Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sleep Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562322/

  Sleep paralysis refers to the phenomenon in which resumption of consciousness occurs while muscle atonia of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep is maintained, leading to intense fear and apprehension in the patient as the patient lies awake without the ability to use any part of their body. […] This activity describes the typical presentation and evaluation of sleep paralysis, and it highlights the role of the healthcare team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Multiple questionnaires have been developed to aid in the evaluation of sleep paralysis. Some examples include the Sleep Paralysis Experiences and Phenomenology Questionnaire (SP-EPQ), The Unusual Sleep Experiences Questionnaire (USEQ), and multiple questionnaires that assess for the risk factors of sleep paralysis, for example, Beck Depression Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Clinician-Administered PTSD scale, Hamington Anxiety Rating Scale, and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale.

• #1 Sleep paralysis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis

  Sleep paralysis is mainly diagnosed via clinical interview and ruling out other potential sleep disorders that could account for the feelings of paralysis. […] Several measures are available to reliably diagnose or screen for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis. […] Episodes of sleep paralysis can occur in the context of several medical conditions (e.g., narcolepsy, hypokalemia). […] When episodes occur independent of these conditions or substance use, it is termed „isolated sleep paralysis” (ISP). […] When ISP episodes are more frequent and cause clinically significant distress or interference, it is classified as „recurrent isolated sleep paralysis” (RISP). […] It can be difficult to differentiate between cataplexy brought on by narcolepsy and true sleep paralysis, because the two phenomena are physically indistinguishable. […] The best way to differentiate between the two is to note when the attacks occur most often. Narcolepsy attacks are more common when the individual is falling asleep; ISP and RISP attacks are more common upon awakening.

• #1 Sleep Paralysis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21974-sleep-paralysis

  Sleep paralysis is when you cant move any part of your body right before falling asleep or as you wake up. […] Healthcare providers confirm or rule out sleep paralysis after a physical exam and a sleep evaluation. Your provider may ask you about: […] Your healthcare provider may recommend testing if they suspect a sleep disorder that causes sleep paralysis like narcolepsy. […] Your treatment will depend on the reason why you have sleep paralysis. […] If you have frequent sleep paralysis episodes, you should discuss them with your healthcare provider.

• #1 What Is Sleep Paralysis? Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, And More

  https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-sleep-paralysis-1679039592-1

  When you are falling asleep or waking up, your brain is sending you signals that relax muscles in your arms and legs. Subsequently, muscle atonia enables you to remain still during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but when sleep paralysis occurs you regain awareness but cant move. […] Healthcare providers confirm or rule out sleep paralysis after an evaluation. They may ask you about the following: […] You can face symptoms, such as how often you experience sleep paralysis, what it feels like, and when it started. […] Your sleep, such as how many hours you sleep at night and whether you feel tired during the day. […] Your Medical history, including medications you are taking and whether you smoke, use alcohol, or illegal drugs. […] Your Mental health disorders, which may include anxiety, post-traumatic stress or depression. […] Your Family history of sleep paralysis.

• #1 What Is Sleep Paralysis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep-paralysis/guide/

  Recurrent isolated episodes of sleep paralysis are pretty common, and dont need to be treated. However, if youre having multiple episodes that are affecting your sleep and waking life, its time to talk to your doctor, Cline says. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine notes that your healthcare provider may ask you about: […] Your doctor may have you keep a sleep diary for several weeks. This will help you and your doctor understand your sleeping patterns and look for clues about what is causing episodes of sleep paralysis. […] You may also get tests, including: […] This test, done in a sleep lab, monitors your breathing, heartbeat, brain activity, and body movements while youre asleep. It may even record an episode of sleep paralysis or issues like sleep apnea. […] If sleep paralysis happens often enough that it disrupts your waking life, treatment will be based on what appears to be triggering it. […] Breus notes there is limited evidence about the efficacy of medication to treat sleep paralysis.

• #1 Sleep paralysis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/sleep-paralysis-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  Your doctor may have you do a sleep study called a polysomnography. In this procedure, small wafer-thin electrodes and other sensors are pasted on specific body sites to take a variety of readings during the night. […] Readings are collected on a single printout (called a polysomnogram) and analyzed by a technician and physician. […] Your doctor may also want you to take one or more daytime sleep tests as well. One test, called a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), measures how long it takes you to drift off while lying down in a quiet room. […] MSLT can help to show if your sleep paralysis is a sign of narcolepsy. Falling asleep within eight minutes each time indicates extreme sleepiness. A person who enters REM sleep very quickly (within about 20 minutes) during two or more naps may also have narcolepsy.

