Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: epidemiology, classification, management, and novel trends – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25428226/

  Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common non-melanoma skin cancer. It originates from epidermal keratinocytes or adnexal structures (such as eccrine glands or pilosebaceous units). […] We also review novel classification schemes proposed during the last decade which attempt to stratify SCC lesions based on prognosis. […] Management and follow-up depend on the risk stratification of individual lesions.

• #2 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Diagnosis to Follow-Up

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/17/2960

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most frequent skin cancer, accounting for approximately 20% of all cutaneous malignancies, and with an increasing incidence due to the progressive increment of the average age of life. […] The incidence of SCC is not completely known and there is considerable geographical variation. Literature data show that incidences increase with age, male sex, and lower latitude. […] In Australia, the incidence rate of SCC is the highest reported, being estimated around 467 per 100,000 person-years. […] In the United States, the incidence is lower, being estimated at about 262 per 100,000 person-years. […] In Europe, the incidence is estimated at 77 per 100,000 person-years. […] Recent studies showed the predominant role of UV exposure over other environmental carcinogens, and this may explain geographical differences in the incidence of SCC.

• #3 A Primer on the Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.targetedonc.com/view/a-primer-on-the-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology-of-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common form of skin cancer, with an estimated 1 million cases treated in the United States each year. […] Approximately 5% of patients will experience local recurrence, 4% will develop nodal metastases, and up to 2% will die of the disease. […] In addition to the small but significant number of deaths attributed to cSCC each year, the disease and its associated precancerous skin lesions contribute to a large financial burden of more than $4.5 billion annually in the United States. […] cSCC is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the most frequently diagnosed cancer in North America. […] In 2006, the estimated number of incident cases of NMSC in the United States was 4,013,890, and approximately 62% of affected individuals were treated for skin cancer.

• #4 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441939/

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common skin malignancy in the United States, and its incidence steadily rises each year, posing a significant public health concern. […] The incidence of this condition has steadily increased, with a nearly 3-fold rise reported from the 1970s to the early 2000s. […] In 2012, the incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma was estimated at 140 per 100,000 American men and 50 per 100,000 American women. […] The mortality rate is approximately 1% to 2%. […] However, in the southern and central regions of the United States, the mortality rate is similar to that of melanoma and renal and oropharyngeal carcinoma. […] The prevalence is higher among men, fair-skinned individuals, and older age groups.

• #5 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1965430-overview

  Skin cancers are the most frequently diagnosed cancers in the United States. Determining the number of cSCCs is difficult, however, because reporting of these cases to cancer registries is not required. One report estimated that in 2012, the most recent date for which these figures have been determined, there were over 5.4 million nonmelanoma skin cancers in the United States, with more than 3.3 million people treated. […] Of nonmelanoma skin cancers, approximately 80% are BCC and 20% are SCC. Thus, cSCC is the second most common skin cancer and one of the most common cancers overall in the United States. […] Despite increased knowledge and public education regarding the causes of skin cancer and the importance of avoiding prolonged sun exposure, the incidence of cSCC continues to rise worldwide. A study from South Korea looking at skin cancer incidences between 1999 and 2014 found that the incidence of SCC in that country rose steadily in those years, with the average annual percentage change in men and women being 3.3 and 6.8, respectively. […] The international rise in the incidence of cSCC is likely multifactorial; speculated causes include the following: an aging population, improved detection, increased use of tanning beds, and environmental factors, such as depletion of the ozone layer.

• #6 A Review of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management

  https://brieflands.com/articles/ijcm-60846

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer and its incidence continues to rise worldwide. […] Recent epidemiologic studies have documented a rise in the incidence of CSCC worldwide, which highlights the potential public health impact of this disease. […] The incidence of CSCC is increasing worldwide; however, the global age-adjusted incidence varies according to latitude with a doubling in incidence with each 8 to 10 decrease in latitude. […] Information regarding the incidence of CSCC is primarily derived from North America, Europe and Australia. […] The age-adjusted incidence of CSCC ranges from less than 10/100,000 person-years in Scandinavian countries to 387/100,000 person-years in Australia. […] There is limited data on the incidence rate of CSCC in the Middle East and African continent.

