Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Childhood obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827

  Childhood obesity is a serious health condition that involves having excess body fat early in life. The extra weight often starts children on the path to other health conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Childhood obesity also can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. […] The symptoms of childhood obesity aren’t straightforward or simply based on how children look. […] The symptoms of childhood obesity aren’t clear-cut. Not all children who carry extra pounds are overweight. […] A measurement called the body mass index (BMI) helps healthcare professionals check for overweight status and obese status. […] If you’re worried that your child is putting on too much weight, talk with your child’s healthcare professional. Get a healthcare checkup right away if your child also has any of the following symptoms: High blood pressure.

• #2 Pediatric obesity: Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2015.2853

  Pediatric or childhood obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder among children and adolescents worldwide. […] The symptoms of obesity include breathing disorders, sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, certain types of cancer such as prostate, bowel, breast and uterine, coronary heart disease, diabetes (type 2 in children), depression, liver and gallbladder problems, gastroesophageal reflux disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stroke, and joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, pain in knees and lower back. […] Symptoms and complications of obesity as well as health risks include, breathing disorder such as sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and certain types of cancer such as prostate, bowel in men, breast and uterine cancer in women, coronary heart disease, diabetes (type 2 in children), depression, liver and gall bladder problems, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stroke, and diseases of joints such as osteoarthritis, pain in knees and lower back.

• #3 Obesity In Children | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/obesity/

  Pediatric obesity occurs when a child weighs significantly more than he or she should based on height and gender. […] Unlike many other common childhood diseases, obesity may not be associated with physical problems or complaints until late in the illness. […] For this reason we rely on regular tracking of a child’s weight and height during well child exams from their primary care provider to tell us when a problem is developing. […] Like adults, the other physical complications of childhood obesity often go unrecognized until they are at advanced stages. […] Subtle indicators that a child’s weight may be excessive and impacting their health may include: Poor physical endurance or ability to keep up with friends, Shortness of breath with exertion, Snoring or long pauses in breathing while sleeping, Consistent complaints of pain in their knees, ankles or hips, Swelling or fluid accumulation in their lower legs or feet.

• #4 Obesity in children – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1085

  Obesity in children has increased in recent decades. Causes are multifactorial including biologic, genetic disposition, behavioral and environmental influences. […] Impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus are prevalent in children with obesity. […] Preventing excessive weight gain in children is of paramount importance in confronting the obesity epidemic, as obesity is difficult to treat at all ages, and children with obesity tend to become adults with obesity. […] An age- and sex-adjusted BMI between the 85th and 94th percentiles is defined as overweight, and a BMI 95th percentile (or to 30 kg/m, which ever is lower) is defined as obesity. […] Severe obesity is defined as BMI of 120% of the 95th percentile. […] Key diagnostic factors include body mass index (BMI) 95th percentile and weight 95th percentile for height. […] Other diagnostic factors include increased waist-hip ratio and hypertension.

• #5 Childhood Obesity: Causes & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9467-obesity-in-children

  Childhood obesity is a complex chronic (long-term) condition that happens when your child is above a healthy weight for their age, height and sex. […] The medical definition of childhood obesity is having a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex in children aged 2 years and older. […] Obesity is one of the most common childhood chronic conditions. […] According to studies the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted from 2017 to 2020, obesity affected about 19.7% of children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years in the United States. […] Childhood obesity affects the following age groups: 12.7% of children aged 2 to 5, 20.7% of children aged 6 to 11, 22.2% of adolescents aged 12 to 19. […] Children who have obesity have a higher risk of developing various health conditions. The most common complications include high blood pressure, high cholesterol (dyslipidemia), insulin resistance, prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes, nonalcohol-related fatty liver disease. […] Children who have obesity are more likely to carry the condition over into adulthood.

• #6 Childhood Obesity in the United States – Ballard Brief

  https://ballardbrief.byu.edu/issue-briefs/childhood-obesity-in-the-united-states

  Research from the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) found that between 2017 and 2020, approximately 19.7% of children and adolescents ages 2-19 were affected by obesity. […] The main difference between a child being overweight or obese is based on their BMI category percentile. […] A child is considered overweight if their BMI is between the 85th and 95th percentile for their age and gender category and obese if their BMI is at or above the 95th percentile. […] In 2017-2018, about 1 in 16 children aged 2-16 were severely obese, 1 in 5 were obese, and 1 in 6 were overweight. […] Studies have shown that the prevalence of obesity is 8.3 times higher for children who watch television for 5 hours a day versus children who watch television for 2 hours or less a day. […] A lack of physical activity contributes to childhood obesity because caloric intake exceeds children’s outtake.

