Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/causes/

  It’s not clear what causes acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but the myeloid stem cells produce more white blood cells than are needed. […] It’s not known what triggers the genetic mutation in AML, although a number of different things can increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Being exposed to a significant level of radiation can increase your chances of developing AML, although this usually requires exposure at very high levels. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for AML in adults. […] Treatment with radiotherapy and certain chemotherapy medicines for an earlier, unrelated cancer can increase your risk of developing AML many years later. […] People with certain blood disorders, such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis or polycythaemia vera, have an increased risk of developing AML. […] People with certain genetic conditions, including Down’s syndrome and Fanconi’s anaemia, have an increased risk of developing leukaemia.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/leukemias/acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Similar to acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia is caused by a series of acquired genetic aberrations. Malignant transformation usually occurs at the pluripotent stem cell level, although it sometimes involves a committed stem cell with more limited capacity for self-renewal. Abnormal proliferation, clonal expansion, aberrant differentiation, and diminished apoptosis (programmed cell death) lead to replacement of normal blood elements with malignant cells. […] Acute myeloid leukemia has a number of subtypes and precursor neoplasms that are distinguished from each other by morphology, immunophenotype, cytochemistry, and genetic abnormalities […] Therapy-related AML (t-AML) is a subtype of AML caused by prior treatment with certain antineoplastic drugs (eg, alkylating agents, hydroxyurea, and topoisomerase II inhibitors). Most t-AMLs occur 3 to 10 years after initial therapy, with a longer latency for alkylating agents and hydroxyurea (mean latency 5 to 7 years) than for topoisomerase II inhibitors (mean latency 6 months to 3 years). Alkylating agents cause chromosomal deletions and unbalanced translocations.

• #1 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/what-causes-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) also known as acute myelogenous leukemia is a type of cancer that begins in the bone marrow, where new red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made. […] Although the exact cause of AML is unknown, experts do understand risk factors for AML as well as how the cancer develops. […] AML results when cells are transformed into cancer cells in an abnormal bone-marrow environment. […] There are several known risk factors associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia. […] Genetic changes have been identified in more than 97 percent of AML cases. […] Genes that put a pause on the normal cycle of cell growth and division are mutated in more than 30 percent of AML cases. […] In about 40 percent of AML cases, mutations are present that do not affect the DNA but rather how and when DNA is read and expressed called epigenetic changes.

• #1 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have one or more known risk factors. But it can be very hard to know if any of these factors actually caused the cancer. […] Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. DNA is the chemical in our cells that makes up our genes, which control how our cells function. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control, which might lead to cancer, including AML. For instance, changes in certain genes such as FLT3, c-KIT, and RAS are common in AML cells. […] Mutations in many different genes can be found in AML cells, but larger changes in one or more chromosomes are also common. […] Some people with certain types of cancer inherit gene mutations from a parent that increase their risk for the disease. Although this can happen sometimes with AML, such as with the genetic syndromes discussed in Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), inherited mutations are not a common cause of AML. […] Most DNA changes related to AML are acquired during a persons lifetime, rather than having been inherited before birth. Some of these changes may have outside causes like radiation or cancer-causing chemicals, but most often the reason they occur isn’t clear.

• #1 ‘Acute myeloid leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2016 update’ | Blood Cancer Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/bcj201650

  In addition to large chromosomal rearrangements, molecular changes have also been implicated in the development of AML. […] Genetic mutations are identified in more than 97% of cases, often in the absence of any large chromosomal abnormality. […] Studies of animal models at the turn of the century led to the development of a two-hit model of leukemogenesis, which offers a conceptual framework for classifying the various mutations associated with AML. […] According to this model, class I mutations which result in the activation of pro-proliferative pathways must occur in conjunction with class II mutations which impair normal hematopoietic differentiation in order for leukemia to develop. […] Common class I mutations, such as FLT3 (internal tandem duplications, ITD, and tyrosine kinase domain mutations, TKD), K/NRAS, TP53 and c-KIT are found in ~28, 12, 8 and 4% of cases, respectively.

• #1 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)? | American Cancer Society

  http://www.propperway.com/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some people with certain types of cancer inherit gene mutations from a parent that increase their risk for the disease. Although this can happen sometimes with AML, such as with the genetic syndromes discussed in Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), inherited mutations are not a common cause of AML. […] Most DNA changes related to AML are acquired during a persons lifetime, rather than having been inherited before birth. Some of these changes may have outside causes like radiation or cancer-causing chemicals, but most often the reason they occur isn’t clear. Many of these gene changes are probably just random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause. They seem to happen more often as we age, which might help explain why AML usually occurs in older people.

• #1 Leukemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukemia-causes-risk-factors-2252385

  Tobacco use is associated with a significantly increased risk of AML. […] Benzene is a known carcinogen that is present in a number of materials, such as some paints, solvents, plastics, pesticides, detergents, and unleaded gasoline. […] Infection with the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) increases the risk of leukemia. […] Genetic conditions and syndromes that are associated with an increased risk of some types of leukemia include: Down syndrome (trisomy 21): People with Down syndrome have roughly a 20% increased risk of developing leukemia (AML and ALL).

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/diseases/acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a blood cancer. It happens when young abnormal white blood cells called blasts (leukemia cells), begin to fill up the bone marrow, preventing normal blood production. […] For most people with AML, there is no easily identifiable cause. There are, however, a few known risk factors that can increase the chances of getting AML. They include: […] Repeated exposure to the chemical benzene, as well as other chemicals like it called fluorocarbons, which are found in cigarette smoke, petroleum products and in certain industrial settings. […] Certain uncommon genetic conditions such as Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, MonoMAC syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Shwachman syndrome and Diamond-Blackfan syndrome. […] Having other blood cancers or disorders like polycythemia vera, primary myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). […] Previous chemotherapy or radiation treatments for other cancers.