• #7 Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_skin_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin increases with age. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma infrequently affects people under the age of 45; however, the incidence in increasing in younger individuals. […] For those over 75, the incidence is approximately 5 to 10 times higher than the incidence in younger age groups and 50 to 300 times higher than for those under 45. […] Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a common disease that tends to affect people living closer to the equator. In Australia, for example, there are approximately 1035 and 472 cases per 100,000 for men and women, respectively. In contrast, the age-adjusted incidences for men and women in Finland are only about 6 and 4 per 100,000.

• #8 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1965430-overview

  Patients who live closer to the equator tend to present with cSCC at a younger age than do patients who live more distant from it. […] The highest incidence of cSCC occurs in Australia, where nonmelanoma skin cancer incidences as high as 1.17 per 100, a rate 5 times greater than all other cancers combined, have been reported. […] SCC is the second leading cause of skin cancer in White individuals. Persons of Irish or Scottish ancestry have the highest prevalence in the United States. SCC is relatively uncommon in people of African or Asian descent. […] SCC occurs in men 2-3 times more frequently than it does in women, most likely as a result of higher cumulative lifetime UV exposure in men. […] The typical age at presentation for SCC is approximately 70 years. This varies widely, however, and in certain high-risk groups (eg, organ transplant recipients, patients with epidermolysis bullosa), SCC often manifests at a much younger age.

• #9 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/squamous-cell-carcinoma/scc-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is caused by DNA damage that leads to abnormal changes (mutations) in the squamous cells in the outermost layer of skin. […] Understanding what causes this damage and the factors that increase your risk of developing SCC can help you detect the disease early or prevent it from happening in the first place. […] These factors increase your SCC risk: Unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. […] Weakened immune system due to illness or certain immunosuppressive medications. […] History of skin cancer including basal cell carcinoma (BCC). […] Age over 50: Most SCCs appear in people over age 50. […] Light skin: People with lighter skin are at an increased risk for SCC. […] Gender: Men are more likely to develop SCC.

• #10 A Primer on the Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.targetedonc.com/view/a-primer-on-the-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology-of-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  The risk for cSCC is approximately 3 times higher in individuals born in areas that receive high amounts of UV radiation compared with those who move to sun-exposed locales in adulthood. […] Additionally, the risk for cSCC is up to 5 times higher in individuals with light skin color, blue or hazel eyes, and red or blonde hair compared with those who have darker skin, eyes, and hair. […] Increased risk has also been established in individuals with freckling, solar elastosis, or facial telangiectasia. […] Immunosuppression also contributes to the development of cSCC, particularly in the case of organ transplant recipients. […] Organ transplant recipients have approximately twice the overall risk for cancer, as compared with the general population. […] In a nationwide study using Swedish registries, the risk for cSCC was increased 198-fold among heart and lung transplant recipients, 121-fold among kidney transplant recipients, and 32-fold among liver transplant recipients.

• #11 Squamous cell carcinoma | MDedge

  https://blogs.the-hospitalist.org/content/squamous-cell-carcinoma

  SCC is the most common skin cancer occurring in Black individuals, manifesting primarily in the fifth decade of life. It is the second most common skin cancer in White, Hispanic, and Asian individuals and is more common in males. In a study of organ transplant recipients (N = 413), Pritchett et al reported that HPV infection was a major risk factor in Hispanic patients because 66.7% of those with SCC had a history of HPV. However, HPV is a risk factor for SCC in all ethnic groups. […] The risk for metastasis from SCC is 20% to 40% in Black patients vs 1% to 4% in White patients. Penile SCC was associated with a lower overall survival rate in patients of African descent. The increased morbidity and mortality from SCC in patients with skin of color may be attributed to delays in diagnosis and treatment as well as an incomplete understanding of tumor genetics.

• #12 Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in skin of colour

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma-in-skin-of-colour

  Cutaneous SCC is among the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. […] Cutaneous SCC accounts for 15-25% of all diagnosed skin cancers and an estimated 75% of non-melanoma skin cancer-related deaths. […] The highest incidence of cutaneous SCC is seen in white-skinned individuals. […] Cutaneous SCC is the second most common form of skin cancer seen in Caucasians, Asians, and Hispanics after basal cell carcinoma. […] It is the most common form of skin cancer seen in blacks and Asian Indians. […] The global incidence rates of cutaneous SCC are increasing, especially in white-skinned people. […] Over the last few decades, it has been estimated the cutaneous SCC incidence rate has doubled or tripled across the United States, Australia and Europe. […] The majority (~80%) of diagnoses occur in men and women over 60 years of age regardless of skin colour.

