Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chickenpox | Utah Epidemiology

  https://epi.utah.gov/chickenpox/

  Chickenpox (varicella) is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The virus causes an itchy blister-like rash, fatigue (tiredness), and fever. It can be especially serious in babies, older adults, and people who have weakened immune systems. […] Chickenpox spreads easily through coughing and sneezing. It can also be spread by touching or breathing in particles from chickenpox blisters. […] The chickenpox vaccine is very effective at preventing chickenpox. For people who do get infected with chickenpox even though they’ve been vaccinated, the vaccine helps make the chickenpox symptoms less severe. […] Information for public health departments includes a case report form, disease plan, immunize.org, manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases, The Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (Pink Book), and CDC Yellow Book: Health Information for International Travel.

• #2 Varicella (Chickenpox) in Florida | Florida Department of Health

  https://www.floridahealth.gov/varicella

  The number of varicella cases reported in March 2025 decreased from the previous month and was below the previous 5-year average. […] Due to robust vaccination programs, there is no longer discernable seasonality for varicella cases in the United States. […] In March 2025, the varicella rate was highest among 1 year olds at 2.15 cases per 100,000 population. […] In March, 3 cases were household-associated and 0 cases were outbreak-associated. […] In March 2025, 53% of cases reported with varicella had not received the recommended number of varicella vaccinations for their age or had unknown vaccination status. […] Although individuals who have been vaccinated can still develop varicella, complete and timely vaccination remains the best way to prevent varicella and severe complications.

• #3 Varicella-Zoster Virus (Chickenpox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448191/

  VZV has a global distribution, with 98% of the adult population being seropositive. Varicella occurs in all countries and is responsible for about 7000 deaths annually. Most cases occur in winter and spring. In the United States, VZV accounts for more than 9000 hospitalizations annually; its highest prevalence is in the 4- to 10-year-old age group. […] Following the implementation of the varicella vaccine in 1995, the overall incidence of varicella has diminished by approximately 85%, demonstrating evidence of herd immunity. The age of peak incidence transitioned from 5 to 9 years to 10 to 14 years, of age and an increased occurrence of breakthrough varicella among vaccinated children in the later age group prompted the inclusion of a second varicella vaccine dose in the standard childhood immunization schedule in 2006.

• #4 Varicella-Zoster Virus (Chickenpox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448191/

  Varicella is typically symptomatic, and before the introduction of the varicella vaccine, this condition affected 90% of children in the United States by the age of 10. Herpes zoster signifies the reactivation of latent VZV infection, occurring in around 20% of healthy adults and 50% of immunocompromised individuals, with considerable morbidity and mortality in the latter group. Secondary cases in household contacts tend to have more severe disease than primary cases. In the tropics, varicella tends to occur in older people and may cause more serious disease. A case has been recently reported in a patient who is 81 years old.

• #5 Chickenpox: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1131785-overview

  Chickenpox, commonly known as varicella, is endemic globally. In temperate climates, it predominantly affects children, with the highest incidence observed among preschool and elementary school-aged populations; less than 5% of adults are susceptible. […] The implementation of the childhood varicella vaccination program in the United States in 1996 has led to substantial reductions in the incidence of this disease. […] Although varicella remains endemic, the risk for VZV exposure in the United States now is comparatively lower than in most other regions globally. […] Due to the worldwide prevalence of varicella, all travelers susceptible to the virus are at risk for infection during international travel. […] In the early 1990s, before the introduction of the chickenpox vaccination program, chickenpox was extremely prevalent in the United States.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-preventable-diseases-surveillance-standards-varicella

  Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes both varicella (chickenpox) by primary infection and herpes zoster (HZ or shingles) by endogenous reactivation from latency. VZV circulates worldwide. Acquisition of infection tends to be at a younger age in temperate countries ( 90% infected by adolescence in absence of vaccination programme), compared to an older distribution in tropical countries. Varicella shows a winter/spring or cool/dry month predominance, and can occur in large outbreaks every 25 years. VZV is highly contagious with secondary attack rates from varicella cases ranging from 61100%. The virus spreads person-to-person primarily by inhalation of aerosols from vesicular fluid of skin lesions, by direct contact with rash and possibly by infected respiratory tract secretions. Without vaccination, almost everyone in the population acquires wild-type varicella infection by adulthood.

• #7 Chickenpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox

  Primary varicella occurs in all countries worldwide. In 2015 chickenpox resulted in 6,400 deaths globally down from 8,900 in 1990. There were 7,000 deaths in 2013. Varicella is highly transmissible, with an infection rate of 90% in close contacts. […] In temperate countries, chickenpox is primarily a disease of children, with most cases occurring during the winter and spring, most likely due to school contact. In such countries it is one of the classic diseases of childhood, with most cases occurring in children up to age 15; most people become infected before adulthood, and 10% of young adults remain susceptible. […] In the United States, a temperate country, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) do not require state health departments to report infections of chickenpox, and only 31 states volunteered this information as of 2013. A 2013 study conducted by the social media disease surveillance tool called Sickweather used anecdotal reports of chickenpox infections on social media systems Facebook and Twitter to measure and rank states with the most infections per capita, with Maryland, Tennessee and Illinois in the top three. […] In the tropics, chickenpox often occurs in older people and may cause more serious disease.

• #8 Chickenpox: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1131785-overview

  Countries with tropical and semitropical climates have a higher incidence of adult chickenpox than do countries with a temperate climate (eg, United States, Europe). […] The basic reproduction number for varicella, estimated to be between 8 and 10, suggests that the current vaccination coverage in Japan is inadequate to control the spread of the disease, highlighting the need for increased vaccination efforts.

• #9 Varicella-Zoster Virus (Chickenpox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448191/

  Varicella is typically symptomatic, and before the introduction of the varicella vaccine, this condition affected 90% of children in the United States by the age of 10. Herpes zoster signifies the reactivation of latent VZV infection, occurring in around 20% of healthy adults and 50% of immunocompromised individuals, with considerable morbidity and mortality in the latter group. Secondary cases in household contacts tend to have more severe disease than primary cases. In the tropics, varicella tends to occur in older people and may cause more serious disease. A case has been recently reported in a patient who is 81 years old.

• #10

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40121-023-00899-7

  Varicella (chickenpox) is an infectious disease caused by the varicella zoster virus affecting children, adolescents, and adults. Varicella is prevalent globally and has a significant burden. The World Health Organization estimates the annual global burden of varicella to be approximately 140 million cases with 4.2 million severe complications requiring hospitalisation, and 4200 deaths. Varicella is highly contagious, with an incubation period of 14-16 days after exposure, and is transmitted through airborne droplets, as well as through direct contact with skin lesions. In the absence of a universal varicella vaccination (UVV) programme, most infections occur during childhood. However, some geographic variation in the age at which varicella occurs can be observed. Across Europe, varicella incidence is the highest among children less than 5 years of age and ranges from 70-52 to 17,974 per 100,000 population. In tropical regions, adults are observed to acquire the infection more frequently. […] Results suggest that different types of varicella-associated complications could be frequent, impacting quality of life, and healthcare resource utilisation and budgets. These findings are crucial to raise awareness of the health and economic burden of varicella disease.

• #11 Chickenpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox

  Primary varicella occurs in all countries worldwide. In 2015 chickenpox resulted in 6,400 deaths globally down from 8,900 in 1990. There were 7,000 deaths in 2013. Varicella is highly transmissible, with an infection rate of 90% in close contacts. […] In temperate countries, chickenpox is primarily a disease of children, with most cases occurring during the winter and spring, most likely due to school contact. In such countries it is one of the classic diseases of childhood, with most cases occurring in children up to age 15; most people become infected before adulthood, and 10% of young adults remain susceptible. […] In the United States, a temperate country, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) do not require state health departments to report infections of chickenpox, and only 31 states volunteered this information as of 2013. A 2013 study conducted by the social media disease surveillance tool called Sickweather used anecdotal reports of chickenpox infections on social media systems Facebook and Twitter to measure and rank states with the most infections per capita, with Maryland, Tennessee and Illinois in the top three. […] In the tropics, chickenpox often occurs in older people and may cause more serious disease.

