Untreated SCCs can become invasive, grow into deeper layers of skin and spread to other parts of the body. […] SCC is less common than basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the number of reported SCC cases in the U.S. has steadily increased. […] SCC incidence has increased up to 200 percent in the past three decades.

• #2 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441939/

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common skin malignancy in the United States, and its incidence steadily rises each year, posing a significant public health concern. […] The development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is associated with the following risk factors and etiologies: UV radiation: UVA and UVB are the most significant risk factors. Environmental exposures other than UV radiation: This includes arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, alkylating agents, and ionizing radiation. Demographic factors: Fair skin, male, and older age. Immunosuppressed state: Iatrogenic, leukemia, and AIDS. Genetic syndromes: Huriez syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosa, oculocutaneous albinism, dyskeratosis congenita, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, Fanconi anemia, keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, and genetic immunodeficiency syndromes. Preexisting lesions: Chronic wounds (Marjolin ulcer), human papillomavirus, actinic keratosis, porokeratosis, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, hypertrophic or oral lichen planus, and discoid cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Medications: BRAF inhibitors, vismodegib, and voriconazole, immunosuppressive agents.

• #3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/skin-cancers/squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Squamous cell carcinoma is cancer that begins in the squamous cells of the skin. […] People who have had more sun exposure to their skin have a higher risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer. People who have light skin are much more susceptible to squamous cell carcinoma than people who have dark skin. […] Squamous cell carcinoma may develop on normal skin but is more likely to develop in damaged skin. Such damage includes precancerous skin growths caused by previous sun exposure (actinic keratoses). […] Because squamous cell carcinoma is caused by sun exposure, people can help prevent this cancer by doing the following, starting in early childhood: avoiding the sun, wearing protective clothing, and using sunscreen.

• #4 Squamous Cell Carcinoma: What it is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17480-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer caused by an overproduction of squamous cells in your epidermis, the top layer of your skin. Exposing your skin to the suns UV rays puts you at a high risk of getting skin cancer. […] A mutation to the p53 gene causes squamous cell carcinoma. The most common way that your p53 gene mutates is from ultraviolet (UV) exposure from the sun, or from using indoor tanning beds. […] A mutation to the p53 gene means that your cells dont have the instructions they need to do their job correctly. As a result, your squamous cells divide and replicate too often, causing tumors (bumps, lumps or lesions) to form in and on your body.

• #5 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Causes | What Causes Skin Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  There are many known risk factors for basal and squamous cell skin cancers, but its not always clear exactly how these factors might cause cancer. […] Most basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers are caused by repeated and unprotected skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight, as well as from man-made sources such as tanning beds. UV rays can damage the DNA inside skin cells and cause changes in genes. […] Researchers dont yet know all of the DNA changes that result in basal or squamous cell skin cancer, but they have found that in many skin cancers the cells have changes in tumor suppressor genes or DNA repair genes. […] The gene most often changed in squamous cell cancers is the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. This gene normally causes cells with damaged DNA to die. When TP53 is altered, these abnormal cells may live longer and might go on to become cancerous.

• #6 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/squamous-cell-carcinoma/scc-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is caused by DNA damage that leads to abnormal changes (mutations) in the squamous cells in the outermost layer of skin. […] Understanding what causes this damage and the factors that increase your risk of developing SCC can help you detect the disease early or prevent it from happening in the first place. […] Cumulative, unprotected exposure to UV radiation is the main cause of SCC as well as a risk factor for most skin cancers. […] About 90 percent of nonmelanoma skin cancers are associated with exposure to UV radiation from the sun. […] Tanning beds emit UV radiation that is dangerous and raises your risk of developing SCC. […] If your immune system is weakened or suppressed, you are more likely to develop SCC than people with healthy immune systems.

• #7 Skin cancer types: Squamous cell carcinoma causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/causes

  What causes squamous cell skin cancer? People usually develop this skin cancer because ultraviolet (UV) light has badly damaged their skin. Most UV light comes from: The sun, Indoor tanning equipment (such as tanning beds and sunlamps). […] Every time UV light hits our skin, it can damage some of the DNA inside our skin’s cells. This happens every time we: Spend time in the sun without sun protection, Use indoor tanning equipment. […] When mutations develop in skin cells called squamous cells, we get squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. […] The key risk factors for getting this skin cancer are listed below. A risk factor is anything that increases your risk of developing a disease. […] UV damage to your skin caused by the sun or tanning beds. This is the most common contributing factor. Indoor tanning can increase your risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer by 58%.

