Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns

  An estimated 180 000 deaths every year are caused by burns. The vast majority occur in low- and middle-income countries. […] A burn is an injury to the skin or other organic tissue primarily caused by heat or due to radiation, radioactivity, electricity, friction or contact with chemicals. […] Burns are a global public health problem, accounting for an estimated 180 000 deaths annually. The majority of these occur in low- and middle-income countries and almost two thirds occur in the WHO African and South-East Asia Regions. […] Non-fatal burns are a leading cause of morbidity, including prolonged hospitalization, disfigurement and disability, often with resulting stigma and rejection. […] Burns are among the leading causes of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost in low- and middle-income countries.

• #2 Thermal Burns: Overview, Pathophysiology, Quantifying Burn Severity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1278244-overview

  Burn wounds can be classified into 6 separate groups based on the mechanism of injury: scalds, contact burns, fire, chemical, electrical, and radiation. […] Scald burn injuries can be caused by liquids, grease, or steam. […] The mechanism of burn injury can be used as a predictor of outcome. […] Burns exert a catastrophic influence on people in terms of human life, suffering, disability, and financial loss. […] Burns are estimated to cause approximately 180,000 deaths annually worldwide, mostly in low- to middle-income countries. […] Work-related burns account for 20-25% of all serious burns. […] The highest incidence occurs during the first few years of life and in persons aged 20-29 years. […] Minor burns in children younger than 4 years are caused primarily by contact with hot surfaces and by liquid scalds, with scalds accounting for approximately 75% of burns in children under age 5 years.

• #3 Major burns: Part 1. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and initial management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8847805/

  A burn injury is the coagulative destruction of the skin and its structures by thermal, chemical, electrical or mechanical energy. A major burn is defined according to the percentage total body surface area (%TBSA) affected by the injury. A burn greater than 15% TBSA is considered major in an adult aged 16 yrs. […] The most common mechanism of injury requiring admission is scalds; however, the most common cause of major burns are flame injuries. Burn injuries have a wide aetiology including thermal (scald, flame, flash, contact, irradiation), electrical (including lightning strikes) and chemical (acid, alkali). Most are accidents in the home or work-related, but intentional injuries from deliberate self-harm, assaults or fires are more likely to result in major burns. […] The amount of tissue damage caused can be burn related or patient related. Burn-related factors include aetiology, temperature and duration of exposure. For example wet heat (scalds) carries more energy than dry heat (flame), so greater tissue damage is caused by the same temperature. Patient-related factors include skin thickness, age and whether or not first aid was given. […] Major burn injuries have local and systemic effects. […] Early burn wound excision decreases the necrotic load, infection risk and systemic inflammatory effects.

• #4 Burn Etiology and Pathogenesis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/57336

  Burn is defined as destruction found in the epidermal tissue, dermal tissue, or deeper tissues, due to contact with thermal, chemical, or electrical agents. According to the World Health Organization, thermal burns account for an estimated 6.6 million injuries and 300,000 deaths each year worldwide. […] Burn can be grouped according to thermal, chemical, electricity, and radiation. The causative of burns should be known since a different treatment protocol is applied in each case. Thermal burns that occur with direct effects of flames with high levels of heat, contact with hot objects, hot liquids, or hot vapors are commonly seen. The duration of the contact and the degree of the temperature determine the degree of cell damage. […] Chemical burns due to acid or alkali salts and solutions may cause burns due to corrosive effects of these substances. Other than these, burns can also develop due to electrical current, radiation, ultraviolet, and laser rays. […] Serious burns due to flames of weapons, explosives, and combustibles can occur during warfare.

• #5 Assessment and classification of burn injury – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/assessment-and-classification-of-burn-injury

  Burns are commonly thought of as injury to the skin caused by excessive heat. More broadly, burns result from traumatic injuries to the skin or other tissues primarily caused by thermal or other acute exposures. Burns occur when some or all of the cells in the skin or other tissues are destroyed by heat, electrical discharge, friction, chemicals, or radiation. […] The mechanisms that result in burns and their classification will be reviewed here. […] Heat — The depth of the thermal injury is related to contact temperature, duration of contact with the external heat source, and the thickness of the skin. […] Electrical discharge — Electrical energy is transformed into heat as the current passes through poorly conducting body tissues. […] Friction — Injury from friction can occur due to a combination of mechanical disruption of tissues and heat generated by friction.

• #5 Assessment and classification of burn injury – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/assessment-and-classification-of-burn-injury

  Chemicals — A wide range of caustic reactions, including alteration of pH, disruption of cellular membranes, and direct toxic effects on metabolic processes, cause injury. […] Radiation — Radiofrequency energy or ionizing radiation can cause damage to skin and tissues. […] Cutaneous burns are classified according to the depth of tissue injury. The depth of the burn largely determines the healing potential and the need for surgical grafting. […] The traditional classification of burns as first, second, third, or fourth degree was replaced by a system reflecting the need for surgical intervention. […] Full-thickness — These burns extend through and destroy all layers of the dermis and often injure the underlying subcutaneous tissue. […] Fourth-degree burns are deep and potentially life-threatening injuries that extend through the skin into underlying soft tissue and can involve muscle or bone.