• #12 Chickenpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox

  Primary varicella occurs in all countries worldwide. In 2015 chickenpox resulted in 6,400 deaths globally down from 8,900 in 1990. There were 7,000 deaths in 2013. Varicella is highly transmissible, with an infection rate of 90% in close contacts. […] In temperate countries, chickenpox is primarily a disease of children, with most cases occurring during the winter and spring, most likely due to school contact. In such countries it is one of the classic diseases of childhood, with most cases occurring in children up to age 15; most people become infected before adulthood, and 10% of young adults remain susceptible. […] In the United States, a temperate country, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) do not require state health departments to report infections of chickenpox, and only 31 states volunteered this information as of 2013. A 2013 study conducted by the social media disease surveillance tool called Sickweather used anecdotal reports of chickenpox infections on social media systems Facebook and Twitter to measure and rank states with the most infections per capita, with Maryland, Tennessee and Illinois in the top three. […] In the tropics, chickenpox often occurs in older people and may cause more serious disease.

• #13 Chickenpox

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/chickenpox.html

  Chickenpox, a highly contagious disease caused by a virus called varicella zoster, is one of the most commonly reported childhood diseases. […] Chickenpox is one of the most readily communicable diseases. […] The greatest number of cases occur in the winter and early spring. […] Approximately one in every 400 persons who get chickenpox requires hospitalization. […] There are about 90 deaths a year from chickenpox in the United States. […] In 1995, the federal Food and Drug Administration approved a vaccine to immunize children and other susceptible individuals against chickenpox. […] Vaccination is recommended for susceptible persons who will have close contact with persons at high risk for serious complications. […] Yes, effective July 1, 2002, the following children are required to show proof of immunity to varicella: […] If exposure occurs, can chickenpox be prevented? […] VZIG needs to be given as soon as possible but within 96 hours after exposure to chickenpox.

• #14 Chickenpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox

  Primary varicella occurs in all countries worldwide. In 2015 chickenpox resulted in 6,400 deaths globally down from 8,900 in 1990. There were 7,000 deaths in 2013. Varicella is highly transmissible, with an infection rate of 90% in close contacts. […] In temperate countries, chickenpox is primarily a disease of children, with most cases occurring during the winter and spring, most likely due to school contact. In such countries it is one of the classic diseases of childhood, with most cases occurring in children up to age 15; most people become infected before adulthood, and 10% of young adults remain susceptible. […] In the United States, a temperate country, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) do not require state health departments to report infections of chickenpox, and only 31 states volunteered this information as of 2013. A 2013 study conducted by the social media disease surveillance tool called Sickweather used anecdotal reports of chickenpox infections on social media systems Facebook and Twitter to measure and rank states with the most infections per capita, with Maryland, Tennessee and Illinois in the top three. […] In the tropics, chickenpox often occurs in older people and may cause more serious disease.

• #15

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-preventable-diseases-surveillance-standards-varicella

  Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes both varicella (chickenpox) by primary infection and herpes zoster (HZ or shingles) by endogenous reactivation from latency. VZV circulates worldwide. Acquisition of infection tends to be at a younger age in temperate countries ( 90% infected by adolescence in absence of vaccination programme), compared to an older distribution in tropical countries. Varicella shows a winter/spring or cool/dry month predominance, and can occur in large outbreaks every 25 years. VZV is highly contagious with secondary attack rates from varicella cases ranging from 61100%. The virus spreads person-to-person primarily by inhalation of aerosols from vesicular fluid of skin lesions, by direct contact with rash and possibly by infected respiratory tract secretions. Without vaccination, almost everyone in the population acquires wild-type varicella infection by adulthood.

• #16 Varicella (Chickenpox) in Florida | Florida Department of Health

  https://www.floridahealth.gov/varicella

  The number of varicella cases reported in March 2025 decreased from the previous month and was below the previous 5-year average. […] Due to robust vaccination programs, there is no longer discernable seasonality for varicella cases in the United States. […] In March 2025, the varicella rate was highest among 1 year olds at 2.15 cases per 100,000 population. […] In March, 3 cases were household-associated and 0 cases were outbreak-associated. […] In March 2025, 53% of cases reported with varicella had not received the recommended number of varicella vaccinations for their age or had unknown vaccination status. […] Although individuals who have been vaccinated can still develop varicella, complete and timely vaccination remains the best way to prevent varicella and severe complications.

• #17 Varicella (Chickenpox) in Florida | Florida Department of Health

  https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/vaccine-preventable-disease/varicella/index.html

  The number of varicella cases reported in March 2025 decreased from the previous month and was below the previous 5-year average. […] Due to robust vaccination programs, there is no longer discernable seasonality for varicella cases in the United States. […] In March 2025, 36 varicella cases were reported in 16 counties. […] In 2025, 131 varicella cases were reported. […] In March 2025, the varicella rate was highest among 1 year olds at 2.15 cases per 100,000 population. […] In March, 3 cases were household-associated and 0 cases were outbreak-associated. […] In March 2025, 53% of cases reported with varicella had not received the recommended number of varicella vaccinations for their age or had unknown vaccination status. […] Although individuals who have been vaccinated can still develop varicella, complete and timely vaccination remains the best way to prevent varicella and severe complications.

• #18

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-preventable-diseases-surveillance-standards-varicella

  Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes both varicella (chickenpox) by primary infection and herpes zoster (HZ or shingles) by endogenous reactivation from latency. VZV circulates worldwide. Acquisition of infection tends to be at a younger age in temperate countries ( 90% infected by adolescence in absence of vaccination programme), compared to an older distribution in tropical countries. Varicella shows a winter/spring or cool/dry month predominance, and can occur in large outbreaks every 25 years. VZV is highly contagious with secondary attack rates from varicella cases ranging from 61100%. The virus spreads person-to-person primarily by inhalation of aerosols from vesicular fluid of skin lesions, by direct contact with rash and possibly by infected respiratory tract secretions. Without vaccination, almost everyone in the population acquires wild-type varicella infection by adulthood.

• #19 Clinical features of varicella-zoster virus infection: Chickenpox – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-of-varicella-zoster-virus-infection-chickenpox

  Clinical features of varicella-zoster virus infection: Chickenpox […] Epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus infection: Chickenpox […] The rates of infection, hospitalizations, and mortality have all declined in the US since the introduction of the varicella vaccine in 1995; immunization is recommended in all children before the age of five years and in nonimmune adults. […] Chickenpox is highly contagious, with secondary household attack rates of >90 percent in susceptible individuals.

• #20

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-preventable-diseases-surveillance-standards-varicella

  Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes both varicella (chickenpox) by primary infection and herpes zoster (HZ or shingles) by endogenous reactivation from latency. VZV circulates worldwide. Acquisition of infection tends to be at a younger age in temperate countries ( 90% infected by adolescence in absence of vaccination programme), compared to an older distribution in tropical countries. Varicella shows a winter/spring or cool/dry month predominance, and can occur in large outbreaks every 25 years. VZV is highly contagious with secondary attack rates from varicella cases ranging from 61100%. The virus spreads person-to-person primarily by inhalation of aerosols from vesicular fluid of skin lesions, by direct contact with rash and possibly by infected respiratory tract secretions. Without vaccination, almost everyone in the population acquires wild-type varicella infection by adulthood.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-preventable-diseases-surveillance-standards-varicella

  Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes both varicella (chickenpox) by primary infection and herpes zoster (HZ or shingles) by endogenous reactivation from latency. VZV circulates worldwide. Acquisition of infection tends to be at a younger age in temperate countries ( 90% infected by adolescence in absence of vaccination programme), compared to an older distribution in tropical countries. Varicella shows a winter/spring or cool/dry month predominance, and can occur in large outbreaks every 25 years. VZV is highly contagious with secondary attack rates from varicella cases ranging from 61100%. The virus spreads person-to-person primarily by inhalation of aerosols from vesicular fluid of skin lesions, by direct contact with rash and possibly by infected respiratory tract secretions. Without vaccination, almost everyone in the population acquires wild-type varicella infection by adulthood.

• #22

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-preventable-diseases-surveillance-standards-varicella

  Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes both varicella (chickenpox) by primary infection and herpes zoster (HZ or shingles) by endogenous reactivation from latency. VZV circulates worldwide. Acquisition of infection tends to be at a younger age in temperate countries ( 90% infected by adolescence in absence of vaccination programme), compared to an older distribution in tropical countries. Varicella shows a winter/spring or cool/dry month predominance, and can occur in large outbreaks every 25 years. VZV is highly contagious with secondary attack rates from varicella cases ranging from 61100%. The virus spreads person-to-person primarily by inhalation of aerosols from vesicular fluid of skin lesions, by direct contact with rash and possibly by infected respiratory tract secretions. Without vaccination, almost everyone in the population acquires wild-type varicella infection by adulthood.

