Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Childhood Obesity Facts | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood-obesity-facts/childhood-obesity-facts.html

  Approximately 1 in 5 U.S. children and adolescents have obesity. […] Obesity affects some groups more than others, including adolescents, Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black children, and children in families with lower incomes. […] From 2017 to March 2020, the prevalence of obesity among U.S. children and adolescents was 19.7%. […] For children, obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex. […] The prevalence of obesity increased with age. […] Overall, obesity prevalence was highest in Hispanic children (26.2%) and non-Hispanic Black children (24.8%) followed by non-Hispanic white (16.6%) and non-Hispanic Asian (9.0%) children. […] Among U.S. girls, obesity prevalence was highest among non-Hispanic Black girls (30.8%). Among U.S. boys, obesity prevalence was highest among Hispanic boys (29.3%).

• #2 Obesity in Children: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985333-overview

  Obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder among children and adolescents in the United States. Approximately 21-24% of American children and adolescents are overweight, and another 16-18% is obese; the prevalence of obesity is highest among specific ethnic groups. […] Childhood obesity predisposes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, liver and renal disease, and reproductive dysfunction. This condition also increases the risk of adult-onset obesity and cardiovascular disease. […] Obesity in children is a complex disorder. Its prevalence has increased so significantly in recent years that many consider it a major health concern of the developed world. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicates that the prevalence of obesity is increasing in all pediatric age groups, in both sexes, and in various ethnic and racial groups. Many factors, including genetics, environment, metabolism, lifestyle, and eating habits, are believed to play a role in the development of obesity. However, more than 90% of cases are idiopathic; less than 10% are associated with hormonal or genetic causes.

• #3 Causes and risks for obesity in children: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000383.htm

  When children eat more than they need, their bodies store the extra calories in fat cells to use for energy later. If their bodies do not need this stored energy, they develop more fat cells and may become overweight or develop obesity. […] No single factor or behavior causes obesity. Obesity is caused by many things, including a person’s habits, lifestyle, and environment. Genes and some medical problems also increase a person’s chances of developing obesity. […] If a parent is overweight and has poor diet and exercise habits, the child is likely to adopt the same habits. […] Some children are at greater risk for obesity because of genetic factors. They have inherited genes from their parents that make their bodies gain weight easily. […] Genetics is not the only cause of obesity. To develop obesity, children must also eat more calories than they need for growth and energy. […] Certain medical conditions can increase a child’s appetite. These include hormone disorders or low thyroid function, and certain medicines, such as steroids or anti-seizure medicines. Over time, any of these can increase the risk for obesity.

• #4 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed as well as in developing countries. Overweight and obesity in childhood are known to have significant impact on both physical and psychological health. […] The mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood and it is believed to be a disorder with multiple causes. Environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural environment play pivotal roles in the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide. In general, overweight and obesity are assumed to be the results of an increase in caloric and fat intake. On the other hand, there are supporting evidence that excessive sugar intake by soft drink, increased portion size, and steady decline in physical activity have been playing major roles in the rising rates of obesity all around the world.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/noncommunicable-diseases-childhood-overweight-and-obesity

  Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. […] The fundamental cause of childhood overweight and obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. […] Global increases in childhood overweight and obesity are attributable to several factors. First, there has been a global shift in diet towards increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat and sugars but low in vitamins, minerals and other healthy micronutrients. […] WHO recognizes that the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity results from changes in society. Childhood obesity is mainly associated with unhealthy eating and low levels of physical activity, but the problem is linked not only to children’s behaviour but also, increasingly, to social and economic development and policies in the areas of agriculture, transport, urban planning, the environment, food processing, distribution and marketing, as well as education. […] Unlike most adults, children and adolescents cannot choose the environment in which they live or the food they eat. They also have a limited ability to understand the long-term consequences of their behaviour. They therefore require special attention when fighting the obesity epidemic.

• #6 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  It is widely accepted that increase in obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, with an increase in positive energy balance being closely associated with the lifestyle adopted and the dietary intake preferences. However, there is increasing evidence indicating that an individual’s genetic background is important in determining obesity risk. […] The ecological model, as described by Davison et al., suggests that child risk factors for obesity include dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. […] Genetics are one of the biggest factors examined as a cause of obesity. Some studies have found that BMI is 25-40% heritable. However, genetic susceptibility often needs to be coupled with contributing environmental and behavioral factors in order to affect weight.

• #7 Childhood obesity – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_obesity

  Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. […] One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. […] In the recent decades, family practices have significantly changed, and several of these practices greatly contribute to childhood obesity. […] Different communities and nations have adopted varying social practices and policies that are either beneficial or detrimental to children’s physical health. […] It is much more common for young people who come from a racial or ethnic minority, or for those who have a lower socioeconomic status, to be overweight and to engage in less healthy behaviors and sedentary activities.

• #8 Obesity: What It Is, Classes, Symptoms, Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11209-weight-control-and-obesity

  Obesity can cause health problems throughout your body. […] Obesity has direct and indirect effects on many body systems. […] On the most basic level, obesity happens when you consume more calories than your body can use. Many things may play a role in why you may eat more food than your body needs: […] Certain medications: Medications you take to treat other conditions may contribute to weight gain. […] Disability: Adults and children with physical and learning disabilities are most at risk for obesity. […] Eating habits: Consuming more calories than your body needs, eating ultra-processed food, high-sugar foods and drinks, and foods with high amounts of saturated fat may cause overweight. […] Genetics: Research shows people with obesity carry specific genes (obesity-susceptibility genes) that affect appetite.

• #9 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity often results from a combination of causes and contributing factors: […] Although there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through typical daily activities and exercise. Your body stores these excess calories as fat. […] In the United States, most people’s diets are too high in calories often from fast food and high-calorie beverages. People with obesity might eat more calories before feeling full, feel hungry sooner, or eat more due to stress or anxiety. […] The genes you inherit from your parents may affect the amount of body fat you store, and where that fat is distributed. Genetics also may play a role in how efficiently your body converts food into energy, how your body regulates your appetite and how your body burns calories during exercise.

• #10 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity often results from a combination of causes and contributing factors: […] Although there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through typical daily activities and exercise. Your body stores these excess calories as fat. […] In the United States, most people’s diets are too high in calories often from fast food and high-calorie beverages. People with obesity might eat more calories before feeling full, feel hungry sooner, or eat more due to stress or anxiety. […] The genes you inherit from your parents may affect the amount of body fat you store, and where that fat is distributed. Genetics also may play a role in how efficiently your body converts food into energy, how your body regulates your appetite and how your body burns calories during exercise.

• #11 Childhood Obesity | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/childhood-obesity

  Chronic stress from living in poverty, facing discrimination, or experiencing weight stigma and bullying can also contribute to metabolic changes, such as increased cortisol levels, which may contribute to weight gain, independent of diet and physical activity. […] Having at least one parent with obesity. However, its important to remember that genetics alone do not necessarily mean a child is destined to develop obesity. There are many steps a child can take to lower their risk. […] Taking steroids, some antidepressants, and certain other medications can make it difficult to maintain a healthy weight. […] Genetic syndromes like Prader-Willi syndrome, and hormonal conditions like Cushings syndrome are among the medical disorders that can cause weight gain. […] Some children may feel hunger more intensely or find it harder to recognize when theyre full. Others may eat in response to emotions like stress, boredom, or the need for comfort a common and understandable way of coping.

• #12 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity often results from a combination of causes and contributing factors: […] Although there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through typical daily activities and exercise. Your body stores these excess calories as fat. […] In the United States, most people’s diets are too high in calories often from fast food and high-calorie beverages. People with obesity might eat more calories before feeling full, feel hungry sooner, or eat more due to stress or anxiety. […] The genes you inherit from your parents may affect the amount of body fat you store, and where that fat is distributed. Genetics also may play a role in how efficiently your body converts food into energy, how your body regulates your appetite and how your body burns calories during exercise.

• #13 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity often results from a combination of causes and contributing factors: […] Although there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through typical daily activities and exercise. Your body stores these excess calories as fat. […] In the United States, most people’s diets are too high in calories often from fast food and high-calorie beverages. People with obesity might eat more calories before feeling full, feel hungry sooner, or eat more due to stress or anxiety. […] The genes you inherit from your parents may affect the amount of body fat you store, and where that fat is distributed. Genetics also may play a role in how efficiently your body converts food into energy, how your body regulates your appetite and how your body burns calories during exercise.

• #14 Childhood Obesity | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/childhood-obesity

  Chronic stress from living in poverty, facing discrimination, or experiencing weight stigma and bullying can also contribute to metabolic changes, such as increased cortisol levels, which may contribute to weight gain, independent of diet and physical activity. […] Having at least one parent with obesity. However, its important to remember that genetics alone do not necessarily mean a child is destined to develop obesity. There are many steps a child can take to lower their risk. […] Taking steroids, some antidepressants, and certain other medications can make it difficult to maintain a healthy weight. […] Genetic syndromes like Prader-Willi syndrome, and hormonal conditions like Cushings syndrome are among the medical disorders that can cause weight gain. […] Some children may feel hunger more intensely or find it harder to recognize when theyre full. Others may eat in response to emotions like stress, boredom, or the need for comfort a common and understandable way of coping.

• #15 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  It is widely accepted that increase in obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, with an increase in positive energy balance being closely associated with the lifestyle adopted and the dietary intake preferences. However, there is increasing evidence indicating that an individual’s genetic background is important in determining obesity risk. […] The ecological model, as described by Davison et al., suggests that child risk factors for obesity include dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. […] Genetics are one of the biggest factors examined as a cause of obesity. Some studies have found that BMI is 25-40% heritable. However, genetic susceptibility often needs to be coupled with contributing environmental and behavioral factors in order to affect weight.

• #16

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04020/childhood_obesity__causes_and_consequences.8.aspx

  It is widely accepted that increase in obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, with an increase in positive energy balance being closely associated with the lifestyle adopted and the dietary intake preferences. However, there is increasing evidence indicating that an individual’s genetic background is important in determining obesity risk. […] The genetic factor accounts for less than 5% of cases of childhood obesity. […] Basal metabolic rate has also been studied as a possible cause of obesity. […] Review of the literature investigates factors behind poor diet and offers numerous insights into how parental factors may impact on obesity in children. […] Government and social policies could also potentially promote healthy behavior. […] Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes.

• #17 Childhood Obesity: Causes & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9467-obesity-in-children

  Childhood obesity is a complex health condition that has many causes. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition that has many contributing factors. […] Several factors also affect how much food we eat, the type of food we eat and how our body uses that energy. […] Genetic factors can increase the likelihood that your child will have obesity. […] Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can affect the way your genes work. […] Shared family behaviors and home environment factors can contribute to childhood obesity, including: […] Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are the conditions in the environments where you’re born, live, learn, work and play that can affect your health. […] Advertising for fast food restaurants and unhealthy foods and beverages can contribute to childhood obesity. […] Rarely, other health conditions may be a contributing factor to childhood obesity. […] Some medications, like second-generation antipsychotics and corticosteroids, can also increase your child’s risk for having overweight and obesity.

• #18 SciELO Brazil – What causes obesity in children and adolescents? ^{What causes obesity in children and adolescents?}

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jped/a/h7c6HQXK3zDL44SfmN5m4hp/

  Objective To present the different aspects that may be involved in the genesis and maintenance of obesity in children and adolescents. […] The causal factors described in the scientific literature that have been shown to be related to obesity in childhood and adolescence are presented. […] The global epidemic of obesity in the pediatric population is a direct consequence of the interaction between genetics and lifestyle. […] Environmental factors, such as nutrition, can induce changes in methylation patterns in the parental germline and reprogram the epigenome of cells, thereby transmitting susceptibility to obesity to future generations through transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. […] Maternal obesity before the start of the pregnancy is associated with a greater risk of obesity in the offspring, with an estimated three-fold greater risk.

• #19 Unexplained Childhood Obesity? Consider Genetic Causes | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/unexplained-childhood-obesity-consider-genetic-causes

  James is a 3-year-old male with developmental delay and rapid weight gain/obesity. […] While the major contribution of environmental factors such as consumption of high-energy/high-fat foods, and fast food consumption is well known in the pathogenesis of pediatric obesity, recent studies demonstrate the role of genetic variants in obesity pathogenesis. Indeed, genetic disorders associated with obesity are responsible for up to 7% of severe childhood obesity. Many genetic diagnoses have been associated with obesity/rapid weight gain. […] Among the syndromic forms of obesity, the most common diagnosis in our outpatient clinic is 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. […] Other common genetic diagnoses causing syndromic obesity include Down syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome. […] While obese children with syndromic features tend to undergo genetic evaluation, those without syndromic features could have genetic mutations in genes encoding proteins regulating appetites and metabolism.

• #20 Unexplained Childhood Obesity? Consider Genetic Causes | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/unexplained-childhood-obesity-consider-genetic-causes

  James is a 3-year-old male with developmental delay and rapid weight gain/obesity. […] While the major contribution of environmental factors such as consumption of high-energy/high-fat foods, and fast food consumption is well known in the pathogenesis of pediatric obesity, recent studies demonstrate the role of genetic variants in obesity pathogenesis. Indeed, genetic disorders associated with obesity are responsible for up to 7% of severe childhood obesity. Many genetic diagnoses have been associated with obesity/rapid weight gain. […] Among the syndromic forms of obesity, the most common diagnosis in our outpatient clinic is 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. […] Other common genetic diagnoses causing syndromic obesity include Down syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome. […] While obese children with syndromic features tend to undergo genetic evaluation, those without syndromic features could have genetic mutations in genes encoding proteins regulating appetites and metabolism.

