Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9831747/

  This Review describes current knowledge on the epidemiology and causes of child and adolescent obesity, considerations for assessment, and current management approaches. […] Obesity in children and adolescents is a global health issue with increasing prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) as well as a high prevalence in many high-income countries. […] The prevalence of paediatric obesity has increased worldwide over the past five decades. […] Since 2000, the mean BMI has plateaued, usually at high levels, in many high-income countries but has continued to rise in LMICs. […] In 2019, the World Obesity Federation estimated there would be 206 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 years living with obesity in 2025, and 254 million in 2030. […] The prevalence of severe obesity in the paediatric population has grown in many high-income countries, even though overall prevalence of obesity has been stable.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

  In 2024, an estimated 35 million children under the age of 5 years were overweight. […] Over 390 million children and adolescents aged 519 years were overweight in 2022. The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) among children and adolescents aged 519 has risen dramatically from just 8% in 1990 to 20% in 2022. […] While just 2% of children and adolescents aged 519 were obese in 1990 (31 million young people), by 2022, 8% of children and adolescents were living with obesity (160 million young people). […] Childhood and adolescent obesity have adverse psychosocial consequences; it affects school performance and quality of life, compounded by stigma, discrimination and bullying. […] Children with obesity are very likely to be adults with obesity and are also at a higher risk of developing NCDs in adulthood.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

  The rise in obesity rates in low-and middle-income countries, including among lower socio-economic groups, is fast globalizing a problem that was once associated only with high-income countries. […] The World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets aiming to ensure no increase in childhood overweight, and the NCD target to halt the rise of diabetes and obesity by 2025, were endorsed by WHO Member States.

• #1 Epidemiological behavior of childhood obesity: A… | F1000Research

  https://f1000research.com/articles/13-177

  Weight excess during childhood has been one of the most critical public health problems worldwide in the past few decades. It is considered a significant predictor of adulthood obesity, increased cardiometabolic diseases, and premature mortality. […] In this regard, Oceania is positioned as the continent with the highest prevalence globally; however, these results did not consider Australia and New Zealand’s data, probably due to the significant differences in population sizes. America has the second highest percentage of children under five who are overweight. […] Moreover, Europe exhibits a notable South-North gradient, which establishes a higher prevalence of obesity in Mediterranean countries than the Nordic ones. […] Therefore, the objective of this review was to describe the epidemiological behaviour of childhood obesity from a continental perspective.

• #1 Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents

  https://ideas.repec.org/h/ito/pchaps/214688.html

  The childhood overweight and obesity epidemic has become a global emergency in public health and a crucial challenge of the twenty-first century. […] Nowadays, childhood and adolescent obesity represent a significant public health problem both in developing and developed countries. […] Globally, above 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 years were overweight or obese in 2016. […] In Europe, childhood obesity remains a significant health challenge and is distributed disparately across and between countries and population groups. […] In 2019, over 398,000 children aged 6-9 years were severely obese in Europe. […] Particularly, Southern European countries such as Greece, Italy, Malta, San Marino, and Spain had one in five children obese in 2018. […] In Europe, different initiatives and actions have been launched in recent years to fight childhood obesity. […] However, the progress on combating obesity in children has been slow and inconsistent across the region. […] In this chapter, we have discussed the prevalence of obesity in children and existing policies to combat childhood obesity in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region.

• #1 Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73241

  The childhood overweight and obesity epidemic has become a global emergency in public health and a crucial challenge of the twenty-first century. Nowadays, childhood and adolescent obesity represent a significant public health problem both in developing and developed countries. Globally, above 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 years were overweight or obese in 2016. Childhood obesity is a critical burden because it can be associated with a higher possibility of obesity, premature death, and disability in adults, as well as early markers of cardiovascular disease. […] In Europe, childhood obesity remains a significant health challenge and is distributed disparately across and between countries and population groups. In 2019, over 398,000 children aged 6-9 years were severely obese in Europe.