• #23 Varicella (Chickenpox) | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/chickenpox-varicella-zoster/

  Chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. […] Chickenpox spreads easily through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] A person with chickenpox can spread the disease from 1 to 2 days before the rash appears until all of their rash blisters have formed scabs (usually 5-7 days). […] Chickenpox is diagnosed by a combination of symptoms, physical signs, and laboratory tests. […] The best way to prevent chickenpox is to get vaccinated at the recommended age. […] All children should receive two doses of varicella vaccine. […] Varicella vaccine should be given to all adolescents and adults who do not meet any of the criteria for protection from chickenpox. […] Persons at increased risk for severe disease and complications are recommended to receive VariZIG (a blood product containing antibodies to the varicella virus), ideally within 4 days and up to 10 days of exposure.

• #24 Chickenpox (Varicella) | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Health-Readiness/Immunization-Healthcare/Vaccine-Preventable-Diseases/Chickenpox

  Chickenpox is a highly infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. An infected individual could potentially spread the illness to 90 percent of susceptible household contacts. […] The average incubation period for varicella is 14-16 days after exposure to rash. The period of contagiousness of infected persons is estimated to begin 1-2 days before the onset of rash and to end when all lesions are crusted, typically 4-7 days after onset of rash. […] Two live attenuated varicella virus vaccines are licensed in the United States: single-antigen varicella vaccine and combination Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella vaccine. Both vaccines are licensed for use among healthy persons ages 12 months and older. […] Routine vaccination using a two-dose series is recommended. Children should receive their first dose of varicella-containing vaccine at age 12-15 months, and a second dose between ages 4 and 6 years.

• #25 Epidemiology of hospitalisations due to chickenpox and quality of life lost in community and hospital settings: protocol for a prospective cohort study across two countries | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/3/e068611

  Varicella zoster (VZ) or chickenpox is a ubiquitous disease of childhood. Almost all children will catch it during the first 5 years of life. It is spread through respiratory secretions or contact with vesicle fluid. After exposure, the disease has a long asymptomatic incubation period of 10-21 days. Children first become infectious during a 2-day generalized coryzal period before the development of the characteristic exanthema. This usually lasts for around 5 days before all spots are crusted and the child is no longer infectious. Most children will have a mild course with the only inconvenience being an unpleasant itchy rash and time excluded from childcare. However, some will go on to develop secondary complications, the most common being a bacterial infection of the lesions but with other serious complications such as stroke, encephalitis or pneumonitis occurring more rarely. The relative proportions of children with these complications are poorly understood in the UK and in Portugal and will not be adequately captured by current routine surveillance.

• #26 Chickenpox Reporting and Surveillance | Chickenpox (Varicella) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/php/conducting-surveillance/index.html

  Learn why varicella (chickenpox) surveillance data are needed, the definitions for varicella clinical cases, how to classify cases as probable or confirmed, and how to report varicella deaths. […] Document and monitor the impact of the varicella vaccination program on varicella morbidity and mortality. […] Describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of varicella cases during the varicella vaccination program. […] Evaluate the effectiveness of chickenpox prevention strategies. […] Evaluate chickenpox vaccine effectiveness under conditions of routine use. […] In 2002, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) recommended that states establish case-based surveillance for varicella by 2005. […] As of 2020, 39 states have been conducting case-based varicella surveillance.

• #27 Chickenpox Reporting and Surveillance | Chickenpox (Varicella) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/php/conducting-surveillance/index.html

  Learn why varicella (chickenpox) surveillance data are needed, the definitions for varicella clinical cases, how to classify cases as probable or confirmed, and how to report varicella deaths. […] Document and monitor the impact of the varicella vaccination program on varicella morbidity and mortality. […] Describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of varicella cases during the varicella vaccination program. […] Evaluate the effectiveness of chickenpox prevention strategies. […] Evaluate chickenpox vaccine effectiveness under conditions of routine use. […] In 2002, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) recommended that states establish case-based surveillance for varicella by 2005. […] As of 2020, 39 states have been conducting case-based varicella surveillance.

• #28 Chickenpox Reporting and Surveillance | Chickenpox (Varicella) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/php/conducting-surveillance/index.html

  Learn why varicella (chickenpox) surveillance data are needed, the definitions for varicella clinical cases, how to classify cases as probable or confirmed, and how to report varicella deaths. […] Document and monitor the impact of the varicella vaccination program on varicella morbidity and mortality. […] Describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of varicella cases during the varicella vaccination program. […] Evaluate the effectiveness of chickenpox prevention strategies. […] Evaluate chickenpox vaccine effectiveness under conditions of routine use. […] In 2002, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) recommended that states establish case-based surveillance for varicella by 2005. […] As of 2020, 39 states have been conducting case-based varicella surveillance.

• #29 Chickenpox Reporting and Surveillance | Chickenpox (Varicella) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/php/conducting-surveillance/index.html

  The following case definitions were approved by CSTE for varicella cases in June 2023 and for varicella deaths in 1998. […] In 1998, CSTE recommended that varicella-related deaths be placed under national surveillance. […] As of January 1, 1999, varicella-related deaths became nationally notifiable to CDC. […] Since varicella is vaccine preventable, all deaths due to varicella should be investigated.

• #30 Varicella (Chickenpox) – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/vaccinepreventable/varicellachickenpox/

  Chickenpox hospitalised cases only are notifiable. […] Varicella (chickenpox) is an acute infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus. […] Adults and children with immunocompromising conditions are more likely to have severe disease and more complications.

• #31 Surveillance Reports – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/vaccinepreventable/varicellachickenpox/surveillancereports/

  Chickenpox-hospitalised cases in Ireland Annual Reports […] Chickenpox-hospitalised cases in Ireland, 2018 […] Chickenpox-hospitalised cases in Ireland, 2017 […] Chickenpox-hospitalised cases, 2016 […] Chickenpox-hospitalised cases, 2015 […] Chickenpox-hospitalised cases, 2014 […] Chickenpox-hospitalised cases, 2013 […] Chickenpox-hospitalised cases, 2012 […] Surveillance Reports

• #32 Chickenpox | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/chickenpox

  Chickenpox is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS).

• #33 Chickenpox (varicella) – symptoms, treatment, vaccine | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chickenpox

  Chickenpox is a very contagious infection caused by the varicella zoster virus. […] Chickenpox is a notifiable disease in most states and territories in Australia. This means that your doctor must report cases of chickenpox to the local public health authority. […] Chickenpox can be more dangerous for some groups of people, including pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, such as patients receiving chemotherapy, and babies. […] Vaccination is the best way to protect yourself against chickenpox. […] The best way to prevent chickenpox is through vaccination. […] Most vaccinated people will not get chickenpox. If you do get infected you will generally have a milder form of chickenpox and a quicker recovery.

• #34 Epidemiology of hospitalisations due to chickenpox and quality of life lost in community and hospital settings: protocol for a prospective cohort study across two countries | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/3/e068611

  As chickenpox is not a notifiable disease, most of the knowledge of the epidemiology in the UK comes from routinely collected data on cases reported, available from the Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre by sentinel general practitioner (GP) practices in England and Wales. Admissions directly attributed to varicella may be identified through Hospital Episode Statistics. These routinely collected data sets are likely to capture cases of moderate varicella accurately (the mildest cases will not seek any medical advice) but for secondary cases of, for example, cellulitis or childhood stroke the causal link with varicella may not be made clinically and thus recorded or coded. The best data on complication rates in the UK are from a 2002 British Paediatric Surveillance Unit surveillance study. However, this used very restrictive criteria for inclusion of severe cases, so only identified a case incidence of 0.82/100 000 person-years. In comparison, a prospective surveillance study from Belgium found 29.5/100 000 person-years of which 19/100 000 were complicated.

• #35 Varicella (Chickenpox) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization/vaccine-preventable-diseases/varicella-chickenpox.html

  A review of data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information for 1994 to 2000 showed that over 1,550 varicella hospitalizations occur annually for all age groups. […] Since the public funded vaccine programs began in 2004 in Canada, the annual hospitalizations of varicella dropped from 288 (1999 to 2004) to 114 (2005-2009). […] In Canada, limited surveillance information on varicella is available through Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (CNDSS) and Immunization Monitoring Program, ACTive (IMPACT).

