Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of burn injuries – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-risk-factors-and-prevention-of-burn-injuries/print

  Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of burn injuries […] Burn injuries are a major global public health problem, given their high incidence and potentially devastating physical, psychosocial, and financial impacts on individuals, households, and communities. […] Although there is a suggestion from modeling initiatives that the global incidence of burn injury is decreasing, particularly in high-income countries, there has been little reduction in mortality rates outside of regions with sufficient multidisciplinary resources for burn injury care. More than 90 percent of the people who sustain burn injuries live in low- and middle-income countries and may not have access to well-planned and organized emergency, trauma, and burn care systems. […] However, the true epidemiology and trends in the burden of burn injuries globally are unclear, and there are marked differences in the estimates from modeling initiatives. Results from gold-standard epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence globally is multiple times more than estimated. […] Regardless, given the critical role that systematic injury prevention initiatives and multidisciplinary burn care play in reducing preventable death and disability from burns, a detailed epidemiological understanding of the health, social, and economic burdens incurred is important as a foundation for advocacy, resource planning, and benchmarking interventions.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns

  An estimated 180 000 deaths every year are caused by burns. The vast majority occur in low- and middle-income countries. […] Burns are a global public health problem, accounting for an estimated 180 000 deaths annually. The majority of these occur in low- and middle-income countries and almost two thirds occur in the WHO African and South-East Asia Regions. […] Non-fatal burns are a leading cause of morbidity, including prolonged hospitalization, disfigurement and disability, often with resulting stigma and rejection. […] Burns are among the leading causes of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost in low- and middle-income countries. […] People living in low- and middle-income countries are at higher risk for burns than people living in high-income countries. […] Burns occur mainly in the home and workplace.

• #2 Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of burn injuries – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-risk-factors-and-prevention-of-burn-injuries/print

  Burns from fire, heat, and hot substances are the fourth most common type of civilian trauma worldwide, following falls, road traffic incidents, and interpersonal violence. […] It is estimated that there are between 7 and 12 million people each year (up to 33,000 each day) who sustain burn injuries that require medical care, although the incidence appears to be decreasing. […] Only with an accurate appreciation of the burden and distribution of burn injuries within populations can effective interventions and advocacy initiatives be created and implemented successfully. […] In the absence of systematic injury data collection and only minimal burn injury surveillance activities in many areas of the world, much of the data available to estimate the burden or temporal trends of burn injuries have been gathered through hospital registries or aggregated reporting platforms, police and fire service reports, mortuary records, and isolated population-proportional, community-based surveys. […] Even in countries with mature health systems and systematic surveillance programs, representative community-based surveys can play an important role. […] As a result, the patchwork of data available makes it difficult to accurately, comprehensively, and longitudinally describe the burden of burn injuries globally. […] The best data available are provided by people with burn injuries who were evaluated at hospitals. These data demonstrate opportunities to decrease preventable morbidity and mortality with timely and effective service delivery. […] Therefore, understanding the epidemiology of this injury group can be used to estimate more frequent „near-miss” injuries, guide optimal resource allocation, and reduce disability.

• #3 Burn Incidence Fact Sheet – American Burn Association

  https://ameriburn.org/resources/burn-incidence-fact-sheet/

  Burn Incidence and Treatment in the United States […] The following estimates were derived from sample and registry statistics compiled by ongoing national health care and fire casualty surveys, selected state health data systems, and the Burn Care Quality Platform (BCQP) of the American Burn Association (ABA). ABA BCQP reports describe admissions to hospitals with specialized services provided by “burn centers.” […] The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) tabulates two categories related to burn injuries, which may not be additive. They reported 398,000 fire or burn related injuries in 2021 along with 252,000 injuries related to hot objects or substance (e.g. contact burn). […] A claims-based analysis from 2020 reported 698,555 burn-related insurance claims. This figure included an unmeasurable number of duplicated visits (i.e. same patient being seen for burn care multiple times in the same year). This number should not be viewed as 698,555 unique patients but instead as 698,555 interactions with the health system for persons with acute burn injuries.