• #13 Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in skin of colour

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma-in-skin-of-colour

  Men are much more likely than women to develop cutaneous SCC at double the incidence in some locations. […] Compared to white skin, cutaneous SCCs in skin of colour show a more significant association with chronic inflammatory or scarring processes in the skin (Marjolin ulcer). […] Successful treatment of cutaneous SCC is dependent on tumour size and invasion at the time of diagnosis. […] While most SCCs can be cured with treatment, people with skin of colour tend to present with more advanced cutaneous SCCs especially if they occur on scarred or inflamed skin. […] As advanced cutaneous SCCs are associated with lower survival rates, treatment outcomes in skin of colour may be poorer. […] It is currently unknown why people with skin of colour tend to present with more advanced cutaneous SCCs compared to white-skinned individuals.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2009/11001/skin_cancer__squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_skin_.260.aspx

  Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is the second most common form of skin cancer. The incidence increases with closeness to the equator, and the association with sun exposure is considered proved. […] For the northern part, we saw a significantly higher increase of the incidence on the coast compared to the inland, for both men and women. Likewise, we saw a significantly higher increase on the coast compared to the inland in the southern part, but only for women. […] We show that even though the distance to the equator might be the same, there is still a difference in incidence, depending on how close you are to the coast. Less clouds and free horizon may be part of the explanation for the higher incidence on the coast; these factors influence the intensity of the UV radiation. Differences in sun exposure due to behaviour may also be important.

• #15 Epidemiology of Keratinocyte Skin Cancer with a Focus on Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/606

  The incidence of keratinocyte skin cancer has rapidly been increasing over the last five decades in fair skinned populations throughout the world. About 20% account for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and mainly the elderly are affected. […] Although the mortality rate is low, keratinocyte skin cancer is associated with a high morbidity, especially if multiple tumors occur, and pose a problem for the healthcare system. […] This review reports on the epidemiology of keratinocyte skin cancer, with a focus on SCC, in Australia, the United States, and the north of Europe, with an outlook on further challenges health systems will be confronted with in the next 20 years. […] In this review, epidemiological data on cutaneous SCC were reported separately, as SCC compared to BCC has a higher risk of recurrence, morbidity, and mortality.

• #16 Skin cancer on the rise – Mayo Clinic News Network

  https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/skin-cancer-on-the-rise/

  ROCHESTER, Minn. — New diagnoses for two types of skin cancer increased in recent years, according to a Mayo Clinic-led team of researchers. […] The researchers report that, between 2000 and 2010, squamous cell carcinoma (also called cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma) diagnoses increased 263 percent, and basal cell carcinomas increased 145 percent. […] The authors also reported that shifts in exposure to UV light may be the reason for a location shift in where the cancer tumors are found. […] Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical records linkage system, the research team was able to identify nearly all of the Olmsted County, Minnesota, adult residents who received an initial diagnosis of the most common nonmelanoma skin cancers — basal or squamous cell carcinoma (or both), during the 2000-2010 period and the comparison years.

• #17 Spot Check | Squamous cell carcinoma

  https://www.spotcheck.clinic/conditions/skin-cancers/scc/

  SCC is a common skin cancer, especially in older people. It’s usually easily treated, but sometimes spreads. […] Several hundred Australians die of SCC yearly. […] Statistics for squamous cell carcinoma show that the number of new cases in Australia doubled between 1985 and 2002. In 2002, approximately 80,000 cases of SCC were diagnosed. […] Squamous cell carcinoma is more common with increasing age, with the vast majority occurring in people aged 55 and above. Males are approximately one and a half times more likely to develop SCC than females. Each year in Australia, over 600 people die from SCC. […] Outdoor workers have up to 5 times higher risk compared with people who have only worked indoors. […] If untreated, squamous cell carcinoma will usually enlarge gradually, leading to bleeding and ulceration.

• #18 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Incidence and Risk Factors

  https://www.onclive.com/view/cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma-incidence-and-risk-factors

  Weve seen a huge rise, an exponential rise in the incidence of CSCC. […] In contrast, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, the incidence is rising exponentially and has been for many years, but its not captured within this SEER database. […] A large reason for that is that there are so many low-risk cutaneous squamous cells, as well as in situ tumors that it would be impractical to capture all of these tumors. […] In reality, were seeing that that nomenclature, that split, is not quite accurate. In fact, it may be closer to 50/50, so Im going to say may be 60/40. […] Largely due to the aging population and how much of an increase in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma were seeing, practically, in our clinical practices. […] Its also the fact that immunosuppression is a big risk factor, and Im sure well talk about that later.