• #36 Varicella (Chickenpox) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization/vaccine-preventable-diseases/varicella-chickenpox.html

  Varicella is very common worldwide and in densely populated metropolitan communities. […] In the pre-vaccine era, most cases of varicella occurred in children, with 50% of children becoming infected by the age of 5 years and 90% by the age of 12 years. […] With the implementation of universal childhood immunization programs, a greater number of cases are occurring in adolescents and adults, although the overall incidence in this age group has been greatly reduced. […] In the pre-vaccine era, approximately 350,000 varicella cases were estimated to occur each year in Canada. […] However, assessing the effect of varicella immunization programs on the incidence of varicella is difficult because varicella infections are significantly under-reported, less than 10% of the expected cases being reported through the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (CNDSS) annually.

• #37 Varicella (Chickenpox) | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/chickenpox-varicella-zoster/

  Chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. […] Chickenpox spreads easily through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] A person with chickenpox can spread the disease from 1 to 2 days before the rash appears until all of their rash blisters have formed scabs (usually 5-7 days). […] Chickenpox is diagnosed by a combination of symptoms, physical signs, and laboratory tests. […] The best way to prevent chickenpox is to get vaccinated at the recommended age. […] All children should receive two doses of varicella vaccine. […] Varicella vaccine should be given to all adolescents and adults who do not meet any of the criteria for protection from chickenpox. […] Persons at increased risk for severe disease and complications are recommended to receive VariZIG (a blood product containing antibodies to the varicella virus), ideally within 4 days and up to 10 days of exposure.

• #38 Epidemiology of chickenpox | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/epidemiology-of-chickenpox-251193587/251193587

  Laboratory diagnosis 1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 2. Isolation of virus in cell culture from vesicular fluid, crusts, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid or other specimens. 3. Direct immunofluorescence assay. […] Control 1. Notification 2. Isolation of cases for about 6 days after onset of rash 3. Disinfection of articles soiled by nose and throat discharges 4. Antiviral compounds – acyclovir, valaciclovir, famiciclovir and foscarnet. […] Prevention 1. Varicella-Zoster Immunoglobulin (VZIG) Within 72 hours of exposure For exposed susceptible individuals particularly in immunosuppressed persons 2. Live attenuated varicella virus vaccine between 12-18 months Ex. Monovalent vaccine Combination vaccines (MMRV) – 9 months to 12 years.

• #39 Epidemiology of chickenpox | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/epidemiology-of-chickenpox-251193587/251193587

  Laboratory diagnosis 1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 2. Isolation of virus in cell culture from vesicular fluid, crusts, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid or other specimens. 3. Direct immunofluorescence assay. […] Control 1. Notification 2. Isolation of cases for about 6 days after onset of rash 3. Disinfection of articles soiled by nose and throat discharges 4. Antiviral compounds – acyclovir, valaciclovir, famiciclovir and foscarnet. […] Prevention 1. Varicella-Zoster Immunoglobulin (VZIG) Within 72 hours of exposure For exposed susceptible individuals particularly in immunosuppressed persons 2. Live attenuated varicella virus vaccine between 12-18 months Ex. Monovalent vaccine Combination vaccines (MMRV) – 9 months to 12 years.

• #40 Epidemiology of chickenpox | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/epidemiology-of-chickenpox-251193587/251193587

  Laboratory diagnosis 1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 2. Isolation of virus in cell culture from vesicular fluid, crusts, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid or other specimens. 3. Direct immunofluorescence assay. […] Control 1. Notification 2. Isolation of cases for about 6 days after onset of rash 3. Disinfection of articles soiled by nose and throat discharges 4. Antiviral compounds – acyclovir, valaciclovir, famiciclovir and foscarnet. […] Prevention 1. Varicella-Zoster Immunoglobulin (VZIG) Within 72 hours of exposure For exposed susceptible individuals particularly in immunosuppressed persons 2. Live attenuated varicella virus vaccine between 12-18 months Ex. Monovalent vaccine Combination vaccines (MMRV) – 9 months to 12 years.

• #41

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/chickenpox-public-health-management-and-guidance

  Chickenpox is a notifiable disease in England. Data on cases reported is available from the Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre by sentinel GP practices in England. […] Laboratory confirmation of cases of chickenpox is rarely sought as the diagnosis can, in general, be reliably made on clinical grounds. Therefore no laboratory data is available on this website.

• #42 Varicella (chickenpox) vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-24-varicella-chickenpox-vaccine.html

  Varicella (chickenpox) is a generalized viral disease caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV), a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA virus) of the Herpesvirus family. […] The attack rate among susceptible contacts in household settings is estimated at 65% to 87%. […] The number of varicella disease cases increases during the school year and decreases sharply during summer vacation. […] In countries without vaccination programs, varicella is mainly a disease of childhood, developing in 50% of children by the age of 5 years and 90% by the age of 12 years. […] Since the introduction of immunization programs in Canada, there has been a decrease in the burden of varicella. […] As wild type varicella disease decreases with vaccination, laboratory confirmation of suspected varicella cases will become more and more important. […] Moreover, enhanced surveillance for varicella cases is necessary to ensure that the current immunization programs do not transfer the burden of illness into older age groups (for example, young adults of reproductive age) who are at risk of more severe disease.

• #43 Epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus infection: Chickenpox – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-varicella-zoster-virus-infection-chickenpox

  Epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus infection: Chickenpox […] The epidemiology of varicella has changed dramatically since the introduction of the varicella vaccine in 1995. In the United States, routine childhood immunization has reduced disease incidence, complications, hospital admissions, and deaths in children and in the general population, indicating strong herd immunity. […] Prior to 1995 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated the yearly incidence of chickenpox in the United States at approximately four million cases, with nearly 11,000 admissions and 100 deaths.

• #44 Chickenpox Now Rare In U.S. Due To Routine Vaccination

  https://www.idsociety.org/news–publications-new/articles/2022/chickenpox-now-rare-in-u.s.-due-to-routine-vaccination

  The United States was the first country to start universally vaccinating children against varicella (chickenpox) in 1995. […] Vaccination decreased cases of the disease in the United States by 97% and hospitalizations and deaths among individuals under 20 by 97% and 99%, respectively. […] Chickenpox cases have decreased 97% since the United States began vaccinating all children against the disease in 1995, according to research presented at IDWeek. […] Researchers estimate the chickenpox vaccine now prevents more than 3.8 million cases, 10,500 hospitalizations and 100 deaths in the United States each year, indicating the tremendous success of the vaccine campaign. […] As more children were vaccinated, chickenpox transmission decreased significantly in the general population (97%). […] Researchers urge clinicians to remain vigilant and for continued support for the U.S. vaccination program.

• #45 Chickenpox Now Rare In U.S. Due To Routine Vaccination

  https://www.idsociety.org/news–publications-new/articles/2022/chickenpox-now-rare-in-u.s.-due-to-routine-vaccination

  The United States was the first country to start universally vaccinating children against varicella (chickenpox) in 1995. […] Vaccination decreased cases of the disease in the United States by 97% and hospitalizations and deaths among individuals under 20 by 97% and 99%, respectively. […] Chickenpox cases have decreased 97% since the United States began vaccinating all children against the disease in 1995, according to research presented at IDWeek. […] Researchers estimate the chickenpox vaccine now prevents more than 3.8 million cases, 10,500 hospitalizations and 100 deaths in the United States each year, indicating the tremendous success of the vaccine campaign. […] As more children were vaccinated, chickenpox transmission decreased significantly in the general population (97%). […] Researchers urge clinicians to remain vigilant and for continued support for the U.S. vaccination program.

• #46 Chickenpox Now Rare In U.S. Due To Routine Vaccination

  https://www.idsociety.org/news–publications-new/articles/2022/chickenpox-now-rare-in-u.s.-due-to-routine-vaccination

  The United States was the first country to start universally vaccinating children against varicella (chickenpox) in 1995. […] Vaccination decreased cases of the disease in the United States by 97% and hospitalizations and deaths among individuals under 20 by 97% and 99%, respectively. […] Chickenpox cases have decreased 97% since the United States began vaccinating all children against the disease in 1995, according to research presented at IDWeek. […] Researchers estimate the chickenpox vaccine now prevents more than 3.8 million cases, 10,500 hospitalizations and 100 deaths in the United States each year, indicating the tremendous success of the vaccine campaign. […] As more children were vaccinated, chickenpox transmission decreased significantly in the general population (97%). […] Researchers urge clinicians to remain vigilant and for continued support for the U.S. vaccination program.