• #1 Common Sleep Disorders in Adults: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p397.html

  PSG monitors brain wave activity, eye movements, muscle activity, heart rate and rhythm, and respiration. Brain wave activity is used to assess sleep stages, sleep latency, and arousals. Eye movements are monitored to assess REM sleep, and muscle activity is monitored to assess for parasomnias and RLS. Vital signs are monitored to assess for apneas that would indicate a diagnosis of OSA. PSG is commonly performed in a sleep laboratory, but home sleep apnea tests are sometimes used for the diagnosis of sleep apnea in patients with less severe sleep problems.

• #1 Sleep Paralysis: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/sleep-paralysis-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Your healthcare professional may help you identify your sleeping patterns. For this, you have to stay in the hospital overnight. The sleep study treatment is called polysomnography. Under this treatment, varied electrodes are placed on the body to measure several kinds of health metrics at night. […] By analysing your health metrics chart, your doctor will prescribe the medications. Then, the efficiency of those medications on your sleeping pattern is identified through the testing. […] Furthermore, you may have to undergo one more test known as the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). The objective of this testing is to measure how much time it takes you to fall asleep in a quiet room. This testing is repeated four to five times a day to determine the quality of your sleep. Furthermore, this figures out why sleep paralysis happens. If you enter the REP within 20-30 minutes two or three times, it may signal the sign of narcolepsy.

• #1 Sleep Paralysis Causes, Symptoms, & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/how_is_sleep_paralysis_diagnosed/article_em.htm

  Sleep paralysis can be diagnosed with tests such as a sleep study (polysomnography), multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), melatonin sampling, hormone tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), and others. […] Sleep paralysis is diagnosed with a patient history of sleep patterns and a physical exam, along with tests and procedures to help with diagnosis and to rule out other underlying conditions. […] Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) for daytime sleepiness measures how quickly a person falls asleep in a quiet environment during the day. […] Actigraphy records activity and movement with a monitor or motion detector, usually worn on the wrist throughout the day and night. […] Hormone tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), computerized tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, and pulmonary function tests are also part of the diagnostic process.

• #1 A clinician’s guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4958367/

  This review summarizes the empirical and clinical literature on sleep paralysis most relevant to practitioners. […] Although the more specific diagnostic syndrome of recurrent isolated sleep paralysis is a recognized sleep-wake disorder, it is not widely known to nonsleep specialists. […] In fact, a growing literature base has accrued on the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical impact of this condition, and a number of assessment instruments are currently available in both self-report and interview formats. […] At present, RISP is recognized as a formal diagnosis (G47.51) in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD)-3, but lacks a diagnostic code in both the tenth edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems and the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

• #1 A clinician’s guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4958367/

  Given that only some clinicians have been trained to diagnose RISP, a three-part procedure is recommended. […] Isolated SP episodes are characterized by muscle atonia upon sleep onset or offset. […] Diagnosis of the syndrome of RISP is not based upon any formal medical tests (eg, polysomnography), but upon structured and semistructured clinical interviews and/or questionnaires. […] As per the current ICSD criteria, RISP consists of multiple episodes of isolated SP that are associated with clinically significant distress (eg, anxiety and/or fear related to the bedroom/sleep). […] Regardless of which clinical criteria are used, diagnosis requires some degree of RISP frequency as well as the presence of clinical distress and/or interference. […] A number of measures of SP are available to facilitate diagnosis.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sleep-Paralysis-Diagnosis.aspx

  Isolated incidents of sleep paralysis are experienced by most of the worlds population. […] However, in case one becomes anxious about the condition, a visit to a healthcare provider for a formal diagnosis and advice on ways to manage it could help.

• #1 Sleep Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562322/

  To date, there is no direct treatment strategy to treat sleep paralysis during an active episode. […] It is important to differentiate sleep paralysis from other similar disorders, including narcolepsy, familial periodic paralysis, conversion disorder, and cataplexy. […] Therefore, prompt recognition of the condition and early intervention are vital, and possible psychosocial factors merit attention if present. […] Researchers have proposed some treatments for the management of sleep paralysis episodes.

• #1 Isolated sleep paralysis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/isolated-sleep-paralysis

  Sleep paralysis is a condition in which you are unable to move or speak right as you’re falling asleep or waking up. During an episode of sleep paralysis, you are totally aware of what is happening. […] Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms, focusing on your sleep habits and things that may affect your sleep. You may be asked to fill out a questionnaire about your sleep to help your provider reach a diagnosis. […] Sleep paralysis can be a sign of narcolepsy. But if you do not have other symptoms of narcolepsy, there is usually no need to have sleep studies done. […] Discuss your condition with your provider if you have repeated episodes of sleep paralysis. They may be due to a medical problem that needs further testing.