• #19 Epidemiology of Keratinocyte Skin Cancer with a Focus on Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/606

  The incidence rates of cutaneous SCC were lower in the United States. […] In Germany, the Robert Koch Institute estimates that in 2014, approximately 29,300 males and 20,100 females were diagnosed with cutaneous SCC for the first time. […] The age-standardized incidence rates of cutaneous SCC in the Australian state of Queensland, the US state of Minnesota, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, and the German federal states of Saarland and Schleswig Holstein are listed in Table 2, and the incidence trends of Saarland and Schleswig Holstein are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively. […] The age-standardized mortality rates of keratinocyte skin cancer in Australia, the United States, the Netherlands, and the German federal states of Saarland and Schleswig Holstein were accessed from national cancer registries, the University of Washington Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation for the United States, and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) National Mortality Database of 2013, and are listed in Table 3.

• #20 A Review of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management

  https://brieflands.com/articles/ijcm-60846

  Although there are no population-based incidence studies in Saudi Arabia, CSCC is the second most common type of skin cancer after basal cell carcinoma (BCC) with an estimated incidence of 18% to 42% of all skin cancers. […] A recent review of the Iranian cancer registry between 2003 and 2008 documented an increase in incidence of skin cancer, which was primarily attributed to CSCC. […] The standardized incidence rate (SIR) of skin cancer increased from 10.05 and 13.89 in 2003 to 15.57 and 22.62 in 2008 in women and men, respectively. […] The percentage of CSCC among all registered skin cancers increased from 12% and 20% in 2003 to 14% and 22% in 2008 in women and men, respectively. […] Although surgical management is the gold standard, newer therapies such as programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors show promise for locally advanced or metastatic disease. […] Despite advances in treatment, early diagnosis and prevention of CSCC is still the most important measure to ensure good outcomes.

• #21 Understanding Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://skintel.co.nz/articles/squamous-cell-carcinoma/

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a cancerous overgrowth of the squamous cells of the epidermis (the most superficial layer of the skin). SCCs are the second most common type of skin cancer after basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). […] It is difficult to know precisely how common SCCs are as governments generally dont record statistics for SCCs. As an example, the New Zealand Cancer Registry (NZCR) records all cancers but specifically excludes cutaneous SCC except when they arise in the genitalia. In 1958, the registry decided to stop registering SCCs due to resource constraints there were just too many SCCs! However, various estimates suggest at least 30,000 SCCs will be diagnosed each year in New Zealand (about 0.7% of the adult population). […] Different countries have varying rates of skin cancer. It is most common in New Zealand and Australia, which have rates approximately 10 times higher than in Northern European countries, and about double the risk in the USA. In Australia, there are approximately 130,000 SCCs diagnosed per year. This compares with a rate of about 700,000 SCCs per year in the United States and about a 30% lifetime risk for white Americans. […] Within Australia, Northern regions (closer to the equator) have rates of squamous cell carcinoma that are triple the rate of Southern regions. SCCs are approximately twice as common amongst men, compared to women. Presumably, this is due to better sun protection behaviours by women.

• #22 Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_skin_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the 2nd most common type of skin cancer in the United States. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin increases dramatically with age. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a common disease that tends to affect people living closer to the equator. […] The exact incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is unknown since it is not included in the US national tumor registries. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin was estimated to be 9 to 96 cases per 100,000 male and 5 to 68 per 100,000 female individuals in Europe. […] Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the 2nd most common type of skin cancer in the United States, behind basal cell carcinoma (BCC). […] In the United States, the mortality rate of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is approximately 3932 to 8791.