• #4 Burn Incidence Fact Sheet – American Burn Association

  https://ameriburn.org/resources/burn-incidence-fact-sheet/

  Burn admissions were most common May-August with 37.5% of all admissions occurring in this period (i.e. 37.5% of admissions during 33.3% of the year). US Census Area 5 (South Atlantic) had the most admissions (26.0%) while US Census Area 1 (New England) had the fewest admissions (3.0%). […] In terms of demographics, of all burn admissions in the US, 33.3% were female, 57.1% were White non-Hispanic, 19.6% were Black non-Hispanic, 14.5% were Hispanic of any race, 2.6% were Asian/Pacific Islander, and 0.8% were Native American. […] For primary payor, 20.1% had Medicare, 33.3% had Medicaid, 26.6% had private/commercial insurance, and 10.2% were uninsured/self-payer. […] Age had a multimodal distribution. For those under 18, the median age of injury with 3 years with an interquartile range of 1 to 8. For adults, the median age of injury was 49 years with an interquartile range of 33 to 62.

• #5 Epidemiology: How common are burn injuries & deaths? – Basics of Burn Carealign-left

  https://basicsofburncare.org/how-common-are-burn-injuries-epidemiology/

  Burn injuries are a major global health problem. It is essential to understand their epidemiology in order to direct burn prevention programs. Burn injuries are among the top 15 leading contributors to the burden of disease worldwide. […] According to the WHO, nearly 11 million people worldwide were burned severely enough to require medical attention in 2004. Approximately 90% of burn injuries occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). […] Burns account for an estimated 180,000 deaths annually. […] Over 80% of burn patients are children aged 10 years and below, with children younger than 5 years of age at highest risk. […] Patients with co-morbidities, such as blindness, deafness and epilepsy, have a greater risk of burn injuries.

• #6 Burn Wound Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213595-overview

  Among the 19,655 reported complications included in the analysis, pulmonary complications (including pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and respiratory failure) constituted the greatest percentage of cases (31%). Cellulitis and wound infections were responsible for 17% of complications. […] The rates of admissions to burn units increase in proportion with diminishing socioeconomic status, with 95% of burn-related deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). […] According to the American Burn Association, among burn wounds requiring admission, 59% occurred in Whites, 20% in Blacks, 14% in Hispanics, and 7% in other ethnicities. […] Both the National Burn Registry and the American Burn Association report a higher incidence of burn wounds in males than in females, with approximately 69.7% of cases being in males. […] Most burns occur in persons aged 5-30 years, with only 8% occurring in persons older than 70 years.

• #7 Burn Incidence Fact Sheet – American Burn Association

  https://ameriburn.org/resources/burn-incidence-fact-sheet/

  Selected Statistics: 2018-2023 Burn Admissions to Burn Centers […] Survival Rate: 97.7% Median Age: 40 years Gender: 66% Male, 34% Female Race: 64% White, 23% Black or African American, 9% Multiple Race Ethnicity: 16% Hispanic or Latino Admission Cause: 41.7% Flash/Flame, 32.2% Scald, 10.8% Contact, 3.7% Chemical, 2.9% Electrical, 8.7% Other.

• #8 Major burns: Part 1. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and initial management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8847805/

  Fire, heat and hot substance injuries caused 8,991,468 injuries and 120,632 deaths worldwide in 2017. Ninety percent of these were in low- or middle-income countries. Comprehensive up-to-date statistics for the UK are not available for reference, but there are approximately 10,000 hospital admissions and 300 major burns in adults requiring fluid resuscitation in England and Wales per year. In Scotland there is an incidence of 500 burn injury admissions per year, of which 5% are major burns. […] The most common mechanism of injury requiring admission is scalds; however, the most common cause of major burns are flame injuries. Burn injuries have a wide aetiology including thermal (scald, flame, flash, contact, irradiation), electrical (including lightning strikes) and chemical (acid, alkali). Most are accidents in the home or work-related, but intentional injuries from deliberate self-harm, assaults or fires are more likely to result in major burns.