• #6 Burns and scalds | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/burns-and-scalds

  Some of the causes of burns include flame, UV radiation, hot liquids, electricity, lightning and certain chemicals. […] Burns can be caused by flames, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, hot liquids, electricity, lightning and certain chemicals. […] A major burn is defined as a burn of any depth that involves more than 20 per cent of the total body surface area for an adult and more than 10 per cent of the total body surface area for a child. […] Major burns are a medical emergency and require urgent treatment.

• #7 Burn – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn

  Burns are caused by a variety of external sources classified as thermal (heat-related), chemical, electrical, and radiation. […] In the United States, the most common causes of burns are: fire or flame (44%), scalds (33%), hot objects (9%), electricity (4%), and chemicals (3%). […] Most (69%) burn injuries occur at home or at work (9%), and most are accidental, with 2% due to assault by another, and 12% resulting from a suicide attempt. […] Burns are generally preventable. […] Specific risk factors in the developing world include cooking with open fires or on the floor as well as developmental disabilities in children and chronic diseases in adults.

• #8 Different Types of Burns | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/burns/types.html

  A burn injury usually results from an energy transfer to the body. There are many types of burns caused by thermal, radiation, chemical, or electrical contact. […] Burns due to external heat sources which raise the temperature of the skin and tissues and cause tissue cell death or charring. […] Burns due to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays of the sun, or to other sources of radiation such as x-ray […] Burns due to strong acids, alkalies, detergents, or solvents coming into contact with the skin and/or eyes […] Burns from electrical current, either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC)

• #9 Burns: Classification, Pathophysiology, and Treatment: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9959609/

  Burn injuries can be classified according to a number of factors, including their depth, aetiology and percentage of body surface area affected. The origin of burn injuries can be thermal, electrical, chemical, radiation contact, etc. Thermal injuries account for about 90% of all burns, and the depth of injury depends on the temperature and duration of contact. The factors that can cause burn injuries include high temperature, electricity, friction, radiation and chemicals. […] The use of appropriate treatment strategies in the shortest possible time from the occurrence of thermal injury can not only save the patients life, but also shorten their hospital stay and recovery time. […] The enormous energy demand, measured by resting energy expenditure, is a typical finding in burn patients, with the increase in metabolism (hypermetabolism) dependent on the size of burn.

• #9 Burns: Classification, Pathophysiology, and Treatment: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9959609/

  Research has shown that impaired glucose metabolism can still be seen up to three years after thermal injury. […] The endocrine disruption that occurs after a burn alters metabolic pathways. […] The metabolic rate in patients undergoing total excision and wound coverage with an autograft and/or deceased donor skin within the first 72 h following severe thermal injury (50% TBSA) is 40% lower than the metabolic rate in patients with similar burn severity who did not undergo excision within a week.

• #10 Common Causes of Burn Injuries | Columbus GA Injury Law

  https://www.garybrucelaw.com/blog/personal-injury/the-most-common-causes-of-burn-injuries/

  Burns are one of the leading causes of accidental injury and death in the U.S. In fact, someone in the U.S. is burned seriously enough to require treatment roughly every minute, according to data collected by the National Fire Protection Association. […] Burns are commonly sorted into three categories, depending on what caused them. These are thermal burns, chemical burns, and electrical burns, with 7% of burns sorted into “other causes,” which includes radiation burns, among others. […] Roughly 86% of patients requiring medical treatment suffer from thermal burns. Thermal burns are caused by sources of heat and are the broadest and most common category. Examples of thermal burns include burns from fire and explosions (43% of all burns), scalding injuries from hot liquid or steam (34% of burns), and contact with extremely hot objects, such as hot metal or glass (9% of burns).

• #11 The most common causes of Burn Injuries – Cunningham Law Firm

  https://cunninghamlawfirm.com/burn-resources/most-common-causes-of-burn-injuries/

  The most common causes of Burn Injuries […] According to the ABA, the most common cause of burn injuries were: […] Contact with fire or flame – 46% of burn injuries in the US are caused by fire or flame […] Scalding injuries – 32% of burn patients suffer injury from steam, hot bath water, spilled coffee…etc […] Thermal burns – 8% of burn accidents happen through contact with hot objects like irons or ovens […] Electrical burns – 4% of burn injuries are caused by inadvertent contact with electricity […] Chemical burns make up 3% of nationwide burn injury cases […] The remaining 7% are a combination of other causes, including sun burn, fireworks, inhalation…

• #12 Burns: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000030.htm

  Burns commonly occur by direct or indirect contact with heat, electric current, radiation, or chemical agents. Burns can lead to cell death, which can require hospitalization and can be fatal. […] Causes of burns from most to least common are: Fire/flame, Scalding from steam or hot liquids, Touching hot objects, Electrical burns, Chemical burns. […] Burns can be the result of any of the following: House and industrial fires, Car accidents, Playing with matches, Faulty space heaters, furnaces, or industrial equipment, Unsafe use of firecrackers and other fireworks, Kitchen accidents, such as a child grabbing a hot iron or touching the stove or oven. […] You can also burn your airways if you breathe in smoke, steam, superheated air, or chemical fumes in poorly ventilated areas.