• #1 Leukaemia cutis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/leukaemia-cutis

  Leukaemia cutis is rare, affecting about 3% of people diagnosed with leukaemia. […] Other known risks for the development of leukaemia include exposure to benzene, ionizing radiation, alkylating agents used in chemotherapy, viral infection e.g., HTLV-1, Epstein-Barr virus, and other blood diseases such as myelodysplastic syndrome. […] Proliferation of the abnormal leukocytes is due to activation of oncogenes (cancer-promoting genes) or inactivation of tumour suppressor genes. Thus leukaemia is more common in syndromes that have mutations in these genes. These syndromes may be inherited and include Bloom syndrome.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6212-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rare cancer that affects your bone marrow and blood. It typically happens when certain genes or chromosomes mutate (change). […] Experts aren’t sure what causes acute myeloid leukemia. They do know the condition happens when certain genes or chromosomes mutate (change), creating abnormal blood cells. These genetic changes may happen: During your lifetime when something changes your DNA. […] While experts don’t know exactly what triggers the genetic mutations that cause AML, they do know about risk factors that increase your chance of developing the disease. Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors include: Age. About half of all people with AML are 65 or older when they’re diagnosed. […] Researchers know some inherited genetic mutations increase people’s risk for developing AML, including: Down syndrome. Ataxia telangiectasia. Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Metropolis TruHealth Blog

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/health-wellness/learn-about-acute-myeloid-leukaemia

  Exposure to chemicals like benzene can also increase your chances of getting AML. Benzene is commonly found in the rubber industry, petrol, and cigarette smoke, so doctors recommend quitting smoking to avoid developing AML. […] The ingestion of certain chemotherapy medicines for an earlier, unrelated cancer can also increase your chances of developing AML, even after several years have passed since the treatment. These medicines include mitoxantrone, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin. […] Individuals suffering from blood disorders like myelofibrosis, myelodysplasia, and polycythemia vera are at an increased risk of developing AML. […] Genetic conditions like Fanconi’s anaemia, Down’s syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 1 can also increase a persons chances of developing acute myeloid leukaemia. […] Genetic predispositions can also cause AML.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Exposure to very high doses of radiation: people exposed to very high levels of radiation are at increased risk of developing AML (for example, survivors of an atomic bomb blast or a nuclear reactor accident) […] Other blood cancers: certain blood disorders, such as myeloproliferative neoplasms or myelodysplastic syndromes, can evolve over time into AML […] Genetic disorders: genetic disorders present at birth that seem to increase the risk of AML include Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, Trisomy 8, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome […] Familial risk/germline predisposition: certain gene mutations present at birth may increase the risk of developing AML.

• #1 What Causes Leukemia, Risk Factors and Prevention

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/leukemia/risk-factors

  Leukemia develops when the DNA in blood cells called leukocytes mutate or change, disabling their ability to control growth and division. In some cases, these mutated cells escape the immune system and grow out of control, crowding out healthy cells in the bloodstream. […] While patients may never know how they developed leukemia, since its exact cause is often not known, certain risk factors are linked to the disease, including exposure to radiation. […] Certain blood disorders, including chronic myeloproliferative disorders such as polycythemia vera, idiopathic myelofibrosis and essential thrombocythemia increase the chances of developing AML. […] Some congenital syndromes including Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia and Blackfan-Diamond syndrome seem to raise the risk of AML.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197802-overview

  Likewise, polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase are associated with secondary AML after chemotherapy for other malignancies. […] Germline mutations in the gene AML1 (RUNX1, CBFA2) occur in the familial platelet disorder with predisposition for AML, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by moderate thrombocytopenia, a defect in platelet function, and propensity to develop AML. […] Mutation of CEBPA (the gene encoding CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, a granulocytic differentiation factor and member of the bZIP family) was described in a family with 3 members affected by AML. […] Several studies demonstrate a relationship between radiation exposure and leukemia. […] Persons who smoke tobacco have a small but statistically significant (odds ratio, 1.5) increased risk of developing AML.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rapidly progressing myeloid neoplasm characterized by the clonal expansion of immature myeloid-derived cells, known as blasts, in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. […] The European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022 consensus recommendations offer a valuable framework for classifying AML based on mutational profile. […] Patients with high and very high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), clinically characterized by the presence of transfusion-dependent cytopenias and peripheral blasts, are at increased risk of AML evolution and necessitate vigilant surveillance. […] Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, which include myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myeloid leukemia, may also progress or evolve into a higher-grade myeloid neoplasm such as AML.

• #1 Acute myeloid leukaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/

  Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for AML in adults. […] Treatment with radiotherapy and certain chemotherapy medications for an earlier, unrelated cancer can increase your risk of developing AML many years later. […] People with certain blood disorders such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis or polycythaemia vera (PCV) have an increased risk of developing AML. […] People with certain genetic disorders, including Downs syndrome and Fanconis anaemia, have an increased risk of developing leukaemia. […] A number of other environmental factors that could trigger AML have also been suggested, including childhood vaccinations and living near a nuclear power station or a high-voltage power line. However, theres no clear evidence to suggest that these can increase your risk of developing AML.

• #1 Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/leukaemia/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/

  Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. […] In most cases the causes of AML remain largely unknown but it is thought to result from damage to one or more of the genes that normally control blood cell development. Research is going on all the time into possible causes of this damage and certain factors have been identified that may put some people at an increased risk. These include exposure to: very high doses of radiation, either accidentally (nuclear accident) or therapeutically (to treat other cancers), industrial chemicals like benzene, over a long period of time, certain types of chemotherapy that treat other cancers, some congenital disorders are associated with the development of AML, like Down’s syndrome, Bloom syndrome and Fanconi’s anaemia. In these cases the AML tends to develop in childhood or adolescence. In very rare cases, AML develops because an abnormal gene is passed down from one generation to the next. […] Some people with pre-existing blood disorders including certain myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myelofibrosis, aplastic anaemia and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria have a higher than average risk of developing AML. […] Cancer-causing substances in tobacco smoke.

• #1 Leukemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukemia-causes-risk-factors-2252385

  Leukemia is due to a series of mutations in genes that control the growth of cells, which leads to their uncontrolled growth in the bone marrow. While the exact causes of this are unknown, several risk factors for the disease have been identified. […] Known risk factors vary with the different types of leukemia but include radiation (from atomic bomb exposures to medical radiation), exposures to chemicals such as benzene and pesticides, previous chemotherapy, some infections, and certain genetic conditions. […] Some types of radiation are known risk factors for leukemia, and others are only possible risk factors. […] Ionizing radiation has been linked to leukemia. […] Survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings had a significantly increased risk of developing leukemia. […] Survivors of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster had an increased risk of leukemia two to five years after the meltdown.

• #1 Leukemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukemia-causes-risk-factors-2252385

  Ionizing radiation was found to be carcinogenic (or cancer-causing) only a few years after X-rays were discovered, and concern has been raised in recent years over the danger of too much medical radiation, particularly in children. […] Radiation therapy for cancer can increase the risk of developing leukemia (especially AML), with the risk highest in the period five to nine years after radiation. […] Some medical conditions are associated with an elevated risk of developing leukemia. […] Myelodysplastic syndromes are disorders of the bone marrow that have been referred to as „preleukemia” and carry a significant risk of developing into AML (up to 30%). […] Some chemotherapy drugs can predispose a person to leukemia later on. […] AML is the form of leukemia most often associated with chemotherapy, but ALL has also been linked to the treatment.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/adult-aml-treatment-pdq

  Adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes a large number of abnormal blood cells. […] Smoking, previous chemotherapy treatment, and exposure to radiation may increase the risk of AML. […] AML is caused by certain changes to the way blood stem cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. Some risk factors for AML, like smoking, can be changed. However, risk factors also include things people cannot change, like their genetics, getting older, and their health history. […] There are many risk factors for AML, but many do not directly cause cancer. Instead, they increase the chance of DNA damage in cells that may lead to AML. […] Possible risk factors for AML include: being male, older age, smoking, having had treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy in the past, being exposed to radiation in the environment (such as nuclear radiation) or to the chemical benzene, having a personal history of a blood disorder such as myelodysplastic syndrome, having certain syndromes or inherited disorders.