• #1 Epidemiological behavior of childhood obesity: A… | F1000Research

  https://f1000research.com/articles/13-177

  Obesity and overweight in European children have increased in the last 20 years. […] According to the IOTF criteria, 17.9% of the European children (between 2 and 7 years old) have excessive weight, while 5.3% are obese. […] For that reason, the WHO started a surveillance system to study childhood obesity (Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, COSI) to assess the epidemiological behavior of overweight and obesity in European children between 6 and 9 years old. […] Since the beginning of this initiative in 2007, 21 countries have participated in at least one data gathering round between 2007 and 2013. […] The Asian continent is considered to have severe public health issues regarding weight problems. […] This report rated Asia as the most heavily affected continent, given that it has 30.9% of the total global children under five years old with overweight, the equivalent to 17.2 million children. […] Notably, the obesity prevalence is more significant in higher socioeconomic strata and urban areas, contrary to the pattern found in other continents where the overweight is commonly found at lower socioeconomic levels.

• #1 Obesity in Children: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985333-overview

  Obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder among children and adolescents in the United States. Approximately 21-24% of American children and adolescents are overweight, and another 16-18% is obese; the prevalence of obesity is highest among specific ethnic groups. […] The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicates that the prevalence of obesity is increasing in all pediatric age groups, in both sexes, and in various ethnic and racial groups. […] Using body mass index (BMI) criteria, the most recent national surveys demonstrate that 21-24% of American children and adolescents are overweight and that another 16-18% are obese. A 2012 study noted a 16.9% prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents in 2009-2010, which is comparable to the prevalence rates reported in 2007-2008.

• #1 Childhood Obesity Facts | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood-obesity-facts/childhood-obesity-facts.html

  Approximately 1 in 5 U.S. children and adolescents have obesity. […] From 2017 to March 2020, the prevalence of obesity among U.S. children and adolescents was 19.7%. This means that approximately 14.7 million U.S. youths aged 2-19 years have obesity. […] The prevalence of obesity increased with age. From 2017 to March 2020, obesity prevalence was 12.7% among U.S. children 2-5 years old, 20.7% among those 6-11, and 22.2% among adolescents 12-19. […] Overall, obesity prevalence was highest in Hispanic children (26.2%) and non-Hispanic Black children (24.8%) followed by non-Hispanic white (16.6%) and non-Hispanic Asian (9.0%) children. […] Among U.S. girls, obesity prevalence was highest among non-Hispanic Black girls (30.8%). Among U.S. boys, obesity prevalence was highest among Hispanic boys (29.3%).

• #1 Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9831747/

  There are socioeconomic disparities in paediatric obesity prevalence within countries. […] Reports from China, Europe, and the USA have documented increased weight gain among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the rate before the pandemic, an apparent consequence of decreases in physical activity, increased screen time, changes in dietary intake, food insecurity, and increased family and individual stress.

• #1 Childhood Obesity Facts | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood-obesity-facts/childhood-obesity-facts.html

  Obesity prevalence increased as family income decreased. Obesity prevalence was: 11.5% among U.S. children with family income more than 350% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL), 21.2% among children with family income 130% to 350% of FPL, and 25.8% among children with family income 130% or less of FPL. […] Health care for obesity is expensive for patients and the health care system. In 2019 dollars, the estimated annual medical cost of obesity among U.S. children was $1.3 billion. Medical costs for children with obesity were $116 higher per person per year than for children with healthy weight. Medical costs for children with severe obesity were $310 higher per person per year than for children with healthy weight.

• #1 Epidemiology of childhood obesity – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_childhood_obesity

  Prevalence has remained high over the past three decades across most age, sex, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, and represents a three-fold increase from one generation ago and is expected to continue rising. […] Prevalence of pediatric obesity also varies with state. […] The likelihood of obesity in children was found to increase significantly with decreasing levels of household income, lower neighborhood access to parks or sidewalks, increased television viewing time, and increased recreational computer time. […] According to the CDC, For the 2015-2016 year, the CDC found that the prevalence of obesity for children aged 2-19 years old, in the U.S., was 18.5%. […] A 2010 NCHS Data Brief published by the CDC found interesting trends in prevalence of childhood obesity. […] The importance of identifying the incidence of age-related onset of obesity is vital to understanding when intervention opportunities are most important.

• #1 Elements of Effective Population Surveillance Systems for Monitoring Obesity in School Aged Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7558984/

  The continuing high prevalence of child overweight and obesity globally means that it remains the most common chronic health condition in children. […] Population-based child obesity surveillance systems are critical for monitoring trends in obesity and related behaviours, and determining the overall effect of child obesity prevention strategies. […] An obesity surveillance system comprises a series of surveys conducted at regular intervals, used to monitor long-term trends in obesity and overweight and related behaviours. […] Child obesity surveillance is conducted in many jurisdictions; however, these surveillance systems vary in methods, scope, purpose, objectives, and attributes, and what is considered important in one jurisdiction may be less important to another. […] The data provide policy makers with the necessary epidemiological information to make evidence-based decisions.