• #8 Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Causes, Symptoms, Prevention

  https://www.skinvision.com/squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Squamous cell carcinoma occurs when damage from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays leads to abnormal changes in the top layer of the skin, known as the squamous cells. […] Prolonged exposure to UV radiation is thought to be the major risk factor for most skin cancers. About 90% of non-melanoma skin cancers, like squamous cell carcinoma, are associated with exposure to UV radiation from the sun. […] Tanning beds emit UV radiation that is dangerous and raises your risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma. People who have tanned indoors have a 67% increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma compared with those who haven’t. […] People with weakened or suppressed immune systems from certain diseases or medical treatments are more likely to develop SCC. […] If you have had a past history of squamous cell carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma, you have a high chance of developing a form of the disease again.

• #9 Skin cancer types: Squamous cell carcinoma causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/causes

  What causes squamous cell skin cancer? People usually develop this skin cancer because ultraviolet (UV) light has badly damaged their skin. Most UV light comes from: The sun, Indoor tanning equipment (such as tanning beds and sunlamps). […] Every time UV light hits our skin, it can damage some of the DNA inside our skin’s cells. This happens every time we: Spend time in the sun without sun protection, Use indoor tanning equipment. […] When mutations develop in skin cells called squamous cells, we get squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. […] The key risk factors for getting this skin cancer are listed below. A risk factor is anything that increases your risk of developing a disease. […] UV damage to your skin caused by the sun or tanning beds. This is the most common contributing factor. Indoor tanning can increase your risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer by 58%.

• #10 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scars from severe burns, areas of skin over serious bone infections, and skin damaged by some severe inflammatory skin diseases are more likely to develop skin cancers (mostly squamous cell cancers), although this risk is generally small. […] Psoralens and ultraviolet light (PUVA) treatments given to some people with psoriasis (a chronic inflammatory skin disease) can increase the risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer and probably other skin cancers. […] This very rare inherited condition reduces the ability of skin cells to repair DNA damage caused by sun exposure. […] In this rare congenital (present at birth) condition, people develop many basal cell cancers over their lifetime. […] Several other genetic syndromes have also been linked with an increased risk of skin cancer. […] The immune system helps the body fight cancers of the skin and other organs. […] Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 150 viruses, many of which can cause papillomas, or warts. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop squamous cell skin cancer, especially on the lips.

• #11 What Causes Squamous Cell Cancer

  http://www.skincancerguide.ca/squamous/what_causes_squamous_cell_cancer.html

  Ultraviolet light – Most of this is from sunlight. Squamous cell carcinoma is most commonly seen in fair skinned individuals who are unable to tan and is associated with an accumulated lifetime exposure to sun. PUVA (Psoralen and Ultraviolet A radiation), which is used mostly for psoriasis, has an increased risk of squamous cell carcinomas […] Ionizing radiation such as radiotherapy may also increase of skin cancers […] Chemicals such as arsenic increase the risk of these skin cancers – exposure is usually chronic and at low concentrations […] Cigarette smoking increases the risks of squamous cell carcinoma by twofold […] Human Papilloma Virus is associated with squamous cell carcinoma in the genital area as well as around the nails […] There are a number of genetic syndromes which increase the risk of skin cancers. These include xeroderma pigmentosa which is a defect in DNA repair. This condition is associated with sun sensitivity, extensive freckling and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancers is almost 5,000 times that of the normal population

• #12 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Causes | What Causes Skin Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  There are many known risk factors for basal and squamous cell skin cancers, but its not always clear exactly how these factors might cause cancer. […] Most basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers are caused by repeated and unprotected skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight, as well as from man-made sources such as tanning beds. UV rays can damage the DNA inside skin cells and cause changes in genes. […] Researchers dont yet know all of the DNA changes that result in basal or squamous cell skin cancer, but they have found that in many skin cancers the cells have changes in tumor suppressor genes or DNA repair genes. […] The gene most often changed in squamous cell cancers is the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. This gene normally causes cells with damaged DNA to die. When TP53 is altered, these abnormal cells may live longer and might go on to become cancerous.

• #13 Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common type of keratinocyte cancer, or non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Risk factors for cutaneous SCC include: Age and sex: SCCs are particularly prevalent in elderly males. However, they also affect females and younger adults. […] More than 90% of cases of SCC are associated with numerous DNA mutations in multiple somatic genes. Mutations in the p53 tumour suppressor gene are caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV), especially UVB (known as signature 7). […] Beta-genus human papillomaviruses (wart virus) are thought to play a role in SCC arising in immune-suppressed populations. […] High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma has the following characteristics: Diameter greater than or equal to 2 cm. […] Diagnosis of cutaneous SCC is based on clinical features.