• #23 High-Risk Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas The Present and Future – The ASCO Post

  https://ascopost.com/issues/february-10-2021/high-risk-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinomas-the-present-and-future/

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer, with more than 1 million cases diagnosed in the United States annually. Historically, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is grouped together with basal cell carcinoma and collectively referred to as nonmelanoma skin cancer. Nonmelanoma skin cancer has become an epidemic in this country, with an annual incidence three to four times higher than all other types of cancer combined. […] More than 15,000 people die of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma each year, a number almost twice that of melanoma. […] Staging of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is critical, as early identification of regional or distant metastasis leads to better outcomes. […] Despite improved risk stratification for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, there are several well-known risk factors for poor outcomes that are not included in the current staging systems. […] The morbidity, mortality, and economic burden of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are only increasing.

• #24 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Incidence and Risk Factors

  https://www.onclive.com/view/cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma-incidence-and-risk-factors

  A lot of our patients who have had transplants, or are having the advent of immunosuppressive diseases, now are developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. […] We estimate that may be between 7000 up to 15,000. […] More recent estimates have put that above 10,000. […] It certainly is a disease process that we have begun to give more attention to, and rightfully so.

• #25 Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma/

  Incidence increases with age and proximity to the equator. […] Annual disease-specific mortality: 1.52%. […] Cumulative UV exposure (from the sun or from tanning beds) is the most significant risk factor, especially for individuals with light skin tones, history of sunburns or recreational tanning, and close geographic proximity to the equator. […] cSCC is more common South of the upper lip (i.e., it most commonly occurs on the forearms, unlike basal cell carcinoma, which most commonly occurs on the head and neck). […] Metastases occur in 3% of individuals with cSCC; risk is higher in immunosuppressed individuals. […] cSCC Can spread through the nervous, lymphatic, or vascular systems. […] High-risk cSCC lesions are associated with a high-risk of recurrence, metastasis, and disease-related mortality. […] 5-year survival rate: 90%. […] Individuals with a history of cSCC are at an increased risk of developing subsequent cSCC and other skin cancers (BCC, melanoma). […] cSCC accounts for 20% of all deaths caused by skin cancers.

• #26

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13671-013-0047-9

  The rarity and mortality of cutaneous metastatic SCC make long term prospective trials difficult. […] The updated staging system designates a high risk lesion as greater than 2 cm in diameter or having two or more high-risk features. […] The treatment of high-risk SCC is difficult as there are no evidence based guidelines to direct care. […] The treatment of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma is challenging due to tumor biology and the lack of standardized treatment algorithms. Surgical resection of the metastasis and draining lymph nodes is the first step in treatment. […] The prognosis for patients with nodal metastasis depends on the number of involved nodes and extracapsular extension. […] Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma is a deadly tumor claiming an estimated 2500 lives per year in the United States. The rarity of metastatic SCC makes identification of risk factors and therapeutic algorithms difficult.

• #27 Prediction of relative survival trends in patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma using a model-based period analysis: a retrospective analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/12/e086488

  Objectives Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) represents a malignancy characterised by the aberrant proliferation of skin epithelial cells, and certain instances of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) exhibit features indicative of a heightened proclivity for recurrence, metastasis, and mortality. Tracking the latest survival rates for CSCC is crucial for patient care and public health strategies. […] The SEER databases patient trends and relative survival rate for patients with CSCC were evaluated using period analysis method from 2000 to 2019. […] A total of 204,055 CSCC patients were identified, 95287 women and 108768 men. Most patients were male, white, lived in urban areas, presenting with localised metastases, aged 55-64 years, and had untyped CSCC. During the observation period, the 5-year relative survival rate of CSCC patients showed a slight improvement overall, while the 5-year relative survival rate of some subtypes showed obvious fluctuations. […] The temporal span from 2000 to 2019 witnessed a gradual yet delimited increase in survival rates among CSCC patients. This incremental trajectory persists, with a prognosticated survival rate of 67.1 anticipated between 2020 and 2024.

• #28 Skin Cancer Facts & Statistics

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts/

  In the U.S., more than 9,500 people are diagnosed with skin cancer every day. More than two people die of the disease every hour. […] Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer. Approximately 1.8 million cases of SCC are diagnosed in the U.S. each year. […] Organ transplant patients are approximately 100 times more likely than the general public to develop squamous cell carcinoma. […] One study found that regular daily use of an SPF 15 or higher sunscreen reduces the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma by about 40 percent when used as directed. […] More than 419,000 cases of skin cancer in the U.S. each year are linked to indoor tanning, including about 168,000 squamous cell carcinomas. […] Those who have ever tanned indoors have an 83 percent increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma.