• #7 Childhood obesity factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network

  https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/childhood-obesity-factsheet

  Childhood obesity is when a child has a higher level of body fat than is considered healthy for their age range. […] Having extra body fat can lead to health problems as they grow older, and it also increases the chance that they will have weight-related health issues as adults. […] It is often easy to see when a child is above a healthy weight. They might: have extra body fat in some areas, grow out of clothes sizes faster than usual, look larger than other kids their age and height. […] Other signs may include: getting out of breath from simple activities, like walking short distances or putting on shoes, feeling tired a lot of the time, having sleep problems, like snoring or sleep apnoea – when breathing is blocked during sleep, joint pain, especially in the knees or hips, constipation poos that are hard and difficult to pass, in boys, extra fat in the breast area, reflux or vomiting, continuing to eat even when they feel full.

• #8 Childhood Obesity – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment And Prevention

  https://www.yashodahospitals.com/blog/what-is-childhood-obesity/

  The most apparent childhood obesity symptom is excessive weight gain or being overweight. However, some children have larger than average body frames, and children normally carry different amounts of body fat at various stages of development. Therefore, it is important to consult a doctor to determine if a child’s weight is a health concern. […] Some signs and symptoms of childhood obesity may include: Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing during physical activity, Joint pain, Sleep apnea, High blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes, Fatty deposits around the eyes, Early onset of puberty, Poor self-esteem and depression, Increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, Difficulty with physical activities such as running and climbing stairs.

• #9 Childhood Obesity | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/childhood-obesity

  When a childs weight is significantly higher than whats typical for their height, it may signal a risk for future health concerns. Children with elevated weight can be more likely to develop chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, joint problems, and liver disease. […] If you notice any of the following signs or symptoms, its a good idea to talk with your childs doctor: Signs of insulin resistance: Dark, velvety patches of skin (acanthosis nigricans), particularly around the neck or underarms; breast tissue development in boys […] Emotional and mental health challenges: Low self-esteem, withdrawal, signs of disordered eating, or distress related to body image; teasing or bullying […] Breathing issues: Shortness of breath with mild activity; loud snoring or pauses in breathing during sleep

• #10 Childhood obesity — How to recognize it and help your child | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/childhood-obesity-how-recognize-it-and-help-your-child

  Obesity is a worldwide epidemic, and it isnt limited to adults. In the U.S., almost 15 million children and teens about one in five kids have obesity. The number has tripled since the 1970s. […] Excessive body weight is just one sign of obesity. Children with obesity often have additional symptoms, including: Extreme sweating, Fatigue, Gastroesophageal reflux (acid reflux), Joint pain, Puberty abnormalities (delayed puberty in boys and early puberty in girls), Shortness of breath, Sleep apnea and snoring. […] Children and teens with a BMI in the 95th percentile or higher may be diagnosed with obesity. […] Untreated obesity, especially obesity in teens, can also affect a childs mental health. It can lead to the development of anxiety or depression. It can also lead to bullying and social isolation. […] The 2023 AAP guidelines support the evaluation of some teens for weight-loss (bariatric) surgery. Its generally recommended for children 13 and older who have: A BMI of 35 or greater and obesity-related health complications, A BMI of 40 or greater with or without related health complications.

• #11 Childhood Obesity: Causes, Prevention & Management Tips | Apollo Cradle

  https://www.apollocradle.com/blog/child-care/childhood-obesity-causes-prevention-management-in-children

  Childhood obesity is a serious condition where a child’s weight falls above the healthy range for their age and height. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), childhood obesity is when a child has a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher. This condition is prevalent among children, with 18% of girls and 19% of boys being overweight. […] Besides excessive body weight, common signs and symptoms of childhood obesity include: Early puberty in girls, Delayed puberty in boys, Accumulation of fat tissue in the breast area (posing a particular challenge for boys), Shortness of breath, Constipation, Gastroesophageal reflux (commonly known as acid reflux), Fatigue, Increased sweating, Sleep apnea and snoring, Joint pain, Dislocated hips, Flat feet and knock knees, Skin rashes and irritation, Stretch marks on hips, abdomen, and back (although they may also occur in non-obese children) Acanthosis nigricans, characterized by dark, velvety skin around the neck and other areas.

• #11 Childhood Obesity: Causes, Prevention & Management Tips | Apollo Cradle

  https://www.apollocradle.com/blog/child-care/childhood-obesity-causes-prevention-management-in-children

  Childhood obesity has become a major public health concern in India. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), more than 14.4 million children in the country grapple with obesity. Furthermore, children with obesity are more likely to carry the condition into adulthood, increasing their risk of developing chronic diseases such as: Type 2 diabetes, Sleep apnea, Asthma, High blood pressure (hypertension), High cholesterol, Heartburn, reflux, and other digestive issues, Heart disease, Stroke, Musculoskeletal disorders like osteoarthritis, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Gallstones, Kidney disease, Reproductive issues, including irregular menstruation and hormonal imbalances, Certain cancers, such as colon cancer and breast cancer. […] Your child’s healthcare provider can assess whether your child is experiencing obesity by utilizing a BMI growth chart to determine their weight status. Furthermore, they may consider additional factors like your child’s activity level, diet, family health history, and medical history. […] If diet and lifestyle changes are insufficient for addressing obesity in children, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends considering prescription weight loss medications for those aged 12 and older, alongside behavioral and lifestyle treatments.