• #14 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441939/

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common skin malignancy in the United States, and its incidence steadily rises each year, posing a significant public health concern. […] The development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is associated with the following risk factors and etiologies: UV radiation: UVA and UVB are the most significant risk factors. Environmental exposures other than UV radiation: This includes arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, alkylating agents, and ionizing radiation. Demographic factors: Fair skin, male, and older age. Immunosuppressed state: Iatrogenic, leukemia, and AIDS. Genetic syndromes: Huriez syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosa, oculocutaneous albinism, dyskeratosis congenita, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, Fanconi anemia, keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, and genetic immunodeficiency syndromes. Preexisting lesions: Chronic wounds (Marjolin ulcer), human papillomavirus, actinic keratosis, porokeratosis, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, hypertrophic or oral lichen planus, and discoid cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Medications: BRAF inhibitors, vismodegib, and voriconazole, immunosuppressive agents.

• #15 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/squamous-cell-carcinoma/scc-causes-and-risk-factors/

  If you’ve had SCC, you have a high chance of recurrence. […] The risk of developing SCC increases as you age, and there is a reason why the disease most commonly occurs in people over 50. […] Although people of all skin types can develop SCC, people with light skin — especially individuals with red or blond hair, blue or green eyes or skin that freckles or easily burns — have a heightened risk for the disease. […] Squamous cell carcinomas occur at least twice as frequently in men as in women. […] People with xeroderma pigmentosum – a rare disorder that makes the skin less able to repair DNA damage caused by the sun – or other photosensitivity conditions such as polymorphous light eruption or solar urticaria have an elevated risk for skin damage, SCC and other skin cancers. […] Certain precancerous growths, often resulting from cumulative sun damage, are linked with SCC. […] HPV, which can arise in the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth as well as on the skin has been documented as a cause of Bowen’s disease on the genitals.

• #16 Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Causes, Symptoms, Prevention

  https://www.skinvision.com/squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Anyone can get skin cancer, but people with light-colored skin have a much higher risk than people with darker skin color. Those who burn easily, have fair skin, freckles or blue or green eyes, and naturally red or blonde hair have an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma. […] Individuals over the age of 50 are at higher risk. Men are also twice as likely to develop squamous cell carcinoma as women, although women are being diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma more often than before. […] Previous injuries like scars from severe burn or areas of skin over serious bone infections are more likely to develop skin cancers, although this risk is generally small in these cases.

• #17 Genetics of Skin Cancer (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-genetics-pdq

  More than 100 types of tumors are clinically apparent on the skin. Many are known to have familial and/or inherited components, either in isolation or as part of a syndrome with other features. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are two of the most common malignancies in the United States and are often caused by sun exposure, although several hereditary syndromes and genes are also associated with an increased risk of developing these cancers. […] Syndromes such as oculocutaneous albinism, epidermolysis bullosa, and Fanconi anemia are associated with increased SCC risk. […] An autosomal recessive disease, called xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), is associated with increased BCC, SCC, and melanoma risks. […] Sun exposure is the major known environmental factor associated with the development of skin cancer of all types. There are different patterns of sun exposure associated with each major type of skin cancer (BCC, squamous cell carcinoma [SCC], and melanoma).

• #18 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441939/

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common skin malignancy in the United States, and its incidence steadily rises each year, posing a significant public health concern. […] The development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is associated with the following risk factors and etiologies: UV radiation: UVA and UVB are the most significant risk factors. Environmental exposures other than UV radiation: This includes arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, alkylating agents, and ionizing radiation. Demographic factors: Fair skin, male, and older age. Immunosuppressed state: Iatrogenic, leukemia, and AIDS. Genetic syndromes: Huriez syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosa, oculocutaneous albinism, dyskeratosis congenita, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, Fanconi anemia, keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, and genetic immunodeficiency syndromes. Preexisting lesions: Chronic wounds (Marjolin ulcer), human papillomavirus, actinic keratosis, porokeratosis, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, hypertrophic or oral lichen planus, and discoid cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Medications: BRAF inhibitors, vismodegib, and voriconazole, immunosuppressive agents.

• #19 Skin cancer types: Squamous cell carcinoma causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/causes

  HIV. In looking at medical records, Danish researchers found that people who are HIV positive have a higher risk of developing the most common types of skin cancer, including squamous cell skin cancer. […] Weakened immune system. Our immune system helps defend against cancer, so when something weakens it, we have a greater risk of developing skin cancer. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum or similar inherited disease. Some people are born with a medical condition called xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). If you have XP, your body cannot repair any of the damage caused by UV light, so your risk of developing skin cancer skyrockets.

• #20 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1965430-overview

  Exposure to cancer-promoting stressors and the response of the body to those exposures (host response) promote the development of cSCC. Well-known risk factors include the following: UVR exposure, immunosuppression, exposure to ionizing radiation or chemical carcinogens, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] Chronic UVR exposure, such as through tanning beds, medical UV treatments, or cumulative lifetime sun exposure, is the most important risk factor for the development of cSCC. UVR is a known mutagen capable of inducing DNA damage that can lead to keratinocyte transformation. UVR has also been shown to alter the cutaneous immune response, leaving the skin susceptible to tumor formation. […] Immunosuppression is also increasingly recognized as a risk factor for the development of skin cancer; this is true of iatrogenic and noniatrogenic immunosuppression (eg, in organ transplant recipients and persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), respectively). Regardless of the reason for immunosuppression, cSCC that arises in the setting of immunosuppression exhibits a more aggressive course, with a higher rate of local recurrence, metastasis, and death.