• #21 Unexplained Childhood Obesity? Consider Genetic Causes | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/unexplained-childhood-obesity-consider-genetic-causes

  James is a 3-year-old male with developmental delay and rapid weight gain/obesity. […] While the major contribution of environmental factors such as consumption of high-energy/high-fat foods, and fast food consumption is well known in the pathogenesis of pediatric obesity, recent studies demonstrate the role of genetic variants in obesity pathogenesis. Indeed, genetic disorders associated with obesity are responsible for up to 7% of severe childhood obesity. Many genetic diagnoses have been associated with obesity/rapid weight gain. […] Among the syndromic forms of obesity, the most common diagnosis in our outpatient clinic is 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. […] Other common genetic diagnoses causing syndromic obesity include Down syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome. […] While obese children with syndromic features tend to undergo genetic evaluation, those without syndromic features could have genetic mutations in genes encoding proteins regulating appetites and metabolism.

• #22 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  Possible genetic syndromes that cause severe obesity include: Prader Willi syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, Bardet Biedl syndrome, Beckwith-Weideman syndrome, Cohen syndrome. […] However, polygenic obesity is more common. This refers to obesity that results from a complex interaction between various genes and the environment. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with a wide range of potential contributing factors that relate to a childs environment, level of socioeconomic advantage, genetics, and exposure to trauma and psychological stress.

• #23 Unexplained Childhood Obesity? Consider Genetic Causes | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/unexplained-childhood-obesity-consider-genetic-causes

  James is a 3-year-old male with developmental delay and rapid weight gain/obesity. […] While the major contribution of environmental factors such as consumption of high-energy/high-fat foods, and fast food consumption is well known in the pathogenesis of pediatric obesity, recent studies demonstrate the role of genetic variants in obesity pathogenesis. Indeed, genetic disorders associated with obesity are responsible for up to 7% of severe childhood obesity. Many genetic diagnoses have been associated with obesity/rapid weight gain. […] Among the syndromic forms of obesity, the most common diagnosis in our outpatient clinic is 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. […] Other common genetic diagnoses causing syndromic obesity include Down syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome. […] While obese children with syndromic features tend to undergo genetic evaluation, those without syndromic features could have genetic mutations in genes encoding proteins regulating appetites and metabolism.

• #24 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  Possible genetic syndromes that cause severe obesity include: Prader Willi syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, Bardet Biedl syndrome, Beckwith-Weideman syndrome, Cohen syndrome. […] However, polygenic obesity is more common. This refers to obesity that results from a complex interaction between various genes and the environment. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with a wide range of potential contributing factors that relate to a childs environment, level of socioeconomic advantage, genetics, and exposure to trauma and psychological stress.

• #25 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  Possible genetic syndromes that cause severe obesity include: Prader Willi syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, Bardet Biedl syndrome, Beckwith-Weideman syndrome, Cohen syndrome. […] However, polygenic obesity is more common. This refers to obesity that results from a complex interaction between various genes and the environment. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with a wide range of potential contributing factors that relate to a childs environment, level of socioeconomic advantage, genetics, and exposure to trauma and psychological stress.

• #26 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  Possible genetic syndromes that cause severe obesity include: Prader Willi syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, Bardet Biedl syndrome, Beckwith-Weideman syndrome, Cohen syndrome. […] However, polygenic obesity is more common. This refers to obesity that results from a complex interaction between various genes and the environment. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with a wide range of potential contributing factors that relate to a childs environment, level of socioeconomic advantage, genetics, and exposure to trauma and psychological stress.

• #27 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  Possible genetic syndromes that cause severe obesity include: Prader Willi syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, Bardet Biedl syndrome, Beckwith-Weideman syndrome, Cohen syndrome. […] However, polygenic obesity is more common. This refers to obesity that results from a complex interaction between various genes and the environment. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with a wide range of potential contributing factors that relate to a childs environment, level of socioeconomic advantage, genetics, and exposure to trauma and psychological stress.

• #28 Unexplained Childhood Obesity? Consider Genetic Causes | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/unexplained-childhood-obesity-consider-genetic-causes

  James is a 3-year-old male with developmental delay and rapid weight gain/obesity. […] While the major contribution of environmental factors such as consumption of high-energy/high-fat foods, and fast food consumption is well known in the pathogenesis of pediatric obesity, recent studies demonstrate the role of genetic variants in obesity pathogenesis. Indeed, genetic disorders associated with obesity are responsible for up to 7% of severe childhood obesity. Many genetic diagnoses have been associated with obesity/rapid weight gain. […] Among the syndromic forms of obesity, the most common diagnosis in our outpatient clinic is 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. […] Other common genetic diagnoses causing syndromic obesity include Down syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome. […] While obese children with syndromic features tend to undergo genetic evaluation, those without syndromic features could have genetic mutations in genes encoding proteins regulating appetites and metabolism.

• #29 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  Possible genetic syndromes that cause severe obesity include: Prader Willi syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, Bardet Biedl syndrome, Beckwith-Weideman syndrome, Cohen syndrome. […] However, polygenic obesity is more common. This refers to obesity that results from a complex interaction between various genes and the environment. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with a wide range of potential contributing factors that relate to a childs environment, level of socioeconomic advantage, genetics, and exposure to trauma and psychological stress.

• #30 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Some medication prescribed for children and adolescents may aggravate weight gain and the risks and benefits should always be considered. […] High birth weight. Also low birth weight associated with catch-up growth. […] Intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes or maternal obesity. […] Timing or rate of maturation. […] Other behavioural or psychological factors – eg, learning disability. […] Physical conditions such as endocrine causes (rare): Hypothyroidism. […] Cushing’s syndrome – look for truncal obesity, hypertension, hirsutism. […] Growth hormone deficiency – there may be weight gain with delayed puberty. […] Muscular dystrophy and other causes of immobility. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome. […] Hypothalamic damage. […] Spina bifida. […] Genetic syndromes associated with hypogonadism (eg, Prader-Willi syndrome, Laurence-Moon syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome).

• #31 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Some medication prescribed for children and adolescents may aggravate weight gain and the risks and benefits should always be considered. […] High birth weight. Also low birth weight associated with catch-up growth. […] Intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes or maternal obesity. […] Timing or rate of maturation. […] Other behavioural or psychological factors – eg, learning disability. […] Physical conditions such as endocrine causes (rare): Hypothyroidism. […] Cushing’s syndrome – look for truncal obesity, hypertension, hirsutism. […] Growth hormone deficiency – there may be weight gain with delayed puberty. […] Muscular dystrophy and other causes of immobility. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome. […] Hypothalamic damage. […] Spina bifida. […] Genetic syndromes associated with hypogonadism (eg, Prader-Willi syndrome, Laurence-Moon syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome).

• #32 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Some medication prescribed for children and adolescents may aggravate weight gain and the risks and benefits should always be considered. […] High birth weight. Also low birth weight associated with catch-up growth. […] Intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes or maternal obesity. […] Timing or rate of maturation. […] Other behavioural or psychological factors – eg, learning disability. […] Physical conditions such as endocrine causes (rare): Hypothyroidism. […] Cushing’s syndrome – look for truncal obesity, hypertension, hirsutism. […] Growth hormone deficiency – there may be weight gain with delayed puberty. […] Muscular dystrophy and other causes of immobility. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome. […] Hypothalamic damage. […] Spina bifida. […] Genetic syndromes associated with hypogonadism (eg, Prader-Willi syndrome, Laurence-Moon syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome).

• #33 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Some medication prescribed for children and adolescents may aggravate weight gain and the risks and benefits should always be considered. […] High birth weight. Also low birth weight associated with catch-up growth. […] Intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes or maternal obesity. […] Timing or rate of maturation. […] Other behavioural or psychological factors – eg, learning disability. […] Physical conditions such as endocrine causes (rare): Hypothyroidism. […] Cushing’s syndrome – look for truncal obesity, hypertension, hirsutism. […] Growth hormone deficiency – there may be weight gain with delayed puberty. […] Muscular dystrophy and other causes of immobility. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome. […] Hypothalamic damage. […] Spina bifida. […] Genetic syndromes associated with hypogonadism (eg, Prader-Willi syndrome, Laurence-Moon syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome).

• #34 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Some medication prescribed for children and adolescents may aggravate weight gain and the risks and benefits should always be considered. […] High birth weight. Also low birth weight associated with catch-up growth. […] Intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes or maternal obesity. […] Timing or rate of maturation. […] Other behavioural or psychological factors – eg, learning disability. […] Physical conditions such as endocrine causes (rare): Hypothyroidism. […] Cushing’s syndrome – look for truncal obesity, hypertension, hirsutism. […] Growth hormone deficiency – there may be weight gain with delayed puberty. […] Muscular dystrophy and other causes of immobility. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome. […] Hypothalamic damage. […] Spina bifida. […] Genetic syndromes associated with hypogonadism (eg, Prader-Willi syndrome, Laurence-Moon syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome).

• #35 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Some medication prescribed for children and adolescents may aggravate weight gain and the risks and benefits should always be considered. […] High birth weight. Also low birth weight associated with catch-up growth. […] Intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes or maternal obesity. […] Timing or rate of maturation. […] Other behavioural or psychological factors – eg, learning disability. […] Physical conditions such as endocrine causes (rare): Hypothyroidism. […] Cushing’s syndrome – look for truncal obesity, hypertension, hirsutism. […] Growth hormone deficiency – there may be weight gain with delayed puberty. […] Muscular dystrophy and other causes of immobility. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome. […] Hypothalamic damage. […] Spina bifida. […] Genetic syndromes associated with hypogonadism (eg, Prader-Willi syndrome, Laurence-Moon syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome).

• #36 Childhood Obesity: Causes, Prevention and Management – Nova Science Publishers

  https://novapublishers.com/shop/childhood-obesity-causes-prevention-and-management/

  Childhood obesity has several early-onset adverse effects on all body organs and the metabolism. Moreover, as obesity tracks from childhood to adulthood, it can be an underlying factor for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, which are the worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Such chronic diseases can result from lifelong accumulation of some risk factors, including obesity. Therefore, sustained interventions are necessary to tackle the onset or progression of childhood obesity. […] In addition to genetic background, environmental disruptor chemicals and their epigenetic effects are of important underlying factors for the escalating trend of childhood obesity and the trans-generational aspects of obesity. It is noteworthy to consider the early life determinants of childhood obesity, including prenatal, perinatal and post-natal factors, are usually preventable.

• #37 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Objective: To present the different aspects that may be involved in the genesis and maintenance of obesity in children and adolescents. […] The causal factors described in the scientific literature that have been shown to be related to obesity in childhood and adolescence are presented. […] The global epidemic of obesity in the pediatric population is a direct consequence of the interaction between genetics and lifestyle. However, this apparent simplicity hides a complex network of biopsychosocial mechanisms that act at all stages of life, modulating the ways in which aspects linked to genes and the environment interact. […] The environment that mothers and fathers experience in the preconception period can influence the later emergence of adiposity in childhood. […] Maternal obesity before the start of the pregnancy is associated with a greater risk of obesity in the offspring, with an estimated three-fold greater risk.

• #38 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context. […] Poor diet quality during pregnancy increases neonatal adiposity, regardless of pre-gestational maternal BMI and total energy intake, and diets with a pro-inflammatory profile during pregnancy are associated with a greater chance of LGA babies.

• #39 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context. […] Poor diet quality during pregnancy increases neonatal adiposity, regardless of pre-gestational maternal BMI and total energy intake, and diets with a pro-inflammatory profile during pregnancy are associated with a greater chance of LGA babies.

• #40 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context. […] Poor diet quality during pregnancy increases neonatal adiposity, regardless of pre-gestational maternal BMI and total energy intake, and diets with a pro-inflammatory profile during pregnancy are associated with a greater chance of LGA babies.

• #41 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context. […] Poor diet quality during pregnancy increases neonatal adiposity, regardless of pre-gestational maternal BMI and total energy intake, and diets with a pro-inflammatory profile during pregnancy are associated with a greater chance of LGA babies.

• #42 SciELO Brazil – What causes obesity in children and adolescents? ^{What causes obesity in children and adolescents?}

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jped/a/h7c6HQXK3zDL44SfmN5m4hp/

  The preconception dietary pattern must also be considered and the low-quality index of the maternal diet is associated with higher percentages of body fat and BMI in children aged 8-9 years. […] The father’s preconception excess weight is also a risk factor for overweight and obesity in childhood. […] Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context.

• #43 SciELO Brazil – What causes obesity in children and adolescents? ^{What causes obesity in children and adolescents?}

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jped/a/h7c6HQXK3zDL44SfmN5m4hp/

  The preconception dietary pattern must also be considered and the low-quality index of the maternal diet is associated with higher percentages of body fat and BMI in children aged 8-9 years. […] The father’s preconception excess weight is also a risk factor for overweight and obesity in childhood. […] Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context.

• #44 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context. […] Poor diet quality during pregnancy increases neonatal adiposity, regardless of pre-gestational maternal BMI and total energy intake, and diets with a pro-inflammatory profile during pregnancy are associated with a greater chance of LGA babies.

• #45 SciELO Brazil – What causes obesity in children and adolescents? ^{What causes obesity in children and adolescents?}

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jped/a/h7c6HQXK3zDL44SfmN5m4hp/

  The preconception dietary pattern must also be considered and the low-quality index of the maternal diet is associated with higher percentages of body fat and BMI in children aged 8-9 years. […] The father’s preconception excess weight is also a risk factor for overweight and obesity in childhood. […] Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context.