• #13 Common Causes of Burn Injuries

  https://www.maggianolaw.com/blog/common-causes-burn-injuries/

  Heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation can damage your body’s tissues, resulting in a burn. […] Hot liquids, steam, building fires, and flammable liquids and gases make up the largest percentage of burn injuries. Fire causes 44% of all burns, followed by scalds at 33%, hot objects at 9%, electricity at 4%, and chemicals at 3%. […] Burns caused by house fires or other smoky incidents can carry an added danger of smoke inhalation. Breathing in toxic gases like those released in a fire can injure your lungs and cause poisoning. […] The severity of the burn depends on several factors, including depth, size, body area, and the age and health of the victim. Younger (10 and under) and older (65+) adults are at the most risk for burns, particularly from hot liquids. […] A large number of accidental burns are preventable.

• #14 Burns – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/burns

  Burns tend to be caused by a variety of environmental factors: […] The majority of burns are called flame burns since they’re caused by fire. Contact with flame can cause direct injury to the skin and tissue. […] A wound to the skin caused by a hot liquid is called a scald. The thicker the liquid and the longer its contact with the skin, the greater the scald. […] Damage to the skin caused by a hot object is called a contact burn. In such instances, the burn is usually confined to the part of skin that touched the hot object. Examples are burns from cigarettes, irons, or cooking appliances. […] Sunburn involves damage to the skin caused by ultraviolet (UV) rays, which are emitted from the sun or a tanning bed. […] Electrical burns are caused by currents of electricity. These burns are usually very deep and may cause severe damage to the skin and its underlying tissue. […] Contact with flammable gases or liquids may cause chemical burns. Inhaling hot gases could damage the upper airways, making it difficult to breathe.

• #15 What Are Some of the Causes of Chemical Burns? – Texas Personal Injury Law Firm – Buzbee Law Firm – Just Win

  https://www.txattorneys.com/faqs/what-are-some-of-the-causes-of-chemical-burns/

  A chemical burn occurs when a persons skin comes into direct contact with a chemical substance. Chemical burns can be caused by exposure to household cleaning products, acids, alkalis, and other chemicals. […] Chemical burns are injuries that occur when chemical substances come in contact with the skin. These substances can be caustic, acidic, or alkaline, and most are capable of causing injury to the skin. Chemical burns may result from a variety of circumstances, including industrial accidents, improper use of cleaning agents, exposure to toxic gasses and fumes, and even explosions. […] There are many different types of chemicals that can cause chemical burns. Some of the most common include: […] Acidic substances such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid can cause chemical burns when they come into contact with skin or eyes.

• #16 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns can happen if you come into contact with a harsh substance such as bleach, battery acid or disinfectants. […] A chemical burn is damage to tissue on your body due to a harsh or corrosive substance. […] Chemical burns range from mild to severe. […] Its important to note that children (especially toddlers) are at a high risk for burns caused by household chemical products. […] When harsh chemicals come into contact with your skin, eyes or any tissue in your body, they can destroy cells. […] There are a lot of substances that can cause chemical burns. […] Chemical burns require immediate treatment. […] Most mild chemical burns heal without leaving permanent scars. However, long-term effects of severe chemical burns may include: […] Chemical burns can happen if you work with chemicals or other harsh substances for your job.

• #17 Burns – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/burns/burns

  Burns are injuries of skin or other tissue caused by thermal, radiation, chemical, or electrical contact. […] Burns cause approximately 4,000 deaths/year in the United States and about 400,000 emergency department visits. […] Thermal burns may result from any external heat source (flame, hot liquids, hot solid objects, or occasionally, steam). […] Radiation burns most commonly result from prolonged exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (sunburn) but may result from prolonged or intense exposure to other sources of ultraviolet radiation (eg, tanning beds) or from exposure to sources of x-rays or other nonsolar radiation. […] Chemical burns may result from strong acids, strong alkalis (eg, lye, cement), phenols, cresols, mustard gas, phosphorus, and certain petroleum products (eg, gasoline, paint thinner). […] Electrical burns result from heat generation and electroporation of cell membranes associated with massive currents of electrons. […] Events associated with a burn (eg, jumping from a burning building, being struck by debris, motor vehicle crash) may cause other injuries.

• #18 Burn causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Burn_causes

  Burn injury may be caused by chemicals, friction, electricity, radiation, extreme temperatures(hot and cold) and Inhalation injury in burns. […] Burns may be caused by a wide variety of substances and external sources such as exposure to chemicals. […] Most chemicals (but not all) that can cause moderate to severe chemical burns are strong acids or bases. […] Electrical burns are generally caused by an exogenous electric shock, such as being struck by lightning or defibrillated or cardioverted without a conductive gel. […] Radiation burns may be caused by protracted and overexposure to UV light (as from the sun), tanning booths, radiation therapy (as patients who are undergoing cancer therapy), sunlamps, and X-rays. […] Scalding is a specific type of burning that is caused by hot fluids or gases. […] A cold burn (see frostbite) is a kind of burn which arises when the skin is in contact with a low-temperature body. […] Inhalational injury by itself has been shown to be associated with pulmonary dysfunction for at least 6 months after the injury.