• #1 Risks for acute leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml/risks

  Some things can affect your risk, or chance, of developing cancer. Certain behaviours, substances or conditions can increase or decrease the risk. Most cancers are the result of many risks. But sometimes cancer develops in people who don’t have any risks. […] The risk of developing AML increases with age. It usually occurs in people who are 65 and older. […] There is convincing evidence that coming into contact with high levels of radiation, such as radiation from nuclear reactor accidents, is a risk for acute leukemia. Most leukemias that develop after exposure to radiation are AML rather than ALL. […] There is convincing evidence that radiation therapy given in the past to treat cancer or other health conditions increases the risk of acute leukemia. Having had both radiation therapy and chemotherapy to treat cancer increases the risk more than having had radiation therapy alone. This risk is higher for AML than for ALL.

• #1 Secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Causes, Treatment, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/leukemia/secondary-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a blood cancer that arises from other blood disorders or previous cancer treatment. […] Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is classified as primary, or de novo, if it develops in people without a history of another blood disorder or cancer treatment. Secondary AML either develops from previous cancer treatment with chemotherapy and radiation therapy or from preexisting blood conditions. […] Secondary AML is estimated to account for about 20% to 30% of AML cases. […] In people with secondary AML, these changes occur in immature myeloid blood cells due to previous cancer treatment or another blood disorder. […] Secondary AML caused by previous cancer treatment is also called therapy-related AML, or t-AML. Between 5% and 10% of AML cases are t-AML. […] People at risk of secondary AML include those with other blood disorders as well as those who have received previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy for other cancers.

• #1 Risks and causes of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-aml/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Some of these include being older, smoking and ionising radiation. […] AML is more common in older people. The risk of AML increases from around 50 years and is greatest in those aged between 85 and 89 years. […] Smoking cigarettes can increase your risk of developing AML. There is benzene in cigarette smoke and this is likely to be a significant cause. […] Weve known for a long time that exposure to high energy (ionising) radiation increases acute leukaemia risk. AML is one type of acute leukaemia. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene at work over a long time increases the risk of developing acute leukaemia. […] Certain rare, inherited conditions can increase the risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia.

• #1 Leukemia: Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4365-leukemia

  Leukemia starts when the DNA of a single cell in your bone marrow changes (mutates) and cant develop and function normally. […] Leukemia starts when the DNA of a single cell in your bone marrow changes (mutates). DNA is the instruction code that tells a cell when to grow, how to develop and when to die. Because of the mutation, or coding error, leukemia cells keep multiplying. All cells arising from the original mutated cell also have the mutated DNA. […] Scientists dont know what causes these developing cells to mutate. Theyve been able to identify some common mutations that people diagnosed with different types of leukemia share. […] Studies have shown that certain factors may increase your risk, including: Previous cancer treatment. Past cancer treatments involving radiation or chemotherapy may increase the likelihood youll develop some types of leukemia.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia & Benzene Exposure Lawsuits

  https://www.benzenelawyers.com/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), also known as acute myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia is a fast-growing cancer of the blood and bone marrow. […] The most common cause of acute myeloid leukemia is previous exposure to toxic chemicals and carcinogenic substances like benzene. […] Benzene exposure is also common among individuals who work around petroleum based products, such as fuels and paints. […] Exposure to this cancer-causing chemical can cause AML to develop years later. […] Plaintiffs decedent had worked as a pump man aboard various tankers in the early 1970s and early 1980s where he was exposed to benzene. In 1994, about 15 years since his last exposure to benzene, the decedent was diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/acute-myeloid-leukemia-symptoms-treatments

  Smoking tobacco products. Cancer-causing chemicals you inhale when smoking don’t stay in your mouth, throat, and lungs. They’re absorbed by your lungs where they move into your bloodstream and travel all over your body. […] Long-term exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, such as benzene and formaldehyde. […] Treatment with certain chemotherapy medicines. Chemotherapy drugs, such as alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors, have been linked to AML risk years after your treatment. […] Exposure to high doses of radiation. People who are exposed to low levels of radiation, such as from X-rays or CT scans, especially at a very young age, may have an increased risk of leukemia. […] Having certain blood conditions. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders, such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and idiopathic myelofibrosis, may increase your risk for AML, especially if you have chemotherapy or radiation therapy to treat them.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Acute-Myeloid-Leukemia-Causes.aspx

  AML is slightly more common in males than in females and the reasons are not clear. […] AML is seen more commonly among Caucasians than in African Americans. […] Other unproven risk factors include exposure to electromagnetic fields like living near power grids and cell phone towers etc, exposure to pesticides, and certain other chemicals, hair dyes and bleaches and cigarette smoke.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)

  https://www.parkwaycancercentre.com/lk/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cancer-details/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-(aml)

  Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) may be caused by damage to the genes controlling blood cell development. Certain risk factors for AML have been identified: […] People with certain congenital disorders, such as Down Syndrome and Fanconi anaemia, may have a higher risk of developing AML. […] Certain blood disorders, such as Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), myelofibrosis and aplastic anaemia, may predispose patients to AML. […] Certain chemotherapy drugs or radiation therapy may increase the likelihood of developing AML. […] Long-term exposure to industrial chemicals such as benzene, certain cleaning products, detergents and paint strippers, as well as tobacco smoke, may increase the likelihood of developing AML. […] Exposure to high doses of radiation (for example, from an atomic bomb blast or nuclear reactor accident) increases the risk of developing AML.

• #1 Acute myeloid leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cell production. […] Risk factors include getting older, being male, smoking, previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy, myelodysplastic syndrome, and exposure to the chemical benzene. […] Most cases of AML do not have exposure to any identified risk factors. However, a number of risk factors for developing AML have been identified. These include other blood disorders, chemical exposures, ionizing radiation, and genetic risk factors. […] Exposure to chemotherapy, in particular alkylating antineoplastic agents, can increase the risk of subsequently developing AML. Other chemical exposures associated with the development of AML include benzene, chloramphenicol and phenylbutazone.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197802-overview

  Exposure to benzene is associated with aplastic anemia and pancytopenia. […] As more patients with cancer survive their primary malignancy and more patients receive intensive chemotherapy (including bone marrow transplantation [BMT]), the number of patients with AML increases because of exposure to chemotherapeutic agents.