• #47 Chickenpox Now Rare In U.S. Due To Routine Vaccination

  https://www.idsociety.org/news–publications-new/articles/2022/chickenpox-now-rare-in-u.s.-due-to-routine-vaccination

  The United States was the first country to start universally vaccinating children against varicella (chickenpox) in 1995. […] Vaccination decreased cases of the disease in the United States by 97% and hospitalizations and deaths among individuals under 20 by 97% and 99%, respectively. […] Chickenpox cases have decreased 97% since the United States began vaccinating all children against the disease in 1995, according to research presented at IDWeek. […] Researchers estimate the chickenpox vaccine now prevents more than 3.8 million cases, 10,500 hospitalizations and 100 deaths in the United States each year, indicating the tremendous success of the vaccine campaign. […] As more children were vaccinated, chickenpox transmission decreased significantly in the general population (97%). […] Researchers urge clinicians to remain vigilant and for continued support for the U.S. vaccination program.

• #48 Epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus infection: Chickenpox – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-varicella-zoster-virus-infection-chickenpox

  Epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus infection: Chickenpox […] The epidemiology of varicella has changed dramatically since the introduction of the varicella vaccine in 1995. In the United States, routine childhood immunization has reduced disease incidence, complications, hospital admissions, and deaths in children and in the general population, indicating strong herd immunity. […] Prior to 1995 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated the yearly incidence of chickenpox in the United States at approximately four million cases, with nearly 11,000 admissions and 100 deaths.

• #49 Pediatric Chickenpox: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969773-overview

  Currently, fewer than 10 deaths occur per year, most of them in unimmunized people. […] Although vaccination coverage has exceeded 80% over the past few years, outbreaks of breakthrough varicella still occur in schools and daycare centers. […] Children with varicella expose adult contacts in households, schools, and daycare centers to the risk of severe, even fatal, disease. […] Household transmission rates are 80-90%. […] Second cases within the household are often more severe. […] School or daycare center contact is associated with lower but still significant transmission rates. […] The epidemiology of varicella differs between countries with temperate climates and those with tropical climates. […] In most countries with temperate climates, more than 90% of persons are infected by adolescence but in countries with tropical climates, a higher proportion of infections are acquired at older ages, which results in higher susceptibility among adults.

• #50 Varicella (Chickenpox) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization/vaccine-preventable-diseases/varicella-chickenpox.html

  A review of data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information for 1994 to 2000 showed that over 1,550 varicella hospitalizations occur annually for all age groups. […] Since the public funded vaccine programs began in 2004 in Canada, the annual hospitalizations of varicella dropped from 288 (1999 to 2004) to 114 (2005-2009). […] In Canada, limited surveillance information on varicella is available through Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (CNDSS) and Immunization Monitoring Program, ACTive (IMPACT).

• #51 Varicella-Zoster Virus (Chickenpox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448191/

  VZV has a global distribution, with 98% of the adult population being seropositive. Varicella occurs in all countries and is responsible for about 7000 deaths annually. Most cases occur in winter and spring. In the United States, VZV accounts for more than 9000 hospitalizations annually; its highest prevalence is in the 4- to 10-year-old age group. […] Following the implementation of the varicella vaccine in 1995, the overall incidence of varicella has diminished by approximately 85%, demonstrating evidence of herd immunity. The age of peak incidence transitioned from 5 to 9 years to 10 to 14 years, of age and an increased occurrence of breakthrough varicella among vaccinated children in the later age group prompted the inclusion of a second varicella vaccine dose in the standard childhood immunization schedule in 2006.

• #52 Varicella-Zoster Virus (Chickenpox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448191/

  VZV has a global distribution, with 98% of the adult population being seropositive. Varicella occurs in all countries and is responsible for about 7000 deaths annually. Most cases occur in winter and spring. In the United States, VZV accounts for more than 9000 hospitalizations annually; its highest prevalence is in the 4- to 10-year-old age group. […] Following the implementation of the varicella vaccine in 1995, the overall incidence of varicella has diminished by approximately 85%, demonstrating evidence of herd immunity. The age of peak incidence transitioned from 5 to 9 years to 10 to 14 years, of age and an increased occurrence of breakthrough varicella among vaccinated children in the later age group prompted the inclusion of a second varicella vaccine dose in the standard childhood immunization schedule in 2006.

• #53 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Epidemiological Characteristics of Varicella in Anhui Province, China, 2012-2021: Surveillance Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e50673

  From 2012 to 2021, there were 276,115 cases of varicella and 4 deaths in Anhui, and the average annual incidence was 44.8 per 100,000. […] The reported incidence of varicella in Anhui increased by approximately 20% annually from 2012 to 2019, with a 10-year average incidence of 44.8 per 100,000, which is largely consistent with the rising trend in other regions of China. […] The incidence peaked in 2019 at 81.2 per 100,000 people, which is higher than the national average but is lower than the averages for Guizhou, Hangzhou, and Dalian for the same period. […] The higher incidence of varicella in Anhui may be related to the increased sensitivity of infectious disease surveillance in recent years but also may be related to the insufficient coverage of vaccination. […] The spatial and temporal distributions of varicella were not random in Anhui.

• #54 The epidemiology of varicella and effectiveness of varicella vaccine in Ganyu, China: a long-term community surveillance study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-16304-4

  The real-world data of long-term protection under moderate vaccination coverage is limited. This study aimed to evaluate varicella epidemiology and the long-term effectiveness under moderate coverage levels in Ganyu District, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province. […] Varicella cases reported from 2009 to 2020 were included to describe the epidemiology of varicella, and eleven-year consecutive birth cohorts (20082018) were included to estimate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of varicella by Cox regression analysis. […] The vaccination coverage was moderate with 37.1%, correspondingly, the annual incidence of varicella infection increased 4.4-fold from 2009 to 2020. […] A shift of the varicella cases to older age groups was observed, with the peak proportion of cases shifting from 56 year-old to 78 year-old.

• #55 The epidemiology of varicella and effectiveness of varicella vaccine in Ganyu, China: a long-term community surveillance study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-16304-4

  The findings suggest that the CDC in Jiangsu province should make great effort to ensure reaching one-dose vaccine coverage over 80%, and implement two-dose catch-up vaccination for children as soon as possible. […] The adjusted VE decreased from 72.9% to 41.8% in the one-dose group after 12 years. […] The effectiveness of one dose of varicella vaccine was moderate and waned over time.

• #56 Varicella Information for Schools and Child Care – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/varicella/school/index.html

  Schools and child cares are to report all suspected and confirmed cases of chickenpox at their facility, even if they have not been diagnosed by a healthcare provider. […] If the beginning of an outbreak of chickenpox is suspected, call MDH at 651-201-5414 or 1-877-676-5414. […] Chickenpox occurring in vaccinated persons (called „breakthrough infection”) is usually mild but is still considered infectious. […] An outbreak of chickenpox is defined as: Three or more cases within a two-month period in persons of any age and setting. […] Call MDH to report the beginning of an outbreak at 651-201-5414 or 1-877-676-5414. […] Monitor for additional cases and report each case to MDH. […] Identify and notify immunocompromised and pregnant people because they are at high risk for complications.

• #57 Varicella Information for Schools and Child Care – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/varicella/school/index.html

  Schools and child cares are to report all suspected and confirmed cases of chickenpox at their facility, even if they have not been diagnosed by a healthcare provider. […] If the beginning of an outbreak of chickenpox is suspected, call MDH at 651-201-5414 or 1-877-676-5414. […] Chickenpox occurring in vaccinated persons (called „breakthrough infection”) is usually mild but is still considered infectious. […] An outbreak of chickenpox is defined as: Three or more cases within a two-month period in persons of any age and setting. […] Call MDH to report the beginning of an outbreak at 651-201-5414 or 1-877-676-5414. […] Monitor for additional cases and report each case to MDH. […] Identify and notify immunocompromised and pregnant people because they are at high risk for complications.

• #58 Chickenpox for HCP | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/chickenpox-hcp

  All individual cases of chickenpox should be reported to the Georgia Department of Public Health. In response to a chickenpox report, case investigators collect information to learn more about who gets chickenpox in Georgia and to provide individualized public health recommendations. […] Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a very contagious rash illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). […] Chickenpox spreads by touching someone with the rash or through the air. […] Complications of can include secondary bacterial skin infections, pneumonia, infection spreading to the nervous system (ex: encephalitis), and bleeding complications. […] Getting vaccinated is the best way to prevent chickenpox. […] The following resources might be helpful references during a chickenpox case or outbreak investigation.