• #1 Elements of Effective Population Surveillance Systems for Monitoring Obesity in School Aged Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/18/6812

  An obesity surveillance system comprises a series of surveys conducted at regular intervals, used to monitor long-term trends in obesity and overweight and related behaviours. It can be used to determine the prevalence rates among subgroups, track trends across time, and determine whether obesity prevention and management interventions are collectively effective. The data provide policy makers with the necessary epidemiological information to make evidence-based decisions. […] The purpose of this paper is to describe the components and their rationale for inclusion in an effective child obesity surveillance system, and other types of survey data that can enhance our understanding of child obesity. […] It is important that government surveillance of child obesity includes measurement of concomitant modifiable behaviours. Determining the prevalence of overweight and obesity alone is insufficient information for policy makers to determine the effectiveness of scaled intervention efforts. […] Effective surveillance systems are essential for preventing and addressing the problem of childhood obesity.

• #1 Elements of Effective Population Surveillance Systems for Monitoring Obesity in School Aged Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/18/6812

  The continuing high prevalence of child overweight and obesity globally means that it remains the most common chronic health condition in children. Population-based child obesity surveillance systems are critical for monitoring trends in obesity and related behaviours, and determining the overall effect of child obesity prevention strategies. […] Effective surveillance systems may vary in methods, scope, purpose, objectives, and attributes, and our aim was to provide an overview of child obesity surveillance systems globally, and to highlight main components and other types of survey data that can enhance our understanding of child obesity. […] Child obesity surveillance is conducted in many jurisdictions; however, these surveillance systems vary in methods, scope, purpose, objectives, and attributes, and what is considered important in one jurisdiction may be less important to another.

• #1 Surveillance Systems for Obesity | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data-and-statistics/surveillance-systems.html

  CDC uses several surveillance systems to monitor obesity and obesity-related behaviors such as diet and physical activity. […] CDC conducts surveillance of chronic diseases to: Better understand the extent of health risk behaviors, preventive care practices, and the burden of chronic diseases, such as obesity. […] National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) NHANES assesses the health of American adults and children through a combination of in-person interviews and physical examinations. […] Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) BRFSS is a state-based, phone survey conducted by CDC and state health departments. […] Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) YRBSS monitors priority health risk behaviors that contribute to poor health and social problems among youth in the United States.

• #1 Surveillance Systems for Obesity | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data-and-statistics/surveillance-systems.html

  National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) NSCH is a mail- and web-based survey conducted annually by the U.S. Census Bureau. […] Women, Infants, and Children Participant and Program Characteristics (WIC PC) WIC PC summarizes demographic characteristics of participants enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for WIC. […] National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) NHIS is a large-scale survey that collects data on a broad range of health topics, including physical activity, food programs and food insecurity, and height and weight. […] School Health Profiles School Health Profiles is a system of surveys assessing school health policies and practices in states, large urban school districts, and territories. […] PLACES: Local Data for Better Health PLACES provides model-based, population-level analysis and community estimates of select health data.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/europe/initiatives/who-european-childhood-obesity-surveillance-initiative-(cosi)

  WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) is a unique system that for over 10 years has measured trends in overweight and obesity among primary school aged children. COSI involves taking standardized weight and height measurements from over 300 000 children across the WHO European Region, providing nationally representative data for participating countries, as well as a large Region-wide data set for analysis of the determinants of childhood overweight and obesity. This vital collaboration between WHO/Europe and research institutions from across the Region provides high-quality data to inform policy and practice to respond to the problem of childhood overweight and obesity. […] COSI was set up in response to the WHO European Ministerial Conference on Counteracting Obesity, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2006. Member States recognized the need for a harmonized surveillance system among primary school children to inform policy development in combating the emerging obesity epidemic in the WHO European Region.