• #9 Burn Incidence Fact Sheet – American Burn Association

  https://ameriburn.org/resources/burn-incidence-fact-sheet/

  According to the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National Inpatient Sample (NIS), the 29,165 burn admissions per year (weighted estimates) represent 88.5 admissions per million lives per year. There were 795 inpatient deaths (overall mortality 2.7%) and, of those admissions, 15,280 (52.4%) were for minor injuries not requiring surgical treatment with an inpatient mortality of 0.36%. Extensive burns requiring surgical treatment and prolonged mechanical ventilation accounted for 1,290 (4.4%) of all admissions with an inpatient mortality of 17.8%. Deep burns requiring surgical treatment without prolonged ventilation were 9,340 (32%) of all admissions and had an inpatient mortality of 2.6%. […] Burn centers are not labeled in the NIS; however, 94 hospitals admitted at least 100 burn encounters per year. These facilities were responsible for 81% of all burn admissions and had a median burn admission/year of 203 (interquartile range 140, 305).

• #10 Epidemiological, Demographic and Outcome Characteristics of Burns – Clinical Tree

  https://clinicalpub.com/epidemiological-demographic-and-outcome-characteristics-of-burns/

  The distribution of burns among age groups in the NBR data has more granularity than does the WISQAR data. […] Most burns were below 10% total body surface (TBSA), which included 78% of the burned population. […] Overall mortality for those with burns was 3.1% during this period, which declined by almost 25% from 4.0% in 2006. […] Mortality was generally higher in women, except in 2015. […] Deaths did increase significantly with burn size (as expected), which was almost linear with increasing burned area. […] The elderly represent an increasing population segment, as previously described, and they have an increased prevalence in the burned population due to increased numbers as well as increased risk of being burned. […] The WISQAR data demonstrate that about 6% of all burns occur in those older than 65 years, although other reports from single centers approach 16% of all admissions for burns. […] Mortality in this age group is significantly higher than that of all other ages, at 4.7% of all over 65 years of age who are burned compared to between 0.4% and 1.4% in all other age groups. […] A recently identified factor in burns in the elderly are those in relation to dementia.

• #11 The epidemiological characteristic and trends of burns globally | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13887-2

  Burns is a type of injury, caused by unintentional exposure to substances of high temperature, including hot liquid, solid, and objects radiating heat energy, placing a high burden not only on patients families but also on national healthcare systems globally. […] It is difficult for policymakers and clinicians to formulate targeted management strategies for burns because data on current epidemiological patterns worldwide are lacking. […] The knowledge about burn epidemiology is essential for resource allocation and prevention, but the previous works mainly focused on a specific country or region, which led to a lack of epidemiological information on burns at the global level, and the results are not comparable because of the variable and inconsistent dates have not been standardized; In addition, there is no multi-level and multi-angle analysis on burns epidemiological characters.

• #11 The epidemiological characteristic and trends of burns globally | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13887-2

  Therefore, it is necessary to understand the latest spatial distribution and temporal trends of burns worldwide to establish more reasonable and effective prevention and treatment programs to improve patients quality of life and reduce avoidable medical expenses. […] The burden of burns measured in DALYs was 7,460,448.65 in 2019, of which 67% and 33% could be attributed to YLLs and YLDs, respectively. […] The EAPC of incidence, DALYs, and deaths were negative, the age-standardized rate (ASR) of incidence, DALYs, and deaths were considered to be decreasing in most of the regions, and the EAPCs were negatively correlated with SDI levels, universal health coverage (UHC), and gross domestic product (GDP). […] Globally, the age-standardized rates of burn incidence, DALYs, and mortality, as well as the number of burn DALYs and death cases will continuously decrease, but the number of new burn cases has an increasing tendency globally.

• #12 Recent Trends in Burn Epidemiology Worldwide: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5616188/

  Globally there has been a decrease of burn incidence, burn severity, burn mortality and LOS, especially in VHD, HD and MD countries. […] Although the studies obtained for this review were heterogeneous regarding patient populations, assessed parameters and observation periods some general conclusions could still be made.