• #1 Risks for acute leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml/risks

  There is convincing evidence that certain chemotherapy drugs or drug combinations increase the risk of developing AML, but the risk is very low. The benefits of having chemotherapy to treat cancer far outweigh this risk. […] People with a history of the following blood disorders have a higher risk of developing AML: myelodysplastic neoplasms( formerly called myelodysplastic syndromes), myeloproliferative disorders including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). […] A genetic condition is a disease caused by a change (mutation) in one or more genes. Having certain genetic conditions increases the risk of developing acute leukemia, especially in childhood. […] There is convincing evidence that benzene causes AML. […] There is convincing evidence that smoking increases the risk of AML.

• #1 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/what-causes-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  These mutations can happen spontaneously over time (acquired mutations) or can be passed down from your parents (inherited mutations). […] The incidence of AML increases with age. […] According to Mayo Clinic, men are more likely to be diagnosed with AML than women. […] Some inherited and acquired disorders related to impaired bone-marrow function (such as bone marrow failure syndrome) are associated with a higher risk of AML development. […] Prior exposure to radiation therapy or chemotherapy (which often happens during cancer treatment) has been linked to an increased risk of developing AML. […] In most cases, the cause of AML is unknown. […] The biggest controllable risk factor for AML development is smoking, and quitting smoking may reduce your risk.

• #1 Acute myelogenous leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-myelogenous-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369109

  Acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. […] It’s often not clear what causes acute myelogenous leukemia. Healthcare professionals know that it starts when something causes changes to the DNA inside cells in the bone marrow. […] The changes that lead to acute myelogenous leukemia are thought to happen in cells called myeloid cells. […] The DNA changes cause the myeloid cells to make a lot of immature white blood cells, called myeloblasts. […] Factors that may increase the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, include: Older age. Acute myelogenous leukemia is most common in adults age 65 and older. […] Many people with AML have no known risk factors, and many people who have risk factors never develop the cancer.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/acute-myeloid-leukemia-symptoms-treatments

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is caused by mutations in genes in certain cells of your bone marrow. This is the inner part of your bones that produces blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. […] Experts don’t know exactly why people get the mutations that cause AML. But some things may make you more likely to get it. These include: […] Age over 45 years. Most people who are diagnosed with AML are over 45 years of age. About half are older than 65, with a median age of 68 at first diagnosis. […] Having certain demographic characteristics. Experts don’t know why, but leukemia in general is more common in men and people assigned male at birth than in women and people assigned female at birth. It’s also more commonly diagnosed in White people of non-Hispanic descent than other ethnicities.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the bone marrow and the blood that progresses rapidly without treatment. […] For most people who have AML, there are no known cause or obvious reasons (risk factors) why they developed the disease. […] While the cause of AML is unknown, several factors are associated with an increased risk of developing AML, including the following: […] Age: the risk of developing AML increases with age […] Sex: males are more likely than females to develop AML […] Exposure to dangerous chemicals: long-term exposure to high levels of certain chemicals, such as benzene, is linked to a greater risk of AML […] Smoking: AML is linked to exposure to tobacco smoke, which contains benzene and other cancer-causing agents […] Previous cancer treatment: people who received radiation therapy or chemotherapy have an increased risk of developing AML, called „treatment-related” or „therapy-related” AML

• #1 Risks for acute leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml/risks

  There is convincing evidence that having a family history of AML increases your risk of developing AML. The risk is higher if one of your first-degree relatives (your parent, sibling or child) has been diagnosed. […] There are some things that may increase your risk for acute leukemia. More research is need to know for sure that they are risks.

• #1 Acute myeloid leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia

  High amounts of ionizing radiation exposure, such as that used for radiotherapy used to treat some forms of cancer, can increase the risk of AML. […] Most cases of AML arise spontaneously, however there are some genetic mutations associated with an increased risk. […] Being overweight and obese increase the risk of developing AML, as does any amount of active smoking. […] The rate of therapy-related AML (AML caused by previous chemotherapy) is expected to rise with an increase in the use of chemotherapy, an ageing population and more patients surviving their initial chemotherapy treatment; therapy-related disease accounts for just under 10% of all cases of AML.

• #1 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Direct and indirect exposure to chemicals and pesticides, in a variety of occupations, has been reported as a cause for the development of leukemia. […] The effects of ionizing radiation in the development of leukemia at various phases of life, including preconception, in utero, and post-natal exposures, have been proposed, and various examples have been published. […] Individuals who have received chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer, with or without radiation, have an increased risk of leukemia. […] Infections, including bacterial, viral and fungal agents alone, and in conjunction with genetic mutations, have been implicated in leukemogenesis. […] A recent two-hit theory combines genetic mutation and exposure to one or more infections for the genesis of ALL. […] The hypothesis suggests that exposure to infections during early life can protect the individual from the development of precursor B-cell ALL. […] Recent reports suggest a mycovirus containing Aspergillus flavus as one of the possible candidates for the infection category.

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Another group of patients at risk for AML includes patients who have previously received chemotherapy for other malignancies. […] Additional environmental exposures, including radiation, tobacco smoke, and benzene, also contribute to the risk of AML. […] Despite these known risk factors, most cases of AML still arise de novo without an attributable etiology.

• #1 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Acute leukemias are some of the most common cancers affecting all age groups. Despite a significant improvement made in the treatment of acute leukemias, their cause remains unknown. A number of genetic and environmental factors for the development of acute leukemias have been proposed, but none have been proven. Undoubtedly, genetics have a major role in the development of these diseases. […] The role of a variety of factors, including pre-existing and acquired genetic mutations, exposure to radiation and various chemicals during preconception, pregnancy and throughout life, have been explored. […] The exact nature, timing, sequence of the events and mechanisms resulting in the occurrence of leukemia requires further investigations. […] A large number of environmental causes for the development of leukemia have been suggested. These mostly involve exposure to cancer-causing agents, including chemicals, infections and radiation during various stages of life.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rapidly progressing myeloid neoplasm characterized by the clonal expansion of immature myeloid-derived cells, known as blasts, in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. […] The European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022 consensus recommendations offer a valuable framework for classifying AML based on mutational profile. […] Patients with high and very high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), clinically characterized by the presence of transfusion-dependent cytopenias and peripheral blasts, are at increased risk of AML evolution and necessitate vigilant surveillance. […] Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, which include myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myeloid leukemia, may also progress or evolve into a higher-grade myeloid neoplasm such as AML.