• #46 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context. […] Poor diet quality during pregnancy increases neonatal adiposity, regardless of pre-gestational maternal BMI and total energy intake, and diets with a pro-inflammatory profile during pregnancy are associated with a greater chance of LGA babies.

• #47 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context. […] Poor diet quality during pregnancy increases neonatal adiposity, regardless of pre-gestational maternal BMI and total energy intake, and diets with a pro-inflammatory profile during pregnancy are associated with a greater chance of LGA babies.

• #48 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Maternal diabetes mellitus, whether gestational or type 1, can lead to fetal overnutrition as a result of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy. […] The first two years of life are a period of high relevance for detecting and addressing causal factors linked to the risk of excess weight gain. […] The genetic influence on obesity is complex and multifactorial and gene expression can be modified by environmental, behavioral and epigenetic factors. […] There is an association between cesarean section birth and childhood obesity. […] Shorter breastfeeding time has been associated with a higher risk of obesity. […] For non-breastfed children, the use of cow’s milk or infant formulas with a high protein content promotes pathological acceleration of growth and a greater risk of obesity.

• #49 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context. […] Poor diet quality during pregnancy increases neonatal adiposity, regardless of pre-gestational maternal BMI and total energy intake, and diets with a pro-inflammatory profile during pregnancy are associated with a greater chance of LGA babies.

• #50 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Other environmental factors during the preconception period can influence excess childhood adiposity, such as maternal stress, exposure to air pollutants, assisted reproduction, and smoking habits. […] The period between conception and birth is characterized as a relevant window for the emergence of obesity and the identification of the factors involved can be important for prevention and treatment strategies. […] The „thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that a fetus that receives less than the necessary nutrition adapts through physiological changes that will allow survival in such a context. […] Poor diet quality during pregnancy increases neonatal adiposity, regardless of pre-gestational maternal BMI and total energy intake, and diets with a pro-inflammatory profile during pregnancy are associated with a greater chance of LGA babies.

• #51 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Maternal diabetes mellitus, whether gestational or type 1, can lead to fetal overnutrition as a result of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy. […] The first two years of life are a period of high relevance for detecting and addressing causal factors linked to the risk of excess weight gain. […] The genetic influence on obesity is complex and multifactorial and gene expression can be modified by environmental, behavioral and epigenetic factors. […] There is an association between cesarean section birth and childhood obesity. […] Shorter breastfeeding time has been associated with a higher risk of obesity. […] For non-breastfed children, the use of cow’s milk or infant formulas with a high protein content promotes pathological acceleration of growth and a greater risk of obesity.

• #52 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Maternal diabetes mellitus, whether gestational or type 1, can lead to fetal overnutrition as a result of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy. […] The first two years of life are a period of high relevance for detecting and addressing causal factors linked to the risk of excess weight gain. […] The genetic influence on obesity is complex and multifactorial and gene expression can be modified by environmental, behavioral and epigenetic factors. […] There is an association between cesarean section birth and childhood obesity. […] Shorter breastfeeding time has been associated with a higher risk of obesity. […] For non-breastfed children, the use of cow’s milk or infant formulas with a high protein content promotes pathological acceleration of growth and a greater risk of obesity.

• #53 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Maternal diabetes mellitus, whether gestational or type 1, can lead to fetal overnutrition as a result of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy. […] The first two years of life are a period of high relevance for detecting and addressing causal factors linked to the risk of excess weight gain. […] The genetic influence on obesity is complex and multifactorial and gene expression can be modified by environmental, behavioral and epigenetic factors. […] There is an association between cesarean section birth and childhood obesity. […] Shorter breastfeeding time has been associated with a higher risk of obesity. […] For non-breastfed children, the use of cow’s milk or infant formulas with a high protein content promotes pathological acceleration of growth and a greater risk of obesity.

• #54 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Maternal diabetes mellitus, whether gestational or type 1, can lead to fetal overnutrition as a result of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy. […] The first two years of life are a period of high relevance for detecting and addressing causal factors linked to the risk of excess weight gain. […] The genetic influence on obesity is complex and multifactorial and gene expression can be modified by environmental, behavioral and epigenetic factors. […] There is an association between cesarean section birth and childhood obesity. […] Shorter breastfeeding time has been associated with a higher risk of obesity. […] For non-breastfed children, the use of cow’s milk or infant formulas with a high protein content promotes pathological acceleration of growth and a greater risk of obesity.

• #55 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Starting complementary feeding before four months of age may be linked to excess weight in childhood. […] A structured family environment has implications for the acquisition of good eating habits. […] Exposure to antibiotics during early childhood can increase the risk of childhood obesity and the main hypothesis for this phenomenon would be changes in the microbiota. […] Increases in the mother’s BMI in the postnatal period are related to a concomitant increase in this index in preschool children. […] Some chemical substances present in daily life, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, present in plastics, are known to be obesogenic. […] Some behavioral factors have been associated with the development of excess weight. […] The availability of high-calorie foods in cafeterias and around schools can also contribute to an increase in adolescents’ daily caloric intake.

• #56 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Starting complementary feeding before four months of age may be linked to excess weight in childhood. […] A structured family environment has implications for the acquisition of good eating habits. […] Exposure to antibiotics during early childhood can increase the risk of childhood obesity and the main hypothesis for this phenomenon would be changes in the microbiota. […] Increases in the mother’s BMI in the postnatal period are related to a concomitant increase in this index in preschool children. […] Some chemical substances present in daily life, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, present in plastics, are known to be obesogenic. […] Some behavioral factors have been associated with the development of excess weight. […] The availability of high-calorie foods in cafeterias and around schools can also contribute to an increase in adolescents’ daily caloric intake.

• #57 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Starting complementary feeding before four months of age may be linked to excess weight in childhood. […] A structured family environment has implications for the acquisition of good eating habits. […] Exposure to antibiotics during early childhood can increase the risk of childhood obesity and the main hypothesis for this phenomenon would be changes in the microbiota. […] Increases in the mother’s BMI in the postnatal period are related to a concomitant increase in this index in preschool children. […] Some chemical substances present in daily life, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, present in plastics, are known to be obesogenic. […] Some behavioral factors have been associated with the development of excess weight. […] The availability of high-calorie foods in cafeterias and around schools can also contribute to an increase in adolescents’ daily caloric intake.

• #58 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Maternal diabetes mellitus, whether gestational or type 1, can lead to fetal overnutrition as a result of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy. […] The first two years of life are a period of high relevance for detecting and addressing causal factors linked to the risk of excess weight gain. […] The genetic influence on obesity is complex and multifactorial and gene expression can be modified by environmental, behavioral and epigenetic factors. […] There is an association between cesarean section birth and childhood obesity. […] Shorter breastfeeding time has been associated with a higher risk of obesity. […] For non-breastfed children, the use of cow’s milk or infant formulas with a high protein content promotes pathological acceleration of growth and a greater risk of obesity.

• #59 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Starting complementary feeding before four months of age may be linked to excess weight in childhood. […] A structured family environment has implications for the acquisition of good eating habits. […] Exposure to antibiotics during early childhood can increase the risk of childhood obesity and the main hypothesis for this phenomenon would be changes in the microbiota. […] Increases in the mother’s BMI in the postnatal period are related to a concomitant increase in this index in preschool children. […] Some chemical substances present in daily life, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, present in plastics, are known to be obesogenic. […] Some behavioral factors have been associated with the development of excess weight. […] The availability of high-calorie foods in cafeterias and around schools can also contribute to an increase in adolescents’ daily caloric intake.

• #60 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #61 Childhood obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827

  Childhood obesity is a complex condition. Various factors can play a part in causing it. These include: […] Some other factors for childhood obesity may be out of a parent’s ability to control. They include the following: […] Sometimes, changes to certain genes can play a part in childhood obesity. So can conditions linked with hormones and many other processes that happen inside the body. […] Personal stress and family stress can raise a child’s risk of obesity. Ongoing stress can cause the body to make high amounts of hormones such as cortisol. High levels of these hormones can cause feelings of increased hunger. […] Many risk factors make childhood obesity more likely. Some factors that might be within your family’s ability to change include the following: […] Eating habits. Frequently eating foods that have lots of added sugar, saturated fat or sodium can cause your child to gain weight.

• #62 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #63 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #64 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #65 What causes child obesity?j | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/what-causes-child-obesity#!

  Unfortunately, childhood obesity is a major problem in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of obesity is 18.5% or about 13.7 million children and adolescents aged 2-19 years affected. Obesity in children can have lasting effects on their health. […] Childhood obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI), or the ratio of weight to height, greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. A BMI that falls between the 85th and 95th percentiles is considered borderline or overweight. […] If we can prevent obesity, we can avoid deadly consequences like diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease, to name a few. […] Common pitfalls for kids include: […] Skipping breakfast. This can lead to unhealthy weight gain, headaches and poor school performance. […] Too much screen time and time inside. Kids should get outside or find ways to stay active as much as possible. Limiting screen time and encouraging play helps release energy, build stamina, enforce healthy habits and encourages development.

• #66 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #67 Childhood Obesity | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/childhood-obesity

  Chronic stress from living in poverty, facing discrimination, or experiencing weight stigma and bullying can also contribute to metabolic changes, such as increased cortisol levels, which may contribute to weight gain, independent of diet and physical activity. […] Having at least one parent with obesity. However, its important to remember that genetics alone do not necessarily mean a child is destined to develop obesity. There are many steps a child can take to lower their risk. […] Taking steroids, some antidepressants, and certain other medications can make it difficult to maintain a healthy weight. […] Genetic syndromes like Prader-Willi syndrome, and hormonal conditions like Cushings syndrome are among the medical disorders that can cause weight gain. […] Some children may feel hunger more intensely or find it harder to recognize when theyre full. Others may eat in response to emotions like stress, boredom, or the need for comfort a common and understandable way of coping.

• #68 Childhood obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827

  Childhood obesity is a complex condition. Various factors can play a part in causing it. These include: […] Some other factors for childhood obesity may be out of a parent’s ability to control. They include the following: […] Sometimes, changes to certain genes can play a part in childhood obesity. So can conditions linked with hormones and many other processes that happen inside the body. […] Personal stress and family stress can raise a child’s risk of obesity. Ongoing stress can cause the body to make high amounts of hormones such as cortisol. High levels of these hormones can cause feelings of increased hunger. […] Many risk factors make childhood obesity more likely. Some factors that might be within your family’s ability to change include the following: […] Eating habits. Frequently eating foods that have lots of added sugar, saturated fat or sodium can cause your child to gain weight.

• #69 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #70 Childhood Obesity | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/childhood-obesity

  Chronic stress from living in poverty, facing discrimination, or experiencing weight stigma and bullying can also contribute to metabolic changes, such as increased cortisol levels, which may contribute to weight gain, independent of diet and physical activity. […] Having at least one parent with obesity. However, its important to remember that genetics alone do not necessarily mean a child is destined to develop obesity. There are many steps a child can take to lower their risk. […] Taking steroids, some antidepressants, and certain other medications can make it difficult to maintain a healthy weight. […] Genetic syndromes like Prader-Willi syndrome, and hormonal conditions like Cushings syndrome are among the medical disorders that can cause weight gain. […] Some children may feel hunger more intensely or find it harder to recognize when theyre full. Others may eat in response to emotions like stress, boredom, or the need for comfort a common and understandable way of coping.

• #71 What causes child obesity?j | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/what-causes-child-obesity#!

  Unfortunately, childhood obesity is a major problem in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of obesity is 18.5% or about 13.7 million children and adolescents aged 2-19 years affected. Obesity in children can have lasting effects on their health. […] Childhood obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI), or the ratio of weight to height, greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. A BMI that falls between the 85th and 95th percentiles is considered borderline or overweight. […] If we can prevent obesity, we can avoid deadly consequences like diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease, to name a few. […] Common pitfalls for kids include: […] Skipping breakfast. This can lead to unhealthy weight gain, headaches and poor school performance. […] Too much screen time and time inside. Kids should get outside or find ways to stay active as much as possible. Limiting screen time and encouraging play helps release energy, build stamina, enforce healthy habits and encourages development.

• #72 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #73 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #74 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #75 Childhood Obesity Prevention, Causes & Definition

  https://www.medicinenet.com/childhood_obesity/article.htm

  Social: Limited school athletic activities coupled with excessive time-utilizing social networks, TV, and computer games are a prime reason for pediatric obesity. […] Cultural: Many societies follow either a healthier food palate (traditional oriental, Mediterranean, etc.) or eat smaller portions of higher-fat-content foods (European). […] The treatment for childhood obesity is no different than many diseases — determine the cause(s) and control or eradicate it (them). […] Social and cultural changes are necessary to effectively address the pediatric obesity epidemic.

• #76 Childhood Obesity: Causes, Risks, and Strategies for Prevention

  https://gtchildrens.com/blog/1105094-childhood-obesity-causes-risks-and-strategies-for-prevention

  Childhood obesity affects approximately 30% of children in the U.S., and numbers continue to rise. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), obesity is one’s body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile of the CDC sex-specific BMI-for-age growth charts. During the pandemic, childhood obesity rates rocketed, and if these tendencies remain, 57% of children ages two to 19 could struggle with adult obesity in 2050. […] Environmental, genetic, socioeconomic, and physiologic factors contribute to childhood obesity. With food costs inflating, it’s hard for low to medium-income families to purchase foods that aren’t heavily processed and filled with sugars, additives, and other unhealthy ingredients. Similarly, some families don’t have proper resources or finances to sign their children up for sports, nor do they have safe places to play outside and exercise. Eating less and moving more doesn’t solve the problem like experts once believed, and the issue is more complex than ever.