• #29 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/squamous-cell-carcinoma/scc-causes-and-risk-factors/

  If your immune system is weakened or suppressed, you are more likely to develop SCC than people with healthy immune systems. […] If you’ve had SCC, you have a high chance of recurrence. […] The risk of developing SCC increases as you age, and there is a reason why the disease most commonly occurs in people over 50. […] Although people of all skin types can develop SCC, people with light skin — especially individuals with red or blond hair, blue or green eyes or skin that freckles or easily burns — have a heightened risk for the disease. […] Squamous cell carcinomas occur at least twice as frequently in men as in women. […] People with xeroderma pigmentosum – a rare disorder that makes the skin less able to repair DNA damage caused by the sun – or other photosensitivity conditions such as polymorphous light eruption or solar urticaria have an elevated risk for skin damage, SCC and other skin cancers.

• #30 Epidemiology and Outcome of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Epidermolysis Bullosa in Australia and New Zealand | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-2781

  We investigate the epidemiology and outcomes of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) from the Australasian EB registry cohort. Seventeen out of 49 (34.6%) RDEB patients developed at least one SCC. The cumulative risk of SCC development by age 35 was 76.1% for RDEB-Generalized Severe (RDEB-GS) and 10% for RDEB-Generalized Intermediate (RDEB-GI). Amongst those who developed SCCs, their median time to death after first SCC was 5 years for RDEB-GI and 4 years for RDEB-GS. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most dreaded complication of EB. Unlike the pathogenesis, the epidemiology of EB is better understood with multiple case reports and case series on SCC development in EB. The largest epidemiological study on the prevalence of SCC in EB is from the National EB Registry (NEBR) of the United States, amassing 3,280 patients with different EB subtypes. Australia is one of the countries where the incidence of cutaneous SCC is the highest. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiology and characteristics of RDEB-SCC in Australasia and to compare the findings with RDEB-SCC data from other countries. At least one SCC was diagnosed in 35.4% (17/48) of RDEB patients. The earliest age of SCC onset within RDEB population was at 16 years, and the latest was at 62 years. The median age of SCC onset was 30 years. The RDEB-GS variant was the most prevalent subtype with SCC development, accounting for 64.7% (11/17) with a median age of SCC onset at 23 years. Eleven out of 16 (68.7%) RDEB-SCC patients died from metastatic SCC. The cumulative risk of developing at least one SCC for RDEB-GI was 10% by the age of 35 and increased to 66.7% by the age of 65. For RDEB-GS, 26.3% developed at least one SCC by the age of 20, and 76.1% developed SCC by the age of 35. There is a very poor prognosis in RDEB patients who develop SCC. The 5-year survival rate after diagnosis of first SCC is 50% for RDEB-GI and 33.3% for RDEB-GS. This study is the first epidemiological study of SCC in EB in Australia and New Zealand. We highlighted that the cumulative risk of SCC development and associated death from SCC metastasis in Australasian cohort were much higher than the NEBR data. RDEB-SCC pursues an aggressive clinical course and high mortality. Regular full skin checks with photographic monitoring with a low threshold for biopsy is imperative for early detection and successful intervention to improve patient survivability.

• #31 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Epidermolysis Bullosa: a 28-year Retrospective Study | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-3875

  In RDEB-S, the cumulative risk of developing at least one SCC was 7.5% by age 20 years, 67.8% by 35 years, and 90.1% by 55 years, paralleled by an increased cumulative risk of SCC-related death of 38.7% by age 35 years, 70.0% by 45 years, and 78.7% by 55 years. […] This study indicates a worse prognosis in RDEB-S than previous series, with a median survival after a first SCC of only 2.4 years. […] This reinforces the need for regular skin surveillance in patients with EB, from childhood in RDEB-S and early adulthood in other at-risk subtypes.

• #32 Squamous Cell Carcinoma: What it is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17480-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer after basal cell carcinoma. It starts in squamous cells in the outer layer of your skin, the epidermis. Usually, squamous cell carcinomas form on areas of your skin that receive the most sun exposure like your head, arms and legs. Cancer can also form in areas of your body where you have mucous membranes, which are the inner lining of your organs and body cavities like in your mouth, lungs and anus. […] Over 1 million people receive a squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis in the U.S. each year. The rate of SCC has risen about 200% over the past 30 years. […] Most cases of squamous cell carcinoma have a positive prognosis and an excellent survival rate if you receive an early diagnosis. Early detection and treatment prevent the tumor from growing and damaging other parts of your body.