• #2 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have one or more known risk factors. But it can be very hard to know if any of these factors actually caused the cancer. […] Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. DNA is the chemical in our cells that makes up our genes, which control how our cells function. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control, which might lead to cancer, including AML. For instance, changes in certain genes such as FLT3, c-KIT, and RAS are common in AML cells. […] Mutations in many different genes can be found in AML cells, but larger changes in one or more chromosomes are also common. […] Some people with certain types of cancer inherit gene mutations from a parent that increase their risk for the disease. Although this can happen sometimes with AML, such as with the genetic syndromes discussed in Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), inherited mutations are not a common cause of AML. […] Most DNA changes related to AML are acquired during a persons lifetime, rather than having been inherited before birth. Some of these changes may have outside causes like radiation or cancer-causing chemicals, but most often the reason they occur isn’t clear.

• #2 ‘Acute myeloid leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2016 update’ | Blood Cancer Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/bcj201650

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults, with an incidence of over 20000 cases per year in the United States alone. […] AML can arise in patients with an underlying hematological disorder, or as a consequence of prior therapy (for example, exposure to topoisomerases II, alkylating agents or radiation). […] However in majority of cases, it appears as a de novo malignancy in previously healthy individuals. […] The pathogenesis of AML involves the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of a clonal population of myeloid stem cells. […] Well-characterized chromosomal translocations, such as t(8:21) in core-binding factor AML (CBF-AML) or t(15:17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) result in the formation of chimeric proteins (RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and PML-RARA, respectively), which alter the normal maturation process of myeloid precursor cells.

• #2 ‘Acute myeloid leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2016 update’ | Blood Cancer Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/bcj201650

  In addition to large chromosomal rearrangements, molecular changes have also been implicated in the development of AML. […] Genetic mutations are identified in more than 97% of cases, often in the absence of any large chromosomal abnormality. […] Studies of animal models at the turn of the century led to the development of a two-hit model of leukemogenesis, which offers a conceptual framework for classifying the various mutations associated with AML. […] According to this model, class I mutations which result in the activation of pro-proliferative pathways must occur in conjunction with class II mutations which impair normal hematopoietic differentiation in order for leukemia to develop. […] Common class I mutations, such as FLT3 (internal tandem duplications, ITD, and tyrosine kinase domain mutations, TKD), K/NRAS, TP53 and c-KIT are found in ~28, 12, 8 and 4% of cases, respectively.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/leukemias/acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Molecular genetic abnormalities are also important in refining prognosis and therapy in AML. Many different mutations exist; these are categorized into groups based on their effect on prognosis and treatment. Patients with AML average 5 recurrent gene mutations. Patients with mutations in NPM1, or in CEBPA have a more favorable prognosis. Mutations in FLT3, on the other hand, have a poorer prognosis (including in patients who also have an otherwise favorable NPM1 mutation). […] Older patients are more likely to have high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities (eg, complex karyotype, monosomy 7), secondary AML arising from the myelodysplastic syndrome or a myeloproliferative neoplasm, or AML with multidrug resistance.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197802-overview

  Several factors have been implicated in the causation of AML, including antecedent hematologic disorders, familial syndromes, environmental exposures, and drug exposures. However, most patients who present with de novo AML have no identifiable risk factor. […] The most common risk factor for AML is the presence of an antecedent hematologic disorder, the most common of which is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). […] Other antecedent hematologic disorders that predispose patients to AML include aplastic anemia and myeloproliferative disorders, especially myelofibrosis. […] Some congenital disorders that predispose patients to AML include Bloom syndrome, Down syndrome, congenital neutropenia, Fanconi anemia, and neurofibromatosis. […] More subtle genetic disorders, including polymorphisms of enzymes that metabolize carcinogens, also predispose patients to AML.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Exposure to very high doses of radiation: people exposed to very high levels of radiation are at increased risk of developing AML (for example, survivors of an atomic bomb blast or a nuclear reactor accident) […] Other blood cancers: certain blood disorders, such as myeloproliferative neoplasms or myelodysplastic syndromes, can evolve over time into AML […] Genetic disorders: genetic disorders present at birth that seem to increase the risk of AML include Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, Trisomy 8, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome […] Familial risk/germline predisposition: certain gene mutations present at birth may increase the risk of developing AML.

• #2 Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/leukaemia/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/

  Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. […] In most cases the causes of AML remain largely unknown but it is thought to result from damage to one or more of the genes that normally control blood cell development. Research is going on all the time into possible causes of this damage and certain factors have been identified that may put some people at an increased risk. These include exposure to: very high doses of radiation, either accidentally (nuclear accident) or therapeutically (to treat other cancers), industrial chemicals like benzene, over a long period of time, certain types of chemotherapy that treat other cancers, some congenital disorders are associated with the development of AML, like Down’s syndrome, Bloom syndrome and Fanconi’s anaemia. In these cases the AML tends to develop in childhood or adolescence. In very rare cases, AML develops because an abnormal gene is passed down from one generation to the next. […] Some people with pre-existing blood disorders including certain myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myelofibrosis, aplastic anaemia and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria have a higher than average risk of developing AML. […] Cancer-causing substances in tobacco smoke.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Metropolis TruHealth Blog

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/health-wellness/learn-about-acute-myeloid-leukaemia

  Exposure to chemicals like benzene can also increase your chances of getting AML. Benzene is commonly found in the rubber industry, petrol, and cigarette smoke, so doctors recommend quitting smoking to avoid developing AML. […] The ingestion of certain chemotherapy medicines for an earlier, unrelated cancer can also increase your chances of developing AML, even after several years have passed since the treatment. These medicines include mitoxantrone, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin. […] Individuals suffering from blood disorders like myelofibrosis, myelodysplasia, and polycythemia vera are at an increased risk of developing AML. […] Genetic conditions like Fanconi’s anaemia, Down’s syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 1 can also increase a persons chances of developing acute myeloid leukaemia. […] Genetic predispositions can also cause AML.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/diseases/acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a blood cancer. It happens when young abnormal white blood cells called blasts (leukemia cells), begin to fill up the bone marrow, preventing normal blood production. […] For most people with AML, there is no easily identifiable cause. There are, however, a few known risk factors that can increase the chances of getting AML. They include: […] Repeated exposure to the chemical benzene, as well as other chemicals like it called fluorocarbons, which are found in cigarette smoke, petroleum products and in certain industrial settings. […] Certain uncommon genetic conditions such as Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, MonoMAC syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Shwachman syndrome and Diamond-Blackfan syndrome. […] Having other blood cancers or disorders like polycythemia vera, primary myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). […] Previous chemotherapy or radiation treatments for other cancers.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6212-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rare cancer that affects your bone marrow and blood. It typically happens when certain genes or chromosomes mutate (change). […] Experts aren’t sure what causes acute myeloid leukemia. They do know the condition happens when certain genes or chromosomes mutate (change), creating abnormal blood cells. These genetic changes may happen: During your lifetime when something changes your DNA. […] While experts don’t know exactly what triggers the genetic mutations that cause AML, they do know about risk factors that increase your chance of developing the disease. Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors include: Age. About half of all people with AML are 65 or older when they’re diagnosed. […] Researchers know some inherited genetic mutations increase people’s risk for developing AML, including: Down syndrome. Ataxia telangiectasia. Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/acute-myeloid-leukemia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoomB9n6tSyUi6TTgZl4_vwp8g2wdWQx0X6Oa4Kulg0y9_8DtVul