• #13 Epidemiology and outcome analysis of 6325 burn patients: a five-year retrospective study in a major burn center in Southwest China | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep46066

  Burns are a major cause of injury worldwide. We investigated the epidemiology and outcomes of burn patients in a major burn center in southwest China between 2011 and 2015 to provide guidance for burn prevention. Of the 6,325 included burn patients, 66.8% were male and 34.7% were 0~6 years old. The incidence of burns peaked in autumn. Scald was the most common cause of burns, which was predominant in patients aged 0~6 years. The mean total body surface area (TBSA) of burns was 13.4%, and patients with burns 10% TBSA comprised 64.1% of all cases. Patients with full-thickness burns accounted for 40.1% of all patients and 81.0% of operated patients; these burns were primarily caused by flame (34.8%), scald (21.0%), and electricity (20.4%). Fifty-six deaths occurred (mortality 0.9%), and risk factors included full-thickness burns, larger TBSA and older age. Our data showed that closer attention should be paid to children under 6 years old, males, incidents in autumn and scald burns to prevent burn injuries. Furthermore, individualized burn prevention and treatment measures based on related risk factors should be adopted.

• #14 Epidemiological, Demographic and Outcome Characteristics of Burns – Clinical Tree

  https://clinicalpub.com/epidemiological-demographic-and-outcome-characteristics-of-burns/

  The total number of burns have generally decreased in those aged 0-45, whereas the total number of burns in those older than 45 have increased dramatically, 31% from 2005 to 2014 in those aged 46-65, and 12% in those aged over 65. […] The spike seen in total injuries between 2010 and 2012 is parallel with burns in those aged 0-4 but has settled back to a 6% decline in this age group from that in 2005. […] For those aged 5-18, we see a similar steady decline in the number of burns, and also in those aged 19-45. […] However the numbers of burns in those aged 46-65 and in those older than 65 years have seen a steady and dramatic increase. […] We then analyzed the epidemiologic data from the National Burn Repository (NBR) available from the American Burn Association for the years 2006-2015.

• #15

  https://experts.mcmaster.ca/display/publication1542697

  Burn-related mortality has decreased significantly over the past several decades. […] Although often attributed in part to regionalization of burn care, this has not been evaluated at the population level. […] We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study of all patients with 20% or higher total body surface area burn injury in Ontario, Canada. […] Mortality rates have decreased over time; significant improvements have occurred at burn centers, whereas mortality rates at nonburn centers vary widely. […] These data suggest that there are further opportunities to regionalize burn care and in so doing, potentially lower burn-related mortality.

• #16 Major burns: Part 1. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and initial management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8847805/

  Risk factors worldwide for suffering a burn injury include: low socioeconomic status; overcrowding; households where young girls have domestic roles; cooking with kerosene; generalised poor health; and poor safety practices. Injuries are more common in patients with pre-existing psychiatric diagnoses, substance use problems and those at extremes of age. […] The main scoring system used to predict mortality and length of hospitalisation in adult burns injury is the revised Baux score, which takes into account age, %TBSA burned and the presence of inhalation injury. The point of futility (the Baux score at which the predicted mortality approaches 100%) was 100 in Baux’s original article. The point of futility with 21st century burn care is now 160 and the Baux50 (the Baux score at which predicted mortality is 50%) is 109.

• #17 Epidemiology Geographical Distribution and Outcome Analysis of Patients with Electrical Burns Referred To Shiraz Burn Center Shiraz Iran during 2008-2019 – مجله جهانی جراحی پلاستیک

  https://wjps.ir/browse.php?a_id=949&slc_lang=fa&sid=1&printcase=1&hbnr=1&hmb=1

  Epidemiology, Geographical Distribution, and Outcome Analysis of Patients with Electrical Burns Referred To Shiraz Burn Center, Shiraz, Iran during 2008-2019: […] The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiology, geographical distribution, and outcome of electric burns in Fars province and to present the distribution map. […] Based on our report, the rate of electrical burn injuries in Iran is still high, which underlines the need for stronger efforts in effective prevention, such as better public education and the establishment of strict regulations regarding the distribution and use of electricity.

• #18

  https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ThaiJSurg/article/view/225843

  The epidemiology of isolated foot burns and foot burns with multifocal areas was evaluated. A total of 114 patients with 174 diagnosed foot burns who were treated in the burn unit of Chiang Mai University Hospital between January 2007 and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. […] Electrical injury, a common occurrence with electricians, resulted in significantly more amputations than those without electrical injury (p 0.001). Third and fourth degree burns were associated with a higher risk of amputation (p = 0.004). Although the foot accounts for a small percentage of the body surface area, foot burns is a catastrophic influence on patients quality of life.