• #12 Early symptoms of childhood obesity – MyMedicPlus

  https://www.mymedicplus.com/blog/early-symptoms-of-childhood-obesity/

  Early symptoms of childhood obesity […] Poor sleeping patterns have been identified as being one of the biggest symptoms of obesity. Research indicates that over 60% of obese children are diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. […] Children are naturally energetic and highly active. […] The most telltale markers of obesity are stretch marks on hips and abdomen. […] If you find that your child always eats under stress take this as a sign of not only a serious mental issues but also that of being overweight. […] A child that is overweight or dealing with weight problems will often find themselves facing a lack of energy.

• #13 Pediatric obesity: Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4726862/

  Pediatric or childhood obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder among children and adolescents worldwide. […] The symptoms of obesity include breathing disorders, sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, certain types of cancer such as prostate, bowel, breast and uterine, coronary heart disease, diabetes (type 2 in children), depression, liver and gallbladder problems, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stroke, and joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, pain in knees and lower back. […] Symptoms and complications of obesity as well as health risks include, breathing disorder such as sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and certain types of cancer such as prostate, bowel in men, breast and uterine cancer in women, coronary heart disease, diabetes (type 2 in children), depression, liver and gall bladder problems, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stroke, and diseases of joints such as osteoarthritis, pain in knees and lower back.

• #14 Obesity Symptoms for Adults and Children

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/obesity-symptoms-4689168

  Common childhood obesity symptoms may include: […] Shortness of breath with physical activity […] Sleep apnea […] Low self-esteem […] Early puberty in biological females/delayed puberty in biological males […] Orthopedic problems, such as flat feet or dislocated hips.

• #15 Childhood Obesity | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/childhood-obesity

  Digestive problems: Frequent constipation or symptoms of acid reflux […] Reproductive health issues: Early or irregular menstrual cycles in girls; delayed puberty or concerns about pubertal development in boys […] Musculoskeletal concerns: Persistent joint pain, flat feet, knock knees, or hip instability. […] If left untreated, living with higher weight can lead to: Increased risk of developing overweight or obesity as an adult […] Increased risk for medical problems such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease, liver disease, reproductive problems, and some cancers […] Psychosocial disabilities, including social isolation and depression.

• #16 Childhood Obesity Symptoms, Causes and Treatments | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/childhood-obesity

  Childhood obesity affects both physical and mental health, leading to a range of signs, symptoms, and complications: […] Physical Symptoms: Shortness of breath and fatigue […] Difficulty with physical activity […] Sleep disturbances, including sleep apnea […] Skin-related changes, such as acanthosis nigricans (darkened patches of skin in areas like the neck or armpits) […] Psychological Effects: Increased risk of anxiety, depression, and social isolation […] Low self-esteem due to societal stigma and bullying […] Emotional struggles that can impact school performance and friendships […] Long-Term Health Risks: Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance […] Heart disease, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure […] Joint pain and orthopedic issues […] Liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

• #17 Early symptoms of childhood obesity – Elets eHealth

  https://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2019/08/early-symptoms-of-childhood-obesity/

  Appearance The most telltale markers of obesity are stretch marks on hips and abdomen. It can cause the formation of dark velvety skin called acanthosis nigricans around the neck and other areas. It can also be a problem when there is a deposit of fatty tissue around the breast area. These are some of the most important physical markers for a child being overweight or obese. These factors do not always manifest but one should always be wary if they do as they could point to serious health hazards. […] Panic Eating If you find that your child always eats under stress take this as a sign of not only a serious mental issues but also that of being overweight. The diet of a child needs to be monitored carefully and they should be not only getting balanced meals but also plenty of exercise. Any unhealthy eating habits, like binge eating or eating when sad or anxious should be carefully examined and treated.

• #18 Childhood Obesity [Risks, Symptoms, & Reversal]

  https://www.delhimedicalnegligence.com/post/childhood-obesity-risks-symptoms-reversal

  Constipation […] Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) (also called acid reflux) […] Girls who reach puberty early […] Puberty that comes late in boys/girls […] Yes, obese kids are usually taller than other kids their age, but they are also fatter and grow up faster. They don’t get taller as adults, though, because being overweight as a child affects growth and puberty. […] Type 2 diabetes is a potential health issue of childhood obesity. Your child’s body’s ability to use sugar is impacted by this persistent issue (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is more likely in overweight people who lead inactive lives. […] Looking at a larger group analysis, being overweight or obese during childhood kickstarted puberty earlier in both boys and girls. Many studies have shown that when a girl hit puberty early, it often shared a link with childhood obesity.

• #19 Obesity In Children | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/obesity/

  In addition, increasing weight may cause worsening of known health issues such as asthma or gastroesophageal reflux/heartburn. Other worrisome signs or symptoms that may indicate medical problems caused by obesity include headaches, abdominal pain, daytime sleepiness, absent or irregular menstruation, persistently elevated blood pressures and depression.

