Materiały źródłowe

• #1 From wakefulness to excessive sleepiness: what we know and still need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2362500/

  The epidemiological study of hypersomnia symptoms is still in its infancy; most epidemiological surveys on this topic were published in the last decade. […] Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) has been mostly investigated in terms of frequency or severity; duration of the symptom has rarely been investigated. […] EDS occurring at least 3 days per week has been reported in between 4% and 20.6% of the population, while severe EDS was reported at 5%. […] In the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, hypersomnia symptoms are the essential feature of 3 disorders: insufficient sleep syndrome, hypersomnia (idiopathic, recurrent or posttraumatic) and narcolepsy. […] The co-occurrence of insufficient sleep and EDS has been explored in some studies and prevalence has been found in around 8% of the general population.

• #1 Excessive Daytime Sleepiness | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0301/p391.html

  Excessive daytime sleepiness is one of the most common sleep-related patient symptoms, and it affects an estimated 20 percent of the population. […] The most common causes of excessive daytime sleepiness are sleep deprivation, obstructive sleep apnea, and sedating medications. […] An estimated 26 to 32 percent of adults are at risk of or have obstructive sleep apnea, and the prevalence is expected to increase. […] About 20 percent of adults in the United States report a level of daytime sleepiness sufficient to interfere with daily activities, and excessive daytime sleepiness is the leading symptom of patients presenting to sleep clinics. […] The prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness is highest in adolescents, older persons, and shift workers, but assessment of its true prevalence is difficult because of the subjective nature of the symptoms, inconsistencies in terminology, and a lack of consensus on methods of diagnosis and assessment.

• #1 Excessive daytime sleepiness in sleep disorders – Slater – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/568/html

  Excessive daytime sleepiness is a significant public health problem, with prevalence in the community estimated to be as high as 18%. […] The prevalence of self-reported insufficient sleep or excessive daytime sleepiness in the general population has proved difficult to estimate. […] The latest Sleep in America poll conducted by the American Sleep Foundation found that 18% of respondents scored 10 points or more on the ESS, qualifying them as excessively sleepy. […] Outside of the clinical setting, EDS is a widespread problem in the community, with estimated prevalence as high as 18%. […] Obesity is a factor consistently linked to daytime sleepiness, with obese subjects twice as likely to report EDS than non-obese individuals. […] In both obese and non-obese subjects, depression is strongly associated with sleepiness.

• #1 Primary Hypersomnia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291699-overview

  While the rates of excessive daytime sleepiness complaints in the general US population are between 0.5% and 5% of adults (in surveys without a specific consideration of causes/diagnoses), idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is diagnosed in about 5%-10% of individuals who are self-referred to a sleep clinic with a chief complaint of daytime sleepiness. A precise estimation of idiopathic hypersomnia prevalence is complicated by a lack of clear biologic markers or unambiguous diagnostic criteria. As a result, the reported prevalence rates of IH vary broadly. […] A 2012 study by Ohayon et al suggested that excessive sleepiness is more prevalent than previously estimated. The study found that 27.8% of 15,929 individuals from 15 US states reported excessive sleepiness. Even when using restrictive criteria of frequency at least 3 times per week for at least 3 months despite normal sleep duration, the prevalence was 4.7%.

• #1 From wakefulness to excessive sleepiness: what we know and still need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2362500/

  The prevalence of insufficient sleep syndrome is more likely to be between 1% and 4% of the population. […] Idiopathic hypersomnia would be rare in the general population with prevalence, around 0.3%. […] Narcolepsy has been more extensively studied, with a prevalence around 0.045% in the general population. […] The large variation is mostly due to the method used to collect the information on the family members; systematic investigation of all family members provided higher results. […] There is still a lot to be done in the epidemiological field of hypersomnia. […] The use of a single question fails to capture the complexity of the symptom. […] The natural evolution of hypersomnia remains to be documented. […] The term excessive daytime sleepiness is often used interchangeably with hypersomnia.

• #1 Idiopathic hypersomnia | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/idiopathic-hypersomnia

  The prevalence of idiopathic hypersomnia is difficult to estimate due to the relatively nonspecific nature of symptoms. […] In the general population the about 1 of 50,000 to 1 of 5000 individuals are estimated to have idiopathic hypersomnia. […] Among individuals presenting to a sleep center for excessive daytime sleepiness, 10% to 29% of individuals are estimated to have idiopathic hypersomnia. […] Evaluation of the prevalence of idiopathic hypersomnia in the general population is difficult due to the limited number of patients with this condition and the difficulty of making a definitive diagnosis. […] Despite the limited nature of epidemiological data, the prevalence of patients with idiopathic hypersomnia compared to narcolepsy provides some indication of overall prevalence. […] Integrating these findings into a meta-analysis exploring the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia suggested that the prevalence of idiopathic hypersomnia in the adult population is between 1 in 5000 and 1 in 50,000. […] Clinically, approximately 10% to 29% of individuals referred to a sleep center for excessive daytime sleepiness ultimately receive a diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia.