• #77 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #78 Childhood Obesity Prevention, Causes & Definition

  https://www.medicinenet.com/childhood_obesity/article.htm

  Social: Limited school athletic activities coupled with excessive time-utilizing social networks, TV, and computer games are a prime reason for pediatric obesity. […] Cultural: Many societies follow either a healthier food palate (traditional oriental, Mediterranean, etc.) or eat smaller portions of higher-fat-content foods (European). […] The treatment for childhood obesity is no different than many diseases — determine the cause(s) and control or eradicate it (them). […] Social and cultural changes are necessary to effectively address the pediatric obesity epidemic.

• #79 Childhood Obesity: Causes, Risks, and Strategies for Prevention

  https://gtchildrens.com/blog/1105094-childhood-obesity-causes-risks-and-strategies-for-prevention

  Childhood obesity affects approximately 30% of children in the U.S., and numbers continue to rise. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), obesity is one’s body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile of the CDC sex-specific BMI-for-age growth charts. During the pandemic, childhood obesity rates rocketed, and if these tendencies remain, 57% of children ages two to 19 could struggle with adult obesity in 2050. […] Environmental, genetic, socioeconomic, and physiologic factors contribute to childhood obesity. With food costs inflating, it’s hard for low to medium-income families to purchase foods that aren’t heavily processed and filled with sugars, additives, and other unhealthy ingredients. Similarly, some families don’t have proper resources or finances to sign their children up for sports, nor do they have safe places to play outside and exercise. Eating less and moving more doesn’t solve the problem like experts once believed, and the issue is more complex than ever.

• #80 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Reduction of physical exercise in the absence of dietary modification contributes to weight gain. However, a 2017 Cochrane review found little evidence that activity programmes aimed to promote physical exercise actually have little impact on children’s body mass indices (BMIs). Long periods in front of the television or playing on the games console (’screen time’) also contribute to the increasingly sedentary lifestyle. […] Sleep deprivation (fewer hours of sleep) is now known to be a contributory factor to obesity. A possible trend of children going to bed later may be, in part, responsible, and also less physical exercise may also lead to poorer sleep. Two hormones, leptin and ghrelin, may be important. Leptin is released by fat cells to tell the brain that fat stores are adequate and ghrelin is released by the stomach, as a signal of hunger.

• #81 Childhood Obesity Causes and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/childhood-obesity-overview-4014273

  Childhood obesity is a serious public health concern. In the United States, childhood obesity has more than tripled since 1980. Causes of childhood obesity include genetics, unhealthy eating patterns, low physical activity levels, and inadequate sleep. […] There isn’t one single cause of childhood obesity. Rather, a variety and combination of factors are at play. […] Many studies show a sedentary lifestyle is a significant contributor to obesity. […] Poor nutrition choices of calorie-dense foods have also been linked to childhood obesity. […] Genetic factors can also contribute to the development of childhood obesity. […] Several environmental factors are thought to contribute to childhood obesity, including the following: […] Studies show children who sleep less are more likely to be overweight or obese, and the risk increases with shorter sleep duration.

• #82 Childhood Obesity Symptoms, Causes and Treatments | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/childhood-obesity

  Sleep and Stress: Obesity can affect sleep patterns, and poor sleepespecially conditions like sleep apneacan further disrupt metabolism, increasing the risk of weight gain. […] By analyzing these factors, health care providers can identify the underlying causes of obesity and develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses the childs unique needs, supporting long-term health and well-being.

• #83 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  The relationships between sleep duration and body weight are complex and involve several mechanisms, since sleep, like appetite, is governed by a diurnal circadian rhythm. […] The present review addressed the main mechanisms evidenced by science capable of influencing the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence.

• #84 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Reduction of physical exercise in the absence of dietary modification contributes to weight gain. However, a 2017 Cochrane review found little evidence that activity programmes aimed to promote physical exercise actually have little impact on children’s body mass indices (BMIs). Long periods in front of the television or playing on the games console (’screen time’) also contribute to the increasingly sedentary lifestyle. […] Sleep deprivation (fewer hours of sleep) is now known to be a contributory factor to obesity. A possible trend of children going to bed later may be, in part, responsible, and also less physical exercise may also lead to poorer sleep. Two hormones, leptin and ghrelin, may be important. Leptin is released by fat cells to tell the brain that fat stores are adequate and ghrelin is released by the stomach, as a signal of hunger.

• #85 Childhood Obesity Causes and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/childhood-obesity-overview-4014273

  Childhood obesity is a serious public health concern. In the United States, childhood obesity has more than tripled since 1980. Causes of childhood obesity include genetics, unhealthy eating patterns, low physical activity levels, and inadequate sleep. […] There isn’t one single cause of childhood obesity. Rather, a variety and combination of factors are at play. […] Many studies show a sedentary lifestyle is a significant contributor to obesity. […] Poor nutrition choices of calorie-dense foods have also been linked to childhood obesity. […] Genetic factors can also contribute to the development of childhood obesity. […] Several environmental factors are thought to contribute to childhood obesity, including the following: […] Studies show children who sleep less are more likely to be overweight or obese, and the risk increases with shorter sleep duration.

• #86 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  The relationships between sleep duration and body weight are complex and involve several mechanisms, since sleep, like appetite, is governed by a diurnal circadian rhythm. […] The present review addressed the main mechanisms evidenced by science capable of influencing the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence.

• #87 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #88 Childhood obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827

  Childhood obesity is a complex condition. Various factors can play a part in causing it. These include: […] Some other factors for childhood obesity may be out of a parent’s ability to control. They include the following: […] Sometimes, changes to certain genes can play a part in childhood obesity. So can conditions linked with hormones and many other processes that happen inside the body. […] Personal stress and family stress can raise a child’s risk of obesity. Ongoing stress can cause the body to make high amounts of hormones such as cortisol. High levels of these hormones can cause feelings of increased hunger. […] Many risk factors make childhood obesity more likely. Some factors that might be within your family’s ability to change include the following: […] Eating habits. Frequently eating foods that have lots of added sugar, saturated fat or sodium can cause your child to gain weight.

• #89 Childhood obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827

  Childhood obesity is a complex condition. Various factors can play a part in causing it. These include: […] Some other factors for childhood obesity may be out of a parent’s ability to control. They include the following: […] Sometimes, changes to certain genes can play a part in childhood obesity. So can conditions linked with hormones and many other processes that happen inside the body. […] Personal stress and family stress can raise a child’s risk of obesity. Ongoing stress can cause the body to make high amounts of hormones such as cortisol. High levels of these hormones can cause feelings of increased hunger. […] Many risk factors make childhood obesity more likely. Some factors that might be within your family’s ability to change include the following: […] Eating habits. Frequently eating foods that have lots of added sugar, saturated fat or sodium can cause your child to gain weight.

• #90 Risk Factors for Obesity | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/risk-factors/risk-factors.html

  Obesity is a complex and costly chronic disease influenced by many factors. These factors include health behaviors, stress, health conditions and medications, genes, and people’s environment. Knowing the risk factors can help individuals and communities take steps to prevent and reduce obesity. […] Certain health behaviors can contribute to excess weight gain and are risk factors for obesity: Lack of physical activity. Unhealthy eating patterns such as: Too many highly processed foods or added sugars, including too many sugar-sweetened beverages. Too little fiber and fruits and vegetables. Not enough sleep or poor quality sleep. Too much TV, computer, video games, and other screen time. […] Long-term stress can affect your brain and trigger your body to make high levels of hormones, such as cortisol. These hormones help regulate energy balances and hunger urges. High levels of these hormones can increase your appetite and promote cravings for foods that are high in fats and added sugars.

• #91

  https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Obesity-In-Children-And-Teens-079.aspx

  Obesity in childhood and adolescence can be related to: Eating habits, Lack of physical activity or exercise (i.e., couch potato kids), Genetics or family history of obesity, Not enough sleep, Living conditions (like not having healthy food options, not having a place to play actively), Medical illnesses (endocrine, neurological problems), Medications (steroids, some psychiatric medications), Stressful life events or changes (separations, divorce, moves, deaths, abuse), Family and peer problems, Low self-esteem, Depression or other emotional problems.

• #92 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  The authors also mentioned research that found excessive pressure or food restriction may relate to overeating, especially among preschool-age children. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with various contributing factors. […] Living in an area with limited access to affordable nutritious food, called a food desert, significantly affects a persons likelihood of developing obesity. […] A 2020 review also concludes that obesity may be considered a form of socioeconomic disadvantage, as having a low socioeconomic status is one of the risk factors for developing obesity. […] There is an association between childhood trauma and the development of obesity during early adulthood. […] A 2023 editorial also refers to parental stress as one of the contributing factors to childhood obesity.

• #93

  https://journals.lww.com/jimph/fulltext/2022/01020/childhood_obesity__causes,_comorbidities,.3.aspx

  Obesity in children and adolescents is caused by a variety of circumstances. These can be separated into different categories: genetic, environmental, psychological, sociocultural, behavioral, and family factors. Genetics: One of the main things being researched as an obesity cause is genetics. According to certain research, 25%-40% of BMI is inherited. To have an impact on weight, however, genetic predisposition frequently has to be combined with supportive environmental and behavioral variables. Less than 5% of occurrences of childhood obesity are caused by genetics. Environmental factors: Environmental aspects including school rules, demography, and parental job obligations also have an impact on eating and exercise patterns. The risk of obesity in children can be significantly increased by commercial drivers of poor nutrition. Over the past seven decades, various sectors of the food industry have contributed to the global pandemic of obesity, from unethical marketing of breast milk substitutes for infant feeding to aggressive promotion of high-calorie, low-nutritive value foods and beverages targeting children and adolescents. Psychological factors: These include different factors like the following: Anxiety and depression: But there is more to this link than meets the eye; sadness may both contribute to and result from obesity. Moreover, compared with nonobese controls, a clinical sample of obese teenagers showed a greater lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders, despite the fact that some research finds no connection between elevated BMI and elevated anxiety symptoms. Binge-eating disorder: Specially in females, communities with adolescent obesity seem to frequently display characteristics connected to eating disorders. Numerous research has revealed a greater frequency of eating-related pathologies in obese children and young people, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and impulse control. Sociocultural factors: Additionally, it has been shown that sociocultural variables have an impact on how obesity develops. Food is frequently used in our culture as a reward, a tool for social control, and as a way of reward. These practices with food increase the chance of becoming obese by promoting the formation of unfavorable connections with food. Family factors: The rise in obesity incidence has also been linked to familial factors. Children’s eating choices might be influenced by the sorts of food that are available in the home and by family members’ food preferences. Additionally, the type and quantity of food consumed might be influenced by family mealtimes. Last but not least, the kid is influenced by the family’s behaviors, whether they involve physical activity or not. Behavioral factors: Food consumption and the consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks with high-calorie counts but poor-nutrient content, which are easily accessible to youngsters, are behavioral variables. Obesity has been linked to it in particular food consumption. Obesity is also influenced by a lack of exercise. A lot of time is spent by kids utilizing technology, including computers, video games, television, and mobile phones. Children between the ages of 8 and 18 years spend 7.5 h a day on average using electronic devices, which prevents them from engaging in active play and physical activity.

• #94

  https://journals.lww.com/jimph/fulltext/2022/01020/childhood_obesity__causes,_comorbidities,.3.aspx

  Obesity in children and adolescents is caused by a variety of circumstances. These can be separated into different categories: genetic, environmental, psychological, sociocultural, behavioral, and family factors. Genetics: One of the main things being researched as an obesity cause is genetics. According to certain research, 25%-40% of BMI is inherited. To have an impact on weight, however, genetic predisposition frequently has to be combined with supportive environmental and behavioral variables. Less than 5% of occurrences of childhood obesity are caused by genetics. Environmental factors: Environmental aspects including school rules, demography, and parental job obligations also have an impact on eating and exercise patterns. The risk of obesity in children can be significantly increased by commercial drivers of poor nutrition. Over the past seven decades, various sectors of the food industry have contributed to the global pandemic of obesity, from unethical marketing of breast milk substitutes for infant feeding to aggressive promotion of high-calorie, low-nutritive value foods and beverages targeting children and adolescents. Psychological factors: These include different factors like the following: Anxiety and depression: But there is more to this link than meets the eye; sadness may both contribute to and result from obesity. Moreover, compared with nonobese controls, a clinical sample of obese teenagers showed a greater lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders, despite the fact that some research finds no connection between elevated BMI and elevated anxiety symptoms. Binge-eating disorder: Specially in females, communities with adolescent obesity seem to frequently display characteristics connected to eating disorders. Numerous research has revealed a greater frequency of eating-related pathologies in obese children and young people, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and impulse control. Sociocultural factors: Additionally, it has been shown that sociocultural variables have an impact on how obesity develops. Food is frequently used in our culture as a reward, a tool for social control, and as a way of reward. These practices with food increase the chance of becoming obese by promoting the formation of unfavorable connections with food. Family factors: The rise in obesity incidence has also been linked to familial factors. Children’s eating choices might be influenced by the sorts of food that are available in the home and by family members’ food preferences. Additionally, the type and quantity of food consumed might be influenced by family mealtimes. Last but not least, the kid is influenced by the family’s behaviors, whether they involve physical activity or not. Behavioral factors: Food consumption and the consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks with high-calorie counts but poor-nutrient content, which are easily accessible to youngsters, are behavioral variables. Obesity has been linked to it in particular food consumption. Obesity is also influenced by a lack of exercise. A lot of time is spent by kids utilizing technology, including computers, video games, television, and mobile phones. Children between the ages of 8 and 18 years spend 7.5 h a day on average using electronic devices, which prevents them from engaging in active play and physical activity.