• #33 Basal Cell and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0915/p339.html

  The USPSTF stated the evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms for counseling adults about skin self-examination and routine screening of healthy adults for skin cancer. […] A 2016 Cochrane review found no difference in the incidence of BCC or CSCC with daily sunscreen use compared with occasional use. […] The single randomized trial included in the review demonstrated a 39% reduction in the number of CSCC tumors in the group using sunscreen daily compared with the never-used group. […] Estimates of the rate of malignant transformation of actinic keratosis to invasive CSCC vary widely, but may be as high as 20% per year. […] After diagnosis, screening of the patient for new primary skin cancers, including BCC, CSCC, and melanoma, should be performed at least once per year. A prospective cohort study found the five-year probability of a subsequent keratinocyte carcinoma after a first diagnosis was 40.7%. After more than one diagnosis, the five-year risk probability increased to 82%.

• #34 Squamous Cell Carcinoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/squamous-cell-carcinoma/

  In the United States, more than 1 million cases of SCC are diagnosed each year. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common skin cancer, after basal cell carcinoma. However, some evidence suggests the rate of diagnosis of SCC is increasing more rapidly than that of basal cell carcinoma. […] SCC is the second most common skin cancer, and its incidence is rising. It originates in the squamous cells of the epidermis and is primarily caused by cumulative exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or indoor tanning. […] The article emphasizes the importance of a thorough patient history, including sun exposure, medical conditions, medications, and family history, to assess SCC risk. […] Approximately 13% to 50% of patients with SCC will experience a recurrence of SCC within 5 years. When SCC recurs, it usually does so in the first 2 years after treatment. Patients with a history of SCC also have an increased risk of other types of skin cancer, including melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. Follow-up appointments may be as frequent as every 3 to 6 months for several years. […] Patients diagnosed with SCC have an increased risk of developing SCC or other types of skin cancer. Therefore, education about proper sun protection and how to complete a thorough self-examination are paramount.

• #35 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Diagnosis to Follow-Up

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/17/2960

  The average age of onset is about 70 years, being about two times more frequent in males. […] The main risk factor for the development of SCC is UV exposure. […] The prognosis is strictly related to the stage of the disease, as in most cases of cutaneous SCC, it does not affect the patient’s prognosis, with surgical excision being usually the first line and curative treatment. […] Management of advanced SCCs includes instrumental imaging examinations necessary to define the extension and the structures invaded by the tumor. […] The AIOM guidelines suggest a serious follow-up of high-risk SCC (diameter > 2 cm, deep infiltrating tumors, aggressive histological variant, perineural involvement, recurrent tumors, or involvement of difficult sites such as lip or ear) by lymph node ultrasound study every 3 months for the first 2 years, every 6 months for 3 years, and then once a year. […] There is extensive evidence of the usefulness of imaging examinations in the monitoring of SCC.

• #36 Squamous Cell Carcinomas (skin): What are the different treatments? | Mayo Clinic Connect

  https://connect.mayoclinic.org/discussion/squamous-cell-carcinomas-different-treatments/?pg=2

  People diagnosed and treated for a squamous cell skin lesion have an increased risk of developing a second lesion in the same location or a nearby skin area. To watch for recurrences, your doctor will likely recommend full-body skin cancer examinations, also called lifelong dermatologic surveillance. […] Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma is uncommon. It can develop if the primary cancer is not surgically removed or treated in a timely manner. So the most important thing you can do is get treatment and continue with full-body examinations. […] The most experienced physicians treating squamous cell carcinoma of the skin are Mohs surgeons with board certification. The size and location as well as thickness of invasion are all important in treatment planning. If the patient is immunosuppressed or has invasion around the nerves on the pathology reports, more advanced exams such as MRI, CT, and ultrasound are recommended. Generally, head and neck tumors are best treated by the Mohs surgeons. There should be several Mohs dermatologists in Naples. Consult your primary dermatologist for their referral advice.