• #20 Childhood obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827

  Physical complications of childhood obesity can include: Type 2 diabetes. This long-term condition affects the way the body uses sugar, also called glucose. Obesity and an inactive lifestyle raise the risk of type 2 diabetes. […] Children who have obesity may get teased or bullied by their peers. As a result, they may lose self-esteem. They also can have a higher risk of depression, anxiety and eating disorders.

• #21 Childhood Obesity: Symptoms, Causes and a Parental Guide

  https://www.solvhealth.com/health/childhood-obesity-symptoms-causes-and-a-parental-guide

  Childhood obesity has various physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. The most noticeable symptoms include: […] Emotionally, children with obesity may struggle with poor self-esteem, negative body image, and feelings of isolation or depression, according to Boston Childrens Hospital. […] It’s important to note that not all children with obesity will display the same symptoms, and the presence of these symptoms does not necessarily indicate childhood obesity. However, recognizing these potential signs can be an important step in addressing and managing childhood obesity.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-023-02348-9

  Obesity is a well-recognized risk factor for adolescent depressive symptoms, but mediating mechanisms of this association have scarcely been studied. […] Our findings provide support for the mediating role of BE in the link between childhood weight status and adolescent depressive symptoms at a 5-year follow-up. […] The findings suggest the relevance of specifically targeting childrens BE in preventive intervention programs among children with obesity to prevent future mental health problems. […] Recently, accumulating evidences have suggested a bi-directional association between depression and obesity. […] As such, obesity in childhood might be an eminent risk factor for the development of adolescent depressive symptoms. […] Body esteem (BE), defined as self-evaluation of ones body or physical appearance, could be a prominent underlying mechanism explaining the development of obesity-linked depressive symptoms during adolescence.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-023-02348-9

  It is thus not surprising that the literature has consistently found that children and adolescents with obesity tend to have lower BE than their normal-weight peers. […] Moreover, body dissatisfaction is one of the most consistent predictors of depressive symptoms during adolescence. […] Our prospective study fills this prominent gap. […] The current study aims to cover the mentioned gaps by investigating whether BE is a mediator of the prospective childhood obesity-adolescent depressive symptoms pathway and whether mediation is different for boys versus girls. […] Our first hypothesis was that children with obesity would be concurrently and prospectively at higher risk for depressive symptoms, compared to children with normal weight. […] The third hypothesis argued that BE would mediate the prospective association between childhood obesity and adolescent depressive symptoms. […] The current study provides evidence that BE mediates the prospective association between childhood obesity and adolescent depressive symptoms. […] We did not find significant evidence that gender moderates this mediation.

• #23 Childhood Obesity: Causes, Consequences, and Preventive Measures

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/childhood-obesity-causes-consequences-and-preventive-measures

  Children with obesity often lose their confidence, which can be a significant obstacle in their physical, mental, social, and emotional growth in their growing years. […] As they become less active and less energetic, they may suffer further from social isolation. […] Apart from this, they are at a higher risk of succumbing to fatal diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, hypertension, and asthma due to their obese body shape. […] Overweight or obese children are often prone to develop other serious health issues. […] The issue is serious, and that is the reason why childhood obesity prevention is being widely discussed at both national and international levels. […] Children who are overweight are more likely to get the early symptoms of type-2 diabetes. […] Type-2 diabetes is a serious health issue that doesn’t let children’s body’s glucose metabolise.

• #24 The Long-Term Effects of Childhood Obesity : Laurel Pediatric & Teen Medical Center: Pediatricians

  https://www.laurelpedsmd.com/blog/the-long-term-effects-of-childhood-obesity

  The health effects of childhood obesity arent just physical; theyre mental and emotional, too. Kids with obesity are more likely to experience low self-esteem, depression, social anxiety, and a lower quality of life compared to peers of a healthier weight and these mental health risks tend to persist into adulthood. […] Children and teens with obesity are more likely to have obesity as adults; simply put, early weight gain sets the stage for lifelong weight and health challenges in 55%-80% of cases. […] Obesity is a major risk factor for four leading causes of death in the US, including heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, and cancer. […] Luckily, childhood obesity can be reversed and its associated long-term effects avoided with the right approach.

• #25 Consequences of Obesity | Overweight & Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/basics/consequences.html

  Childhood obesity is also associated with:4,5,6 […] Psychological problems such as anxiety and depression. […] Low self-esteem and lower self-reported quality of life. […] Social problems such as bullying and stigma. […] Obesity as adults.

• #26 Childhood and Adolescent Obesity – American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery

  https://asmbs.org/patients/adolescent-obesity/

  Obesity is the most common chronic disease in childhood. It is a complex disease with few successful treatment options. A combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to childhood obesity. Associated health problems are common and include type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, sleep apnea, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, sleep apnea, poor quality of life, and mental health issues. Many children with obesity will continue to have obesity into adulthood. Childhood onset obesity, when untreated, significantly decreases life expectancy. […] First, a child with obesity is more likely to have health issues early on in life. Second, children also face discrimination and bullying because of their weight. […] Children and adolescents with obesity often find themselves the target of bullying. This bullying can take place in the classroom, in your neighborhood, and even in your own home.