• #95 Childhood obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827

  Childhood obesity is a complex condition. Various factors can play a part in causing it. These include: […] Some other factors for childhood obesity may be out of a parent’s ability to control. They include the following: […] Sometimes, changes to certain genes can play a part in childhood obesity. So can conditions linked with hormones and many other processes that happen inside the body. […] Personal stress and family stress can raise a child’s risk of obesity. Ongoing stress can cause the body to make high amounts of hormones such as cortisol. High levels of these hormones can cause feelings of increased hunger. […] Many risk factors make childhood obesity more likely. Some factors that might be within your family’s ability to change include the following: […] Eating habits. Frequently eating foods that have lots of added sugar, saturated fat or sodium can cause your child to gain weight.

• #96 Risk Factors for Obesity | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/risk-factors/risk-factors.html

  Obesity is a complex and costly chronic disease influenced by many factors. These factors include health behaviors, stress, health conditions and medications, genes, and people’s environment. Knowing the risk factors can help individuals and communities take steps to prevent and reduce obesity. […] Certain health behaviors can contribute to excess weight gain and are risk factors for obesity: Lack of physical activity. Unhealthy eating patterns such as: Too many highly processed foods or added sugars, including too many sugar-sweetened beverages. Too little fiber and fruits and vegetables. Not enough sleep or poor quality sleep. Too much TV, computer, video games, and other screen time. […] Long-term stress can affect your brain and trigger your body to make high levels of hormones, such as cortisol. These hormones help regulate energy balances and hunger urges. High levels of these hormones can increase your appetite and promote cravings for foods that are high in fats and added sugars.

• #97

  https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Obesity-In-Children-And-Teens-079.aspx

  Obesity in childhood and adolescence can be related to: Eating habits, Lack of physical activity or exercise (i.e., couch potato kids), Genetics or family history of obesity, Not enough sleep, Living conditions (like not having healthy food options, not having a place to play actively), Medical illnesses (endocrine, neurological problems), Medications (steroids, some psychiatric medications), Stressful life events or changes (separations, divorce, moves, deaths, abuse), Family and peer problems, Low self-esteem, Depression or other emotional problems.

• #98 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  The authors also mentioned research that found excessive pressure or food restriction may relate to overeating, especially among preschool-age children. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with various contributing factors. […] Living in an area with limited access to affordable nutritious food, called a food desert, significantly affects a persons likelihood of developing obesity. […] A 2020 review also concludes that obesity may be considered a form of socioeconomic disadvantage, as having a low socioeconomic status is one of the risk factors for developing obesity. […] There is an association between childhood trauma and the development of obesity during early adulthood. […] A 2023 editorial also refers to parental stress as one of the contributing factors to childhood obesity.

• #99

  https://journals.lww.com/jimph/fulltext/2022/01020/childhood_obesity__causes,_comorbidities,.3.aspx

  Obesity in children and adolescents is caused by a variety of circumstances. These can be separated into different categories: genetic, environmental, psychological, sociocultural, behavioral, and family factors. Genetics: One of the main things being researched as an obesity cause is genetics. According to certain research, 25%-40% of BMI is inherited. To have an impact on weight, however, genetic predisposition frequently has to be combined with supportive environmental and behavioral variables. Less than 5% of occurrences of childhood obesity are caused by genetics. Environmental factors: Environmental aspects including school rules, demography, and parental job obligations also have an impact on eating and exercise patterns. The risk of obesity in children can be significantly increased by commercial drivers of poor nutrition. Over the past seven decades, various sectors of the food industry have contributed to the global pandemic of obesity, from unethical marketing of breast milk substitutes for infant feeding to aggressive promotion of high-calorie, low-nutritive value foods and beverages targeting children and adolescents. Psychological factors: These include different factors like the following: Anxiety and depression: But there is more to this link than meets the eye; sadness may both contribute to and result from obesity. Moreover, compared with nonobese controls, a clinical sample of obese teenagers showed a greater lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders, despite the fact that some research finds no connection between elevated BMI and elevated anxiety symptoms. Binge-eating disorder: Specially in females, communities with adolescent obesity seem to frequently display characteristics connected to eating disorders. Numerous research has revealed a greater frequency of eating-related pathologies in obese children and young people, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and impulse control. Sociocultural factors: Additionally, it has been shown that sociocultural variables have an impact on how obesity develops. Food is frequently used in our culture as a reward, a tool for social control, and as a way of reward. These practices with food increase the chance of becoming obese by promoting the formation of unfavorable connections with food. Family factors: The rise in obesity incidence has also been linked to familial factors. Children’s eating choices might be influenced by the sorts of food that are available in the home and by family members’ food preferences. Additionally, the type and quantity of food consumed might be influenced by family mealtimes. Last but not least, the kid is influenced by the family’s behaviors, whether they involve physical activity or not. Behavioral factors: Food consumption and the consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks with high-calorie counts but poor-nutrient content, which are easily accessible to youngsters, are behavioral variables. Obesity has been linked to it in particular food consumption. Obesity is also influenced by a lack of exercise. A lot of time is spent by kids utilizing technology, including computers, video games, television, and mobile phones. Children between the ages of 8 and 18 years spend 7.5 h a day on average using electronic devices, which prevents them from engaging in active play and physical activity.

• #100 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #101 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  While parents and caregivers play a role in shaping childrens eating patterns, this does not mean they are responsible for childhood obesity. Various factors contribute to obesity, many of which are outside of a familys control. […] Many things that contribute to childhood obesity are beyond a parent or caregivers control, including the following: socioeconomic factors, psychological pressures or lack of support, genetic influence. […] Having obesity during pregnancy increases the likelihood that an infant will be larger than expected at birth and develop obesity later in life. […] A 2021 narrative review quotes older research that suggests parents and caregivers may establish more than 70% of their childrens feeding behaviors through their own food intake and socialization in the family environment.

• #102 Causes of childhood obesity complex, but families, media play key roles | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160419145421.htm

  Although the causes of obesity are complex, families have significant influence on children’s dietary habits and weight, and should be involved in planning healthy living campaigns and efforts to curb food marketing that targets children, suggest the study’s authors, Barbara H. Fiese and Kelly K. Bost, both with the University of Illinois. […] Parenting styles, parent-child attachment relationships and feeding practices all have been found to be reliable indicators of children’s food consumption, eating behaviors and risks for obesity. […] Both the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization have identified the marketing of foods high in fat, sugar and salt as an important causal factor in childhood obesity, Fiese and Bost report. […] Parents who are indulgent — those who are not very demanding and are highly responsive to their children’s desires — tend to have children who eat fewer fruits and vegetables and more foods with high levels of sugar and fat, Fiese and Bost report.

• #103 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  The authors also mentioned research that found excessive pressure or food restriction may relate to overeating, especially among preschool-age children. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with various contributing factors. […] Living in an area with limited access to affordable nutritious food, called a food desert, significantly affects a persons likelihood of developing obesity. […] A 2020 review also concludes that obesity may be considered a form of socioeconomic disadvantage, as having a low socioeconomic status is one of the risk factors for developing obesity. […] There is an association between childhood trauma and the development of obesity during early adulthood. […] A 2023 editorial also refers to parental stress as one of the contributing factors to childhood obesity.

• #104 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Starting complementary feeding before four months of age may be linked to excess weight in childhood. […] A structured family environment has implications for the acquisition of good eating habits. […] Exposure to antibiotics during early childhood can increase the risk of childhood obesity and the main hypothesis for this phenomenon would be changes in the microbiota. […] Increases in the mother’s BMI in the postnatal period are related to a concomitant increase in this index in preschool children. […] Some chemical substances present in daily life, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, present in plastics, are known to be obesogenic. […] Some behavioral factors have been associated with the development of excess weight. […] The availability of high-calorie foods in cafeterias and around schools can also contribute to an increase in adolescents’ daily caloric intake.

• #105 Obesity in Children: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985333-overview

  Correlations between parent and child habitus likely reflect, at least in part, the familial patterns of food intake, exercise, and selection of leisure activity (including amount of television watching), as well as familial and cultural patterns of food selection. […] Concordance rates for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are higher in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins, and measures of total body fat (TBF) correlate nearly as strongly in monozygotic twins reared apart as in monozygotic twins reared together. Still, genetic factors cannot explain the increased prevalence of obesity observed among American adolescents over the past generation. […] The accumulation of body fat, particularly in a visceral distribution, reduces the sensitivity to insulin in skeletal muscle, liver tissue, and adipose tissue; this „insulin resistance” predisposes to glucose intolerance and hypertriglyceridemia. […] The increasing prevalence of obesity in childhood and adolescence, accompanied by insulin resistance, appears to explain the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes in adolescents, particularly in minority populations.

• #106 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Increased fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. […] Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. […] One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. […] While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.

• #107 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  While parents and caregivers play a role in shaping childrens eating patterns, this does not mean they are responsible for childhood obesity. Various factors contribute to obesity, many of which are outside of a familys control. […] Many things that contribute to childhood obesity are beyond a parent or caregivers control, including the following: socioeconomic factors, psychological pressures or lack of support, genetic influence. […] Having obesity during pregnancy increases the likelihood that an infant will be larger than expected at birth and develop obesity later in life. […] A 2021 narrative review quotes older research that suggests parents and caregivers may establish more than 70% of their childrens feeding behaviors through their own food intake and socialization in the family environment.

• #108 Causes of childhood obesity complex, but families, media play key roles | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160419145421.htm

  Although the causes of obesity are complex, families have significant influence on children’s dietary habits and weight, and should be involved in planning healthy living campaigns and efforts to curb food marketing that targets children, suggest the study’s authors, Barbara H. Fiese and Kelly K. Bost, both with the University of Illinois. […] Parenting styles, parent-child attachment relationships and feeding practices all have been found to be reliable indicators of children’s food consumption, eating behaviors and risks for obesity. […] Both the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization have identified the marketing of foods high in fat, sugar and salt as an important causal factor in childhood obesity, Fiese and Bost report. […] Parents who are indulgent — those who are not very demanding and are highly responsive to their children’s desires — tend to have children who eat fewer fruits and vegetables and more foods with high levels of sugar and fat, Fiese and Bost report.

• #109 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Starting complementary feeding before four months of age may be linked to excess weight in childhood. […] A structured family environment has implications for the acquisition of good eating habits. […] Exposure to antibiotics during early childhood can increase the risk of childhood obesity and the main hypothesis for this phenomenon would be changes in the microbiota. […] Increases in the mother’s BMI in the postnatal period are related to a concomitant increase in this index in preschool children. […] Some chemical substances present in daily life, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, present in plastics, are known to be obesogenic. […] Some behavioral factors have been associated with the development of excess weight. […] The availability of high-calorie foods in cafeterias and around schools can also contribute to an increase in adolescents’ daily caloric intake.

• #110 Obesity in Children: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985333-overview

  Correlations between parent and child habitus likely reflect, at least in part, the familial patterns of food intake, exercise, and selection of leisure activity (including amount of television watching), as well as familial and cultural patterns of food selection. […] Concordance rates for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are higher in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins, and measures of total body fat (TBF) correlate nearly as strongly in monozygotic twins reared apart as in monozygotic twins reared together. Still, genetic factors cannot explain the increased prevalence of obesity observed among American adolescents over the past generation. […] The accumulation of body fat, particularly in a visceral distribution, reduces the sensitivity to insulin in skeletal muscle, liver tissue, and adipose tissue; this „insulin resistance” predisposes to glucose intolerance and hypertriglyceridemia. […] The increasing prevalence of obesity in childhood and adolescence, accompanied by insulin resistance, appears to explain the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes in adolescents, particularly in minority populations.

• #111 Childhood Obesity: Causes & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9467-obesity-in-children

  Childhood obesity is a complex health condition that has many causes. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition that has many contributing factors. […] Several factors also affect how much food we eat, the type of food we eat and how our body uses that energy. […] Genetic factors can increase the likelihood that your child will have obesity. […] Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can affect the way your genes work. […] Shared family behaviors and home environment factors can contribute to childhood obesity, including: […] Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are the conditions in the environments where you’re born, live, learn, work and play that can affect your health. […] Advertising for fast food restaurants and unhealthy foods and beverages can contribute to childhood obesity. […] Rarely, other health conditions may be a contributing factor to childhood obesity. […] Some medications, like second-generation antipsychotics and corticosteroids, can also increase your child’s risk for having overweight and obesity.

• #112 Childhood Obesity Facts | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood-obesity-facts/childhood-obesity-facts.html

  Obesity prevalence increased as family income decreased. […] Health care for obesity is expensive for patients and the health care system. […] In 2019 dollars, the estimated annual medical cost of obesity among U.S. children was $1.3 billion. […] Medical costs for children with obesity were $116 higher per person per year than for children with healthy weight. […] Medical costs for children with severe obesity were $310 higher per person per year than for children with healthy weight.

• #113 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  The authors also mentioned research that found excessive pressure or food restriction may relate to overeating, especially among preschool-age children. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with various contributing factors. […] Living in an area with limited access to affordable nutritious food, called a food desert, significantly affects a persons likelihood of developing obesity. […] A 2020 review also concludes that obesity may be considered a form of socioeconomic disadvantage, as having a low socioeconomic status is one of the risk factors for developing obesity. […] There is an association between childhood trauma and the development of obesity during early adulthood. […] A 2023 editorial also refers to parental stress as one of the contributing factors to childhood obesity.