• #1 Sleep paralysis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/sleep-paralysis-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  Sleep paralysis can affect men and women. It can be seen at any age, though it tends to first appear in the teen years. After appearing during the teenage years, episodes can occur more frequently in later years. […] If you experience episodes of sleep paralysis that make you feel anxious or if you have repeated episodes of sleep paralysis, speak with your doctor. It is possible that sleep paralysis may be due to another medical problem that needs further attention. […] To learn more about how sleep paralysis is affecting your health, your doctor may ask about your symptoms, sleep habits, and factors that affect your sleep. You may be asked to fill out a questionnaire about your sleep, or even complete a sleep diary to help identify sleeping patterns. […] Depending on your symptoms, your doctor may refer you to a sleep specialist for further diagnosis, testing, and treatment.

• #1 Sleep Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-paralysis

  How Is Sleep Paralysis Diagnosed? […] Your doctor may want to gather more information about your sleep health by doing any of the following: […] Refer you to a sleep specialist for further evaluation. […] Sleep paralysis may also be a symptom of a more serious physical or mental health condition requiring medical treatment, such as narcolepsy or panic disorder.

• #1 A clinician’s guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4958367/

  The most basic therapy a clinician can provide is simple reassurance and education about the nature of RISP. […] Given that a proximal cause of RISP episodes is fragmented and/or disrupted sleep, simple alterations to sleep behavior may be effective. […] Sharpless and Doghramji published the first treatment manual for RISP. […] In conclusion, although there are a number of options available for the assessment and treatment of RISP, more research is needed before a gold standard assessment instrument emerges and thoughtful, empirically supported treatment recommendations can be made.

• #1 Dr David Oyewole on sleep paralysis | Nightingale Hospital London

  https://www.nightingalehospital.co.uk/dr-david-oyewole-on-sleep-paralysis/

  Research cannot definitively explain what causes sleep paralysis, however, Dr Oyewole explains there are some known links. […] It is known that stress and emotional challenges can increase the chances of sleep paralysis, as well as eating, drinking alcohol or coffee, or exercising just before bedtime, he explains. […] In terms of preventative measures against sleep paralysis, Dr Oyewole offers a few suggestions: Good sleep hygiene (such as prioritising sleep, sticking to a routine, and staying active throughout the day) will help minimise your chances of being affected by sleep paralysis. […] Avoid drinking alcohol or caffeine, eating, or exercising for four hours before bed. […] Importantly, Dr Oyewole indicates that if you do experience instances of sleep paralysis, you should discuss this with your GP to explore any potential underlying problems.

• #1 A clinician’s guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4958367/

  Recommendations for differentiating RISP from other psychiatric conditions can be found in Table 2. […] The ability of clinicians to make well-informed and prescriptive treatment decisions is currently hampered by the fact that not a single randomized controlled trial has yet been conducted for RISP. […] Therefore, the recommendations below are based upon studies of narcolepsy, small case studies, clinical lore, and logical deductions from the basic research findings on SP and RISP. […] The most basic question clinicians need to consider is whether or not treatment is actually warranted for their patients with SP. […] A number of pharmacological agents have been utilized to treat SP, often in the context of narcolepsy. […] The most commonly used agents are tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

• #1 Sleep paralysis: diagnosis and treatment – Evidence Network

  https://evidencenetwork.ca/sleep-paralysis-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Literature shows how only a limited amount of people with a recurring isolated sleep paralysis looking for a treatment (Jalal, 2016). […] On the pharmacological level, some antidepressant drugs such as Triciclicles and inhibitors of the Ricapation of serotonin (SSRI) (Sharpless, 2016) showed a certain effectiveness. […] On the psychotherapeutic level, the cognitive-behavioral treatment of recurring isolated sleep paralysis is the only one that reports promising scientific evidence (Sharpless Doghramji, 2015; Jalal, 2016).

• #1 Sleep paralysis

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/sleep-paralysis/

  Sleep paralysis is when you cannot move or speak as you are waking up or falling asleep. […] Your GP may be able to treat an underlying condition that could be triggering sleep paralysis. These include insomnia or post-traumatic stress disorder. […] If this does not help they might refer you to a doctor who specialises in sleep conditions. […] You might be given medicine that is usually used to treat depression. Taking this type of medicine at a lower dose can also help with sleep paralysis. […] Your GP may recommend cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).

• #1 Sleep paralysis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sleep-paralysis/

  Sleep paralysis happens when you cannot move your muscles as you are waking up or falling asleep. […] A GP may be able to treat an underlying condition that could be triggering sleep paralysis such as insomnia or post-traumatic stress disorder. […] If this does not help they might refer you to a doctor who specialises in sleep conditions. […] You might also be referred for cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).

• #1 Sleep Paralysis | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/sleep/nighttime-sleep-behaviors/sleep-paralysis.html

  Sleep paralysis is a normal part of the REM sleep. However, it is considered to be a disorder when it occurs outside of REM sleep. […] When it occurs without narcolepsy, it is classified at Isolated Sleep Paralysis (ISP). […] Sleep paralysis can occur in otherwise normal sleepers, and is surprisingly common in its occurrence and universality. […] Treatment of Sleep Paralysis is often limited to education about sleep phases and atonia that normally occurs as people sleep. If episodes persist, the sleep specialist may evaluate for narcolepsy, which is commonly present in those suffering from sleep paralysis.