• #37 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Single-Centre Study of Epidemiologic, Clinic and Histopathological Factors | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/es-impact-covid-19-pandemic-on-cutaneous-articulo-S0001731023008153

  The COVID-19 pandemic may have adversely affected the early diagnosis of skin cancer. […] To compare epidemiological, clinical and histopathological characteristics in patients undergoing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) surgery before and after the beginning of the pandemic. […] After the beginning of the pandemic, the percentage of high-risk SCC significantly increased from 35.3% to 46.2% (p=0.011). […] Although there has not been a significant reduction in the number of SCC operated on after the pandemic, there has been a significant increase in high-risk SCC. All this could lead to an increase in skin cancer mortality in the future. […] One of the main healthcare activities in the practice of dermatology is the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumours, like squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which has seen increased incidence.

• #38 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Single-Centre Study of Epidemiologic, Clinic and Histopathological Factors | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/es-impact-covid-19-pandemic-on-cutaneous-articulo-S0001731023008153

  Delays in SCC surgery, over 18 months, associate with thicker, invasive tumours. […] In our study, including patients who underwent surgery beyond the first few months after confinement, we found a higher percentage of high-risk tumours after the pandemic, especially in the periods that followed the general lockdown. […] With all these facts, a worse prognosis can be expected for patients with SCC diagnosed after general confinements caused by the pandemic. […] We observed no significant differences in the number of SCC surgeries after lockdown compared to the same period before lockdown. Nevertheless, we did find a significant increase in the number of high-risk SCC after the pandemic. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of SCC during lockdown may have led to an increase in the number of high-risk lesions afterwards. However, further studies are needed to understand the true effects of the pandemic on skin cancer.

• #39 Epidemiology of Keratinocyte Skin Cancer with a Focus on Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/606

  A better coverage of all keratinocyte skin cancer in cancer registries would possibly also increase mortality rates. Nevertheless, keratinocyte skin cancer represents a burden for the healthcare systems, and preventive measures are urgently needed. In western Europe, Australia, and the United States, a further increase in incidence is expected in the coming years.

• #40 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/squamous-cell-carcinoma/scc-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Sun-sensitive conditions including xeroderma pigmentosum. […] Chronic infections and skin inflammation from burns, scars and other conditions. […] Skin precancers including actinic keratosis. […] History of human papilloma virus (HPV). […] Cumulative, unprotected exposure to UV radiation is the main cause of SCC as well as a risk factor for most skin cancers. […] About 90 percent of nonmelanoma skin cancers are associated with exposure to UV radiation from the sun. […] Tanning beds emit UV radiation that is dangerous and raises your risk of developing SCC. […] People who have tanned indoors have a 67 percent increased risk of developing SCC compared with those who haven’t. […] SCCs account for about 168,000 of the 419,000 cases of skin cancer diagnosed in the U.S. each year that are linked to indoor tanning.

• #41 Cancer Surveillance for High-Risk Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lip at the UVMMC Division of Dermatology

  https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/m4sp/13/

  Skin cancers are an incredibly common malignancy in the United States. A direct relationship between lifetime ultraviolet radiation and subsequent development of skin cancers has been established. Of these, non-melanoma skin cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, are the most common. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) located on the lip are concerning given their increased risk of recurrence and metastasis. Given this increased risk of morbidity and mortality, it is essential to continue to monitor patients with a history of these high-risk skin cancers with at least annual full-body skin exams. This study identified approximately 25% of patients without any follow-up for a skin check. This list was then securely provided to office staff to prioritize contacting these patients for follow-up.

• #42 Spot Check | Squamous cell carcinoma

  https://spotcheck.clinic/conditions/skin-cancers/scc/

  Large SCCs sometimes grow into the tissue surrounding nerves in the skin. This is known as perineural spread, and means that there is a higher risk of the SCC: Being difficult to cure. Returning after treatment. Spreading to other organs. This type of spread occurs in 4 per cent of SCC cases. […] Squamous cell carcinoma is usually treated effectively with surgical removal (also called excision). The entire cancer must be removed with a margin of at least 2mm (but sometimes more) of normal skin around its edges. […] Regular skin checks will help detect evidence of the cancer returning and allow detection of new skin cancers. […] Because the majority of squamous cell carcinomas are caused by ultraviolet radiation, avoiding excessive sun exposure is the most important measure for prevention. […] Daily use of sunscreen significantly reduces the risk of squamous cell carcinoma in people who have already had one. […] Vitamin B3 (taken in the form of nicotinamide 1000mg daily) reduces the development of future squamous and basal cell carcinomas by 23 per cent.

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