  Just like any other form of cancer, the exact cause of Acute Myeloid Leukemia is still unknown. But studies suggest that AML usually occurs due to damage or alteration in the DNA of the developing cells of the bone marrow. Owing to the alteration of the genetic material, the bone marrow rapidly produces immature cells that develop into leukemic white blood cells called myeloblasts. […] AML can also happen due to exposure to certain chemicals or chemotherapy medications. […] Certain causative factors that aggravate the risk of AML include: […] Exposure to certain chemicals, like benzene, pesticides, detergents, or paint strippers, may increase the risk of acute myeloid leukemia. […] Exposure to high levels of radiation makes a person more prone to AML. […] People who’ve had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy treatment in the past owing to some other types of cancer are more at risk of developing AML. […] This unhealthy habit aggravates the chances of getting diagnosed with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. […] Certain genetic disorders, such as Downs syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, Trisomy 8, or Li-Fraumeni syndrome increases the risk of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

• #2 Leukemia: Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4365-leukemia

  Smoking. If you have a history of smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke, youre at increased risk of developing acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Exposure to industrial chemicals. Benzene and formaldehyde are known cancer-causing chemicals found in building materials and household chemicals. […] Certain genetic disorders. Genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis, Klinefelter syndrome, Schwachman-Diamond syndrome and Down syndrome, may increase your risk. […] Family history of leukemia. Research suggests that some types of leukemia may run in families.

• #2 Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) causes | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/leukaemia/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/aml-causes/

  If you have another condition which affects the production of myeloid blood cells, such as myelofibrosis or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), you can be at higher risk of getting AML. […] Some people develop AML after having chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other specific drugs in the past for another illness. The AML can develop a number of years later. […] Children with Down’s syndrome are at an increased risk of developing any type of acute leukaemia. […] There are also some rare inherited genetic mutations that can make a person more likely to develop AML, such as the genetic mutations RUNX1 and DDX41.

• #2 Leukemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukemia-causes-risk-factors-2252385

  Ionizing radiation was found to be carcinogenic (or cancer-causing) only a few years after X-rays were discovered, and concern has been raised in recent years over the danger of too much medical radiation, particularly in children. […] Radiation therapy for cancer can increase the risk of developing leukemia (especially AML), with the risk highest in the period five to nine years after radiation. […] Some medical conditions are associated with an elevated risk of developing leukemia. […] Myelodysplastic syndromes are disorders of the bone marrow that have been referred to as „preleukemia” and carry a significant risk of developing into AML (up to 30%). […] Some chemotherapy drugs can predispose a person to leukemia later on. […] AML is the form of leukemia most often associated with chemotherapy, but ALL has also been linked to the treatment.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6212-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Some people who have myeloproliferative neoplasms (myeloproliferative disorders) may develop acute myeloid leukemia. […] No, you can’t prevent acute myeloid leukemia. Experts know that genetic mutations cause acute myeloid leukemia but they don’t know what triggers them. […] Currently, allogeneic stem cell transplantation is the only way to cure acute myeloid leukemia. […] Overall, an estimated 50% to 80% of people with acute myeloid leukemia achieve complete remission after treatment.

• #2 Leukemia: Definition, Types & Risk Factors | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/leukemia.html

  Leukemia is caused by a mutation in the DNA of a bone marrow stem cell at some point in its development. When this mutation occurs, the cell becomes cancerous, begins multiplying rapidly, and crowds out healthy cells in the blood and bone marrow. […] Many types are also classified as either chronic or acute. Acute leukemia impacts immature cells, preventing them from developing and carrying out their function. These cells tend to multiply rapidly, making acute leukemia more aggressive. […] While they are not classified as leukemia, MPNs (especially myelofibrosis) can transform to acute myeloid leukemia. […] About 1,100 CMML cases are diagnosed in the U.S. each year. In 15% to 30% of patients, the disease will progress to acute myeloid leukemia. […] Leukemia in children is caused by a mutation in the DNA of a bone marrow stem cell at some point in its development. The cell becomes cancerous, begins multiplying rapidly, and crowds out healthy cells in the blood and bone marrow. Risk factors include exposure to X-rays before birth, certain past cancer treatments, certain genetic disorders, a family history of leukemia, and chemical exposure.

• #2 Risks and causes of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-aml/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Some of these include being older, smoking and ionising radiation. […] AML is more common in older people. The risk of AML increases from around 50 years and is greatest in those aged between 85 and 89 years. […] Smoking cigarettes can increase your risk of developing AML. There is benzene in cigarette smoke and this is likely to be a significant cause. […] Weve known for a long time that exposure to high energy (ionising) radiation increases acute leukaemia risk. AML is one type of acute leukaemia. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene at work over a long time increases the risk of developing acute leukaemia. […] Certain rare, inherited conditions can increase the risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia.

• #2 Acute myeloid leukemia: Causes, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/215538

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of blood cell cancer. […] Doctors do not know what causes healthy bone marrow cells to become leukemia cells. However, there is evidence that exposure to certain environmental toxins can increase the risk. […] If a nuclear accident exposes people to radiation, they have a higher risk of developing AML. […] Rarely, people who have had radiation therapy for cancer go on to develop leukemia. In this case, the leukemia is a secondary cancer. […] Exposure to benzene may increase the risk of health conditions that can become cancerous at a later stage. […] People who smoke appear to have a higher risk of AML. This may be because benzene is present in cigarette smoke. […] People with certain health conditions may have a higher risk of developing AML. […] Some kinds of chemotherapy can also increase the risk. […] Doctors do not know why AML develops, so it is not possible to prevent it.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Another group of patients at risk for AML includes patients who have previously received chemotherapy for other malignancies. […] Additional environmental exposures, including radiation, tobacco smoke, and benzene, also contribute to the risk of AML. […] Despite these known risk factors, most cases of AML still arise de novo without an attributable etiology.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/acute-myeloid-leukemia-symptoms-treatments

  Smoking tobacco products. Cancer-causing chemicals you inhale when smoking don’t stay in your mouth, throat, and lungs. They’re absorbed by your lungs where they move into your bloodstream and travel all over your body. […] Long-term exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, such as benzene and formaldehyde. […] Treatment with certain chemotherapy medicines. Chemotherapy drugs, such as alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors, have been linked to AML risk years after your treatment. […] Exposure to high doses of radiation. People who are exposed to low levels of radiation, such as from X-rays or CT scans, especially at a very young age, may have an increased risk of leukemia. […] Having certain blood conditions. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders, such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and idiopathic myelofibrosis, may increase your risk for AML, especially if you have chemotherapy or radiation therapy to treat them.