• #59 Varicella Information for Schools and Child Care – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/varicella/school/index.html

  Schools and child cares are to report all suspected and confirmed cases of chickenpox at their facility, even if they have not been diagnosed by a healthcare provider. […] If the beginning of an outbreak of chickenpox is suspected, call MDH at 651-201-5414 or 1-877-676-5414. […] Chickenpox occurring in vaccinated persons (called „breakthrough infection”) is usually mild but is still considered infectious. […] An outbreak of chickenpox is defined as: Three or more cases within a two-month period in persons of any age and setting. […] Call MDH to report the beginning of an outbreak at 651-201-5414 or 1-877-676-5414. […] Monitor for additional cases and report each case to MDH. […] Identify and notify immunocompromised and pregnant people because they are at high risk for complications.

• #60 Epidemiology of hospitalisations due to chickenpox and quality of life lost in community and hospital settings: protocol for a prospective cohort study across two countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10069595/

  Safe and effective vaccines exist against varicella. […] The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation plan to review the evidence for the introduction of varicella vaccination in the UK and have highlighted the QALYs of children with varicella was an area in particular as of need for further research and data. […] Determine incidence and severity of community VZ within a UK and Portuguese cohort. […] Describe the frequency of secondary complications. […] This is a prospective observational cohort study in community settings and hospitals with no active interventions. […] The primary outcome of the study is to calculate the loss of QALYs and financial cost attributable to the families of children with acute chickenpox infection. […] We will collect data on disease severity using a previously validated assessment of symptoms tool.

• #61 Epidemiology of hospitalisations due to chickenpox and quality of life lost in community and hospital settings: protocol for a prospective cohort study across two countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10069595/

  As part of routine surveillance and our usual infection control procedures, parents of all inpatients will be asked about chickenpox or exposure within the last 21 days. […] Study teams will carry out daily review of the hospital census to prospectively identify potential patients with chickenpox or a secondary complication. […] The study is planned to recruit for up to 12 months and end of study will be the date of last diary entry of the last participant (up to 6 months after the last participant discharged from hospital).

• #62 Chickenpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox

  Primary varicella occurs in all countries worldwide. In 2015 chickenpox resulted in 6,400 deaths globally down from 8,900 in 1990. There were 7,000 deaths in 2013. Varicella is highly transmissible, with an infection rate of 90% in close contacts. […] In temperate countries, chickenpox is primarily a disease of children, with most cases occurring during the winter and spring, most likely due to school contact. In such countries it is one of the classic diseases of childhood, with most cases occurring in children up to age 15; most people become infected before adulthood, and 10% of young adults remain susceptible. […] In the United States, a temperate country, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) do not require state health departments to report infections of chickenpox, and only 31 states volunteered this information as of 2013. A 2013 study conducted by the social media disease surveillance tool called Sickweather used anecdotal reports of chickenpox infections on social media systems Facebook and Twitter to measure and rank states with the most infections per capita, with Maryland, Tennessee and Illinois in the top three. […] In the tropics, chickenpox often occurs in older people and may cause more serious disease.

• #63 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Using Baidu Index Data to Improve Chickenpox Surveillance in Yunnan, China: Infodemiology Study

  https://www.jmir.org/2023/1/e44186/

  The analysis showed that there was a close correlation between the weekly number of newly diagnosed cases and the BDI. […] These findings indicated that the BDI in Yunnan Province can predict the incidence of chickenpox in the same period. Thus, the BDI is a useful tool for monitoring the chickenpox epidemic and for complementing traditional monitoring systems. […] The current chickenpox surveillance system in China is flawed and incomplete. The flawed surveillance system and the lack of public information on chickenpox outbreaks have led to a weak response to chickenpox outbreaks in China. […] Therefore, the possibility of using internet data for the surveillance of various diseases is being increasingly explored as an aid to improve disease prevention and control. […] Our findings confirm that Baidu can be used for disease monitoring, providing an opportunity to better leverage internet data to predict disease occurrence and its spread. […] Thus, it is feasible to use the BDI for chickenpox epidemic surveillance.

• #64 Pediatric Chickenpox: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969773-overview

  Currently, fewer than 10 deaths occur per year, most of them in unimmunized people. […] Although vaccination coverage has exceeded 80% over the past few years, outbreaks of breakthrough varicella still occur in schools and daycare centers. […] Children with varicella expose adult contacts in households, schools, and daycare centers to the risk of severe, even fatal, disease. […] Household transmission rates are 80-90%. […] Second cases within the household are often more severe. […] School or daycare center contact is associated with lower but still significant transmission rates. […] The epidemiology of varicella differs between countries with temperate climates and those with tropical climates. […] In most countries with temperate climates, more than 90% of persons are infected by adolescence but in countries with tropical climates, a higher proportion of infections are acquired at older ages, which results in higher susceptibility among adults.

• #65 Pediatric Chickenpox: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969773-overview

  Currently, fewer than 10 deaths occur per year, most of them in unimmunized people. […] Although vaccination coverage has exceeded 80% over the past few years, outbreaks of breakthrough varicella still occur in schools and daycare centers. […] Children with varicella expose adult contacts in households, schools, and daycare centers to the risk of severe, even fatal, disease. […] Household transmission rates are 80-90%. […] Second cases within the household are often more severe. […] School or daycare center contact is associated with lower but still significant transmission rates. […] The epidemiology of varicella differs between countries with temperate climates and those with tropical climates. […] In most countries with temperate climates, more than 90% of persons are infected by adolescence but in countries with tropical climates, a higher proportion of infections are acquired at older ages, which results in higher susceptibility among adults.

• #66 Chickenpox and shingles (varicella / herpes zoster)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/chickenpox-and-shingles-varicella-herpes-zoster

  Chickenpox and shingles must be notified by medical practitioners and pathology services in writing within 5 days of diagnosis. […] Varicella is a routine notifiable condition and must be notified by medical practitioners and pathology services in writing within 5 days of diagnosis. […] Chickenpox is highly infectious, shingles much less so. More than 80 per cent of non-immune household contacts of a case of chickenpox will become infected. […] Chickenpox is a highly contagious but generally mild disease and is endemic in the population. It becomes epidemic among susceptible individuals mainly during winter and early spring. More than 90 per cent of cases are children under 15 years of age. […] Herpes zoster (shingles) occurs due to the reactivation of latent virus from the dorsal root ganglia. About 1 in 3 people will get shingles in their lifetime. Shingles usually affects older people, and the risk of complications increases with age, particularly for: those over the age of 65, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 50 and over and some people with weakened immune systems. […] Timely vaccination of susceptible contacts is indicated to contain an outbreak.

• #67

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-preventable-diseases-surveillance-standards-varicella

  Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes both varicella (chickenpox) by primary infection and herpes zoster (HZ or shingles) by endogenous reactivation from latency. VZV circulates worldwide. Acquisition of infection tends to be at a younger age in temperate countries ( 90% infected by adolescence in absence of vaccination programme), compared to an older distribution in tropical countries. Varicella shows a winter/spring or cool/dry month predominance, and can occur in large outbreaks every 25 years. VZV is highly contagious with secondary attack rates from varicella cases ranging from 61100%. The virus spreads person-to-person primarily by inhalation of aerosols from vesicular fluid of skin lesions, by direct contact with rash and possibly by infected respiratory tract secretions. Without vaccination, almost everyone in the population acquires wild-type varicella infection by adulthood.

• #68 Chickenpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox

  Primary varicella occurs in all countries worldwide. In 2015 chickenpox resulted in 6,400 deaths globally down from 8,900 in 1990. There were 7,000 deaths in 2013. Varicella is highly transmissible, with an infection rate of 90% in close contacts. […] In temperate countries, chickenpox is primarily a disease of children, with most cases occurring during the winter and spring, most likely due to school contact. In such countries it is one of the classic diseases of childhood, with most cases occurring in children up to age 15; most people become infected before adulthood, and 10% of young adults remain susceptible. […] In the United States, a temperate country, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) do not require state health departments to report infections of chickenpox, and only 31 states volunteered this information as of 2013. A 2013 study conducted by the social media disease surveillance tool called Sickweather used anecdotal reports of chickenpox infections on social media systems Facebook and Twitter to measure and rank states with the most infections per capita, with Maryland, Tennessee and Illinois in the top three. […] In the tropics, chickenpox often occurs in older people and may cause more serious disease.