• #26 Childhood and Adolescent Obesity – American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery

  https://asmbs.org/patients/adolescent-obesity/

  There are various treatments available for childhood obesity. These include: behavioral and lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery. […] Children with severe obesity, a body mass index (BMI) of 120% above the 95th percentile, usually require a combination of all three of these treatments in order to reach a healthy weight. […] However, there are children with severe obesity who also require metabolic and bariatric surgery and/or medications to achieve lasting results. […] In 2019, the American Academy of Pediatrics recognized metabolic and bariatric surgery as the most effective treatment for severe childhood obesity when used in combination with lifestyle modification. […] Approximately 38% of children and adolescents affected by obesity have fat that builds up in their livers. This is higher than the 5% of normal-weight individuals.

• #27 Obesity Effects on Child Health – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570613/

  The most significant risk factor for pediatric hypertension is the high body mass index. One-fourth of obese children can have hypertension. […] Pediatric liver disease is a severe complication of childhood obesity. Obesity-related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) spectrum includes fatty liver, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Obesity and overweight are crucial risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Neurocognitive deficits and excessive daytime sleepiness are common among obese children with sleep apnea. […] About 15% to 30% of adults with obesity were also obese in their childhood or adolescence. […] Children with obesity or overweight are more likely to experience low self-esteem and depression during adolescence. Negative psychological experiences trigger emotional eating, leading to an ongoing obesity-depression cycle. […] Children with overweight or obesity have a high prevalence of disordered eating behaviors, increasing the risk of developing eating disorders.

• #27 Obesity Effects on Child Health – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570613/

  Obesity in childhood is the most challenging public health issue in the twenty-first century. Childhood obesity is associated with increased morbidity and premature death. […] The children who are obese tend to stay obese in adulthood and prone to increased risk for diabetes and cardiac problems at a younger age. Childhood obesity is associated with increased morbidity and premature death. […] Childhood obesity significantly impacts both physical and psychological health. Obesity can lead to severe health conditions, including non-insulin-dependent diabetes, cardiovascular problems, bronchial asthma, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), hypertension, hepatic steatosis, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), and psychosocial issues. […] Childhood obesity quadruples the risk of developing glucose intolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or Type 2 diabetes). Over 85% of children with NIDDM are either overweight or obese at diagnosis.

• #28 Childhood and Adolescent Obesity – American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery

  https://asmbs.org/patients/adolescent-obesity/

  Some children and adolescents affected by obesity develop T2DM early. This is a chronic disease that tends to worsen over time. […] Up to 22% of children and adolescents with obesity have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). […] Many children and adolescents with obesity feel that their obesity and health issues have a negative impact on their quality of life and emotional health. […] Binge eating and purging (also called bulimia nervosa) has been seen in some adolescents with obesity who desire bariatric surgery. […] Recommended selection criteria for children and adolescents being considered for a bariatric procedure include: BMI 35 kg/m2 or 120% of the 95th percentile for age and sex (whichever is lower) with serious medical conditions (type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, or severe fatty liver disease). […] Surgery may also not produce significant weight loss in as many as 20% of children undergoing these procedures. […] As many at 96% of children with overweight and obesity also have vitamin D deficiency even before bariatric surgery.

• #29 Childhood Obesity: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention

  https://continentalhospitals.com/blog/childhood-obesity-causes-consequences-and-prevention/

  Childhood obesity is a significant public health concern that has reached epidemic proportions in many parts of the world. […] This excess body fat can have serious health consequences and can persist into adulthood, increasing the risk of various chronic diseases. […] Childhood obesity is typically diagnosed based on a child’s body mass index (BMI), but there are several signs and symptoms that may indicate a child is overweight or obese. These include: […] Excessive Weight Gain: Rapid or excessive weight gain beyond what is considered normal for a child’s age and height. […] Body Mass Index (BMI) Percentile: A BMI percentile above the 85th percentile for a child’s age and gender is often used as an indicator of obesity. […] Physical Health Issues: Obese children may experience physical health problems such as joint pain, breathing difficulties, and early signs of conditions like type 2 diabetes. […] Psychological and Emotional Issues: Childhood obesity can lead to low self-esteem, depression, and social isolation due to teasing or bullying. […] Poor Academic Performance: Some studies suggest that obesity may impact cognitive function and academic performance in children.

• #30 Pediatric obesity: Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4726862/

  Obese children are more likely to become overweight in adulthood than healthy-weight children. This increase in weight constitutes a health risk later in life when, as adults, they present with problems such as heart disease, diabetes (type 2), stroke, various types of cancer and osteoarthritis. […] The emergence of type 2 diabetes in children is a negative development, in view of the macro-vascular (heart disease, stroke, limb amputation) and micro-vascular (kidney failure, blindness) sequelae. […] Frequent pulmonary complications include sleep-disordered breathing (sleep apnea), asthma and exercise intolerance. […] Childhood obesity is a multisystem disease with potentially adverse consequences and several complications that require the attention of health professionals. Obesity in childhood causes hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic inflammation, increased blood clotting tendency, endothelial dysfunction, and hyperinsulinemia. […] Type 2 diabetes, in adolescence, now accounts for almost 50% of all new diagnoses of diabetes in certain populations.