• #2 Risks and causes of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-aml/risks-causes

  People who have had treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma or breast cancer with particular chemotherapy drugs (such as chlorambucil, melphalan or cyclophosphamide) have a slightly increased risk of developing blood changes. […] Some types of blood disorder make you more likely to get leukaemia than people without those blood disorders. […] Research has found that people with particular immune disorders have an increased risk of AML.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Causes, Stages & Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Chemical exposure: AML has been linked to certain chemicals, such as benzene. […] Previous cancer treatment: People who have had certain chemotherapy (chemo) drugs for other cancers have a higher risk of AML. This includes alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors. Radiation therapy may further increase the risk.

• #2 Risks for acute leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml/risks

  There is convincing evidence that certain chemotherapy drugs or drug combinations increase the risk of developing AML, but the risk is very low. The benefits of having chemotherapy to treat cancer far outweigh this risk. […] People with a history of the following blood disorders have a higher risk of developing AML: myelodysplastic neoplasms( formerly called myelodysplastic syndromes), myeloproliferative disorders including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). […] A genetic condition is a disease caused by a change (mutation) in one or more genes. Having certain genetic conditions increases the risk of developing acute leukemia, especially in childhood. […] There is convincing evidence that benzene causes AML. […] There is convincing evidence that smoking increases the risk of AML.

• #2 Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) causes | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/leukaemia/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/aml-causes/

  AML happens when something goes wrong in the DNA inside growing blood cells. We dont know exactly why this happens to some people and not others. […] There are some things that make a person slightly more likely to get AML these are called risk factors. But most people with these risk factors never develop AML. And other people without any risk factors can still develop AML. […] Like most cancers, AML is more common in older people. This is because the longer we live, the more chance there is for accidental errors to happen in our DNA. […] People who are born male are slightly more likely to get AML than people born female, but we dont know why. […] In most cases, AML doesnt run in families. But in some families, there are more cases of AML than wed expect to occur by chance. […] Long-term exposure to certain chemicals could increase the risk of getting AML. One of these chemicals is called benzene, which is found in cigarette smoke.

• #2 Leukemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukemia-causes-risk-factors-2252385

  Tobacco use is associated with a significantly increased risk of AML. […] Benzene is a known carcinogen that is present in a number of materials, such as some paints, solvents, plastics, pesticides, detergents, and unleaded gasoline. […] Infection with the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) increases the risk of leukemia. […] Genetic conditions and syndromes that are associated with an increased risk of some types of leukemia include: Down syndrome (trisomy 21): People with Down syndrome have roughly a 20% increased risk of developing leukemia (AML and ALL).

• #2 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Direct and indirect exposure to chemicals and pesticides, in a variety of occupations, has been reported as a cause for the development of leukemia. […] The effects of ionizing radiation in the development of leukemia at various phases of life, including preconception, in utero, and post-natal exposures, have been proposed, and various examples have been published. […] Individuals who have received chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer, with or without radiation, have an increased risk of leukemia. […] Infections, including bacterial, viral and fungal agents alone, and in conjunction with genetic mutations, have been implicated in leukemogenesis. […] A recent two-hit theory combines genetic mutation and exposure to one or more infections for the genesis of ALL. […] The hypothesis suggests that exposure to infections during early life can protect the individual from the development of precursor B-cell ALL. […] Recent reports suggest a mycovirus containing Aspergillus flavus as one of the possible candidates for the infection category.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the bone marrow and the blood that progresses rapidly without treatment. […] For most people who have AML, there are no known cause or obvious reasons (risk factors) why they developed the disease. […] While the cause of AML is unknown, several factors are associated with an increased risk of developing AML, including the following: […] Age: the risk of developing AML increases with age […] Sex: males are more likely than females to develop AML […] Exposure to dangerous chemicals: long-term exposure to high levels of certain chemicals, such as benzene, is linked to a greater risk of AML […] Smoking: AML is linked to exposure to tobacco smoke, which contains benzene and other cancer-causing agents […] Previous cancer treatment: people who received radiation therapy or chemotherapy have an increased risk of developing AML, called „treatment-related” or „therapy-related” AML

• #2 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/9/2256

  Infections, including bacterial, viral and fungal agents alone, and in conjunction with genetic mutations, have been implicated in leukemogenesis. […] Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) has two peaks in occurrence, during early childhood and later in adults. The median age for the newly diagnosed patients with AML is 66 years. […] Other than MDS, in most cases, the etiology of AML is unclear. A significant amount of information and knowledge concerning leukemogenic agents, especially chemotherapy regimens used for the treatment of a variety of malignant disorders, has accumulated. […] Risk factors for the development of AML, as outlined before, include exposure to radiation, chemicals and engagement in various occupations and hobbies.

• #2 Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML): Signs & Treatments

  https://cfch.com.sg/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-aml-new/

  Acute Myeloid Leukaemia may occur due to the damage to the DNA of cells in the bone marrow. This can affect the production of blood cells in the bone marrow resulting in the production of immature white cells called myeloblasts. […] While the exact causes for the DNA mutations to the bone marrow cells are not known, factors that affect the incidence of AML include: Age: The risk of AML increases with advancing age. It has been found that Acute Myeloid Leukaemia is more common in adults above the age of 65 years old. […] Gender: The incidence of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia is higher in men than in women. […] Exposure to cancer treatment: Patients who have received chemotherapy or radiation for the management of cancer are more prone to developing AML. […] Exposure to radiation: It has been found that exposure to high levels of radiation may lead to abnormal changes in the bone marrow and trigger the development of AML. Survivors of nuclear reactor accidents may be at risk of developing AML.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Acute-Myeloid-Leukemia-Causes.aspx

  AML is slightly more common in males than in females and the reasons are not clear. […] AML is seen more commonly among Caucasians than in African Americans. […] Other unproven risk factors include exposure to electromagnetic fields like living near power grids and cell phone towers etc, exposure to pesticides, and certain other chemicals, hair dyes and bleaches and cigarette smoke.

• #2

• #2 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/9/2256

  While for the majority of leukemia cases there are no obvious known predisposing factors, some genetic and acquired germline mutations and clonal chromosomal abnormalities are associated with increased incidence of leukemia. […] A large number of environmental causes for the development of leukemia have been suggested. These mostly involve exposure to cancer-causing agents, including chemicals, infections and radiation during various stages of life. […] The effects of ionizing radiation in the development of leukemia at various phases of life, including preconception, in utero, and post-natal exposures, have been proposed, and various examples have been published. […] Individuals who have received chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer, with or without radiation, have an increased risk of leukemia.