• #1 Excessive Daytime Sleepiness | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0301/p391.html

  Furthermore, 26 to 32 percent of U.S. adults are at risk of developing or currently have OSA. […] Because increasing age and obesity are significant risk factors for OSA, the prevalence of OSA is set to increase rapidly. […] Many medical conditions can cause secondary excessive daytime sleepiness, including head trauma, stroke, tumors, inflammatory conditions, encephalitis, and genetic and neurodegenerative diseases. […] Narcolepsy, the most common of the primary hypersomnias, is reported to affect 0.02 to 0.18 percent of the adult population, but may be significantly underdiagnosed. […] A targeted medical history, physical examination, and laboratory assessment should be used to evaluate patients at risk of medical or psychological causes of secondary excessive daytime sleepiness.

• #1 Excessive daytime sleepiness in sleep disorders – Slater – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/568/html

  The prevalence of EDS also changes with age, with a number of studies finding increased EDS in the very young and very old. […] Cross-sectional studies have proved useful in identifying other risk factors for EDS in the general population, including shift-work, poor sleep hygiene and loneliness. […] Daytime sleepiness is a common, debilitating and potentially dangerous symptom, which is likely to be under-recognised.

• #1 Hypersomnia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersomnia

  Hypersomnia affects approximately 5% to 10% of the general population, with a higher prevalence for men due to the sleep apnea syndromes. […] Hypersomnia can be secondary to disorders such as clinical depression, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, epilepsy, or obesity. […] Sleep apnea is the second most frequent cause of secondary hypersomnia, affecting up to 4% of middle-aged adults, mostly men. […] There are many neurological disorders that may mimic the primary hypersomnias, narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia: brain tumors; stroke-provoking lesions; clinophilia; and dysfunction in the thalamus, hypothalamus, or brainstem. […] Chronic kidney disease is commonly associated with sleep symptoms and excessive daytime sleepiness. 80% of those on dialysis have sleep disturbances. […] Most forms of cancer and their therapies can cause fatigue and disturbed sleep, affecting 25-99% of patients and often lasting for years after treatment completion. […] Autoimmune diseases, especially lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, are often associated with hypersomnia. […] Hypersomnia can also develop within months after viral infections such as Whipple’s disease, mononucleosis, HIV, and Guillain-Barr syndrome.

• #1 Excessive Daytime Sleepiness | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0301/p391.html

  Excessive daytime sleepiness can have diverse and serious consequences. […] According to the National Transportation Safety Board, up to 52 percent of single vehicle crashes involving heavy trucks are fatigue-related, with the driver falling asleep in 17.6 percent of cases. […] Daytime sleepiness has been linked to poor health on several standardized measurements, including impairment in all domains of the Medical Outcomes Study short form health survey (36 items). […] Excessive daytime sleepiness can occur secondary to sleep deprivation, medication effects, illicit substance use, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and other medical and psychiatric conditions. […] Excessive daytime sleepiness is the most common symptom of OSA. […] In patients with OSA, approximately 23 percent of women and 16 percent of men experience excessive daytime sleepiness.

• #1 Frontiers | Hypersomnolence and Medical Disorders: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/45312/hypersomnolence-and-medical-disorders-causes-diagnosis-and-managementundefined

  Hypersomnolence is a disabling symptom manifesting as excessive daytime sleepiness and/or excessive need for sleep and often includes other cognitive complaints (impaired vigilance, altered attention, poor memory, emotional difficulties, etc.). […] The socio-economic burden of hypersomnolence is high and is associated with increased health-related medical referrals, higher expenses, and medication use, as well as increased risk of accidents. […] A number of clinical conditions and pathologies can result in hypersomnolence with an additional impact of chronic sleep deprivation, circadian disorders, sleep-disordered breathing and others. […] Hypersomnolence is a specific symptom of the central disorders of hypersomnolence including narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, which present as heterogenous entities.

• #1 Quality of Life in Patients With Idiopathic Hypersomnia | NSS

  https://www.dovepress.com/impairment-in-functioning-and-quality-of-life-in-patients-with-idiopat-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NSS

  Findings from this real-world study demonstrate the associations of idiopathic hypersomnia with substantial impairments in quality of life, daily functioning, cognition, mood, relationships, and work productivity. These results indicate that measures of functional impairments are important to include in effectiveness trials for idiopathic hypersomnia treatments, and provide a baseline against which treatment effectiveness may be evaluated.