• #114 Childhood Obesity: Causes, Risks, and Strategies for Prevention

  https://gtchildrens.com/blog/1105094-childhood-obesity-causes-risks-and-strategies-for-prevention

  Childhood obesity affects approximately 30% of children in the U.S., and numbers continue to rise. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), obesity is one’s body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile of the CDC sex-specific BMI-for-age growth charts. During the pandemic, childhood obesity rates rocketed, and if these tendencies remain, 57% of children ages two to 19 could struggle with adult obesity in 2050. […] Environmental, genetic, socioeconomic, and physiologic factors contribute to childhood obesity. With food costs inflating, it’s hard for low to medium-income families to purchase foods that aren’t heavily processed and filled with sugars, additives, and other unhealthy ingredients. Similarly, some families don’t have proper resources or finances to sign their children up for sports, nor do they have safe places to play outside and exercise. Eating less and moving more doesn’t solve the problem like experts once believed, and the issue is more complex than ever.

• #115 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Studies suggest that obese children are likely to have obese parents. For many years the thinking was that children with a genetic predisposition to obesity became obese because they lived in an obesogenic environment. Further research has shown that gene polymorphisms are linked with obesity. […] Public Health England (now the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities) child obesity factsheets suggest an almost linear relationship between obesity prevalence and deprivation. Children in the most deprived areas have almost double the obesity prevalence of those in the least deprived areas. Also, those children in households where the main wage earner has a professional occupation have lower rates of obesity than those who live in households where the main wage earner has a manual occupation.

• #116 Childhood Obesity Facts | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood-obesity-facts/childhood-obesity-facts.html

  Obesity prevalence increased as family income decreased. […] Health care for obesity is expensive for patients and the health care system. […] In 2019 dollars, the estimated annual medical cost of obesity among U.S. children was $1.3 billion. […] Medical costs for children with obesity were $116 higher per person per year than for children with healthy weight. […] Medical costs for children with severe obesity were $310 higher per person per year than for children with healthy weight.

• #117 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  The authors also mentioned research that found excessive pressure or food restriction may relate to overeating, especially among preschool-age children. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with various contributing factors. […] Living in an area with limited access to affordable nutritious food, called a food desert, significantly affects a persons likelihood of developing obesity. […] A 2020 review also concludes that obesity may be considered a form of socioeconomic disadvantage, as having a low socioeconomic status is one of the risk factors for developing obesity. […] There is an association between childhood trauma and the development of obesity during early adulthood. […] A 2023 editorial also refers to parental stress as one of the contributing factors to childhood obesity.

• #118 Childhood Obesity: Causes, Risks, and Strategies for Prevention

  https://gtchildrens.com/blog/1105094-childhood-obesity-causes-risks-and-strategies-for-prevention

  Childhood obesity affects approximately 30% of children in the U.S., and numbers continue to rise. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), obesity is one’s body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile of the CDC sex-specific BMI-for-age growth charts. During the pandemic, childhood obesity rates rocketed, and if these tendencies remain, 57% of children ages two to 19 could struggle with adult obesity in 2050. […] Environmental, genetic, socioeconomic, and physiologic factors contribute to childhood obesity. With food costs inflating, it’s hard for low to medium-income families to purchase foods that aren’t heavily processed and filled with sugars, additives, and other unhealthy ingredients. Similarly, some families don’t have proper resources or finances to sign their children up for sports, nor do they have safe places to play outside and exercise. Eating less and moving more doesn’t solve the problem like experts once believed, and the issue is more complex than ever.

• #119 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Studies suggest that obese children are likely to have obese parents. For many years the thinking was that children with a genetic predisposition to obesity became obese because they lived in an obesogenic environment. Further research has shown that gene polymorphisms are linked with obesity. […] Public Health England (now the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities) child obesity factsheets suggest an almost linear relationship between obesity prevalence and deprivation. Children in the most deprived areas have almost double the obesity prevalence of those in the least deprived areas. Also, those children in households where the main wage earner has a professional occupation have lower rates of obesity than those who live in households where the main wage earner has a manual occupation.

• #120 Childhood obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827

  Children who don’t get enough daily movement are more likely to gain weight. […] Some prescription medicines can raise the risk of obesity. […] If your child comes from a family of people who tend to gain weight easily, your child may be more likely to put on weight. […] People in some communities have limited resources and limited access to supermarkets. As a result, their main access to foods may be convenience foods that don’t spoil quickly.

• #121 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  The authors also mentioned research that found excessive pressure or food restriction may relate to overeating, especially among preschool-age children. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with various contributing factors. […] Living in an area with limited access to affordable nutritious food, called a food desert, significantly affects a persons likelihood of developing obesity. […] A 2020 review also concludes that obesity may be considered a form of socioeconomic disadvantage, as having a low socioeconomic status is one of the risk factors for developing obesity. […] There is an association between childhood trauma and the development of obesity during early adulthood. […] A 2023 editorial also refers to parental stress as one of the contributing factors to childhood obesity.

• #122 Childhood obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827

  Children who don’t get enough daily movement are more likely to gain weight. […] Some prescription medicines can raise the risk of obesity. […] If your child comes from a family of people who tend to gain weight easily, your child may be more likely to put on weight. […] People in some communities have limited resources and limited access to supermarkets. As a result, their main access to foods may be convenience foods that don’t spoil quickly.

• #123 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Obesity is basically caused by an imbalance between energy input and expenditure. However, the cause of obesity is more complex and multifactorial originating from a complex interplay between genetic, biological, environmental, socio-economic, and cultural factors. Genetics and biology are predetermined, but the remaining factors can be modified. These include the family’s eating, sleeping, and exercise behaviours, access to healthy food at school and in the community, the availability of safe places for physical activity, and adverse childhood experiences. A few of those factors will be considered here. […] There is a growing cohort of children who develop bad eating habits and a taste for junk food that is high in fat and fast carbohydrates. Studies have repeatedly shown the link between neighbourhood fast-food outlets and rates of obesity in children and households. This also linked to household income. Another growing trend is highly sugared energy drinks, often containing caffeine. Sugary drinks have been linked to childhood obesity.

• #124 What Causes Childhood Obesity? | PerformCare

  https://pa.performcare.org/self-management-wellness/childhood-obesity/cause.aspx

  Childhood obesity happens because too many calories are taken in and not enough physical activity. Obesity now affects 17% of all children and adolescents in the United States – triple the rate from just one generation ago. […] There are a many factors that decide whether or not the healthy choice is the easy choice for children and their parents. American society has changed to eating less healthy foods and less activity. It can be difficult for children to make healthy food choices and get enough physical activity when they are seeing the following factors in their home, child care center, school, or community. […] Many school-aged children eat and drink meals and snacks in schools that do not offer sugar-free drinks and healthier foods. Vending machines, school canteens, fund raisers, school parties and even sporting events promote unhealthy choices.

• #125 Childhood obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827

  Children who don’t get enough daily movement are more likely to gain weight. […] Some prescription medicines can raise the risk of obesity. […] If your child comes from a family of people who tend to gain weight easily, your child may be more likely to put on weight. […] People in some communities have limited resources and limited access to supermarkets. As a result, their main access to foods may be convenience foods that don’t spoil quickly.

• #126 Childhood obesity: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-parents-responsible-for-childhood-obesity

  The authors also mentioned research that found excessive pressure or food restriction may relate to overeating, especially among preschool-age children. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition with various contributing factors. […] Living in an area with limited access to affordable nutritious food, called a food desert, significantly affects a persons likelihood of developing obesity. […] A 2020 review also concludes that obesity may be considered a form of socioeconomic disadvantage, as having a low socioeconomic status is one of the risk factors for developing obesity. […] There is an association between childhood trauma and the development of obesity during early adulthood. […] A 2023 editorial also refers to parental stress as one of the contributing factors to childhood obesity.

• #127 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Obesity is basically caused by an imbalance between energy input and expenditure. However, the cause of obesity is more complex and multifactorial originating from a complex interplay between genetic, biological, environmental, socio-economic, and cultural factors. Genetics and biology are predetermined, but the remaining factors can be modified. These include the family’s eating, sleeping, and exercise behaviours, access to healthy food at school and in the community, the availability of safe places for physical activity, and adverse childhood experiences. A few of those factors will be considered here. […] There is a growing cohort of children who develop bad eating habits and a taste for junk food that is high in fat and fast carbohydrates. Studies have repeatedly shown the link between neighbourhood fast-food outlets and rates of obesity in children and households. This also linked to household income. Another growing trend is highly sugared energy drinks, often containing caffeine. Sugary drinks have been linked to childhood obesity.

• #128 What Causes Childhood Obesity? | PerformCare

  https://pa.performcare.org/self-management-wellness/childhood-obesity/cause.aspx

  Childhood obesity happens because too many calories are taken in and not enough physical activity. Obesity now affects 17% of all children and adolescents in the United States – triple the rate from just one generation ago. […] There are a many factors that decide whether or not the healthy choice is the easy choice for children and their parents. American society has changed to eating less healthy foods and less activity. It can be difficult for children to make healthy food choices and get enough physical activity when they are seeing the following factors in their home, child care center, school, or community. […] Many school-aged children eat and drink meals and snacks in schools that do not offer sugar-free drinks and healthier foods. Vending machines, school canteens, fund raisers, school parties and even sporting events promote unhealthy choices.

• #129 Childhood Obesity: Causes & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9467-obesity-in-children

  Childhood obesity is a complex health condition that has many causes. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition that has many contributing factors. […] Several factors also affect how much food we eat, the type of food we eat and how our body uses that energy. […] Genetic factors can increase the likelihood that your child will have obesity. […] Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can affect the way your genes work. […] Shared family behaviors and home environment factors can contribute to childhood obesity, including: […] Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are the conditions in the environments where you’re born, live, learn, work and play that can affect your health. […] Advertising for fast food restaurants and unhealthy foods and beverages can contribute to childhood obesity. […] Rarely, other health conditions may be a contributing factor to childhood obesity. […] Some medications, like second-generation antipsychotics and corticosteroids, can also increase your child’s risk for having overweight and obesity.

• #130 Causes of childhood obesity complex, but families, media play key roles | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160419145421.htm

  Although the causes of obesity are complex, families have significant influence on children’s dietary habits and weight, and should be involved in planning healthy living campaigns and efforts to curb food marketing that targets children, suggest the study’s authors, Barbara H. Fiese and Kelly K. Bost, both with the University of Illinois. […] Parenting styles, parent-child attachment relationships and feeding practices all have been found to be reliable indicators of children’s food consumption, eating behaviors and risks for obesity. […] Both the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization have identified the marketing of foods high in fat, sugar and salt as an important causal factor in childhood obesity, Fiese and Bost report. […] Parents who are indulgent — those who are not very demanding and are highly responsive to their children’s desires — tend to have children who eat fewer fruits and vegetables and more foods with high levels of sugar and fat, Fiese and Bost report.

• #131 What Causes Childhood Obesity? | PerformCare

  https://pa.performcare.org/self-management-wellness/childhood-obesity/cause.aspx

  Some middle- and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods. Students are swayed to make those choices instead of healthier foods. On TV and radio, many foods are advertised and directed towards children and teens. Advertising for healthier foods is hardly seen. […] However, not all states have rules for their childcare centers that encourage healthier eating or physical activity.

• #132 What Causes Childhood Obesity? | PerformCare

  https://pa.performcare.org/self-management-wellness/childhood-obesity/cause.aspx

  Some middle- and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods. Students are swayed to make those choices instead of healthier foods. On TV and radio, many foods are advertised and directed towards children and teens. Advertising for healthier foods is hardly seen. […] However, not all states have rules for their childcare centers that encourage healthier eating or physical activity.

• #133 Childhood Obesity: Causes & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9467-obesity-in-children

  Childhood obesity is a complex health condition that has many causes. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition that has many contributing factors. […] Several factors also affect how much food we eat, the type of food we eat and how our body uses that energy. […] Genetic factors can increase the likelihood that your child will have obesity. […] Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can affect the way your genes work. […] Shared family behaviors and home environment factors can contribute to childhood obesity, including: […] Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are the conditions in the environments where you’re born, live, learn, work and play that can affect your health. […] Advertising for fast food restaurants and unhealthy foods and beverages can contribute to childhood obesity. […] Rarely, other health conditions may be a contributing factor to childhood obesity. […] Some medications, like second-generation antipsychotics and corticosteroids, can also increase your child’s risk for having overweight and obesity.

• #134 Causes of childhood obesity complex, but families, media play key roles | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160419145421.htm

  Although the causes of obesity are complex, families have significant influence on children’s dietary habits and weight, and should be involved in planning healthy living campaigns and efforts to curb food marketing that targets children, suggest the study’s authors, Barbara H. Fiese and Kelly K. Bost, both with the University of Illinois. […] Parenting styles, parent-child attachment relationships and feeding practices all have been found to be reliable indicators of children’s food consumption, eating behaviors and risks for obesity. […] Both the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization have identified the marketing of foods high in fat, sugar and salt as an important causal factor in childhood obesity, Fiese and Bost report. […] Parents who are indulgent — those who are not very demanding and are highly responsive to their children’s desires — tend to have children who eat fewer fruits and vegetables and more foods with high levels of sugar and fat, Fiese and Bost report.

• #135 What Causes Childhood Obesity? | PerformCare

  https://pa.performcare.org/self-management-wellness/childhood-obesity/cause.aspx

  Some middle- and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods. Students are swayed to make those choices instead of healthier foods. On TV and radio, many foods are advertised and directed towards children and teens. Advertising for healthier foods is hardly seen. […] However, not all states have rules for their childcare centers that encourage healthier eating or physical activity.

• #136 Biological, environmental, and social influences on childhood obesity | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2015208

  At the individual level, the most direct determinant of children’s obesity is the energy balance between nutritional intake and activity, the latter being influenced by both physical activity and sedentary behaviors. […] The family, physical, and social environment influence children’s obesity risk in two ways: through a direct influence on children’s nutrition and activity behaviors and through indirect influences via stress. […] The community environment is increasingly obesogenic, with increased use of convenience foods, automobiles, and electronic and televised forms of entertainment leading to higher consumption of calorie-dense foods and more sedentary lifestyles. […] There is emerging interest in prenatal factors, postnatal factors, and their interactions. […] For the past two decades, there has been intense interest in the possible effect of fetal undernutrition on later obesity.