• #19 Causes of Burns | New Jersey Burn Injury Lawyers

  https://www.dsslaw.com/personal-injury-attorney/burn-injury/causes-of-burns/

  Electrical burns happen when electricity passes through the body. They occur because the body provides resistance against electricity, causing heat to build up. […] Chemical burns from corrosive substances make up nearly five percent of all burns. This type of burn is typically caused by exposure to acids or bases and can occur with or without heat. […] Friction burn injuries are the result of the skin rubbing against a surface. Rug burn, carpet burn, and rope burn are all common forms of friction burns. […] While less common, burns can also occur during surgical procedures. […] Certain products or chemicals actually damage the skin (irritant contact dermatitis) while others cause allergic reactions (allergic contact dermatitis).

• #19 Causes of Burns | New Jersey Burn Injury Lawyers

  https://www.dsslaw.com/personal-injury-attorney/burn-injury/causes-of-burns/

  Burns are among the most painful and complicated injuries. They affect more than the skin. Nerves, blood vessels, muscle and bone are impacted, too. They can also affect body temperature, immune health, physical appearance and psychological well-being. The causes of burns can be categorized as: […] Thermal burns are the most common type of burn injury. They are caused by exposure to extreme heat (above 115 degrees Fahrenheit). They can occur in a number of different ways. […] It is estimated that nearly 45 percent of burns are caused by fire or flame. Nine percent are caused by touching hot objects and 33 percent are due to scalding. […] Inhalation burns result from inhalation of vapors, smoke, harmful gases and particulate matter contained in smoke. Inhalation injuries are not as visible as burns to the epidermis, but they can be equally detrimental.

• #20 Common Causes of Burn Injuries

  https://www.fssplaw.com/news/2022/july/common-causes-of-burn-injuries/

  Chemical accidents. If you are involved in a truck accident with a vehicle that is hauling chemicals, in a workplace environment or class where chemicals are improperly handled, or around chemicals for one reason or another, you can suffer a chemical burn from acid, lye, concrete mix, cleaning supplies, chlorine, or bleach. […] Defective products. If a product is not properly designed or has a combustible fuel source or batteries, it may overheat and then spark, which can lead to burn injuries. […] Electrocutions. Many construction workers experience electrical burns while on their job sites. They (as well as others) may also suffer flash arc burns or thermal contact burns if exposed to high electrical currents. […] Gas explosions. A gas explosion can occur on a work site, at a barbecue by a grill, in gas furnaces or water heaters, or in any instance where propane, fuel, or natural gases are around.

• #20 Common Causes of Burn Injuries

  https://www.fssplaw.com/news/2022/july/common-causes-of-burn-injuries/

  Medical procedures. A person can suffer burn injuries because of surgical, cosmetic, or other forms of medical treatment. Most commonly radiation treatment, fluoroscopy, or treatments that use ultraviolet light or microwave energy cause radiation burns. […] Reactional activity accidents. People at bonfires, barbecues, cooking classes, or other recreational activities are at risk of being burned by a flame. Even relaxing at home or with friends, a person can be burned by a flame from a stove, heater, or other faulty equipment. […] Scalding water. Hot liquids or steam from coffee, tea, water, or soup can cause various serious burns if a person drinks the scalding liquid or is touched by the beverages steam.

• #21 Most Common Causes Of Burns Requiring Hospital Admission

  https://www.dsslaw.com/blog/why-do-people-suffer-burn-injuries/

  A common cause of electrical burns is the failure to turn off the power supply before making repairs or installing devices at the home or office. […] Common causes of chemical burns are contact with or exposure to cleaning products, ammonia, pool chemicals, battery acid, bleach and similar products. […] Common causes of friction burns are falls caused by dangerous property conditions and car, truck, motorcycle or bicycle accidents caused by careless drivers. […] Inexperience, lack of proper training, failure to insulate surgical tools and ignorance of safety procedures can all lead to serious or life-threatening surgical burns. […] Failure of the cosmetic company to list all of a product’s ingredients, lack of adequate warning labels and insufficient testing can all result in painful and disfiguring cosmetic burns.

• #21 Most Common Causes Of Burns Requiring Hospital Admission

  https://www.dsslaw.com/blog/why-do-people-suffer-burn-injuries/

  An estimated 450,000 burn injuries nationwide require medical treatment each year, according to the National Trauma Institute’s most recent “Trauma Statistics” report. […] At least 40,000 people are admitted to hospitals or burn centers yearly due to burn injuries. Fire, burns and smoke inhalation account for 3,400 deaths each year. […] Unfortunately, negligence is a common cause of burn injuries. Consider how certain actions (or inaction) can lead to the following eight types of burns: […] A lack of proper safety procedures, failure to provide workers with protective gear, leaving hot items unattended and inadequate signage are forms of negligence which could lead to serious thermal burns. […] Failure to provide employees with proper safety equipment when working around dangerous materials is a type of negligence that can lead to inhalation burns.