• #19 Epidemiology and mortality in patients hospitalized for burns in Catalonia, Spain | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-40198-2

  The clinical presentation and evolution of burns differs between children and adults. […] The last epidemiological study performed in Catalonia was published in 1999, and showed that comorbidity and female sex were not associated with higher mortality. […] The aim of this study has been to describe the epidemiological profile of the hospitalised burned patient, the complications occurring during their hospital stay, and the burn-related mortality rate, and to compare these variables with data published 25 years ago. […] The mean burned TBSA was 8.3%, significantly lower than previous studies, such as 16% in Barrett and 18% in Sánchez. […] The proportion of patients with burns covering less than 10% of total body surface has increased from 60% in 1995 to 75% today. […] The main predictors of in-hospital mortality identified in this study are age over 80 years, ABSI7, smoke inhalation, cardiovascular comorbidity, full-thickness burn, and burned TBSA. […] The number of admissions for burns has decreased dramatically from 6.6/105 population/year to 3.68/105 population/year.

• #20 Initial Evaluation and Management of the Burn Patient: Overview, Initial Evaluation and Resuscitation, Evaluation of the Burn Wound

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/435402-overview

  Outcomes for burn patients have improved dramatically over the past 20 years, yet burns still cause substantial morbidity and mortality. […] Burn injury is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. […] In the United States, approximately 1.25 million people with burns present to the emergency department each year. […] Among these, 63,000 have minor burn injuries that are treated primarily in the emergency department and an additional 6000 sustain major burn injuries that require hospital admission. […] Evaluation of the burn patient is organized into a primary survey and secondary survey. […] An ability to make the diagnosis of burn wound infection is important. […] Two of these, burn wound cellulitis and invasive burn wound infection, are seen with some regularity by clinicians outside a burn center environment.

• #21 Epidemiology and outcome analysis of 6325 burn patients: a five-year retrospective study in a major burn center in Southwest China | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep46066

  The mortality among burn patients was 0.9%, which was lower than the rate reported in previous studies. The mortality was closely related to the severity of the enrolled burn patients and the level of burn treatment. Additionally, our results showed that full-thickness burns, burns with a larger TBSA and older age were risk factors for mortality and that a higher number of operations and flame burns were protective factors for mortality.

• #22 Epidemiology and mortality in patients hospitalized for burns in Catalonia, Spain | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-40198-2

  Burn injuries are one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide. […] The aim of this study has been to determine whether the epidemiological profile of patients hospitalized for burns has changed over the past 25 years. […] The incidence of burns in our setting was 3.68/105 population. […] The most frequent in-hospital complications were sepsis (16.6%), acute kidney injury (7.9%), and cardiovascular complications (5.9%). […] Risk factors for mortality were advanced age, high abbreviated burn severity index score, smoke inhalation, existing cardiovascular disease full-thickness burn, and high percentage of burned TBSA. […] Overall mortality was 4.3%. […] The population has aged over the 25 years since the previous study, and the number of comorbidities has increased. […] The incidence and severity of burns, and the percentage of burned TBSA have all decreased, with scalding being the most prevalent mechanism of injury.

• #23 Burn Wound Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213595-overview

  Approximately 500,000 people seek medical attention for burns every year in the United States, 40,000 of whom require hospitalization. […] Infection is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in this population, with almost 61% of deaths being caused by infection. […] The pathogens that infect the wound are primarily gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and gram-negative bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella species. […] Factors associated with improved outcome and infection prevention include early burn eschar excision, topical antibiotic therapy, and aggressive infection-control measures. […] According to the National Burn Repositorys 10-year rolling data collection from January 1, 1996, through June 30, 2006, the mortality rate associated with burns was 5.3% overall, with older age and higher-percentage total body surface area (TBSA) burned correlating with higher mortality rates.