• #1 Sleep Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mental-health/insomnia-poor-sleep/sleep-paralysis

  Sleep paralysis is common. About 1 in 10 people have at least one episode of sleep paralysis during their lifetime, although some have estimated that it might be as high as 1 in 2 people. […] Your GP may refer you to a sleep clinic if your symptoms are severe or you have any other problems with sleep. […] It’s unusual for sleep paralysis to be severe enough to require medications. However, some people do get frequent or severe attacks of sleep paralysis. […] Antidepressant medications are sometimes used by sleep specialists to treat sleep paralysis. […] Sleep paralysis is harmless, although it can be distressing to experience. It doesn’t cause long-term problems. Many people only experience sleep paralysis once or twice in their lifetime. […] Episodes of sleep paralysis tend to become less frequent as you get older and they usually disappear.

• #2 Sleep Paralysis: diagnostics, prevention and treatment | Journal of MEDICAL SCIENCES

  https://medicsciences.com/sleep-paralysis-diagnostics-prevention-and-treatment/

  Sleep paralysis is a sleep disorder that is defined as a transient paralysis of the whole body that occurs during the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The prevalence of sleep paralysis is about 8% in the general population, but data from individual studies indicates that between 2% and 60% of people have experienced sleep paralysis at least once in their lifetime. It is characterized by an atonement of the whole body’s muscles, while ocular and respiratory movements remain unaltered, and perception of the immediate environment is clear. Most of the episodes of sleep paralysis occur together with hallucinations that can occur in three different types. Risk factors for this sleep disorder include poor sleep quality and hygiene, insomnia, sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, hypertension, alcohol consumption and smoking. It has been found that most of the episodes of sleep paralysis are associated with poor psychological condition, while anxiety disorders, panic attacks and post-traumatic stress syndrome are important factors for its etiology.

• #2 A clinician’s guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4958367/

  Given that only some clinicians have been trained to diagnose RISP, a three-part procedure is recommended. […] Isolated SP episodes are characterized by muscle atonia upon sleep onset or offset. […] Diagnosis of the syndrome of RISP is not based upon any formal medical tests (eg, polysomnography), but upon structured and semistructured clinical interviews and/or questionnaires. […] As per the current ICSD criteria, RISP consists of multiple episodes of isolated SP that are associated with clinically significant distress (eg, anxiety and/or fear related to the bedroom/sleep). […] Regardless of which clinical criteria are used, diagnosis requires some degree of RISP frequency as well as the presence of clinical distress and/or interference. […] A number of measures of SP are available to facilitate diagnosis.

• #2 Isolated sleep paralysis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/isolated-sleep-paralysis

  Sleep paralysis is a condition in which you are unable to move or speak right as you’re falling asleep or waking up. During an episode of sleep paralysis, you are totally aware of what is happening. […] Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms, focusing on your sleep habits and things that may affect your sleep. You may be asked to fill out a questionnaire about your sleep to help your provider reach a diagnosis. […] Sleep paralysis can be a sign of narcolepsy. But if you do not have other symptoms of narcolepsy, there is usually no need to have sleep studies done. […] Discuss your condition with your provider if you have repeated episodes of sleep paralysis. They may be due to a medical problem that needs further testing.

• #2 Sleep Paralysis – Health BeatHealth Beat

  https://jamaicahospital.org/newsletter/sleep-paralysis-2/

  To diagnose sleep paralysis, healthcare providers can confirm or rule it out after a physical exam and a sleep evaluation. A provider may ask you about the following: […] To further diagnose sleep paralysis, a healthcare provider may recommend testing if they suspect certain sleep disorders like narcolepsy. Tests can include:

• #2 Sleep paralysis explained by Dr Priyanka | Pall Mall | Pall Mall

  https://www.pallmallmedical.co.uk/blogs/sleep-paralysis-explained-by-dr-priyanka/

  Sleep paralysis is a condition in which a person is mentally conscious but physically unable to move. […] According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, people with sleep paralysis usually experience this condition for the first time between the ages of 14 and 17 years old. […] No medical tests are needed to diagnose sleep paralysis. Your doctor will ask you about your sleeping patterns and medical history. They may also ask you to keep a sleep diary, documenting your experience during sleep paralysis episodes. […] In some cases, your doctor may recommend you participate in an overnight sleep study to track your brain waves and breathing during sleep. This is usually only recommended if sleep paralysis is causing you to lose sleep. […] Your doctor may order a sleep study called a polysomnography. […] The study results will help your doctor make a diagnosis, if you’re experiencing sleep paralysis and other symptoms of narcolepsy.