• #22 What Are the Most Common Causes of Burn Injuries?

  https://brandtsherman.com/what-are-the-most-common-causes-of-burn-injuries/

  Common scenarios include contact with live wires, malfunctioning electrical appliances, or occupational hazards in industries where workers handle electrical equipment. […] Radiation burns result from exposure to high levels of radiation, including ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or radiation therapy for cancer treatment. […] Sunburns are the most common type of radiation burns, caused by excessive exposure to UV rays. […] Burn injuries can have long-lasting physical and emotional impacts on victims. Preventing these injuries requires a combination of education, proper safety measures, and the use of protective gear in environments where burns are a risk. […] In many cases, burn injuries occur due to negligence or unsafe conditions created by others. If you or a loved one has suffered a burn injury due to someone else’s negligence, it’s crucial to seek legal assistance to understand your rights and pursue compensation for your injuries.

• #23 Burns: Causes, Degrees, and Prevention – Freedom Health & Wellness

  https://freedomhealth-wellness.com/burns-causes-degrees-and-prevention/

  Burns can arise from many sources, including heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation, and the suns powerful rays. […] Open flames rank among the most frequent causes of burns, yet numerous other factors contribute to these injuries. These include: […] Thermal burns result from direct contact with hot objects or substances, raising the skins temperature to the point of cell death. Common sources include hot metals, scalding liquids, flames, and steam. […] Radiation burns: Sunburn is a well-known example of radiation burns caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays. Additionally, medical procedures such as X-rays or radiation therapy for cancer treatment can also result in radiation burns. […] Chemical burns: Strong acids, solvents, or detergents that come into contact with the skin can cause chemical burns. These burns often result in tissue damage and require immediate medical attention. […] Electrical burns: Exposure to an electrical current can cause electrical burns, resulting in tissue damage and nerve injury. These burns often occur in workplace accidents or incidents involving faulty electrical appliances.

• #24 Burns: Causes and Emergency Room Treatment: ER of Texas

  https://www.eroftexas.com/burns/

  Burns can be caused by fire, sun exposure, appliances, electricity or contact with certain types of chemicals. […] One of the most common causes of burns is direct or indirect exposure to open flames. […] Exposure to high levels of heat can result in burns. […] Long-term exposure to direct sunlight is responsible for one of the most common types of burns: sunburns. […] Burns from hot water, or scalding injuries, are the leading cause of burns in small children. […] When electrical equipment fails or is used improperly, serious burns can be the result. […] Direct contact with hazardous chemicals can lead to some of the most serious types of burns. […] Radiation burns are always serious. […] Friction generates high levels of heat, leading to blistered skin, painful rashes and damaged muscle tissue.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns

  People living in low- and middle-income countries are at higher risk for burns than people living in high-income countries. Within all countries however, burn risk correlates with socioeconomic status. […] There are a number of other risk factors for burns, including: occupations that increase exposure to fire; poverty, overcrowding and lack of proper safety measures; placement of young girls in household roles such as cooking and care of small children; underlying medical conditions, including epilepsy, peripheral neuropathy, and physical and cognitive disabilities; alcohol abuse and smoking; easy access to chemicals used for assault (such as in acid violence attacks); use of kerosene (paraffin) as a fuel source for non-electric domestic appliances; and inadequate safety measures for liquefied petroleum gas and electricity.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns

  An estimated 180 000 deaths every year are caused by burns. The vast majority occur in low- and middle-income countries. […] A burn is an injury to the skin or other organic tissue primarily caused by heat or due to radiation, radioactivity, electricity, friction or contact with chemicals. […] Burns are a global public health problem, accounting for an estimated 180 000 deaths annually. The majority of these occur in low- and middle-income countries and almost two thirds occur in the WHO African and South-East Asia Regions. […] Non-fatal burns are a leading cause of morbidity, including prolonged hospitalization, disfigurement and disability, often with resulting stigma and rejection. […] Burns are among the leading causes of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost in low- and middle-income countries.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns

  Burns occur mainly in the home and workplace. […] Burns are preventable. High-income countries have made considerable progress in lowering rates of burn deaths, through a combination of prevention strategies and improvements in the care of people affected by burns. Most of these advances in prevention and care have been incompletely applied in low- and middle-income countries. Increased efforts to do so would likely lead to significant reductions in rates of burn-related death and disability.

• #26 Burns

  https://www.rch.org.au/trauma-service/manual/Burns/

  Burns are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children, and a common cause for hospital admission. […] The type and cause of paediatric burns are related to the age and developmental stage of the child. Young children are most likely to incur a burn injury: 70% paediatric burns occur in 5 year old children. […] Males are over represented in all age groups for burns and the gender imbalance increases with age. […] Other risk factors for paediatric burns include poverty, overcrowding, lack of safety measures or adequate parental supervision including young girls being given a household role of cooking. Children with some underlying medical conditions are also at increased risk of burns such as epilepsy and physical or cognitive disabilities. Children are at risk of burns from neglect and inflicted burns as child abuse.