• #1 Idiopathic hypersomnia – Hypersomnia Foundation

  https://www.hypersomniafoundation.org/ih/

  Having IH can greatly affect daily life: […] Waking up is usually very hard, especially for people who have IH with long sleep. They often need multiple alarms and morning rituals to wake up for school or work. […] The amount and timing of needed sleep can limit daily activities. […] IH can cause problems with thinking, working, and socializing. People with IH may have trouble doing their jobs, staying in school, having romantic relationships, and fully engaging with their friends and loved ones. […] Doctors will usually: […] Ask about your symptoms and medical history, sometimes using questionnaires […] Confirm from your history that you’ve had daily EDS for at least 3 months […] Do a complete physical exam and medical tests, including sleep studies, to make sure your EDS isn’t caused by something else

• #1 Approach to the patient with excessive daytime sleepiness – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-patient-with-excessive-daytime-sleepiness

  Patients with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) have impaired function due to difficulty maintaining wakefulness or alertness at appropriate times during the day. […] This topic provides a general overview of the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of disorders that cause excessive daytime sleepiness. […] Excessive daytime sleepiness — Daytime sleepiness is defined as excessive when it causes a subjective complaint or interferes with function. […] The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition, Text Revision (ICSD-3-TR) defines EDS as the inability to maintain wakefulness and alertness during the major waking episodes of the day, with sleep occurring unintentionally or at inappropriate times almost daily for at least three months. […] Hypersomnia — The terms hypersomnia and hypersomnolence are sometimes used interchangeably with EDS. […] In the ICSD-3-TR, hypersomnolence is used to describe symptoms including excessive sleepiness and increased sleep duration, and hypersomnia refers to specific disorders characterized by hypersomnolence.

• #1 From wakefulness to excessive sleepiness: what we know and still need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2362500/

  This occurs rather frequently in the general population: between 2.8% and 9.5% answered positively to this type of question. […] Sleep propensity during wakefulness in situations of diminished attention refers to excessive daytime sleepiness. […] Most of the studies limited the assessment of daytime sleepiness to a single question answered by either yes or no, a severity scale or a frequency scale. […] Duration of daytime sleepiness was rarely examined. […] The frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness was assessed using a graduating scale ranging from never to very often or always; or a frequency per week. […] The prevalence of narcolepsy is set at 0.04% in the general population. […] The prevalence of hypersomnia diagnoses is still to be determined in the general population. […] The few data available suggest that hypersomnia as a diagnosis is below 1%. […] Genetic epidemiological studies of narcolepsy have shown that between 1.5% and 20.8% of narcoleptic individuals have at least one family member with the disease.

• #1 Primary Hypersomnia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291699-overview

  A 2023 study reported a much lower prevalence rate, estimating the rate of IH in US adults to be 32.12 per 100,000 persons in 2019, 35.71 per 100,000 persons in 2020, and 37.03 per 100,000 persons in 2021. […] A large series found that idiopathic hypersomnia represented about 1% of 6000 patients seen in sleep centers; given that idiopathic hypersomnia is believed to be 60% as prevalent as narcolepsy, this raises the question of diagnostic accuracy. […] IH prevalence varies between males and females. In the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort, the estimate prevalence of IH was 3.8% among both males and females, although female predominance was found in some studies. Approximately 33%-66% of idiopathic hypersomnia cases appear to be familial. […] As with narcolepsy and Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS), onset of hypersomnolence is most common during adolescence and rare in people older than 30 years. The diagnosis of IH is complicated by the fact that differentiating between excessive versus long sleep or normal versus abnormal wakefulness is often difficult, especially during adolescence.

• #1 From wakefulness to excessive sleepiness: what we know and still need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2362500/

  Excessive daytime sleepiness is not a disease or a disorder; it is a symptom of a sleep disorder or of another disease. […] A total of 12 different diagnoses involving excessive sleepiness as an essential feature are described and 7 of them are break down in different subtypes. […] Epidemiological studies conducted in the general population have mostly focused on excessive daytime sleepiness rarely assessing nocturnal and diurnal sleep quantity. […] Generally speaking, surveys that investigate hypersomnia symptoms in the general population can be divided into two categories: those measuring excessive quantity of sleep and those assessing sleep propensity during wakefulness. […] Excessive quantity of sleep refers to getting too much sleep or taking naps during the daytime. […] Studies that have assessed whether individuals were getting too much sleep only inquired about the subjective evaluation of sleep quantity; i.e., if, according to the subject, he or she estimated sleeping too much.