• #2 Sleep Paralysis: diagnostics, prevention and treatment | Journal of MEDICAL SCIENCES

  https://medicsciences.com/sleep-paralysis-diagnostics-prevention-and-treatment/

  Currently there is no gold standard measure of sleep paralysis. For successful diagnosis, it is important to find out all the complaints, as well as to analyze the risk factors and anamnesis vitae. It may also be helpful to use the established questionnaires to help identify this phenomenon, for example Fearful Isolated Sleep Paralysis Interview. Differential diagnosis: narcolepsy, hypersomnia, insomnia, focal epilepsy seizures, cataplexy, post-traumatic stress syndrome, schizophrenia, panic attacks. Most important measures for managing this condition are the quality of sleep, its hygiene, changes in sleeping posture and other possible prevention methods. If necessary, treatment measures may be applied that can contribute to the prevention of sleep paralysis, such as treatment with SSRIs (Flouxetine, Femoxetine, etc.) or tricyclic antidepressants (Clomipramine, Imipramine, etc.), as well as cognitive behavioral therapy. This article also describes the proposed method of cessation of sleep paralysis, using a self-oriented meditation method with muscle relaxation, which is divided into four stages.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sleep-Paralysis-Treatment-and-Prevention.aspx

  There is no cure for sleep paralysis. The treatment consists of managing the risk factors that trigger the condition. […] However, for people who experience the condition frequently, it would make sense to see a doctor to get a formal diagnosis. […] The doctor will construct a complete medical history of the condition by asking questions about specific episodes. A polysomnogram which charts the brain waves, heartbeat, and breath while a person sleeps overnight, may also be performed. An electromyogram or EMG may be done to record levels of electrical activity in the muscles. A Multiple Sleep Latency Test or MSLT may be done to assess daytime sleepiness. […] Once all the data from the different tests has been collected, the doctor will give the formal diagnosis of sleep paralysis.

• #2 Common Sleep Disorders in Adults: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p397.html

  PSG monitors brain wave activity, eye movements, muscle activity, heart rate and rhythm, and respiration. Brain wave activity is used to assess sleep stages, sleep latency, and arousals. Eye movements are monitored to assess REM sleep, and muscle activity is monitored to assess for parasomnias and RLS. Vital signs are monitored to assess for apneas that would indicate a diagnosis of OSA. PSG is commonly performed in a sleep laboratory, but home sleep apnea tests are sometimes used for the diagnosis of sleep apnea in patients with less severe sleep problems.

• #2 What Is Sleep Paralysis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep-paralysis/guide/

  Recurrent isolated episodes of sleep paralysis are pretty common, and dont need to be treated. However, if youre having multiple episodes that are affecting your sleep and waking life, its time to talk to your doctor, Cline says. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine notes that your healthcare provider may ask you about: […] Your doctor may have you keep a sleep diary for several weeks. This will help you and your doctor understand your sleeping patterns and look for clues about what is causing episodes of sleep paralysis. […] You may also get tests, including: […] This test, done in a sleep lab, monitors your breathing, heartbeat, brain activity, and body movements while youre asleep. It may even record an episode of sleep paralysis or issues like sleep apnea. […] If sleep paralysis happens often enough that it disrupts your waking life, treatment will be based on what appears to be triggering it. […] Breus notes there is limited evidence about the efficacy of medication to treat sleep paralysis.

• #2 Sleep Paralysis: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/sleep-paralysis-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Your healthcare professional may help you identify your sleeping patterns. For this, you have to stay in the hospital overnight. The sleep study treatment is called polysomnography. Under this treatment, varied electrodes are placed on the body to measure several kinds of health metrics at night. […] By analysing your health metrics chart, your doctor will prescribe the medications. Then, the efficiency of those medications on your sleeping pattern is identified through the testing. […] Furthermore, you may have to undergo one more test known as the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). The objective of this testing is to measure how much time it takes you to fall asleep in a quiet room. This testing is repeated four to five times a day to determine the quality of your sleep. Furthermore, this figures out why sleep paralysis happens. If you enter the REP within 20-30 minutes two or three times, it may signal the sign of narcolepsy.

• #2 Understanding Narcolepsy: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatm

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/understanding-narcolepsy-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-18205.html

  Sleep paralysis: People with narcolepsy may experience sleep paralysis, a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking. This can last a few seconds to a few minutes and can be frightening. Unlike cataplexy, sleep paralysis is not unique to narcolepsy but occurs more frequently in those with the disorder. […] Diagnosing narcolepsy: Narcolepsy is often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed due to symptom overlap with other sleep disorders, mood disorders and neurological conditions. Diagnosis typically involves the following steps: […] Polysomnography (PSG): This overnight sleep study monitors brain activity, heart rate and eye movements during sleep. It helps to identify abnormalities in sleep architecture common in narcolepsy. […] Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT): Often performed the day after PSG, the MSLT assesses how quickly a person falls asleep during scheduled naps and whether they enter REM sleep. Rapid REM onset is a hallmark of narcolepsy.