• #27 Thermal Burns: Overview, Pathophysiology, Quantifying Burn Severity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1278244-overview

  In a large US study, from 2016 to 2018, Bentivegna et al showed that tap water warmer than 49C (120F) is a significant cause of scald burns in children under 5 years. […] Child abuse accounts for a large proportion of immersion scald burns. […] Nonaccidental burn injuries can occur due to a caretaker’s maltreatment or negligence and are associated with greater mortality and longer hospitalization than accidental burns. […] Immersion burns caused by child abuse can be distinguished from accidental burns by the pattern and site of the burn, histories given by the caretaker and patient, and a medical history of scars representing previous abuse. […] The presence of circumferential full-thickness burns on any area of the body necessitates escharotomy. […] Full-thickness circumferential burn of an extremity can result in vascular compromise. […] The standard of care for full-thickness burns is burn wound excision and grafting.

• #28 SafetyLit: Burns: causes and risk factors

  https://www.safetylit.org/citations/index.php?fuseaction=citations.viewdetails&citationIds[]=citjournalarticle_133358_38

  Burns: causes and risk factors […] Major causes included flames in 44.8%, scalds in 28.5%, and chemicals in 9.7%. […] Fifty-six percent of the patients had one or more of the established predisposing factors. […] The most common predisposing factors were alcohol and drug abuse, physical and mental illness and advanced age. […] This study emphasizes the urgent need for effective burn prevention programs in which all health professionals should play an important role.

• #29 Thermal Burns: Overview, Pathophysiology, Quantifying Burn Severity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1278244-overview

  Major causes of severe burn injury are flame burns (37%) and liquid scalds (24%). […] The most common contributing factor in flame burn injuries is the consumption of alcohol (26%). […] The aforementioned study by Shields and colleagues reported that in the United States between 2016 and 2018, tap water scald burns were responsible for 52,088 (weighted) ED visits, 7270 (weighted) hospitalizations, and 110 hospital-based deaths. […] In structural fires, approximately one half of all burn victims, many with only moderate burns of less than 40% body surface area, die of asphyxiation or carbon monoxide poisoning before reaching the hospital. […] A British study, by Stewart et al, found that risk factors for scald injuries in children younger than 5 years old include the presence of hot drinks within reach of these youngsters and a lack of education for these children concerning rules about climbing on kitchen objects.

• #30 Common Causes of Burn Injuries

  https://www.weberandrubano.com/common-causes-of-burn-injuries/

  Mild burns are painful and frightening, but serious burn injuries are among the most painful and life-altering injuries a person can suffer. […] Burn injuries occur when the flesh reacts to extreme heat, resulting in inflammation and cell death. […] The most common causes of burn injuries in the U.S. include the following: Direct contact with flames causes about 46% of burn injuries. Scalds from hot or boiling water and other liquids cause 32% of burns. Around 8% of burn injuries are thermal burns resulting from contact with hot objects like a stove burner or grill. Electrical burns from accidental electrocution make up about 4% of burn injuries. About 3% of burn injuries result from chemical burns. 7% of burns result from the combination of remaining causes such as explosions, fireworks, and sunburns. […] Children are the most common victims of scald burns from hot water while construction workers are common victims of electrocutions and chemical burns.

• #31 Burns and scalds – first aid, treatments, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/burns-and-scalds

  Burns are damage to body tissue caused by heat, too much sun, chemicals or electricity. […] Scalds are caused by hot water or steam. […] The most common causes of burns are: scalds from hot drinks such as cups of tea or coffee, hot water or steam from kettles or pots, or hot water taps in the kitchen or bathroom; contact with flames; contact with hot objects such as stoves, irons, hair straighteners or hot coals; contact with winter items such as hot water bottles, electric blankets and heat packs; chemical burns from swallowing things, such as drain cleaner or button batteries, or from spilling chemicals such as bleach, oven cleaner or concrete onto the skin; electrical burns. […] A burn is an injury in which the skin or other organic tissue is damaged by heat, radiation, radioactivity, electricity, friction or chemicals. A scald is a burn injury caused by a wet agent such as hot water or steam. Burns and scalds can vary in severity from minor to potentially fatal, depending on their size and depth.

• #32 Treating Pain Caused by Burns: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Degree

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/pain-caused-by-burns

  Burns are a type of tissue damage. They’re common. You may get one if you’re exposed to too much heat or radiation (like from the sun). Strong chemicals, electricity, and friction can also cause them. […] Heat sources are the most common cause of burns. You might get a so-called thermal burn for many reasons, including if you’re in a house fire, vehicle crash, kitchen accident, or have an electrical appliance that malfunctions. […] Some causes of heat burns include: Fire or any open flame, Heated metal, glass, or other object, Scalding liquid or steam, Electricity, Friction (also called road rash or rug burn). […] Other things that cause burns include: Radiation from x-rays, Ultraviolet (UV) rays, such as from the sun or tanning beds, Strong chemicals like paint thinner, gasoline, or strong acids. […] Some burns happen because of abuse. One kind is called an immersion burn. An example is when someone forces a child into very hot water and holds them there. This usually shows up on a child’s fists, feet, butt, genitals, or anus.