• #1 Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative COSI – Fact sheet highlights 2018-2020 | Knowledge Action Portal on NCDs

  https://www.knowledge-action-portal.com/en/content/childhood-obesity-surveillance-initiative-cosi-fact-sheet-highlights-2018-2020

  The fifth round of COSI data collection took place between 2018 and 2020 in 33 countries. In total, almost 411 000 children aged 69 years were measured.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/europe/initiatives/who-european-childhood-obesity-surveillance-initiative-(cosi)

  Since its launch in 2007, COSI has made a difference by informing policy initiatives and the public health response to the obesity epidemic in the Region. The COSI data collected over the past 10 years has also resulted in numerous international and country-specific scientific publications and reports. […] The WHO Regional Office for Europe established the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) in 2007 in response to the need.

• #1 Obesity monitoring and surveillance – what is being done? | World Obesity Federation

  https://www.worldobesity.org/news/obesity-monitoring-and-surveillance-what-is-being-done

  At the most basic level, the systematic collection of obesity data enables us to determine the number of individuals living with the disease. […] When routine and standardised, obesity monitoring and surveillance also allows us to examine trends and monitor the progress and effectiveness of obesity-related programmes, interventions and initiatives. […] The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) is an initiative that has measured trends in overweight and obesity in primary school-aged children for over 10 years. […] Many countries also conduct regular, national health surveys. […] The survey collates prevalence and trend data (broken down by population) on several different indicators of health and nutrition including overweight and obesity. […] We call for more investment and political prioritisation of obesity monitoring and surveillance so that governments and policymakers around the world can better keep track of progress or the lack thereof.

• #1 21 Monitoring of childhood obesity | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/21-monitoring-of-childhood-obesity/

  The monitoring (repeated prevalence data) of BMI in children could lead to the following benefits: describing trends in weight status over time among populations and/or subpopulations at a school, district, state or nationwide level; creating awareness among school and health personnel, community members, and policy makers to the extent of weight problems in specific populations; driving improvement in policies, practices and services to prevent and treat obesity; monitoring the effects of school-based physical activity and nutrition programs/policies; monitoring progress toward achieving national health objectives or relevant state or local health objectives related to childhood obesity. […] Well-known examples of monitoring systems that have included indicators of obesity are the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey s (NHANES) in the United States.

• #1 Elements of Effective Population Surveillance Systems for Monitoring Obesity in School Aged Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7558984/

  The environmental and commercial determinants of health are increasingly important drivers of obesity, especially in children, and measurement of the food and built environments will enhance surveillance surveys that collect information at the individual level. […] It is important that government surveillance of child obesity includes measurement of concomitant modifiable behaviours. […] Effective surveillance systems are essential for preventing and addressing the problem of childhood obesity.

• #1 The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: a worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-019-1449-8

  In the long term, overweight or obesity during childhood increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, some cancers, and musculoskeletal disorders in adulthood, which can lead to disability and premature death. […] Strong persistence of overweight status and low efficacy of available treatments highlight the need to prevent overweight and obesity at the earliest possible stage of life. […] It is recognised that weight gain is partly caused by elevated energy intake, which often includes a disproportionate amount of refined carbohydrates and/or processed foods, and decreased physical activity. […] Key drivers of the rapidly increasing worldwide occurrence of obesity and diabetes across populations are the globalised market and commercial interests that favour the production and distribution of inexpensive, energy-dense foods and beverages and limited political will to address the economic causes of the obesity epidemic.

• #1 Small area estimation and childhood obesity surveillance using electronic health records | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0247476

  Despite the widespread adoption of EHRs, resulting in large amounts of health data collected during regular clinical visits, the utilization of EHR data for population health surveillance is still underdeveloped. […] We propose innovative statistical methods that use EHR data for childhood obesity estimation purposes, in hopes of increasing the use of EHR data and extending the scope of population health surveillance. […] Using EHR data, the methods presented in this paper were used to obtain childhood obesity prevalence estimates at the zip code level, including estimates for areas of little or no data.

• #1 U.S. States’ Childhood Obesity Surveillance Practices and Recommendations for Improving Them, 2014–2015

  https://choicesproject.org/publications/us-states-child-obes-pcd/

  Routine collection, analysis, and reporting of data on child height, weight, and body mass index (BMI), particularly at the state and local levels, are needed to monitor the childhood obesity epidemic, plan intervention strategies, and evaluate the impact of interventions. […] The absence of child BMI surveillance systems in most states limits the ability of public health practitioners and policymakers to develop and evaluate responses to the childhood obesity epidemic. Greater investment in surveillance is needed to identify the most effective and cost-effective childhood obesity interventions.