• #2 Acute myeloid leukaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/

  Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for AML in adults. […] Treatment with radiotherapy and certain chemotherapy medications for an earlier, unrelated cancer can increase your risk of developing AML many years later. […] People with certain blood disorders such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis or polycythaemia vera (PCV) have an increased risk of developing AML. […] People with certain genetic disorders, including Downs syndrome and Fanconis anaemia, have an increased risk of developing leukaemia. […] A number of other environmental factors that could trigger AML have also been suggested, including childhood vaccinations and living near a nuclear power station or a high-voltage power line. However, theres no clear evidence to suggest that these can increase your risk of developing AML.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/

  It’s not clear exactly what causes AML and, in most cases, there’s no identifiable cause. […] But some things can increase your risk of getting AML, including: previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy, exposure to very high levels of radiation (including previous radiotherapy treatment), smoking and other exposure to benzene, a chemical used in manufacturing that’s also found in cigarette smoke, having a blood disorder or some genetic conditions, such as Down’s syndrome.

• #2 ‘Acute myeloid leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2016 update’ | Blood Cancer Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/bcj201650

  Notable class II mutations include NPM1 and CEBPA, which are found in ~27% and 6% of cases, respectively, and confer a better prognosis. […] Alterations in genes involved in epigenetic regulation have recently emerged as a third class of mutations, with downstream effects on both cellular differentiation and proliferation. […] Despite significant advances, much remains to be discovered on the exact contribution of these individual mutations to the development of AML. […] The pathogenesis and behavior of AML depends heavily on the interactions between different somatic alterations and chromosomal rearrangements.

• #3 Acute myelogenous leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-myelogenous-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369109

  Acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. […] It’s often not clear what causes acute myelogenous leukemia. Healthcare professionals know that it starts when something causes changes to the DNA inside cells in the bone marrow. […] The changes that lead to acute myelogenous leukemia are thought to happen in cells called myeloid cells. […] The DNA changes cause the myeloid cells to make a lot of immature white blood cells, called myeloblasts. […] Factors that may increase the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, include: Older age. Acute myelogenous leukemia is most common in adults age 65 and older. […] Many people with AML have no known risk factors, and many people who have risk factors never develop the cancer.

• #3 ‘Acute myeloid leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2016 update’ | Blood Cancer Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/bcj201650

  In addition to large chromosomal rearrangements, molecular changes have also been implicated in the development of AML. […] Genetic mutations are identified in more than 97% of cases, often in the absence of any large chromosomal abnormality. […] Studies of animal models at the turn of the century led to the development of a two-hit model of leukemogenesis, which offers a conceptual framework for classifying the various mutations associated with AML. […] According to this model, class I mutations which result in the activation of pro-proliferative pathways must occur in conjunction with class II mutations which impair normal hematopoietic differentiation in order for leukemia to develop. […] Common class I mutations, such as FLT3 (internal tandem duplications, ITD, and tyrosine kinase domain mutations, TKD), K/NRAS, TP53 and c-KIT are found in ~28, 12, 8 and 4% of cases, respectively.

• #3 Acute myeloid leukaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/

  Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for AML in adults. […] Treatment with radiotherapy and certain chemotherapy medications for an earlier, unrelated cancer can increase your risk of developing AML many years later. […] People with certain blood disorders such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis or polycythaemia vera (PCV) have an increased risk of developing AML. […] People with certain genetic disorders, including Downs syndrome and Fanconis anaemia, have an increased risk of developing leukaemia. […] A number of other environmental factors that could trigger AML have also been suggested, including childhood vaccinations and living near a nuclear power station or a high-voltage power line. However, theres no clear evidence to suggest that these can increase your risk of developing AML.

• #3 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Another group of patients at risk for AML includes patients who have previously received chemotherapy for other malignancies. […] Additional environmental exposures, including radiation, tobacco smoke, and benzene, also contribute to the risk of AML. […] Despite these known risk factors, most cases of AML still arise de novo without an attributable etiology.

• #3 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Exposure to very high doses of radiation: people exposed to very high levels of radiation are at increased risk of developing AML (for example, survivors of an atomic bomb blast or a nuclear reactor accident) […] Other blood cancers: certain blood disorders, such as myeloproliferative neoplasms or myelodysplastic syndromes, can evolve over time into AML […] Genetic disorders: genetic disorders present at birth that seem to increase the risk of AML include Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, Trisomy 8, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome […] Familial risk/germline predisposition: certain gene mutations present at birth may increase the risk of developing AML.

• #3 Acute myeloid leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia

  High amounts of ionizing radiation exposure, such as that used for radiotherapy used to treat some forms of cancer, can increase the risk of AML. […] Most cases of AML arise spontaneously, however there are some genetic mutations associated with an increased risk. […] Being overweight and obese increase the risk of developing AML, as does any amount of active smoking. […] The rate of therapy-related AML (AML caused by previous chemotherapy) is expected to rise with an increase in the use of chemotherapy, an ageing population and more patients surviving their initial chemotherapy treatment; therapy-related disease accounts for just under 10% of all cases of AML.

• #3 Risks and causes of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-aml/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Some of these include being older, smoking and ionising radiation. […] AML is more common in older people. The risk of AML increases from around 50 years and is greatest in those aged between 85 and 89 years. […] Smoking cigarettes can increase your risk of developing AML. There is benzene in cigarette smoke and this is likely to be a significant cause. […] Weve known for a long time that exposure to high energy (ionising) radiation increases acute leukaemia risk. AML is one type of acute leukaemia. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene at work over a long time increases the risk of developing acute leukaemia. […] Certain rare, inherited conditions can increase the risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia.

• #3 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/acute-myeloid-leukemia-symptoms-treatments

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is caused by mutations in genes in certain cells of your bone marrow. This is the inner part of your bones that produces blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. […] Experts don’t know exactly why people get the mutations that cause AML. But some things may make you more likely to get it. These include: […] Age over 45 years. Most people who are diagnosed with AML are over 45 years of age. About half are older than 65, with a median age of 68 at first diagnosis. […] Having certain demographic characteristics. Experts don’t know why, but leukemia in general is more common in men and people assigned male at birth than in women and people assigned female at birth. It’s also more commonly diagnosed in White people of non-Hispanic descent than other ethnicities.

• #3 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/what-causes-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  These mutations can happen spontaneously over time (acquired mutations) or can be passed down from your parents (inherited mutations). […] The incidence of AML increases with age. […] According to Mayo Clinic, men are more likely to be diagnosed with AML than women. […] Some inherited and acquired disorders related to impaired bone-marrow function (such as bone marrow failure syndrome) are associated with a higher risk of AML development. […] Prior exposure to radiation therapy or chemotherapy (which often happens during cancer treatment) has been linked to an increased risk of developing AML. […] In most cases, the cause of AML is unknown. […] The biggest controllable risk factor for AML development is smoking, and quitting smoking may reduce your risk.

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