• #69

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40121-023-00899-7

  Varicella (chickenpox) is an infectious disease caused by the varicella zoster virus affecting children, adolescents, and adults. Varicella is prevalent globally and has a significant burden. The World Health Organization estimates the annual global burden of varicella to be approximately 140 million cases with 4.2 million severe complications requiring hospitalisation, and 4200 deaths. Varicella is highly contagious, with an incubation period of 14-16 days after exposure, and is transmitted through airborne droplets, as well as through direct contact with skin lesions. In the absence of a universal varicella vaccination (UVV) programme, most infections occur during childhood. However, some geographic variation in the age at which varicella occurs can be observed. Across Europe, varicella incidence is the highest among children less than 5 years of age and ranges from 70-52 to 17,974 per 100,000 population. In tropical regions, adults are observed to acquire the infection more frequently. […] Results suggest that different types of varicella-associated complications could be frequent, impacting quality of life, and healthcare resource utilisation and budgets. These findings are crucial to raise awareness of the health and economic burden of varicella disease.

• #70

  https://journals.lww.com/ijpm/fulltext/2011/54040/epidemiologic_lessons__chickenpox_outbreak.20.aspx

  Primary infection with Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) leads to Varicella or chickenpox. The epidemiology of Varicella has changed dramatically since the introduction of the Varicella vaccine in 1995. […] However, chickenpox outbreaks are common in naive unvaccinated communities in India. […] The present study highlights the epidemiological factors contributing to an outbreak of chickenpox. […] The outbreak could have been timely prevented if the health care worker had diagnosed the disease when the tutor presented for clinical examination. […] Vaccination against chicken pox is not recommended in the Indian Universal Immunization Programme. […] In the current setting, the screening and vaccination of Varicella IgG-negative individuals, once a primary case was identified, would have helped to curtail the outbreak.

• #71

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/chickenpox-varicella/

  Chickenpox is an illness caused by the Varicella Zoster virus. […] Now it is much less common in the United States due to widespread vaccination. […] Chickenpox is easily transmissible from person to person. […] About 90% of non-immune household contacts of someone infected with chickenpox will contract the disease. […] Not all states report chickenpox cases to the CDC, so it is difficult to know how many cases occur annually in the United States. […] However, before the vaccine was introduced, it was generally thought that roughly 4 million individuals were infected. […] Studies of the effects of two-dose vaccination in select areas have found that incidence has fallen about 90% from the pre-vaccine era.

• #72

  https://journals.lww.com/ijpm/fulltext/2011/54040/epidemiologic_lessons__chickenpox_outbreak.20.aspx

  Primary infection with Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) leads to Varicella or chickenpox. The epidemiology of Varicella has changed dramatically since the introduction of the Varicella vaccine in 1995. […] However, chickenpox outbreaks are common in naive unvaccinated communities in India. […] The present study highlights the epidemiological factors contributing to an outbreak of chickenpox. […] The outbreak could have been timely prevented if the health care worker had diagnosed the disease when the tutor presented for clinical examination. […] Vaccination against chicken pox is not recommended in the Indian Universal Immunization Programme. […] In the current setting, the screening and vaccination of Varicella IgG-negative individuals, once a primary case was identified, would have helped to curtail the outbreak.

• #73 Seasonal and epidemiological profile of chickenpox cases in Kazakhstan

  https://www.clinmedkaz.org/article/seasonal-and-epidemiological-profile-of-chickenpox-cases-in-kazakhstan-12919

  According to the National infectious disease monitoring report, there is a fluctuating pattern of incidence of chickenpox in the country, but there are no studies reporting the epidemiological situation in Kazakhstan. […] We aimed to analyze the incidence and seasonality of chickenpox in the absence of universal varicella vaccination in Kazakhstan. […] The highest incidence rate for the studied period was registered in 2014 363.96 and the lowest was in 2020 95.8 per 100,000 population. […] Overall, 17,520 cases of chickenpox were recorded with an incidence rate of 95.8 per 100,000 population in the country in 2020 (against 41,841 cases, with an indicator of 228.9 in 2019). […] Similar to previous years, there was an autumn-winter spreading distribution of morbidity, with the highest registration of morbidity in January.

• #74

  https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-Conditions/Pages/Chickenpox.aspx

  A total of 23,476 cases were reported in 2007 (overall incidence of 511.6/100,000 population). The age-specific incidence rate for 2007 was highest in the 5-9 year age group, which was 5 times that of the overall rate. The male to female ratio was1.4:1. Malays had the highest incidence rate among the three major ethnic groups of resident population. Cases occurred throughout the year. Outbreaks in institutional and child-care settings are common. […] The age-specific immunity is lowest in those less than 6 years of age (34.5%) and increases steadily with age; 60.5% of those aged 7-12 years, 71% aged 13-17 years and 87.9% aged 18 years and above have VZV antibodies. […] Cases suspected to be nosocomially acquired must be notified to the Infection Control Unit of the hospital for investigation and containment measures.

• #75 The Epidemiology of Chickenpox in England, 2016–2022: An Observational Study Using General Practitioner Consultations

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/11/2163

  Chickenpox is a common childhood disease caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV). […] It is therefore important to understand the ongoing burden of VZV in the community to inform vaccine policy decisions. General practitioner (GP) chickenpox consultations were studied from 1 September 2016 to 9 December 2022. […] Chickenpox GP consultation rates decreased in England, continuing a longer-term decline in the community. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted rates, likely caused by the introduction of non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission. […] Understanding the burden of VZV in the UK is challenging. Chickenpox is not currently a notifiable infectious disease, nor is it likely to result in all cases presenting to healthcare. […] Here, we used routinely collected GP consultation data to report on recent changes in chickenpox epidemiology in England. We describe trends in GP consultations for chickenpox disease between 2016 and 2022 and examine differences by age and sex.

• #76 The Epidemiology of Chickenpox in England, 2016–2022: An Observational Study Using General Practitioner Consultations

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/11/2163

  Chickenpox is a common childhood disease caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV). […] It is therefore important to understand the ongoing burden of VZV in the community to inform vaccine policy decisions. General practitioner (GP) chickenpox consultations were studied from 1 September 2016 to 9 December 2022. […] Chickenpox GP consultation rates decreased in England, continuing a longer-term decline in the community. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted rates, likely caused by the introduction of non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission. […] Understanding the burden of VZV in the UK is challenging. Chickenpox is not currently a notifiable infectious disease, nor is it likely to result in all cases presenting to healthcare. […] Here, we used routinely collected GP consultation data to report on recent changes in chickenpox epidemiology in England. We describe trends in GP consultations for chickenpox disease between 2016 and 2022 and examine differences by age and sex.

• #77 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Using Baidu Index Data to Improve Chickenpox Surveillance in Yunnan, China: Infodemiology Study

  https://www.jmir.org/2023/1/e44186/

  The analysis showed that there was a close correlation between the weekly number of newly diagnosed cases and the BDI. […] These findings indicated that the BDI in Yunnan Province can predict the incidence of chickenpox in the same period. Thus, the BDI is a useful tool for monitoring the chickenpox epidemic and for complementing traditional monitoring systems. […] The current chickenpox surveillance system in China is flawed and incomplete. The flawed surveillance system and the lack of public information on chickenpox outbreaks have led to a weak response to chickenpox outbreaks in China. […] Therefore, the possibility of using internet data for the surveillance of various diseases is being increasingly explored as an aid to improve disease prevention and control. […] Our findings confirm that Baidu can be used for disease monitoring, providing an opportunity to better leverage internet data to predict disease occurrence and its spread. […] Thus, it is feasible to use the BDI for chickenpox epidemic surveillance.

• #78 Epidemiology of hospitalisations due to chickenpox and quality of life lost in community and hospital settings: protocol for a prospective cohort study across two countries | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/3/e068611

  As chickenpox is not a notifiable disease, most of the knowledge of the epidemiology in the UK comes from routinely collected data on cases reported, available from the Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre by sentinel general practitioner (GP) practices in England and Wales. Admissions directly attributed to varicella may be identified through Hospital Episode Statistics. These routinely collected data sets are likely to capture cases of moderate varicella accurately (the mildest cases will not seek any medical advice) but for secondary cases of, for example, cellulitis or childhood stroke the causal link with varicella may not be made clinically and thus recorded or coded. The best data on complication rates in the UK are from a 2002 British Paediatric Surveillance Unit surveillance study. However, this used very restrictive criteria for inclusion of severe cases, so only identified a case incidence of 0.82/100 000 person-years. In comparison, a prospective surveillance study from Belgium found 29.5/100 000 person-years of which 19/100 000 were complicated.