• #1 21 Monitoring of childhood obesity | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/21-monitoring-of-childhood-obesity/

  The NHANES surveys have very high response rates (9497%) and are based on measured weights and heights rather than being self-reported. […] In most countries data on obesity trends are available from either a series of unrelated surveys using different sampling methods as well methodologies, or from national heath interview survey data with usually relatively low response rates and based on self-reported heights and weights. […] The NCMP also helps to increase public and professional understanding of weight issues in children and is a useful vehicle for engaging with children and families about healthy lifestyles and weight issues. […] There has been a plea for an ongoing national population monitoring system covering selected ages at preschool, primary school and secondary school age in Australia.

• #1 21 Monitoring of childhood obesity | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/21-monitoring-of-childhood-obesity/

  Monitoring is purposive, systematic measuring to determine trends over time, variation between populations or places, and so on. […] Childhood obesity does not meet the criteria for screening (mainly because of lack of evidence of effectiveness of interventions). […] The methodology used for monitoring is poor in most cases and, therefore, should be a priority for establishing monitoring systems. […] According to the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) surveillance is systematic ongoing collection, collation and analysis of data and the timely dissemination of information to those who need to know, so that action can be taken. […] The common form of monitoring is the analyses and interpretation of routine cross-sectionally collected data on indicators of overweight and obesity.

• #1 Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73241

  The problem of childhood obesity has become a global public health concern, and the fight for its prevention is a commitment that involves all institutions. The prevention of obesity requires the implementation of surveys to monitor its evolution over time, the knowledge of its determinants, and the research and implementation of interventions, necessarily in a multisectoral and multidisciplinary context, as well as a continuous evaluation process. […] In Europe, childhood obesity remains a significant health challenge and is distributed disparately across and between countries and population groups. Approximately, 398,000 children aged 6-9 years were severely obese in Europe in 2019. […] The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative has measured the trends in childhood obesity for over a decade. It provides data to inform policy and practice to respond to the problem of childhood obesity.

• #1 Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73241

  The Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity collected and an organic package of recommendations to address childhood obesity and achieve strategic objectives. As a result, the first object is tackling the obesogenic environment because the major negative elements are the unhealthy diet and physical activity of children. […] The EU Action Plan on Childhood Obesity 2014-2020 translates the international guidelines with the purpose of demonstrating the shared of EU Member States to addressing childhood obesity; set out priority areas for action and a possible toolbox of measures for consideration and finally propose ways of collectively keeping track of progress.

• #1 The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: a worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-019-1449-8

  The number of children aged 2-4 years with obesity was also published by IHME for the period 1980-2015. […] The most recent estimates, published in 2017, were based on 2416 measured data sources. They showed that between 1975 and 2016, obesity prevalence increased from 0.7 to 5.6% in girls and from 0.9 to 7.8% in boys. […] The need for high-quality and comparable data is recognised as a key component for monitoring malnutrition. […] Despite overall increases in the prevalence of obesity in childhood, different forms of malnutrition coexist at global, national and subnational levels. […] The need to improve the food environment requires governments, international organisations and other key stakeholders, including civil society and the private sector at local and global levels, to address global and local commercial determinants of obesity. […] Tackling the obesity epidemic in children will require integrated efforts across multiple sectors to provide equitable access to economic resources, education, healthy food and urban environments and to universal health coverage.

• #1 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Eating Habits and Lifestyle Factors Related to Childhood Obesity Among Children Aged 5-6 Years: Cluster Analysis of Panel Survey Data in Korea

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e51581/

  This research suggests that lifestyle modification could be a viable target to decrease the risk of childhood obesity and promote the development of healthy children. […] The importance of these early childhood lifestyle habits is highlighted by the World Health Organization’s guidelines for children’s health, which also discuss the importance of forming lifestyle habits in children before the age of 5 years. […] Establishing a healthy lifestyle early in life is important to improve health outcomes later. […] A recent literature review on childhood obesity revealed that, to prevent childhood obesity, changes need to be made in children’s overall lifestyle, including their daily living habits, rather than limiting management to food intake. […] Our results show that eating habits, such as eating speed, regularity of mealtimes, meal amount consistency, and balanced eating habits, can be considered risk factors for developing childhood obesity. […] These findings suggest that a modification in lifestyle could be a good target to decrease the risk of childhood obesity and develop healthy children.