• #24

  https://cmro.in/index.php/jcmro/article/view/722

  Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in clinical practice. Burn patients are in the highest risk category for VTE due to pathophysiological changes and use of multiple monitoring system. […] Reported incidence of DVT in burns ranges from 0.25% to 23%. […] Burn Injury is one of the main risk factors for DVT, when the Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) 40%. Other significant factors are length of hospital stay and the use of central lines. This implies that research for DVT and prophylactic anticoagulation may be considered for burn patients with these risk factors, even if the burn patient is asymptomatic.

• #25 Recent Trends in Burn Epidemiology Worldwide: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5616188/

  Burn injuries have been more prevalent among low socioeconomic populations and in less developed regions. […] The aim of this review was to give an overview on current trends in burn epidemiology across the world. […] There was a worldwide downwards trend of burn incidence, burn severity, length of hospital stay, and mortality rate. […] Our findings indicate the need for an international burn database with a minimal data-set in order to obtain objective and comparable results in respect of burn epidemiology. […] In general there has been a decrease of burn incidence and burn severity as well as an overall reduction of mortality rates and LOS in recent years. […] The overall downwards trends in all categories reviewed are consistent with the hypothesis, that increasing development leads to decreases of injury incidence and hence also burns.

• #26 First multicenter epidemiology study of severe burns in China – On Medicine

  https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on-medicine/2018/07/19/first-multicenter-epidemiology-study-of-severe-burns-in-china/

  Based on these epidemiological characteristics, individualized burn prevention and treatment strategies can be made. […] The establishment of a multicentre database indicates a future development trend to finally build a nationwide burn database and repository in developing countries like China and, ultimately, even a universal database.

• #27 The epidemiological characteristic and trends of burns globally | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13887-2

  In addition, the EAPCs of burns in incidence, DALYs, and deaths indicated that the burden of burns was considered to be decreasing in most of the regions. […] And from the relationship of EAPCs with SDI, UHC index, and GDP, indicate that prevention burns not only depend on health spending per capita but also depend on the education level per capita and healthcare system performance, but it does not mean higher health spending corresponds to higher UHC index, which needs high efficiency of translating health spending into individuals health gains.

• #28 Epidemiology of Burn Injury and Demography of Burn Care Facilities

  https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/html/tr/ADA228448/index.html

  Age, occupation, and economic circumstances influence both the incidence of burn injury and the risk of burn death. […] Approximately 300 burn patients per million population require in-hospital care each year because of extent of burn or presence of a complicating factor. […] Forty-two per million population per year within that group require care at a burn center, where the personnel, equipment, and facilities necessary to address the multisystem effects of severe burn injury are available. […] The resources required to deliver this complex system of burn care are expensive. […] Current prospective payment methods result in large reimbursement deficits, and the national trend favoring such payment mechanisms threatens the future of burn centers.

• #29 Epidemiology of burn injuries in a Canadian population during the COVID-19 pandemic | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2024/11/28/ip-2024-045403

  The COVID-19 pandemic affected burn injury patterns in many countries, but literature on this topic in Canada is limited. The objective of this study is to investigate the changes in the epidemiology of burn injuries in a Canadian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] During the pandemic, there were significant decreases in emergency department visits for burns. Distributions of factors associated with burns showed little to no change. The pandemic period, age, sex, income, month and time of day were significantly associated with severe burns during the study time period. […] The study found large reductions in the number of emergency department visits during the pandemic, but no evidence of changes in the epidemiology of burns or patterns in the patient populations. Demographic factors associated with severe burns were identified. These factors should be studied to deepen the understanding of the relationship between burn injuries and patient populations.

• #30 Epidemiology of burn injuries in a Canadian population during the COVID-19 pandemic | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2024/11/28/ip-2024-045403

  Overall, we found large decreases in burn ED visits from 2019 to 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, ED visit patterns did not change drastically, and statistically significant associations were similar across our models. ED visits for severe burns were associated with the pandemic, being a middle-aged (4064 years) or older adult (65+), being in the 59 year paediatric cohort, being among the lowest SES quintile, being of male sex and occurring in the early morning. The complex relationship between exposure and demographic characteristics may help us identify those at risk of burns and the most frequently burned sub-populations. Overall, despite large decreases in patient visits due to burns, the results suggest the epidemiology of burn ED visit patterns did not change during the pandemic.