• #79 Epidemiology of hospitalisations due to chickenpox and quality of life lost in community and hospital settings: protocol for a prospective cohort study across two countries | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/3/e068611

  As chickenpox is not a notifiable disease, most of the knowledge of the epidemiology in the UK comes from routinely collected data on cases reported, available from the Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre by sentinel general practitioner (GP) practices in England and Wales. Admissions directly attributed to varicella may be identified through Hospital Episode Statistics. These routinely collected data sets are likely to capture cases of moderate varicella accurately (the mildest cases will not seek any medical advice) but for secondary cases of, for example, cellulitis or childhood stroke the causal link with varicella may not be made clinically and thus recorded or coded. The best data on complication rates in the UK are from a 2002 British Paediatric Surveillance Unit surveillance study. However, this used very restrictive criteria for inclusion of severe cases, so only identified a case incidence of 0.82/100 000 person-years. In comparison, a prospective surveillance study from Belgium found 29.5/100 000 person-years of which 19/100 000 were complicated.

• #80

  https://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2246

  In this paper, we introduce geographical information systems (GIS) as a tool to study trends in disease spread in time and space. Based on data gathered by the integrated disease surveillance programme (IDSP), we can see where outbreaks of Chickenpox have occurred. […] The aim of this study is to assess the trends in chickenpox diseases in India between January 2015 and April 2021 using GIS maps. […] Between Jan 2015 and May 2021, 1269 chickenpox outbreaks (27,257 cases) have been recorded. Thirty-one deaths have been confirmed, with most occurring in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Nineteen states did not report any deaths. According to the seasonally adjusted trend, the number of cases was highest during the months of January and March. […] In summary, geographic information systems have become an invaluable tool for mapping the hotspots of acute epidemics and planning public health interventions to prevent the spread of these diseases.

• #81 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Using Baidu Index Data to Improve Chickenpox Surveillance in Yunnan, China: Infodemiology Study

  https://www.jmir.org/2023/1/e44186/

  Chickenpox is an old but easily neglected infectious disease. Although chickenpox is preventable by vaccines, vaccine breakthroughs often occur, and the chickenpox epidemic is on the rise. Chickenpox is not included in the list of regulated communicable diseases that must be reported and controlled by public and health departments; therefore, it is crucial to rapidly identify and report varicella outbreaks during the early stages. The Baidu index (BDI) can supplement the traditional surveillance system for infectious diseases, such as brucellosis and dengue, in China. The number of reported chickenpox cases and internet search data also showed a similar trend. BDI can be a useful tool to display the outbreak of infectious diseases. […] This study aimed to develop an efficient disease surveillance method that uses BDI to assist in traditional surveillance.

• #82

  https://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2246

  In this paper, we introduce geographical information systems (GIS) as a tool to study trends in disease spread in time and space. Based on data gathered by the integrated disease surveillance programme (IDSP), we can see where outbreaks of Chickenpox have occurred. […] The aim of this study is to assess the trends in chickenpox diseases in India between January 2015 and April 2021 using GIS maps. […] Between Jan 2015 and May 2021, 1269 chickenpox outbreaks (27,257 cases) have been recorded. Thirty-one deaths have been confirmed, with most occurring in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Nineteen states did not report any deaths. According to the seasonally adjusted trend, the number of cases was highest during the months of January and March. […] In summary, geographic information systems have become an invaluable tool for mapping the hotspots of acute epidemics and planning public health interventions to prevent the spread of these diseases.

• #83 Epidemiology of hospitalisations due to chickenpox and quality of life lost in community and hospital settings: protocol for a prospective cohort study across two countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10069595/

  Safe and effective vaccines exist against varicella. […] The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation plan to review the evidence for the introduction of varicella vaccination in the UK and have highlighted the QALYs of children with varicella was an area in particular as of need for further research and data. […] Determine incidence and severity of community VZ within a UK and Portuguese cohort. […] Describe the frequency of secondary complications. […] This is a prospective observational cohort study in community settings and hospitals with no active interventions. […] The primary outcome of the study is to calculate the loss of QALYs and financial cost attributable to the families of children with acute chickenpox infection. […] We will collect data on disease severity using a previously validated assessment of symptoms tool.

• #84 Chickenpox Reporting and Surveillance | Chickenpox (Varicella) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/php/conducting-surveillance/index.html

  Learn why varicella (chickenpox) surveillance data are needed, the definitions for varicella clinical cases, how to classify cases as probable or confirmed, and how to report varicella deaths. […] Document and monitor the impact of the varicella vaccination program on varicella morbidity and mortality. […] Describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of varicella cases during the varicella vaccination program. […] Evaluate the effectiveness of chickenpox prevention strategies. […] Evaluate chickenpox vaccine effectiveness under conditions of routine use. […] In 2002, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) recommended that states establish case-based surveillance for varicella by 2005. […] As of 2020, 39 states have been conducting case-based varicella surveillance.

• #85 The epidemiology of varicella and effectiveness of varicella vaccine in Ganyu, China: a long-term community surveillance study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-16304-4

  The insufficient vaccination coverage (37.1%) may have contributed in part to the rising annual incidence of varicella infection, and a shift of varicella cases to older age groups occurred. […] The effectiveness of one dose of varicella vaccine was moderate and waned over time. […] It is urgent to increase varicella vaccine coverage to 80% to reduce the incidence of varicella and prevent any potential shift in the age at infection in China. […] In this register-based birth cohort study, there was an increasing trend of annual incidence of varicella infection under vaccination coverage less than 50%. […] The adjusted effectiveness of one dose of vaccine waned over time. […] The significant increase in incidence since 2017 may due to a further decrease in vaccination coverage and an increased sensitivity of varicella surveillance since varicella designation as a Class C infectious disease in Jiangsu Province.

• #86 The epidemiology of varicella and effectiveness of varicella vaccine in Ganyu, China: a long-term community surveillance study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-16304-4

  The insufficient vaccination coverage (37.1%) may have contributed in part to the rising annual incidence of varicella infection, and a shift of varicella cases to older age groups occurred. […] The effectiveness of one dose of varicella vaccine was moderate and waned over time. […] It is urgent to increase varicella vaccine coverage to 80% to reduce the incidence of varicella and prevent any potential shift in the age at infection in China. […] In this register-based birth cohort study, there was an increasing trend of annual incidence of varicella infection under vaccination coverage less than 50%. […] The adjusted effectiveness of one dose of vaccine waned over time. […] The significant increase in incidence since 2017 may due to a further decrease in vaccination coverage and an increased sensitivity of varicella surveillance since varicella designation as a Class C infectious disease in Jiangsu Province.

• #87 The Epidemiology of Chickenpox in England, 2016–2022: An Observational Study Using General Practitioner Consultations

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/11/2163

  This study provides a follow-up to previous UK-based VZV burden studies to show trends in community disease caused by VZV in England using routinely available chickenpox GP consultation data. […] It is important to note, however, the reasons for this decreasing secular trend may be complex and reflect changes in healthcare utilisation by patients, a true decline in disease burden, or a combination of both (and other factors). […] The sudden fall in chickenpox activity and change in seasonality from early March 2020 coincided with the introduction of NPIs in England. […] Overall, the continuing decreasing secular trend of chickenpox reported here continues a series of historical studies reporting similar findings in the UK. […] With respect to informing decisions on VZV vaccination, the continuing reduction in the incidence of chickenpox in younger cohorts of the population will increase susceptibility to chickenpox infection in the future.

• #88 Epidemiology of hospitalisations due to chickenpox and quality of life lost in community and hospital settings: protocol for a prospective cohort study across two countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10069595/

  Safe and effective vaccines exist against varicella. […] The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation plan to review the evidence for the introduction of varicella vaccination in the UK and have highlighted the QALYs of children with varicella was an area in particular as of need for further research and data. […] Determine incidence and severity of community VZ within a UK and Portuguese cohort. […] Describe the frequency of secondary complications. […] This is a prospective observational cohort study in community settings and hospitals with no active interventions. […] The primary outcome of the study is to calculate the loss of QALYs and financial cost attributable to the families of children with acute chickenpox infection. […] We will collect data on disease severity using a previously validated assessment of symptoms tool.

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