• #21 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/skin-cancer/squamous-cell-carcinoma-of-the-skin.html

  Squamous cell carcinoma is usually caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light that builds up over the patients lifetime. This UV light can come from sunlight or from tanning beds. Other risk factors include chronic skin wounds and radiation therapy treatment for another cancer. These tumors usually form in the radiation site. […] Organ transplant recipients also have a much higher risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma than the general population. Doctors believe immunosuppressive drugs that prevent the body from rejecting the transplanted organ makes the patient more susceptible to this type of cancer. […] Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin may develop from or be associated with actinic keratoses. These are scaly, damaged patches of skin often found on areas of the body that get lots of sun exposure, like the face, scalp and back of the hands. […] UV damage plays a central role in the development of the three most common skin cancers, George says. […] These include: Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

• #22 JNCCN 360 – Advanced Skin Cancers – Causes of Death in Patients With Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Risk Factors Tell the Story

  https://jnccn360.org/advanced-skin-cancers/medical-literature/causes-of-death-in-patients-with-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma-risk-factors-tell-the-story/

  Although research has shown that non-melanoma skin cancer is the most frequent cancer in White populations, there are limited data on the mortality rates and types of death linked to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. […] Their findings, which were published in the European Journal of Cancer, highlighted the three main types of death in this patient population: local infiltration of the tumor, distant metastases, and locoregional metastases. […] Prognostic factors for death from local infiltration included desmoplasia (hazard ratio [HR] = 15.39; P .01) and bone invasion (HR = 16.9; P .001), whereas for those whose death was from locoregional metastasis, immunosuppression (HR = 3.27; P .004) was the sole significant prognostic factor. Additionally, immunosuppression (HR = 4.54; P .02) was a significant factor in death by distant metastases.

• #23 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441939/

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common skin malignancy in the United States, and its incidence steadily rises each year, posing a significant public health concern. […] The development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is associated with the following risk factors and etiologies: UV radiation: UVA and UVB are the most significant risk factors. Environmental exposures other than UV radiation: This includes arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, alkylating agents, and ionizing radiation. Demographic factors: Fair skin, male, and older age. Immunosuppressed state: Iatrogenic, leukemia, and AIDS. Genetic syndromes: Huriez syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosa, oculocutaneous albinism, dyskeratosis congenita, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, Fanconi anemia, keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, and genetic immunodeficiency syndromes. Preexisting lesions: Chronic wounds (Marjolin ulcer), human papillomavirus, actinic keratosis, porokeratosis, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, hypertrophic or oral lichen planus, and discoid cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Medications: BRAF inhibitors, vismodegib, and voriconazole, immunosuppressive agents.

• #24 Skin cancer types: Squamous cell carcinoma causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/causes

  Fair skin, light-colored eyes, or naturally red or blond hair. If you have any of these traits, your skin is more easily damaged by the sun. […] Sunburns. If you’ve had blistering sunburns, especially in your youth, you have a higher risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer. […] Actinic keratoses (AKs). These are precancerous growths on your skin, which are caused by the sun or indoor tanning. Having an AK increases your risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer because an AK can progress and turn into this type of skin cancer. […] Sunny region. Living in an area that’s warm and gets plenty of sun year-round, such as Florida or California, increases your risk. […] High altitude. Living at a high altitude also increases your risk. […] Previous skin cancer. Having had skin cancer increases your risk of developing more skin cancers.

• #25 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scars from severe burns, areas of skin over serious bone infections, and skin damaged by some severe inflammatory skin diseases are more likely to develop skin cancers (mostly squamous cell cancers), although this risk is generally small. […] Psoralens and ultraviolet light (PUVA) treatments given to some people with psoriasis (a chronic inflammatory skin disease) can increase the risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer and probably other skin cancers. […] This very rare inherited condition reduces the ability of skin cells to repair DNA damage caused by sun exposure. […] In this rare congenital (present at birth) condition, people develop many basal cell cancers over their lifetime. […] Several other genetic syndromes have also been linked with an increased risk of skin cancer. […] The immune system helps the body fight cancers of the skin and other organs. […] Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 150 viruses, many of which can cause papillomas, or warts. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop squamous cell skin cancer, especially on the lips.