• #1 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Eating Habits and Lifestyle Factors Related to Childhood Obesity Among Children Aged 5-6 Years: Cluster Analysis of Panel Survey Data in Korea

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e51581/

  Childhood obesity has emerged as a major health issue due to the rapid growth in the prevalence of obesity among young children worldwide. Establishing healthy eating habits and lifestyles in early childhood may help children gain appropriate weight and further improve their health outcomes later in life. […] This study aims to classify clusters of young children according to their eating habits and identify the features of each cluster as they relate to childhood obesity. […] At both ages (ages 5 and 6 years), we identified 4 clusters based on the children’s eating habits. […] Slow eaters tended to have the lowest BMI (P<.001), and a low proportion had overweight and obesity at the age of 5 years (P=.03) and 1 year later (P=.005). [...] Efforts to establish healthy eating habits in early childhood may contribute to the prevention of obesity in children.

• #2 Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73241

  The problem of childhood obesity has become a global public health concern, and the fight for its prevention is a commitment that involves all institutions. The prevention of obesity requires the implementation of surveys to monitor its evolution over time, the knowledge of its determinants, and the research and implementation of interventions, necessarily in a multisectoral and multidisciplinary context, as well as a continuous evaluation process. […] In Europe, childhood obesity remains a significant health challenge and is distributed disparately across and between countries and population groups. Approximately, 398,000 children aged 6-9 years were severely obese in Europe in 2019. […] The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative has measured the trends in childhood obesity for over a decade. It provides data to inform policy and practice to respond to the problem of childhood obesity.

• #2 21 Monitoring of childhood obesity | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/21-monitoring-of-childhood-obesity/

  The monitoring (repeated prevalence data) of BMI in children could lead to the following benefits: describing trends in weight status over time among populations and/or subpopulations at a school, district, state or nationwide level; creating awareness among school and health personnel, community members, and policy makers to the extent of weight problems in specific populations; driving improvement in policies, practices and services to prevent and treat obesity; monitoring the effects of school-based physical activity and nutrition programs/policies; monitoring progress toward achieving national health objectives or relevant state or local health objectives related to childhood obesity. […] Well-known examples of monitoring systems that have included indicators of obesity are the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey s (NHANES) in the United States.

• #2 Surveillance Systems for Obesity | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data-and-statistics/surveillance-systems.html

  National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) NSCH is a mail- and web-based survey conducted annually by the U.S. Census Bureau. […] Women, Infants, and Children Participant and Program Characteristics (WIC PC) WIC PC summarizes demographic characteristics of participants enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for WIC. […] National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) NHIS is a large-scale survey that collects data on a broad range of health topics, including physical activity, food programs and food insecurity, and height and weight. […] School Health Profiles School Health Profiles is a system of surveys assessing school health policies and practices in states, large urban school districts, and territories. […] PLACES: Local Data for Better Health PLACES provides model-based, population-level analysis and community estimates of select health data.

• #2 Elements of Effective Population Surveillance Systems for Monitoring Obesity in School Aged Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/18/6812

  An obesity surveillance system comprises a series of surveys conducted at regular intervals, used to monitor long-term trends in obesity and overweight and related behaviours. It can be used to determine the prevalence rates among subgroups, track trends across time, and determine whether obesity prevention and management interventions are collectively effective. The data provide policy makers with the necessary epidemiological information to make evidence-based decisions. […] The purpose of this paper is to describe the components and their rationale for inclusion in an effective child obesity surveillance system, and other types of survey data that can enhance our understanding of child obesity. […] It is important that government surveillance of child obesity includes measurement of concomitant modifiable behaviours. Determining the prevalence of overweight and obesity alone is insufficient information for policy makers to determine the effectiveness of scaled intervention efforts. […] Effective surveillance systems are essential for preventing and addressing the problem of childhood obesity.

• #3 Surveillance Systems for Obesity | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data-and-statistics/surveillance-systems.html

  Chronic Disease Surveillance Systems These additional surveillance systems can be used to understand health risk behaviors, preventive care practices, and the U.S. burden of chronic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. […] Catalogue of Surveillance Systems Gain access to more than 100 publicly available datasets relevant to childhood obesity research.

Zobacz więcej