• #137

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/noncommunicable-diseases-childhood-overweight-and-obesity

  Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. […] The fundamental cause of childhood overweight and obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. […] Global increases in childhood overweight and obesity are attributable to several factors. First, there has been a global shift in diet towards increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat and sugars but low in vitamins, minerals and other healthy micronutrients. […] WHO recognizes that the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity results from changes in society. Childhood obesity is mainly associated with unhealthy eating and low levels of physical activity, but the problem is linked not only to children’s behaviour but also, increasingly, to social and economic development and policies in the areas of agriculture, transport, urban planning, the environment, food processing, distribution and marketing, as well as education. […] Unlike most adults, children and adolescents cannot choose the environment in which they live or the food they eat. They also have a limited ability to understand the long-term consequences of their behaviour. They therefore require special attention when fighting the obesity epidemic.

• #138 Childhood Obesity: Causes, Risks, and Strategies for Prevention

  https://gtchildrens.com/blog/1105094-childhood-obesity-causes-risks-and-strategies-for-prevention

  Childhood obesity affects approximately 30% of children in the U.S., and numbers continue to rise. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), obesity is one’s body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile of the CDC sex-specific BMI-for-age growth charts. During the pandemic, childhood obesity rates rocketed, and if these tendencies remain, 57% of children ages two to 19 could struggle with adult obesity in 2050. […] Environmental, genetic, socioeconomic, and physiologic factors contribute to childhood obesity. With food costs inflating, it’s hard for low to medium-income families to purchase foods that aren’t heavily processed and filled with sugars, additives, and other unhealthy ingredients. Similarly, some families don’t have proper resources or finances to sign their children up for sports, nor do they have safe places to play outside and exercise. Eating less and moving more doesn’t solve the problem like experts once believed, and the issue is more complex than ever.

• #139 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Starting complementary feeding before four months of age may be linked to excess weight in childhood. […] A structured family environment has implications for the acquisition of good eating habits. […] Exposure to antibiotics during early childhood can increase the risk of childhood obesity and the main hypothesis for this phenomenon would be changes in the microbiota. […] Increases in the mother’s BMI in the postnatal period are related to a concomitant increase in this index in preschool children. […] Some chemical substances present in daily life, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, present in plastics, are known to be obesogenic. […] Some behavioral factors have been associated with the development of excess weight. […] The availability of high-calorie foods in cafeterias and around schools can also contribute to an increase in adolescents’ daily caloric intake.

• #140 Biological, environmental, and social influences on childhood obesity | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2015208

  At the individual level, the most direct determinant of children’s obesity is the energy balance between nutritional intake and activity, the latter being influenced by both physical activity and sedentary behaviors. […] The family, physical, and social environment influence children’s obesity risk in two ways: through a direct influence on children’s nutrition and activity behaviors and through indirect influences via stress. […] The community environment is increasingly obesogenic, with increased use of convenience foods, automobiles, and electronic and televised forms of entertainment leading to higher consumption of calorie-dense foods and more sedentary lifestyles. […] There is emerging interest in prenatal factors, postnatal factors, and their interactions. […] For the past two decades, there has been intense interest in the possible effect of fetal undernutrition on later obesity.

• #141

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/noncommunicable-diseases-childhood-overweight-and-obesity

  Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. […] The fundamental cause of childhood overweight and obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. […] Global increases in childhood overweight and obesity are attributable to several factors. First, there has been a global shift in diet towards increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat and sugars but low in vitamins, minerals and other healthy micronutrients. […] WHO recognizes that the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity results from changes in society. Childhood obesity is mainly associated with unhealthy eating and low levels of physical activity, but the problem is linked not only to children’s behaviour but also, increasingly, to social and economic development and policies in the areas of agriculture, transport, urban planning, the environment, food processing, distribution and marketing, as well as education. […] Unlike most adults, children and adolescents cannot choose the environment in which they live or the food they eat. They also have a limited ability to understand the long-term consequences of their behaviour. They therefore require special attention when fighting the obesity epidemic.

• #142 Biological, environmental, and social influences on childhood obesity | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2015208

  At the individual level, the most direct determinant of children’s obesity is the energy balance between nutritional intake and activity, the latter being influenced by both physical activity and sedentary behaviors. […] The family, physical, and social environment influence children’s obesity risk in two ways: through a direct influence on children’s nutrition and activity behaviors and through indirect influences via stress. […] The community environment is increasingly obesogenic, with increased use of convenience foods, automobiles, and electronic and televised forms of entertainment leading to higher consumption of calorie-dense foods and more sedentary lifestyles. […] There is emerging interest in prenatal factors, postnatal factors, and their interactions. […] For the past two decades, there has been intense interest in the possible effect of fetal undernutrition on later obesity.

• #143 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Starting complementary feeding before four months of age may be linked to excess weight in childhood. […] A structured family environment has implications for the acquisition of good eating habits. […] Exposure to antibiotics during early childhood can increase the risk of childhood obesity and the main hypothesis for this phenomenon would be changes in the microbiota. […] Increases in the mother’s BMI in the postnatal period are related to a concomitant increase in this index in preschool children. […] Some chemical substances present in daily life, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, present in plastics, are known to be obesogenic. […] Some behavioral factors have been associated with the development of excess weight. […] The availability of high-calorie foods in cafeterias and around schools can also contribute to an increase in adolescents’ daily caloric intake.

• #144 Childhood Obesity: Causes, Risks, and Strategies for Prevention

  https://gtchildrens.com/blog/1105094-childhood-obesity-causes-risks-and-strategies-for-prevention

  Childhood obesity affects approximately 30% of children in the U.S., and numbers continue to rise. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), obesity is one’s body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile of the CDC sex-specific BMI-for-age growth charts. During the pandemic, childhood obesity rates rocketed, and if these tendencies remain, 57% of children ages two to 19 could struggle with adult obesity in 2050. […] Environmental, genetic, socioeconomic, and physiologic factors contribute to childhood obesity. With food costs inflating, it’s hard for low to medium-income families to purchase foods that aren’t heavily processed and filled with sugars, additives, and other unhealthy ingredients. Similarly, some families don’t have proper resources or finances to sign their children up for sports, nor do they have safe places to play outside and exercise. Eating less and moving more doesn’t solve the problem like experts once believed, and the issue is more complex than ever.

• #145 Childhood Obesity: Causes & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9467-obesity-in-children

  Childhood obesity is a complex health condition that has many causes. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition that has many contributing factors. […] Several factors also affect how much food we eat, the type of food we eat and how our body uses that energy. […] Genetic factors can increase the likelihood that your child will have obesity. […] Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can affect the way your genes work. […] Shared family behaviors and home environment factors can contribute to childhood obesity, including: […] Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are the conditions in the environments where you’re born, live, learn, work and play that can affect your health. […] Advertising for fast food restaurants and unhealthy foods and beverages can contribute to childhood obesity. […] Rarely, other health conditions may be a contributing factor to childhood obesity. […] Some medications, like second-generation antipsychotics and corticosteroids, can also increase your child’s risk for having overweight and obesity.

• #146 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Some medication prescribed for children and adolescents may aggravate weight gain and the risks and benefits should always be considered. […] High birth weight. Also low birth weight associated with catch-up growth. […] Intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes or maternal obesity. […] Timing or rate of maturation. […] Other behavioural or psychological factors – eg, learning disability. […] Physical conditions such as endocrine causes (rare): Hypothyroidism. […] Cushing’s syndrome – look for truncal obesity, hypertension, hirsutism. […] Growth hormone deficiency – there may be weight gain with delayed puberty. […] Muscular dystrophy and other causes of immobility. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome. […] Hypothalamic damage. […] Spina bifida. […] Genetic syndromes associated with hypogonadism (eg, Prader-Willi syndrome, Laurence-Moon syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome).

• #147 Childhood Obesity: Causes & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9467-obesity-in-children

  Childhood obesity is a complex health condition that has many causes. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition that has many contributing factors. […] Several factors also affect how much food we eat, the type of food we eat and how our body uses that energy. […] Genetic factors can increase the likelihood that your child will have obesity. […] Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can affect the way your genes work. […] Shared family behaviors and home environment factors can contribute to childhood obesity, including: […] Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are the conditions in the environments where you’re born, live, learn, work and play that can affect your health. […] Advertising for fast food restaurants and unhealthy foods and beverages can contribute to childhood obesity. […] Rarely, other health conditions may be a contributing factor to childhood obesity. […] Some medications, like second-generation antipsychotics and corticosteroids, can also increase your child’s risk for having overweight and obesity.

• #148 Childhood Obesity: Causes & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9467-obesity-in-children

  Childhood obesity is a complex health condition that has many causes. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition that has many contributing factors. […] Several factors also affect how much food we eat, the type of food we eat and how our body uses that energy. […] Genetic factors can increase the likelihood that your child will have obesity. […] Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can affect the way your genes work. […] Shared family behaviors and home environment factors can contribute to childhood obesity, including: […] Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are the conditions in the environments where you’re born, live, learn, work and play that can affect your health. […] Advertising for fast food restaurants and unhealthy foods and beverages can contribute to childhood obesity. […] Rarely, other health conditions may be a contributing factor to childhood obesity. […] Some medications, like second-generation antipsychotics and corticosteroids, can also increase your child’s risk for having overweight and obesity.

• #149 Childhood Obesity – Symptoms and Causes

  https://cradlehospital.com/child-obesity/

  Living in communities that need more resources or supermarkets requires a safe place to exercise. Easy availability and access to supermarkets can also lead to obesity. Due to these issues, people might purchase food that only spoils quickly, like crackers, cookies, and biscuits. Regularly consuming these kinds of food may also increase the chances of being overweight. […] Some Medications, such as prednisone, lithium, paroxetine (Paxil), gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant), amitriptyline, and propranolol (Inderal, Hemangeol), may raise the chances of being overweight.

• #150 Childhood Obesity – Symptoms and Causes

  https://cradlehospital.com/child-obesity/

  Living in communities that need more resources or supermarkets requires a safe place to exercise. Easy availability and access to supermarkets can also lead to obesity. Due to these issues, people might purchase food that only spoils quickly, like crackers, cookies, and biscuits. Regularly consuming these kinds of food may also increase the chances of being overweight. […] Some Medications, such as prednisone, lithium, paroxetine (Paxil), gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant), amitriptyline, and propranolol (Inderal, Hemangeol), may raise the chances of being overweight.

• #151 Childhood Obesity – Symptoms and Causes

  https://cradlehospital.com/child-obesity/

  Living in communities that need more resources or supermarkets requires a safe place to exercise. Easy availability and access to supermarkets can also lead to obesity. Due to these issues, people might purchase food that only spoils quickly, like crackers, cookies, and biscuits. Regularly consuming these kinds of food may also increase the chances of being overweight. […] Some Medications, such as prednisone, lithium, paroxetine (Paxil), gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant), amitriptyline, and propranolol (Inderal, Hemangeol), may raise the chances of being overweight.

• #152 Childhood Obesity – Symptoms and Causes

  https://cradlehospital.com/child-obesity/

  Living in communities that need more resources or supermarkets requires a safe place to exercise. Easy availability and access to supermarkets can also lead to obesity. Due to these issues, people might purchase food that only spoils quickly, like crackers, cookies, and biscuits. Regularly consuming these kinds of food may also increase the chances of being overweight. […] Some Medications, such as prednisone, lithium, paroxetine (Paxil), gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant), amitriptyline, and propranolol (Inderal, Hemangeol), may raise the chances of being overweight.

• #153 Childhood Obesity – Symptoms and Causes

  https://cradlehospital.com/child-obesity/

  Living in communities that need more resources or supermarkets requires a safe place to exercise. Easy availability and access to supermarkets can also lead to obesity. Due to these issues, people might purchase food that only spoils quickly, like crackers, cookies, and biscuits. Regularly consuming these kinds of food may also increase the chances of being overweight. […] Some Medications, such as prednisone, lithium, paroxetine (Paxil), gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant), amitriptyline, and propranolol (Inderal, Hemangeol), may raise the chances of being overweight.

• #154 Childhood Obesity – Symptoms and Causes

  https://cradlehospital.com/child-obesity/

  Living in communities that need more resources or supermarkets requires a safe place to exercise. Easy availability and access to supermarkets can also lead to obesity. Due to these issues, people might purchase food that only spoils quickly, like crackers, cookies, and biscuits. Regularly consuming these kinds of food may also increase the chances of being overweight. […] Some Medications, such as prednisone, lithium, paroxetine (Paxil), gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant), amitriptyline, and propranolol (Inderal, Hemangeol), may raise the chances of being overweight.

• #155 Childhood Obesity: Causes & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9467-obesity-in-children

  Childhood obesity is a complex health condition that has many causes. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition that has many contributing factors. […] Several factors also affect how much food we eat, the type of food we eat and how our body uses that energy. […] Genetic factors can increase the likelihood that your child will have obesity. […] Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can affect the way your genes work. […] Shared family behaviors and home environment factors can contribute to childhood obesity, including: […] Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are the conditions in the environments where you’re born, live, learn, work and play that can affect your health. […] Advertising for fast food restaurants and unhealthy foods and beverages can contribute to childhood obesity. […] Rarely, other health conditions may be a contributing factor to childhood obesity. […] Some medications, like second-generation antipsychotics and corticosteroids, can also increase your child’s risk for having overweight and obesity.