• #26 Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common type of keratinocyte cancer, or non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Risk factors for cutaneous SCC include: Age and sex: SCCs are particularly prevalent in elderly males. However, they also affect females and younger adults. […] More than 90% of cases of SCC are associated with numerous DNA mutations in multiple somatic genes. Mutations in the p53 tumour suppressor gene are caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV), especially UVB (known as signature 7). […] Beta-genus human papillomaviruses (wart virus) are thought to play a role in SCC arising in immune-suppressed populations. […] High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma has the following characteristics: Diameter greater than or equal to 2 cm. […] Diagnosis of cutaneous SCC is based on clinical features.

• #27 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Causes | What Causes Skin Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Genes often mutated in basal cell cancers include the PTCH1 or PTCH2 genes, which are part of the hedgehog signaling pathway inside cells. These are tumor suppressor genes that normally help keep cell growth in check, so changes in one of these genes can allow cells to grow out of control. […] People with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) have a high risk for skin cancer. XP is a rare, inherited condition resulting from a change in one of the XP (ERCC) genes, which leads to a defect in one of the proteins that normally helps repair DNA damage. […] The link between squamous cell skin cancer and infection with some types of HPV (human papillomavirus) also involves DNA and genes. These viruses have genes that affect growth-regulating proteins of infected skin cells. This can cause skin cells to grow too much and to not die when theyre supposed to.

• #28 Skin cancer types: Squamous cell carcinoma causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/causes

  Medication taken to prevent your body from rejecting a transplanted organ. If you have a transplanted organ, such as a kidney, heart, or lung, you have a significantly increased risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer. […] HPV infection. Squamous cell skin cancer can develop under a nail, on the genitals, or inside the anus. Researchers have found that in these areas, squamous cell carcinoma is often accompanied by an HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. […] Skin injury, such as a burn. Have you burned your skin badly? If so, you have a higher risk of developing skin cancer on the skin that was burned. […] Exposure to arsenic. People who have high levels of arsenic in their drinking water or food have a greater risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer. […] Cigarette smoking. Some studies suggest that smokers develop this skin cancer at an earlier age than do people who don’t smoke or have never smoked.

• #29 Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Pictures, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/squamous-cell-skin-cancer

  Smoking. People who smoke are more likely to develop cSCC, especially on their lips. Smoking is the primary risk factor for developing lung cSCC and other non-small cell lung cancers. […] Chemical exposure. Exposure to certain chemicals such as coal tar, paraffin, some petroleum products, and arsenic may contribute to cSCC development. […] Radiation exposure. Undergoing radiation therapy slightly increases your risk of developing skin cancer in the part of your body that received treatment. […] Immunosuppression. Immunosuppression contributes to the development of cSCC. For example, organ transplant recipients have a 65 to 250 times higher risk of developing cSCC than people in the general population. […] Severe burn scars and sores. cSCC can develop in severe burn scars, sores, or ulcers that have been on your body for many years.

• #30 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441939/

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common skin malignancy in the United States, and its incidence steadily rises each year, posing a significant public health concern. […] The development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is associated with the following risk factors and etiologies: UV radiation: UVA and UVB are the most significant risk factors. Environmental exposures other than UV radiation: This includes arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, alkylating agents, and ionizing radiation. Demographic factors: Fair skin, male, and older age. Immunosuppressed state: Iatrogenic, leukemia, and AIDS. Genetic syndromes: Huriez syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosa, oculocutaneous albinism, dyskeratosis congenita, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, Fanconi anemia, keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, and genetic immunodeficiency syndromes. Preexisting lesions: Chronic wounds (Marjolin ulcer), human papillomavirus, actinic keratosis, porokeratosis, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, hypertrophic or oral lichen planus, and discoid cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Medications: BRAF inhibitors, vismodegib, and voriconazole, immunosuppressive agents.

• #31 Prevention & Risk Factors for Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/squamous-cell-carcinoma/risk-factors

  Less common risk factors include long-time exposure to: Radiation, Coal tar, Arsenic, Other industrial compounds. […] People with a weakened immune system are at higher risk for basal cell carcinoma. […] Youre at higher risk if you have: Long-term exposure to radiation. […] A human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. This is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma on mucosal (mucus membrane) sites.

• #32 Squamous-cell carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma

  Human papillomavirus infection has been associated with SCCs of the oropharynx, lung, fingers, and anogenital region. […] Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma is the second most common skin cancer, accounting for over 1 million cases in the United States each year. […] Tobacco smoking and a dietary pattern characterized by high beer and liquor intake also increase the risk of SCC significantly. […] Studies have found evidences for an association between diet and skin cancers, including SCC. The consumption of high-fat dairy foods increases SCC tumor risk in people with previous skin cancer. Green leafy vegetables may help prevent development of subsequent SCC and multiple studies found that raw vegetables and fruits are significantly protective against SCC risk. […] In addition, meat and fat dietary pattern can increase the risk of SCC in people without a history of SCC, but the association is again more prominent in people with a history of skin cancer.