• #31

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity

  Obesity in childhood is associated with a wide range of serious health complications and an increased risk of premature onset of related illnesses. […] Studies have found that without intervention, children and adolescents with obesity will likely continue to be obese into adulthood.

• #32 Childhood obesity – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_obesity

  The early physical effects of obesity in adolescence include almost all of the child’s organs being affected, gallstones, hepatitis, sleep apnoea and increased intracranial pressure. Overweight children are also more likely to grow up to be overweight adults. Obesity during adolescence has been found to increase mortality rates during adulthood. […] Children who are obese are likely to be obese as adults. Thus, they are more at risk for adult health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. A large population based study showed that adolescents who were overweight or obese had a 2.2 times increased risk of sudden death and a 3.5 times increased risk for death from coronary heart disease or stroke in adulthood as compared to normal BMI peers.

• #33 Childhood Obesity and Musculoskeletal Health

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/staying-healthy/the-impact-of-childhood-obesity-on-bone-joint-and-muscle-health/

  Over the past three decades, the prevalence of children in the U.S. who are obese has doubled, while the number of adolescents who are obese has tripled. […] Children who are overweight or obese as preschoolers are five times as likely as normal-weight children to be overweight or obese as adults. […] Childhood obesity can have a harmful effect on the body in a variety of ways. According to the CDC, children diagnosed as obese or overweight are more likely to have: High blood pressure and high cholesterol, both of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. […] Too much weight also can seriously impact the growth and health of bones, joints, and muscles. […] Excess weight can damage the growth plate the area of developing cartilage tissue at the end of the body’s arm, leg, and other long bones.

• #34 Pediatric obesity: Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2015.2853

  Obese children are more likely to become overweight in adulthood than healthy-weight children. This increase in weight constitutes a health risk later in life when, as adults, they present with problems such as heart disease, diabetes (type 2), stroke, various types of cancer and osteoarthritis. […] Childhood obesity is a multisystem disease with potentially adverse consequences and several complications that require the attention of health professionals. Obesity in childhood causes hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic inflammation, increased blood clotting tendency, endothelial dysfunction, and hyperinsulinemia. […] Type 2 diabetes, in adolescence, now accounts for almost 50% of all new diagnoses of diabetes in certain populations. […] Frequent pulmonary complications include sleep-disordered breathing (sleep apnea), asthma and exercise intolerance.

• #35 Childhood Obesity Symptoms, Causes and Treatments | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/childhood-obesity

  Type 2 diabetes, once rare in children, has become increasingly common due to rising rates of childhood obesity. This condition occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. […] Children with obesity are at a higher risk for heart disease, even at a young age. Elevated cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and insulin resistancecommon in children with obesitycan damage blood vessels and lead to serious cardiovascular issues later in life. […] Children with obesity are at an increased risk of developing asthma, with studies showing that obesity increases the likelihood of an asthma diagnosis by 52%. […] Obesity in childhood is strongly linked to sleep disorders, particularly sleep apnea. […] Excess weight can place additional strain on growing bones and joints, leading to chronic pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.

• #36 Childhood obesity: a life-long health risk | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica

  https://www.nature.com/articles/aps2011204

  Childhood obesity has become major health concern for physicians, parents, and health agencies around the world. […] Importantly, obesity accelerates atherosclerosis progression already in children and young adults. […] Obese children are at a higher risk for accelerated development of vascular disease, which is aggravated by the worsening of risk factors secondary to obesity. […] First vascular abnormalities, inflammatory changes and plaque development can be observed in children already in the first year of life; consistent with these observations, the disease process begins in utero, during which the precursor of the atherosclerotic plaque the fatty streak is already present. […] The development of fatty streaks, which represent inflammatory accumulations of macrophages in the subintimal space is aggravated by maternal hypercholesterolemia and thus sets the basis for vascular disease later in life.

• #37 Childhood obesity: a life-long health risk | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica

  https://www.nature.com/articles/aps2011204

  In both children and adults, obesity causes generalized injury to the vasculature. […] Inflammation also underlies insulin resistance (pre-diabetes) and type 2 diabetes, conditions originally believed to be restricted to elderly individuals, but now increasingly found in obese juveniles. […] An important aspect of obesity-associated vascular injury obtained from preclinical and clinical studies, is that many of the vascular changes found in obesity are highly similar to those seen with aging. […] A few years ago results from two clinical studies were reported that childhood obesity is associated with a several fold increased risk for cardiovascular events in adult life, even if body weight had meanwhile normalized. […] These very intriguing observations, which are in part supported by an earlier study, not only emphasize the importance of childhood obesity prevention but also suggest that still unknown mechanisms exist that must be set-off by the childhood obesity environment and, once activated, remain irreversibly active until later in life irrespective of changes in body weight.