• #156 Obesity in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children

  Some medication prescribed for children and adolescents may aggravate weight gain and the risks and benefits should always be considered. […] High birth weight. Also low birth weight associated with catch-up growth. […] Intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes or maternal obesity. […] Timing or rate of maturation. […] Other behavioural or psychological factors – eg, learning disability. […] Physical conditions such as endocrine causes (rare): Hypothyroidism. […] Cushing’s syndrome – look for truncal obesity, hypertension, hirsutism. […] Growth hormone deficiency – there may be weight gain with delayed puberty. […] Muscular dystrophy and other causes of immobility. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome. […] Hypothalamic damage. […] Spina bifida. […] Genetic syndromes associated with hypogonadism (eg, Prader-Willi syndrome, Laurence-Moon syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome).

• #157 Childhood Obesity – Symptoms and Causes

  https://cradlehospital.com/child-obesity/

  Living in communities that need more resources or supermarkets requires a safe place to exercise. Easy availability and access to supermarkets can also lead to obesity. Due to these issues, people might purchase food that only spoils quickly, like crackers, cookies, and biscuits. Regularly consuming these kinds of food may also increase the chances of being overweight. […] Some Medications, such as prednisone, lithium, paroxetine (Paxil), gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant), amitriptyline, and propranolol (Inderal, Hemangeol), may raise the chances of being overweight.

• #158 Obesity in Children: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985333-overview

  During childhood and adolescence, excess fat accumulates when total energy intake exceeds total energy expenditure. This energy imbalance can result from excessive energy intake and/or reduced energy expenditure, the latter is usually a consequence of a sedentary lifestyle. This is particularly associated with excessive television viewing, excessive computer use, and insufficient physical activity. […] In individuals who are obese, dysfunction in the gut-brain-hypothalamic axis via the ghrelin/leptin hormonal pathway has been suggested to have a role in abnormal appetite control and excess energy intake. […] Despite observations of an etiologic role for genetic and hormonal disorders, these factors alone do not explain the excess weight gain observed in most patients who have obesity and are referred to physicians for evaluation and treatment.

• #159 Childhood Obesity | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/childhood-obesity

  Chronic stress from living in poverty, facing discrimination, or experiencing weight stigma and bullying can also contribute to metabolic changes, such as increased cortisol levels, which may contribute to weight gain, independent of diet and physical activity. […] Having at least one parent with obesity. However, its important to remember that genetics alone do not necessarily mean a child is destined to develop obesity. There are many steps a child can take to lower their risk. […] Taking steroids, some antidepressants, and certain other medications can make it difficult to maintain a healthy weight. […] Genetic syndromes like Prader-Willi syndrome, and hormonal conditions like Cushings syndrome are among the medical disorders that can cause weight gain. […] Some children may feel hunger more intensely or find it harder to recognize when theyre full. Others may eat in response to emotions like stress, boredom, or the need for comfort a common and understandable way of coping.

• #160 Childhood Obesity | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/childhood-obesity

  Daily routines and activity levels also shape how a child relates to food and their body. […] One theory that helps explain why maintaining a healthy weight can be challenging is the Body Weight Set Point theory. This theory suggests that a persons weight is regulated by a complex balance of genetic, hormonal, and metabolic factors that can make it difficult for some individuals to sustain long-term weight changes.

• #161 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Starting complementary feeding before four months of age may be linked to excess weight in childhood. […] A structured family environment has implications for the acquisition of good eating habits. […] Exposure to antibiotics during early childhood can increase the risk of childhood obesity and the main hypothesis for this phenomenon would be changes in the microbiota. […] Increases in the mother’s BMI in the postnatal period are related to a concomitant increase in this index in preschool children. […] Some chemical substances present in daily life, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, present in plastics, are known to be obesogenic. […] Some behavioral factors have been associated with the development of excess weight. […] The availability of high-calorie foods in cafeterias and around schools can also contribute to an increase in adolescents’ daily caloric intake.

• #162 Unexplained Childhood Obesity? Consider Genetic Causes | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/unexplained-childhood-obesity-consider-genetic-causes

  In this class of genetic disorders, treatment with the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist setmelanotide improves hunger and obesity. […] When dietary history is unremarkable, abnormalities in resting energy expenditures may be involved in the pathogenesis of rapid weight gain. […] To screen for genetic diagnoses discussed above, we usually recommend chromosome microarray and a monogenic obesity panel, which allows genetic screening of genes associated with syndromic and non-syndromic forms of obesity.

• #163 Obesity in Children: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985333-overview

  During childhood and adolescence, excess fat accumulates when total energy intake exceeds total energy expenditure. This energy imbalance can result from excessive energy intake and/or reduced energy expenditure, the latter is usually a consequence of a sedentary lifestyle. This is particularly associated with excessive television viewing, excessive computer use, and insufficient physical activity. […] In individuals who are obese, dysfunction in the gut-brain-hypothalamic axis via the ghrelin/leptin hormonal pathway has been suggested to have a role in abnormal appetite control and excess energy intake. […] Despite observations of an etiologic role for genetic and hormonal disorders, these factors alone do not explain the excess weight gain observed in most patients who have obesity and are referred to physicians for evaluation and treatment.

• #164 Childhood Obesity | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/childhood-obesity

  Chronic stress from living in poverty, facing discrimination, or experiencing weight stigma and bullying can also contribute to metabolic changes, such as increased cortisol levels, which may contribute to weight gain, independent of diet and physical activity. […] Having at least one parent with obesity. However, its important to remember that genetics alone do not necessarily mean a child is destined to develop obesity. There are many steps a child can take to lower their risk. […] Taking steroids, some antidepressants, and certain other medications can make it difficult to maintain a healthy weight. […] Genetic syndromes like Prader-Willi syndrome, and hormonal conditions like Cushings syndrome are among the medical disorders that can cause weight gain. […] Some children may feel hunger more intensely or find it harder to recognize when theyre full. Others may eat in response to emotions like stress, boredom, or the need for comfort a common and understandable way of coping.

• #165 Childhood Obesity | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/childhood-obesity

  Daily routines and activity levels also shape how a child relates to food and their body. […] One theory that helps explain why maintaining a healthy weight can be challenging is the Body Weight Set Point theory. This theory suggests that a persons weight is regulated by a complex balance of genetic, hormonal, and metabolic factors that can make it difficult for some individuals to sustain long-term weight changes.

• #166 What causes obesity in children and adolescents? | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://www.jped.com.br/en-what-causes-obesity-in-children-articulo-S0021755723001274

  Starting complementary feeding before four months of age may be linked to excess weight in childhood. […] A structured family environment has implications for the acquisition of good eating habits. […] Exposure to antibiotics during early childhood can increase the risk of childhood obesity and the main hypothesis for this phenomenon would be changes in the microbiota. […] Increases in the mother’s BMI in the postnatal period are related to a concomitant increase in this index in preschool children. […] Some chemical substances present in daily life, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, present in plastics, are known to be obesogenic. […] Some behavioral factors have been associated with the development of excess weight. […] The availability of high-calorie foods in cafeterias and around schools can also contribute to an increase in adolescents’ daily caloric intake.

• #167 Unexplained Childhood Obesity? Consider Genetic Causes | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/unexplained-childhood-obesity-consider-genetic-causes

  In this class of genetic disorders, treatment with the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist setmelanotide improves hunger and obesity. […] When dietary history is unremarkable, abnormalities in resting energy expenditures may be involved in the pathogenesis of rapid weight gain. […] To screen for genetic diagnoses discussed above, we usually recommend chromosome microarray and a monogenic obesity panel, which allows genetic screening of genes associated with syndromic and non-syndromic forms of obesity.

• #168 Biological, environmental, and social influences on childhood obesity | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2015208

  The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased globally over the past three decades, with evidence of recent leveling off in developed countries. […] Determinants of childhood obesity include individual level factors, including biological, social, and behavioral risks, acting within the influence of the child’s family environment, which is, in turn, imbedded in the context of the community environment. […] The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize current, and emerging, literature in a multilevel, life course framework. […] Pathways to childhood obesity are complex. […] A multilevel conceptual model, Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory, has previously been applied to the conceptualization of childhood obesity by Davison and Birch. […] Specific determinants of obesity will be discussed below within this multilevel framework and life course perspective.

• #169 Understanding The Multifactorial Causes Of Childhood Obesity – LIMARP

  https://www.limarp.com/en/blog/obesity/causes-childhood-obesity/

  Obesity in children is a complex issue influenced by a web of interconnected factors, and understanding its various layers is paramount to addressing it effectively. […] One comprehensive framework that illuminates the multitude of influences on excessive weight in children is the Six Cs model. This model encapsulates environmental, personal, behavioral, and hereditary aspects, adaptable to every stage of children’s growth, from infancy to adolescence. […] The Six Cs represent Cell, Child, Clan, Community, Country, and Culture. Each C corresponds to a different level of influence. For instance, during the preschool years, we can observe how obesity-predisposing genes (Cell), excessive media exposure (Child), parental dietary choices (Clan), peer food choices (Community), economic factors at a national level (Country), and cultural norms regarding portion sizes (Culture) all work in tandem, potentially leading to weight problems in children.

• #170 Understanding The Multifactorial Causes Of Childhood Obesity – LIMARP

  https://www.limarp.com/en/blog/obesity/causes-childhood-obesity/

  Obesity in children is a complex issue influenced by a web of interconnected factors, and understanding its various layers is paramount to addressing it effectively. […] One comprehensive framework that illuminates the multitude of influences on excessive weight in children is the Six Cs model. This model encapsulates environmental, personal, behavioral, and hereditary aspects, adaptable to every stage of children’s growth, from infancy to adolescence. […] The Six Cs represent Cell, Child, Clan, Community, Country, and Culture. Each C corresponds to a different level of influence. For instance, during the preschool years, we can observe how obesity-predisposing genes (Cell), excessive media exposure (Child), parental dietary choices (Clan), peer food choices (Community), economic factors at a national level (Country), and cultural norms regarding portion sizes (Culture) all work in tandem, potentially leading to weight problems in children.

• #171 Understanding The Multifactorial Causes Of Childhood Obesity – LIMARP

  https://www.limarp.com/en/blog/obesity/causes-childhood-obesity/

  Obesity in children is a complex issue influenced by a web of interconnected factors, and understanding its various layers is paramount to addressing it effectively. […] One comprehensive framework that illuminates the multitude of influences on excessive weight in children is the Six Cs model. This model encapsulates environmental, personal, behavioral, and hereditary aspects, adaptable to every stage of children’s growth, from infancy to adolescence. […] The Six Cs represent Cell, Child, Clan, Community, Country, and Culture. Each C corresponds to a different level of influence. For instance, during the preschool years, we can observe how obesity-predisposing genes (Cell), excessive media exposure (Child), parental dietary choices (Clan), peer food choices (Community), economic factors at a national level (Country), and cultural norms regarding portion sizes (Culture) all work in tandem, potentially leading to weight problems in children.

• #172 Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408699/

  Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed as well as in developing countries. Overweight and obesity in childhood are known to have significant impact on both physical and psychological health. […] The mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood and it is believed to be a disorder with multiple causes. Environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural environment play pivotal roles in the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide. In general, overweight and obesity are assumed to be the results of an increase in caloric and fat intake. On the other hand, there are supporting evidence that excessive sugar intake by soft drink, increased portion size, and steady decline in physical activity have been playing major roles in the rising rates of obesity all around the world.

• #173

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

  Overweight and obesity result from an imbalance of energy intake (diet) and energy expenditure (physical activity). […] In most cases obesity is a multifactorial disease due to obesogenic environments, psycho-social factors and genetic variants. […] The obesogenic environment exacerbating the likelihood of obesity in individuals, populations and in different settings is related to structural factors limiting the availability of healthy sustainable food at locally affordable prices, lack of safe and easy physical mobility into the daily life of all people, and absence of adequate legal and regulatory environment. […] At the same time, the lack of an effective health system response to identify excess weight gain and fat deposition in their early stages is aggravating the progression to obesity.

• #174

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/noncommunicable-diseases-childhood-overweight-and-obesity

  Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. […] The fundamental cause of childhood overweight and obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. […] Global increases in childhood overweight and obesity are attributable to several factors. First, there has been a global shift in diet towards increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat and sugars but low in vitamins, minerals and other healthy micronutrients. […] WHO recognizes that the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity results from changes in society. Childhood obesity is mainly associated with unhealthy eating and low levels of physical activity, but the problem is linked not only to children’s behaviour but also, increasingly, to social and economic development and policies in the areas of agriculture, transport, urban planning, the environment, food processing, distribution and marketing, as well as education. […] Unlike most adults, children and adolescents cannot choose the environment in which they live or the food they eat. They also have a limited ability to understand the long-term consequences of their behaviour. They therefore require special attention when fighting the obesity epidemic.

• #175 Biological, environmental, and social influences on childhood obesity | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2015208

  Fetal overnutrition, evidenced by large infant birth weight for gestational age, is a strong predictor of obesity in childhood and later life. […] Early postnatal experiences are also important contributors to obesity risk. […] There is evidence that psychosocial stress is associated with obesity in children. […] Depression and obesity are often comorbid in both children and adults. […] Mothers’ mental and emotional well-being has been shown to be associated with childhood obesity. […] Socioeconomic disadvantage may exert its influence as early as the prenatal and postnatal period, through its association with maternal depression and its consequences. […] There is an increasing attention in the literature to the differences in vulnerabilities in boys and girls, suggesting different pathways to obesity. […] Consideration of determinants of obesity within this broader multilevel framework may imply that strategies for health promotion and primary prevention should include attention to determinants at all levels.

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