• #33 Skin cancer types: Squamous cell carcinoma causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/causes

  Medication taken to prevent your body from rejecting a transplanted organ. If you have a transplanted organ, such as a kidney, heart, or lung, you have a significantly increased risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer. […] HPV infection. Squamous cell skin cancer can develop under a nail, on the genitals, or inside the anus. Researchers have found that in these areas, squamous cell carcinoma is often accompanied by an HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. […] Skin injury, such as a burn. Have you burned your skin badly? If so, you have a higher risk of developing skin cancer on the skin that was burned. […] Exposure to arsenic. People who have high levels of arsenic in their drinking water or food have a greater risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer. […] Cigarette smoking. Some studies suggest that smokers develop this skin cancer at an earlier age than do people who don’t smoke or have never smoked.

• #34 Squamous cell carcinomas: 8 things to know about the ‘cancer of the surfaces’ | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/squamous-cell-carcinomas–8-things-to-know-about-the–cancer-of-the-surfaces.h00-159544479.html

  Much like adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas can develop in many locations, including the skin, lungs and cervix. […] Cutaneous (skin) squamous cell carcinoma, for instance, has a lot of genetic mutations that are unique to cancers caused by UV exposure. This tends to make them more responsive to immunotherapy. […] Skin cancers tend to be caused by excess UV radiation exposure, whether its from the sun or tanning beds. […] Lung cancer, oral cancer and larynx cancers are often connected to smoking or tobacco use. […] Tonsil cancers and those found on the back of the tongue tend to be associated with HPV.

• #35 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441939/

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common skin malignancy in the United States, and its incidence steadily rises each year, posing a significant public health concern. […] The development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is associated with the following risk factors and etiologies: UV radiation: UVA and UVB are the most significant risk factors. Environmental exposures other than UV radiation: This includes arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, alkylating agents, and ionizing radiation. Demographic factors: Fair skin, male, and older age. Immunosuppressed state: Iatrogenic, leukemia, and AIDS. Genetic syndromes: Huriez syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosa, oculocutaneous albinism, dyskeratosis congenita, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, Fanconi anemia, keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, and genetic immunodeficiency syndromes. Preexisting lesions: Chronic wounds (Marjolin ulcer), human papillomavirus, actinic keratosis, porokeratosis, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, hypertrophic or oral lichen planus, and discoid cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Medications: BRAF inhibitors, vismodegib, and voriconazole, immunosuppressive agents.

• #36 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1965430-overview

  A rare genetic defect that affects the repair mechanism for UVR-induced DNA damage, resulting in xeroderma pigmentosum, has been causally linked to UVR-induced cSCC. […] A study by Pedersen et al indicated that hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), one of the most frequently prescribed diuretic and antihypertensive drugs in the United States and Western Europe, raises the risk for BCC and cSCC. HCTZ has a photosensitizing effect and, in an experimental model, was seen to encourage UVA-induced DNA damage.

• #37 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7916193/

  Other risk factors are beta-human papilloma virus (HPV) subtypes infection, smoking, and immunosuppression. […] The duration of immunosuppression may contribute to cSCC carcinogenesis. […] Invasive cSCC may develop ex novo, or from a preexisting in situ cSCC (AK or Bowens disease, BD), and/or in the context of some chronic photo-exposed or inflammation skin areas. […] Long-term cutaneous inflammation such as that observed in chronic wounds, burns, scars, ulcers, or sinus tracts seems to contribute to cSCC development. […] The multistage process that leads to cSCC development and progression is characterized by mutations in the genes involved in epidermal homeostasis and by several alterations, such as epigenetic modifications, viral infections, or microenvironmental changes.

• #38 Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common type of keratinocyte cancer, or non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Risk factors for cutaneous SCC include: Age and sex: SCCs are particularly prevalent in elderly males. However, they also affect females and younger adults. […] More than 90% of cases of SCC are associated with numerous DNA mutations in multiple somatic genes. Mutations in the p53 tumour suppressor gene are caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV), especially UVB (known as signature 7). […] Beta-genus human papillomaviruses (wart virus) are thought to play a role in SCC arising in immune-suppressed populations. […] High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma has the following characteristics: Diameter greater than or equal to 2 cm. […] Diagnosis of cutaneous SCC is based on clinical features.

• #39 Squamous Cell Carcinoma: What it is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17480-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer caused by an overproduction of squamous cells in your epidermis, the top layer of your skin. Exposing your skin to the suns UV rays puts you at a high risk of getting skin cancer. […] A mutation to the p53 gene causes squamous cell carcinoma. The most common way that your p53 gene mutates is from ultraviolet (UV) exposure from the sun, or from using indoor tanning beds. […] A mutation to the p53 gene means that your cells dont have the instructions they need to do their job correctly. As a result, your squamous cells divide and replicate too often, causing tumors (bumps, lumps or lesions) to form in and on your body.