• #2 Parasomnias: What They Are, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12133-parasomnias–disruptive-sleep-disorders

  A healthcare provider, usually a sleep specialist (somnologist), will diagnose parasomnia after a physical exam, neurological exam and testing. […] During the exam, your provider will learn more about your symptoms. They may ask your bed partner or others who observed your behavior while you sleep to describe what they noticed. […] Your provider will likely ask you to keep a sleep diary for at least one week. This is a record of when you go to bed, when you fall asleep, when you wake up and if you experienced any events or symptoms. A sleep diary is helpful for your provider to learn more about your sleep patterns. […] Testing can help your provider rule out conditions with similar symptoms and narrow down the cause. Tests for parasomnias could include: […] Sleep study (polysomnogram). During a sleep study, providers will monitor as you sleep. Theyll record your brain waves, heart rate, eye movements and breathing. […] Video electroencephalogram (EEG) or sleep EEG. These tests help your healthcare provider see and record your brain activity during a brain event while sleeping. […] Imaging tests. CT or MRI scans can detect brain degeneration or other possible causes.

• #2 Sleep Paralysis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/sleep-paralysis-7369673

  Testing won’t confirm a sleep paralysis diagnosis. A healthcare provider will ask you about your sleep habits, discuss your symptoms and history of sleep paralysis episodes, and rule out other conditions or parasomnias that might be causing your symptoms. […] Your healthcare provider will assess how much the episodes affect your quality of life. While any episode of sleep paralysis can be scary, recurrent episodes can create a more intense sense of fear leading to what experts call clinical distress. This includes excessive worry about your sleep paralysis, avoidance of sleep, and daytime shame or embarrassment. […] Your healthcare provider may also suggest you participate in a sleep study. For example, polysomnography tracks your heartbeat, breathing, brain activity, and arm and leg movement while you sleep. An electromyogram (EMG) tracks the electrical activity in your muscles, which would be low during a sleep paralysis episode.

• #2 A clinician’s guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/a-clinicianrsquos-guide-to-recurrent-isolated-sleep-paralysis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Sleep paralysis (SP) occurs when rapid eye movement (REM)-based atonia perseverates into wakefulness. […] Although the more specific diagnostic syndrome of recurrent isolated sleep paralysis is a recognized sleep-wake disorder, it is not widely known to non-sleep specialists. […] At present, RISP is recognized as a formal diagnosis (G47.51) in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD)-3, but lacks a diagnostic code in both the tenth edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems and the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). […] Given that only some clinicians have been trained to diagnose RISP, a three-part procedure is recommended. […] Isolated SP episodes are characterized by muscle atonia upon sleep onset or offset.

• #2 A clinician’s guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/a-clinicianrsquos-guide-to-recurrent-isolated-sleep-paralysis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Diagnosis of the syndrome of RISP is not based upon any formal medical tests (eg, polysomnography), but upon structured and semi-structured clinical interviews and/or questionnaires. […] As per the current ICSD criteria, RISP consists of multiple episodes of isolated SP that are associated with clinically significant distress (eg, anxiety and/or fear related to the bedroom/sleep). […] Regardless of which clinical criteria are used, diagnosis requires some degree of RISP frequency as well as the presence of clinical distress and/or interference. […] A number of measures of SP are available to facilitate diagnosis. […] Recommendations for differentiating RISP from other psychiatric conditions can be found in Table 2. […] The ability of clinicians to make well-informed and prescriptive treatment decisions is currently hampered by the fact that not a single randomized controlled trial has yet been conducted for RISP.

• #2 Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Sleep Paralysis – Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/blog/sleep-paralysis-diagnosis-signs-symptoms-what-is/

  Because it is fairly common and generally does not impact your overall health, recurrent sleep paralysis does not require a formal diagnosis. […] Consider talking with your doctor or a licensed therapist if your experience with sleep paralysis is making you anxious, keeping you up at night, or making you feel exhausted during the day. When speaking with your doctor or a sleep specialist, you can expect to be asked about when these episodes started, how often they occur and the duration of each episode, as well as any past or present drug and medication use. […] It is important to remember symptoms of sleep paralysis typically resolve within a few minutes and are not physically harmful. While the inability to move your body when falling asleep or when waking up from sleep is frightening and unsettling, sleep paralysis typically does not require treatment unless symptoms interfere with your day-to-day life.