• #38 Pediatric Obesity – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/obesity

  Obesity can affect your childs health in several ways. These include: High blood pressure and high cholesterol. These are risk factors for heart disease. Diabetes. Obesity is the major cause of type 2 diabetes. It can cause resistance to insulin, the hormone that controls blood sugar. When obesity causes insulin resistance, blood sugar becomes higher than normal. Joint problems, such as osteoarthritis. Obesity can affect the knees and hips because of the stress placed on the joints by extra weight. Sleep apnea and breathing problems. Sleep apnea causes people to stop breathing for brief periods. It interrupts sleep throughout the night and causes sleepiness during the day. It also causes heavy snoring. The risk for other breathing problems, such as asthma, is higher in an obese child. Psychosocial effects. Modern culture often sees overly thin people as the ideal body size. Because of this, people who are overweight or obese often suffer disadvantages. They may be blamed for their condition. They may be seen as lazy or weak-willed. Obese children can have low self-esteem which affects their social life and emotional health.

• #38 Pediatric Obesity – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/obesity

  Obesity is when a child has too much body fat. Obesity may become a serious, long-term disease. Obesity can lead to many other health problems. Some of these are heart disease, type 2 diabetes and joint problems. […] While too much body fat is the main symptom of obesity some other common symptoms may include: Snoring (a symptom of possible sleep apnea), Excessive thirst (a symptom of diabetes), Joint pain or bowed legs (possible Blounts disease or SCFE), Shortness of breath, or exercise intolerance. […] Too much body fat is the main symptom of obesity. But its hard to directly measure body fat. A guideline called the body mass index (BMI) is used to estimate it. The BMI uses a childs weight and height to come up with a result. The result is then compared with standards for children of the same gender between the ages of 2 and 20.

• #39 Childhood Obesity Symptoms, Causes and Treatments | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/childhood-obesity

  For children with obesity, joint pain is not just uncomfortable, it can significantly impact their ability to move, play, and enjoy everyday activities. […] Diagnosing childhood obesity begins with measuring Body Mass Index (BMI), which is adjusted for age and sex to account for natural variations in body composition during growth. […] The treatment of childhood obesity requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach focused on long-term health and well-being. […] For many children, structured support in nutrition, physical activity, and emotional well-being is the first step. […] For adolescents with severe obesity and obesity-related health risks, weight-loss surgery may be the most effective and medically necessary option.

• #40 Childhood Obesity and Musculoskeletal Health

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/staying-healthy/the-impact-of-childhood-obesity-on-bone-joint-and-muscle-health/

  Too much weight places excess stress on the growth plate, which can lead to early arthritis, a greater risk for broken bones, and other serious conditions, such as slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) and Blount’s disease. […] Children diagnosed as obese or overweight may have a higher risk for fractures (broken bones) due to stress on the bones or because of weakened bones secondary to inactivity. […] Children diagnosed with obesity often have difficulties with their coordination, called developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Children who are obese have a higher rate of anesthetic complications than normal-weight children.

• #41 Childhood Obesity in the United States – Ballard Brief

  https://ballardbrief.byu.edu/issue-briefs/childhood-obesity-in-the-united-states

  Childhood obesity leads to lasting physical limitations and consequences that children will struggle with for the rest of their lives. […] Research has shown that obesity causes 23-27% of asthma cases in children, and more than 85% of children who are diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. […] Childhood obesity leads to asthma because the extra weight increases the pressure on the chest wall causing the child to breathe at lower lung volumes. […] Type 2 diabetes develops from childhood obesity because the extra weight increases inflammation and levels of fatty acids, which results in insulin resistance. […] Research has shown that children who are obese are 32% more likely to be depressed. […] Childhood obesity brings social consequences that are just as serious as other dangerous physical conditions. […] Childhood obesity does not disappear after childhood: 80% of obese children will be obese in their adult lives, and 70% will be obese over the age of 30, which means the chances for social isolation to continue are high.

• #42 Childhood obesity | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/childhood-obesity

  Physical complications of childhood obesity can include: Type 2 diabetes. This long-term condition affects the way the body uses sugar, also called glucose. Obesity and an inactive lifestyle raise the risk of type 2 diabetes. High cholesterol and high blood pressure. A poor diet can cause one or both of these conditions. […] Children who have obesity may get teased or bullied by their peers. As a result, they may lose self-esteem. They also can have a higher risk of depression, anxiety and eating disorders. […] Diagnosis involves the steps that a healthcare professional takes to find out if your child has obesity. A healthcare professional calculates your child’s BMI and figures out where it falls on a standard growth chart. […] Treatment for childhood obesity is based on factors such as your child’s age and whether your child has other health conditions. Treatment usually includes changes in your child’s eating habits and physical activity level.