• #33 Nursing Home Burn Injuries – Causes, Complications & Neglect

  https://nursinghomesabuse.org/nursing-home-injuries/burns/

  Burn injuries are a common occurrence in nursing homes, with elderly residents being at higher risk due to factors such as decreased mobility, sensory deficits and cognitive impairment. Burn injuries can be caused by hot surfaces, scalding liquids, and flames, and are often preventable with proper staff training and safety protocols. […] Burns in nursing homes are almost always the result of some level of abuse or neglect by nursing home staff. […] Nursing homes must ensure water heater settings are at safe levels. The Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services do not provide guidelines, but the state of Michigan requires nursing homes to maintain water heater settings between 105 and 120. […] Unexplained burns on your family member could be a warning sign of physical abuse, according to the National Council on Aging. This can include scalds, friction burns from restraints or cigarette burns. […] Nursing homes are liable for any actions or lack thereof by staff, administrators or other residents that harm residents.

• #34 Second-degree burn: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325189

  Second-degree burns, or partial thickness burns, are more severe than first-degree burns. They affect the outer layer of skin, called the epidermis, and part of the second layer of skin, called the dermis. […] Physical sources of heat, such as the sun and stoves, can cause second-degree burns. Certain chemicals, including bleach and other cleaning products, can also cause burns. […] Some common causes of second-degree burns include: severe sunburn, such as when a person with very fair skin sits in the sun for an extended period; accidents with ovens and stoves; exposure to fire; contact with boiling water. […] Accidental injuries are a common reason for second-degree burns. For example, a child might place their hand on a hot burner. […] Intentional abuse, such as during acid attacks, can also cause second-degree burns.

• #35 Burns

  https://www.rch.org.au/trauma-service/manual/Burns/

  A burn is a thermal injury resulting in a wound characterised by an inflammatory reaction leading initially to local oedema from increased vascular permeability, vasodilation and extravascular osmotic activity. […] A burn is an injury with both local and systemic responses. There are three major types of burn: thermal, electrical and chemical. […] Once TBSA 30% a systemic inflammatory response will occur. […] A widespread inflammatory response also occurs as the result of a burn injury with release of catecholamines, vasoactive mediators and inflammatory markers which can trigger a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) resulting in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). […] Following a burn injury, a hypermetabolic state ensues where catabolism increases and anabolism decreases resulting in loss of muscle and bone mineral density.

• #36 Burns Types, Classification, Definition, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/burns/article.htm

  Burn injuries occur from the contact of excessive heat over the skin, causing tissue damage and often resulting in scarring. […] A burn is a type of injury caused by any of the below factors: Heat (such as hot objects, boiling liquids, steam, fire), Chemicals (such as strong acids), Electricity, Sunlight, Radiation. […] Burns from hot liquids, steam, and fire are the most common causes of burns. […] The amount of damage that a burn can cause depends upon the type of burn, its location, its depth, and how much body surface area it involves. […] Burns are classified based on their depth. […] Regardless of the type of burn, inflammation and fluid accumulation in and around the wound occur. […] The most common complications of an untreated burn, depending on its depth, include infections and scarring.

• #36 Burns Types, Classification, Definition, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/burns/article.htm

  Severe cases of deeper burns that cover an extensive part of the body can lead to dehydration, shock, and even death if left untreated. […] Scar formation is nothing but a healing mechanism of the body in which to cover the destroyed part, the cells rich in collagen are formed in increased numbers to make a healed and thickened discolored area called a scar. […] Scar tissue formation is usually not seen in first-degree burns but is seen in second and third-degree burns where there has been a significant amount of damage to the tissues.

• #37 Burn Wound Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213595-overview

  Burns are wounds sustained through thermal injury. These injuries could be heat, chemical, electrical, radiation. […] Infection is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in this population, with almost 61% of deaths being caused by infection. […] The skin also provides primary protection against infection by acting as a physical barrier. When this barrier is damaged, pathogens can directly infiltrate the body, resulting in infection. […] In addition to the nature and extent of the thermal injury influencing infections, the type and quantity of microorganisms that colonize the burn wound appear to influence the risk of invasive wound infection. […] The pathogens that infect the wound are primarily gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and gram-negative bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella species.

• #37 Burn Wound Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213595-overview

  Fungal pathogens also can infect burn wounds. These infections more frequently occur after the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Factors associated with improved outcome and infection prevention include early burn eschar excision, topical antibiotic therapy, and aggressive infection-control measures. […] Immediately following a thermal burn, the surface of the burn wound is free of microorganisms. However, deep cutaneous structures that survive the initial burn injury (eg, sweat glands, hair follicles) often contain staphylococci, which colonize the wound surface during the subsequent 48 hours. […] In animal models, the progression of burn wound infections has been assessed and the following progression observed: burn wound colonization, invasion into subjacent tissue (within 5 days), destruction of granulation tissue, visceral hematogenous lesions, manifestations of septic shock, and death.