• #2 A clinician’s guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4958367/

  Recommendations for differentiating RISP from other psychiatric conditions can be found in Table 2. […] The ability of clinicians to make well-informed and prescriptive treatment decisions is currently hampered by the fact that not a single randomized controlled trial has yet been conducted for RISP. […] Therefore, the recommendations below are based upon studies of narcolepsy, small case studies, clinical lore, and logical deductions from the basic research findings on SP and RISP. […] The most basic question clinicians need to consider is whether or not treatment is actually warranted for their patients with SP. […] A number of pharmacological agents have been utilized to treat SP, often in the context of narcolepsy. […] The most commonly used agents are tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

• #2 Narcolepsy – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/sleep-and-wakefulness-disorders/narcolepsy

  Narcolepsy is characterized by chronic excessive daytime sleepiness, often with sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy). Other symptoms include sleep paralysis and hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations. Diagnosis is by polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing. […] Sleep paralysis occurs in about 25% of patients but also in some healthy children and, less commonly, in healthy adults. Among patients with narcolepsy, sleep paralysis affects primarily those with type 1. […] A history of cataplexy strongly suggests type 1 narcolepsy in patients with EDS. […] In patients with EDS, nocturnal polysomnography, followed by multiple sleep latency testing (MSLT), can confirm a diagnosis of narcolepsy when the findings include the following: Sleep-onset REM episodes during at least 2 of 5 daytime nap opportunities or one during daytime nap opportunities plus one during the preceding nocturnal polysomnogram. […] Narcolepsy type 1 is diagnosed if patients also have cataplexy; type 2 is diagnosed if patients do not have cataplexy. EDS occurs in patients with narcolepsy type 1 or type 2. […] Confirm the diagnosis by polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing.

• #2 Sleep Paralysis – The Defeating Epilepsy Foundation

  https://www.defeatingepilepsy.org/living-with-epilepsy-series/sleep-paralysis/

  Overnight sleep studies, known as polysomnograms, and multiple sleep latency tests (MSLTs) are used to diagnose sleep paralysis (Cleveland Clinic, 2024). […] An accurate diagnosis is essential to isolate treatment options intended for sleep paralysis from the pharmacological and psychological interventions designed to treat similar conditions (Farooq Anjum, 2023). […] Research has also identified a case of focal epileptic seizures mirroring sleep paralysis. The case report revealed that focal seizures share significant clinical similarities with recurrent isolated sleep paralysis (RISP) (Galimberti et al., 2009.). This study also highlighted the use of polysomnography as a tool for differential diagnosis, allowing for the delineation of these two conditions (Galimberti et al., 2009).

• #2 Sleep Paralysis – Sleep Education – American Academy of Sleep Medicine

  https://sleepeducation.org/sleep-disorders/sleep-paralysis/

  Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis is a parasomnia. […] Sleep paralysis is a REM parasomnia. […] Sleep paralysis can be one sign of narcolepsy. […] Talk to your doctor if episodes of sleep paralysis make you anxious. You should see a sleep doctor if the episodes keep you up at night or make you very tired during the day. […] The doctor will need to know when the sleep paralysis started. […] Doctors do not need any tests to treat most patients with recurrent isolated sleep paralysis. […] Your doctor may have you do a sleep study if your problem is disturbing your sleep or they suspect an additional sleep disorder. […] An electromyogram (EMG) recording will show the level of electrical activity in your muscles. […] If you tend to be very sleepy during the day, then your doctor may also have you do a daytime nap study.

• #2 Sleep paralysis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sleep-paralysis/

  Sleep paralysis happens when you cannot move your muscles as you are waking up or falling asleep. […] A GP may be able to treat an underlying condition that could be triggering sleep paralysis such as insomnia or post-traumatic stress disorder. […] If this does not help they might refer you to a doctor who specialises in sleep conditions. […] You might also be referred for cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).

• #2 A clinician’s guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/a-clinicianrsquos-guide-to-recurrent-isolated-sleep-paralysis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  The most basic question clinicians need to consider is whether or not treatment is actually warranted for their patients with SP. […] A number of pharmacological agents have been utilized to treat SP, often in the context of narcolepsy. […] The most commonly used agents are tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. […] The most basic therapy a clinician can provide is simple reassurance and education about the nature of RISP. […] Given that a proximal cause of RISP episodes is fragmented and/or disrupted sleep, simple alterations to sleep behavior may be effective. […] Sharpless and Doghramji published the first treatment manual for RISP. […] In conclusion, although there are a number of options available for the assessment and treatment of RISP, more research is needed before a gold standard assessment instrument emerges and thoughtful, empirically supported treatment recommendations can be made.

• #2 The History of Sleep Paralysis – eachnight

  https://eachnight.com/sleep/sleep-paralysis-history/

  You can prevent episodes of sleep paralysis by improving your sleep hygiene: get 7 to 9 hours of sleep every night, follow a regular sleep schedule, drink tea or take a warm bath before bed, and relax one or two hours before bedtime. […] If you have sleep paralysis episodes frequently, consider seeing a physician. A medical or psychiatric doctor can guide you through ways to treat the underlying cause or develop ways to improve your sleep routine and prevent recurring episodes.