• #43 Obesity in Children Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985333-clinical

  Short stature or a reduced rate of linear growth in a child with obesity suggests the possibility of growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, cortisol excess, pseudohypoparathyroidism, or a genetic syndrome such as Prader-Willi syndrome. […] Polyuria and polydipsia may be noted if the adolescent with obesity develops overt diabetes. […] Clinical clues that suggest a hormonal etiology for childhood obesity include the following: Weight gain out of character for the family, Obesity in a short child, Progressive weight gain without a comparable increase in linear growth, Dry skin, constipation, intolerance to cold, and fatigability, History of central nervous system (CNS) damage (eg, trauma, hemorrhage, infection, radiation, seizures), Accumulation of fat in the neck and trunk but not in the arms or legs, Purple striae (stretch marks), Hypertension, Inappropriate sexual development at an early age, Excess facial hair, acne, and/or irregular menses in a teenage girl, Headaches, vomiting, visual disturbances, or excessive urination and drinking, Treatment with certain drugs or medications.

• #44 Obesity in Children and Teens

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/obesity-in-children-and-teens

  Too much body fat is the main symptom of obesity. […] A teen who is overweight has a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile for age and gender. They are obese if the BMI is at or greater than the 95th percentile for age and gender. […] Obesity is diagnosed by a healthcare provider. BMI is often used to define obesity. […] There are 3 categories of obesity in children and teens: Severe obesity, Obesity, Overweight. […] Treatment depends on your child’s symptoms, age, and health. It also depends on how severe the condition is. […] Treatment for obesity may include: Nutrition counseling, Changes to portion sizes and snack habits, More physical activity or an exercise program, More sleep and a regular sleep routine, Behavior changes, Individual, group, or family therapy that focuses on changing behaviors and facing feelings linked to weight and normal developmental issues, Support and encouragement for making changes and following recommended treatments, Medicine, Weight-loss surgery, Treatment for other obesity-related conditions.

• #44 Obesity in Children and Teens

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/obesity-in-children-and-teens

  The goal of obesity treatment should be better health. This may differ for each child. Goals can include good self-esteem, being more physically active, improved weight, or better cholesterol levels. […] Obesity can affect your teen’s health in a number of ways. These include: High blood pressure and high cholesterol, Diabetes, Joint problems, such as osteoarthritis, Sleep apnea and breathing problems, Psychosocial effects. […] Obesity can lead to many other health problems. Some of these are heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and joint problems. […] Obesity can be prevented with healthy lifestyle choices like being more physically active and eating more fruits and vegetables.

• #45 Obesity in Children – Symptoms & Treatment | Carle.org

  https://carle.org/conditions/pediatric-conditions/childhood-obesity

  Childhood obesity means that a childs weight is above the healthy weight range of other children of the same age. […] This excess weight may cause serious health problems, such as diabetes, orthopedic issues, and emotional problems. […] There may not be any symptoms. Some children may have a sleep disorder, such as snoring or irregular breathing; feeling tired; being unable to exercise enough; having trouble making friends; and feeling depressed. […] The earlier a child is treated for obesity, the better the chance for success.

• #46 Childhood Obesity: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/childhood-obesity?srsltid=AfmBOoqTtpwprlBRq45fatTf3eN_gfJYguRF2TpjXwCuqQ32Ol2U6xDX

  Common symptoms of childhood obesity include excessive weight gain, fatigue, shortness of breath, joint pain, and difficulty sleeping. […] These symptoms may lead to health problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure in adulthood. […] Lack of physical activity can lead to childhood obesity. Children who do not engage in regular physical activities are more likely to gain weight as they do not burn enough calories to maintain a healthy weight. […] The long-term outlook for children diagnosed with obesity is concerning. Childhood obesity is known to increase the risk of developing chronic diseases later in life, such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers. […] Yes, childhood obesity can lead to serious health complications in adulthood. Studies have shown that obese children are more likely to develop chronic diseases later in life, such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers. […] Early intervention is crucial for improving the prognosis of childhood obesity. Studies have shown that early intervention, including lifestyle changes and behavioral interventions, can help children achieve and maintain a healthy weight.

• #47 Childhood obesity: a life-long health risk | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica

  https://www.nature.com/articles/aps2011204

  Indeed, advanced coronary artery disease present in their late teenage years and death from myocardial infarction has been described in young men exposed to extremely high stress conditions. […] This infant developed severe obesity and at 2 years of age, was diagnosed with early cerebrovascular disease similar to increased vascular stiffening found in obese juveniles, conditions normally found only at much later stages in life. […] Thus, awareness and education of parents, educators, and pediatric medical staff should remain one of the key goals in order to achieve prevention of childhood obesity which, subsequently, should also result in a reduction of diseases associated with it. […] It has been recently shown that weight loss in children reduces inflammatory activation, one of the key factors for vascular disease progression. […] The prevention of childhood obesity is a chance that must be taken early in life by parents, health professionals, educators, and politicians.

Zobacz więcej