• #40 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Causes | What Causes Skin Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  There are many known risk factors for basal and squamous cell skin cancers, but its not always clear exactly how these factors might cause cancer. […] Most basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers are caused by repeated and unprotected skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight, as well as from man-made sources such as tanning beds. UV rays can damage the DNA inside skin cells and cause changes in genes. […] Researchers dont yet know all of the DNA changes that result in basal or squamous cell skin cancer, but they have found that in many skin cancers the cells have changes in tumor suppressor genes or DNA repair genes. […] The gene most often changed in squamous cell cancers is the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. This gene normally causes cells with damaged DNA to die. When TP53 is altered, these abnormal cells may live longer and might go on to become cancerous.

• #41 Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma

  The vast majority of cSCC cases are located on exposed skin, and are often the result of ultraviolet exposure. cSCC usually occurs on portions of the body commonly exposed to the sun; the face, ears, neck, hands, or arms. […] A significant proportion of cSCC and its precursor lesions carry UV-induced p53 mutations. In fact, these mutations are present in up to 90% of cSCC cases. The detection of p53 mutations in precursor lesions indicates that this could be an early event in the development of squamous cell carcinoma. […] People who have received solid organ transplants are at a significantly increased risk of developing squamous-cell carcinoma due to the use of chronic immunosuppressive medication.

• #42 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7916193/

  Other risk factors are beta-human papilloma virus (HPV) subtypes infection, smoking, and immunosuppression. […] The duration of immunosuppression may contribute to cSCC carcinogenesis. […] Invasive cSCC may develop ex novo, or from a preexisting in situ cSCC (AK or Bowens disease, BD), and/or in the context of some chronic photo-exposed or inflammation skin areas. […] Long-term cutaneous inflammation such as that observed in chronic wounds, burns, scars, ulcers, or sinus tracts seems to contribute to cSCC development. […] The multistage process that leads to cSCC development and progression is characterized by mutations in the genes involved in epidermal homeostasis and by several alterations, such as epigenetic modifications, viral infections, or microenvironmental changes.

• #43 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Causes | What Causes Skin Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  There are many known risk factors for basal and squamous cell skin cancers, but its not always clear exactly how these factors might cause cancer. […] Most basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers are caused by repeated and unprotected skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight, as well as from man-made sources such as tanning beds. UV rays can damage the DNA inside skin cells and cause changes in genes. […] Researchers dont yet know all of the DNA changes that result in basal or squamous cell skin cancer, but they have found that in many skin cancers the cells have changes in tumor suppressor genes or DNA repair genes. […] The gene most often changed in squamous cell cancers is the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. This gene normally causes cells with damaged DNA to die. When TP53 is altered, these abnormal cells may live longer and might go on to become cancerous.

• #44 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7916193/

  Other risk factors are beta-human papilloma virus (HPV) subtypes infection, smoking, and immunosuppression. […] The duration of immunosuppression may contribute to cSCC carcinogenesis. […] Invasive cSCC may develop ex novo, or from a preexisting in situ cSCC (AK or Bowens disease, BD), and/or in the context of some chronic photo-exposed or inflammation skin areas. […] Long-term cutaneous inflammation such as that observed in chronic wounds, burns, scars, ulcers, or sinus tracts seems to contribute to cSCC development. […] The multistage process that leads to cSCC development and progression is characterized by mutations in the genes involved in epidermal homeostasis and by several alterations, such as epigenetic modifications, viral infections, or microenvironmental changes.

• #45 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1965430-overview

  Exposure to cancer-promoting stressors and the response of the body to those exposures (host response) promote the development of cSCC. Well-known risk factors include the following: UVR exposure, immunosuppression, exposure to ionizing radiation or chemical carcinogens, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] Chronic UVR exposure, such as through tanning beds, medical UV treatments, or cumulative lifetime sun exposure, is the most important risk factor for the development of cSCC. UVR is a known mutagen capable of inducing DNA damage that can lead to keratinocyte transformation. UVR has also been shown to alter the cutaneous immune response, leaving the skin susceptible to tumor formation. […] Immunosuppression is also increasingly recognized as a risk factor for the development of skin cancer; this is true of iatrogenic and noniatrogenic immunosuppression (eg, in organ transplant recipients and persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), respectively). Regardless of the reason for immunosuppression, cSCC that arises in the setting of immunosuppression exhibits a more aggressive course, with a higher rate of local recurrence, metastasis, and death.