• #31

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns

  Burns are preventable. High-income countries have made considerable progress in lowering rates of burn deaths, through a combination of prevention strategies and improvements in the care of people affected by burns. Most of these advances in prevention and care have been incompletely applied in low- and middle-income countries. Increased efforts to do so would likely lead to significant reductions in rates of burn-related death and disability. […] WHO is promoting interventions that have been shown to be successful in reducing the incidence of burns.

• #32 The epidemiology of burns in rural Ethiopia. | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

  https://jech.bmj.com/content/47/1/19

  STUDY OBJECTIVE–The aims were (1) to review inpatient burn records of Attat Hospital (Ethiopia) for the years 1983-1989, and (2) to determine the prevalence of burns and knowledge of first aid for burns in 16 communities served by Attat Hospital in rural Ethiopia. […] MAIN RESULTS–During the 7 year period the cost of tertiary inpatient burn treatment at Attat Hospital has been estimated to be US$86,366.72, of which the hospital absorbed 66%. From community based information the cumulative incidence of burns in this population was found to be 5-11%. […] The study population possess inadequate knowledge regarding burn prevention and burn first aid. […] Burn prevention and first aid education should also be recognised as a priority in schools and in the training of community health workers.

• #33 Epidemiology of Burns: A Decade Experience

  https://www.jscimedcentral.com/jounal-article-info/JSM-Burns-and-Trauma/Epidemiology-of-Burns%3A-A–Decade-Experience-2799

  Epidemiology of Burns: A Decade Experience […] One of the most important causes of morbidity, disability and death in the developing world is Burn injury that also affects psychosocial and functional aspects of patients. Burn injury is an important yet under-researched area in Pakistan. The present study is designed to document the prevalent epidemiological pattern and outcome of burn injuries over a decade period at country first national Burn Care Centre established at Islamabad to generate evidence based strategies to address the issue in national perspective. […] The Global Burden of Disease 2010 study estimates that the age-standardized mortality rate for injury caused by fire, heat, and hot substances is 5.8 per 100,000 population in Pakistan. […] Our data provides the epidemiological pattern of burn injuries in Pakistan and highlights the gravity of this major public health issue. More tertiary care regional burn centres in cities, and burn units and burn wards in rural areas should be established. More research and advancement as well as a survey at national level in this neglected field is mandatory to decrease morbidity and mortality in our population.

• #34 Initial Evaluation and Management of the Burn Patient: Overview, Initial Evaluation and Resuscitation, Evaluation of the Burn Wound

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/435402-overview

  Most burns are small; patients with small burns are appropriately treated in an outpatient setting if the burns do not involve critical areas such as the face, hands, genitals, or feet. […] The outpatient setting is the primary focus of this section. […] Several factors are relevant to the decision regarding the location of burn care. […] The management plan for patients with large burns that require inpatient care is usually determined by the physiology of the burn injury. […] Early excision and closure of full-thickness wounds changes the natural history of burn injury, avoiding the otherwise common occurrence of wound sepsis. […] A prediction regarding the probability a wound will require operative management is of enormous practical value. […] The choice of medication or membrane for a wound is a never-ending source of discussion and argument.

• #35 83.02 Burns: Epidemiology, Treatment, and Outcomes at a Regional Referral Hospital In Uganda – Academic Surgical Congress Abstracts Archive

  https://www.asc-abstracts.org/abs2018/83-02-burns-epidemiology-treatment-and-outcomes-at-a-regional-referral-hospital-in-uganda/

  Burn injuries contribute significantly to the global burden of disease with an annual incidence of 33 million cases, of which approximately 95% occur in lower- and middle-income countries. […] The aim of this study was to study the epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes of burn injury amongst patients presenting to a regional referral hospital in Uganda. […] During the study period, a total of 375 patients were admitted to MRRH with a burn injury, accounting for 3.4% of surgical and 6.2% of trauma admissions to MRRH. […] In Uganda, burns contribute significantly to the surgical burden of disease, morbidity and mortality. A detailed understanding of burn injury epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes is essential in facilitating primary prevention, targeting interventions to strengthen capacity, and facilitating provision of safe, timely, and affordable burn care. […] Burn injury must become a public health priority in Uganda and other low-resource settings.

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