• #37 Burn Wound Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213595-overview

  Early surgical debridement and skin grafting, use of topical and systemic antimicrobials, and enhanced infection-control practices have led to the replacement of beta-hemolytic streptococci with S aureus and gram-negative bacteria such as P aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and A baumannii as major pathogens in burn wound infections. […] In burns older than 7 days, biofilm may be detected in the ulcerated areas of the wounds. […] Fungal infections often develop later, after broad-spectrum antibiotics have been administered or after wound care has been delayed.

• #38 Overview of complications of severe burn injury – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-complications-of-severe-burn-injury

  Despite major advances in the treatment of patients with burn injury, systemic complications and burn wound-specific complications are common. […] Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is a progressive disorder that commonly occurs in acutely ill patients, regardless of the etiology of the injury or illness. MODS exists in a continuum with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which affects most patients with severe burns, with or without an infection. […] The risk of MODS increases with burn wounds >20 percent of total body surface area (TBSA), increasing age, male sex, sepsis, hypoperfusion, and under-resuscitation. […] The release of endotoxins and/or exotoxins from an infective process initiates a cascade of inflammatory mediators that leads to organ damage and, ultimately, organ failure. […] Prevention of sepsis from burn wound infection is the most promising approach.

• #39 Burns

  https://www.rch.org.au/trauma-service/manual/Burns/

  Children have thinner skin than adults, therefore the time to burn, or the energy required to cause a burn is less. […] The risk of airway compromise in children following inhalation injury is greater due to a smaller airway opening and greater risk of closure from oedema. […] The systemic inflammatory response in children tends to be stronger with more vulnerability to their effects, including an increased susceptibility to the resultant hypermetabolic state. […] Non-accidental burn injuries can occur in the setting of neglect or physical abuse. Inflicted burn injuries are under recognised; it is difficult to estimate the incidence. They affect children of all ages and incur significant mortality and morbidity.

• #40 Burns: Symptoms, Degrees, How To Treat & Healing

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12063-burns

  Most burns happen because of something thats too hot for you to handle. But burns can also happen when somethings too cold, with friction, chemicals and even from the sun. […] Burns are a type of injury that happens when something usually something hot damages tissues of your body. […] Burns can happen in many ways, including: Touching something too hot or cold, like a hot stove or dry ice. […] Burns can cause many complications, ranging from minor to life-threatening. […] Some key ways to prevent burns include: Teach children about fire and supervise them. […] Yes, experts estimate that up to 90% of burns are preventable.

• #41 Burn Injury Claims: Types, Causes & Liability | Corena Law

  https://www.corenalaw.com/personal-injury/burn-injury-claims-types/

  Burn injuries are among the most painful and severe types of personal injuries a person can experience. […] When a burn injury happens due to someone else’s negligence, the victim may have the right to file a personal injury claim and get compensation for their suffering. […] Not all burns are the same, and the cause plays a significant role in determining liability. Some burns result from workplace accidents, while others stem from auto collisions, defective products, or unsafe conditions in public spaces. […] If a property owner fails to install smoke alarms or if an employer does not follow fire safety regulations, they could be held liable for the injuries. […] Electrical burns occur when a person comes into contact with a high-voltage electrical current. […] If an employer fails to provide protective gear or an electrician performs faulty wiring, victims may have a valid claim for compensation.

• #41 Burn Injury Claims: Types, Causes & Liability | Corena Law

  https://www.corenalaw.com/personal-injury/burn-injury-claims-types/

  Employers are required by law to follow safety regulations to prevent chemical exposure. […] If proper protective equipment is not provided, or if chemical storage is unsafe, the employer or property owner may be held accountable for negligence. […] If another driver’s negligence caused the accident, victims may be eligible for compensation. […] If negligence leads to excessive radiation exposure, victims may have grounds for a personal injury claim. […] Liability depends on where and how the burn occurred. Employers, property owners, manufacturers, or negligent individuals

• #42 The Most Common Causes of Kids’ Burns at Home and How to Avoid Them – Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children

  https://www.arnoldpalmerhospital.com/content-hub/the-most-common-causes-of-kids-burns-at-home-and-how-to-avoid-them/

  Many parents and caregivers are aware of the safety basics in preventing childrens accidents such as burns. […] This is especially concerning when you realize that every day, over 300 children receive emergency care for burns and that over 75 percent of these events could be prevented, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Which situations lead to a child getting burned? Not surprisingly, rushing, multi-tasking and feeling unwell or exhausted increases the risk for household accidents. […] Instant soups cause one in five pediatric scald burns every year, according to the Institute for Childhood Preparedness. […] As a rule, children should be kept out of the kitchen until they are old enough to comprehend hot and cold, and follow safety protocols. […] Be especially aware that with household burns, children aged four and under are the most at risk.

• #43 Burn | First Degree Burn | Second Degree Burn | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/burns.html

  A burn is damage to your body’s tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. […] Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers.

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