• #46 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scars from severe burns, areas of skin over serious bone infections, and skin damaged by some severe inflammatory skin diseases are more likely to develop skin cancers (mostly squamous cell cancers), although this risk is generally small. […] Psoralens and ultraviolet light (PUVA) treatments given to some people with psoriasis (a chronic inflammatory skin disease) can increase the risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer and probably other skin cancers. […] This very rare inherited condition reduces the ability of skin cells to repair DNA damage caused by sun exposure. […] In this rare congenital (present at birth) condition, people develop many basal cell cancers over their lifetime. […] Several other genetic syndromes have also been linked with an increased risk of skin cancer. […] The immune system helps the body fight cancers of the skin and other organs. […] Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 150 viruses, many of which can cause papillomas, or warts. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop squamous cell skin cancer, especially on the lips.

• #47 JNCCN 360 – Advanced Skin Cancers – Causes of Death in Patients With Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Risk Factors Tell the Story

  https://jnccn360.org/advanced-skin-cancers/medical-literature/causes-of-death-in-patients-with-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma-risk-factors-tell-the-story/

  Although research has shown that non-melanoma skin cancer is the most frequent cancer in White populations, there are limited data on the mortality rates and types of death linked to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. […] Their findings, which were published in the European Journal of Cancer, highlighted the three main types of death in this patient population: local infiltration of the tumor, distant metastases, and locoregional metastases. […] Prognostic factors for death from local infiltration included desmoplasia (hazard ratio [HR] = 15.39; P .01) and bone invasion (HR = 16.9; P .001), whereas for those whose death was from locoregional metastasis, immunosuppression (HR = 3.27; P .004) was the sole significant prognostic factor. Additionally, immunosuppression (HR = 4.54; P .02) was a significant factor in death by distant metastases.

• #48 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441939/

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common skin malignancy in the United States, and its incidence steadily rises each year, posing a significant public health concern. […] The development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is associated with the following risk factors and etiologies: UV radiation: UVA and UVB are the most significant risk factors. Environmental exposures other than UV radiation: This includes arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, alkylating agents, and ionizing radiation. Demographic factors: Fair skin, male, and older age. Immunosuppressed state: Iatrogenic, leukemia, and AIDS. Genetic syndromes: Huriez syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosa, oculocutaneous albinism, dyskeratosis congenita, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, Fanconi anemia, keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, and genetic immunodeficiency syndromes. Preexisting lesions: Chronic wounds (Marjolin ulcer), human papillomavirus, actinic keratosis, porokeratosis, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, hypertrophic or oral lichen planus, and discoid cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Medications: BRAF inhibitors, vismodegib, and voriconazole, immunosuppressive agents.

• #49 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Several risk factors make a person more likely to get basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer. […] Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is a major risk factor for most skin cancers. […] Anyone can get skin cancer, but people with light-colored skin have a much higher risk than people with naturally darker skin color. […] The risk of getting basal and squamous cell skin cancers rises as people get older. […] Men are more likely than women to get basal and squamous cell cancers of the skin. […] Being exposed to large amounts of arsenic increases the risk of developing skin cancer. […] People who have had radiation treatment have a higher risk of developing skin cancer in the area where the radiation was focused. […] People who have had a basal or squamous cell cancer have a much higher chance of developing another one.

• #50 Skin cancer: Causes, types, prevention and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/skin-cancer-causes-types-prevention-and-treatment

  Skin cancer, the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the skin, is mainly caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun and tanning equipment. […] Skin cancers are primarily caused by exposure to DNA-damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] Sun exposure and tanning bed use are major risk factors in its development. […] Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This cancer typically appears on sun-exposed skin areas and often resembles a scaly patch, firm bump or ulcer that heals and then re-opens. […] Most skin cancers are caused by UV exposure that damages the DNA of skin cells. […] So people who get too much sun or sunburns have a higher risk for skin cancer, as all wavelengths of UV radiation that reach the Earth’s surface, including UVA and UVB, accelerate skin aging and promote skin cancer development.

• #51 Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  There is a great deal of evidence to show that very careful sun protection at any time of life reduces the number of SCCs. […] Most SCCs are cured by treatment. A cure is most likely if treatment is undertaken when the lesion is small. […] About 50% of people at high risk of SCC develop a second one within 5 years of the first.

• #52 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment Reading – Causes & Symptoms | Derma

  https://www.dermareading.co.uk/squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Skin cancers are the most common type of cancers, and there are three main types, which are divided into non-melanoma skin cancers, and melanoma; Non-melanoma: o Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) o Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) Malignant melanomas. […] The primary cause of squamous cell carcinoma is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, either from the sun, or from harmful artificial tanning practices, such as sunbeds or sunlamps. […] The exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause the DNA of skin cells (keratinocytes) in the outer layer of the skin to change, and this allows the skin cells to grow out of control, developing into SCCs. […] UV light damage can cause SCCs directly, but it may also sometimes cause a scaly area to develop, which may be a pre-cancerous lesion called an actinic keratosis or Bowens disease, which if left untreated can develop into an SCC.

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