• #2 Sleep Paralysis Causes, Nightmares, Hallucinations & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/do_you_hallucinate_during_sleep_paralysis/article.htm

  Sleep paralysis is the complete inability to move for one or two minutes immediately after awakening. […] Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis is fairly common. It should not affect your sleep or health. Talk to your doctor if episodes of sleep paralysis make you anxious. You should see a sleep specialist if the episodes keep you up at night or make you feel tired in the daytime. Treatment of sleep paralysis is aimed at its root cause. […] People with narcolepsy (a sleep disorder) often have sleep paralysis. They need antidepressant medication to reduce or eliminate dream sleep. Taking an antidepressant drug does not mean that you are depressed. It is simply a method to help reduce sleep paralysis.

• #2 Sleep paralysis: diagnosis and treatment – Evidence Network

  https://evidencenetwork.ca/sleep-paralysis-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Literature shows how only a limited amount of people with a recurring isolated sleep paralysis looking for a treatment (Jalal, 2016). […] On the pharmacological level, some antidepressant drugs such as Triciclicles and inhibitors of the Ricapation of serotonin (SSRI) (Sharpless, 2016) showed a certain effectiveness. […] On the psychotherapeutic level, the cognitive-behavioral treatment of recurring isolated sleep paralysis is the only one that reports promising scientific evidence (Sharpless Doghramji, 2015; Jalal, 2016).

• #2 Sleep paralysis

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/sleep-paralysis/

  Sleep paralysis is when you cannot move or speak as you are waking up or falling asleep. […] Your GP may be able to treat an underlying condition that could be triggering sleep paralysis. These include insomnia or post-traumatic stress disorder. […] If this does not help they might refer you to a doctor who specialises in sleep conditions. […] You might be given medicine that is usually used to treat depression. Taking this type of medicine at a lower dose can also help with sleep paralysis. […] Your GP may recommend cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).

• #2 Dr David Oyewole on sleep paralysis | Nightingale Hospital London

  https://www.nightingalehospital.co.uk/dr-david-oyewole-on-sleep-paralysis/

  Any mental health problem can increase the risk of sleep paralysis, but anxiety, PTSD, and obstructive airway sleep apnoea may be linked more than other conditions, he says. […] Being referred to a specialist, and then assessing or treating any underlying mental health disorder, is likely to be the next step and helpful in overcoming sleep paralysis, he says. […] A few people may need to see a specialist for their sleep paralysis, but be wary of unproven treatments or self-help methods that one can just find on the internet. […] He does add that many people who do experience sleep paralysis tend to only have it for a limited time, and it often goes away without the need for any professional intervention.

• #2 Sleep Paralysis: Demons, Diagnosis, & Treatment (2025) – Sleep Advisor

  https://www.sleepadvisor.org/sleep-paralysis/

  Sleep paralysis is a widely mysterious but medically recognized condition that blurs the boundary between wakefulness and sleep. Sleep paralysis is classified as the temporary inability to move, typically occurring soon after falling asleep or waking up. According to Dr. Heidi Moawad, an experienced neurologist, this condition is not harmful. Dr. Moawad adds, Some people have recurrent episodes, but most people recall having a few episodes throughout their whole lifetime. […] While there remains an abundance to learn about the condition, understanding types, causes, symptoms, personal accounts, and prevention strategies could help you gain more insight into how to treat your issue. […] According to experts, the cause of sleep paralysis is not yet known, though they say it could be linked to certain risk factors: sleep deprivation, changes in your sleep schedule, stress, sleeping on your back, narcolepsy, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, taking certain medications, particularly treatments for ADHD, and substance abuse.

• #3 Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis | symptoms, causes & triggers

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/mental-health/recurrent-isolated-sleep-paralysis/

  Diagnostic criteria the diagnosis of RISP is based on clinical criteria outlined in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). The diagnostic criteria for RISP include recurrent episodes of isolated sleep paralysis, the presence of hallucinations and/or fear during episodes, and the absence of any other sleep disorder or medical condition that could explain the episodes. […] Differential diagnosis it is essential to differentiate RISP from other sleep disorders and medical conditions that may present with similar symptoms, such as narcolepsy, sleep-related seizures or psychiatric disorders.

• #3 Sleep paralysis: Causes, symptoms, and tips

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/295039

  Most people will only experience sleep paralysis once or twice in their life. However, if a person experiences recurrent sleep paralysis that is causing anxiety, stress, or impacting their quality of life, they may wish to seek medical assistance. […] A doctor will assess a persons symptoms and full medical history when diagnosing sleep paralysis. If they suspect episodes may be the result of other conditions, they may recommend a person takes part in a sleep study. […] If stress or anxiety are present, addressing these may help relieve symptoms.

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