• #1 Epidemiological Overview of sleep Disorders in the General Population

  https://www.sleepmedres.org/journal/view.php?number=14

  The prevalence of excessive sleepiness using yes/no answer usually ranged between 3.9% and 16%. […] The frequency of excessive sleepiness was assessed using either a scale ranging from never to very often or always, or using a graduate scale of symptoms frequency during the week. Prevalence of individuals reporting being often or very often sleepy during the day ranged between 5% and 26% of the population, the highest rates being found in Poland and Japan. […] Excessive sleepiness occurring at least three days per week was reported with rates varying between 4% and 20.6% in Europe. […] The lack of consistent definition of excessive sleepiness leads to unacceptable variability in prevalence rates. […] Excessive sleepiness can be caused by various factors such as poor sleep hygiene, work conditions, and psychotropic medication use. It has been found to be associated also with breathing-related sleep disorders, psychiatric disorders, especially depression, and physical illnesses. […] For excessive sleepiness and RLS, the figures are even worst with less than 10% correctly diagnosed and treated.

• #1 Rare sleep disorder more prevalent than previously thought | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/12/231213212524.htm

  People who are very sleepy during the day, despite a good night’s rest, may have a sleep disorder called idiopathic hypersomnia. […] New research has found this neurologic disorder may not be as rare as once thought. […] It has been difficult to determine the prevalence of idiopathic hypersomnia because expensive and time-consuming sleep testing is required to make a diagnosis. […] We examined data from a large sleep study and found that this condition is much more common than previous estimates, and as prevalent as some other common neurologic and psychiatric conditions such as epilepsy, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. […] Researchers determined that 12 people had probable cases of idiopathic hypersomnia, for a prevalence of 1.5%. […] Our results demonstrate that idiopathic hypersomnia is relatively common, more prevalent than generally assumed, so there is likely a sizable difference between the number of people with this disorder and those who seek treatment.

• #1 Idiopathic Hypersomnia, Understanding the Often Overlooked Sleep Disorder | Jazz Pharmaceuticals

  https://www.jazzpharma.com/science_stories/idiopathic-hypersomnia-understanding-often-overlooked-sleep-disorder

  According to data from insurance claims, the number of people diagnosed with IH and actively seeking healthcare is approximately 37,000 patients in the U.S.; however, given how often IH is misdiagnosed, many people have not received an official diagnosis, indicating that the unmet need may be significantly greater.

• #1 Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Hypertensive Patients: The Role of Major Depressive Disorder

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/17/1854

  In our study, we demonstrated that the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness was 40.0% in our sample of hypertensive patients, which confirms that this complaint is more frequent in this subpopulation than in the general population. […] Furthermore, we highlighted that unlike remitted major depressive disorder, only current major depressive disorder was associated with a more frequent occurrence of this complaint in hypertensive patients, which highlights the importance of achieving the complete remission of this psychiatric disorder to avoid negative consequences associated with excessive daytime sleepiness in this particular subpopulation.

• #1 Factors associated with excessive daytime sleepiness in medical students of a higher education institution of Bucaramanga | Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-colombiana-psiquiatria-english-edition–479-articulo-factors-associated-with-excessive-daytime-S253031201930044X

  In Colombia, the SUECA study, carried out in 2008 in the municipalities of Manizales, Villamara and Neira, with a sample of 787 people over the age of seven, estimated a general prevalence of insomnia of 47.20% and of hypersomnia of 20.90% in the study population. […] Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is defined as the tendency to fall asleep in situations which require a high degree of attentiveness and, despite being a prevalent condition in almost all stages of the life cycle, it can occur in one in five adults and be associated with alterations in metabolic markers. However, it has been little studied and health services tend to ignore it. […] A high percentage of undergraduate and postgraduate medical students suffer from EDS. A study carried out in Malaysia revealed that 35.50% of undergraduate medical students suffer from EDS associated with poor sleep quality.

• #1 Factors associated with excessive daytime sleepiness in medical students of a higher education institution of Bucaramanga | Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-colombiana-psiquiatria-english-edition–479-articulo-factors-associated-with-excessive-daytime-S253031201930044X

  Various studies have been carried out in Colombia. Two carried out at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL) showed a high prevalence of EDS, which affected more than half of the students in the third and ninth semester, with a prevalence of 59.60% and 60.24%, respectively. […] The consequences of suffering from EDS can be severe and have been associated with alterations in daily functionality, low work productivity, road traffic accidents, risky behaviours and impaired academic performance. Given that no study which addresses EDS in medical students in Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area has been found, it is considered important to estimate the prevalence of this condition and to analyse the associated factors, taking into account that it is a vulnerable population which would benefit from primary prevention programmes that could be implemented on the basis provided by this research.

• #1 Excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with an exacerbation of migraine: A population-based study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-016-0655-4

  Previous studies have shown that migraine and sleep disturbances are closely associated. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common symptom of various types of sleep disturbance. Findings from clinic-based studies suggest that a high percentage of migraineurs experience EDS. However, the prevalence and clinical impact of EDS among migraineurs at the population level have rarely been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and impact of EDS among migraineurs using a population-based sample in Korea. […] Approximately 20 % of migraineurs had EDS in this population-based sample. Excessive daytime sleepiness was associated with an exacerbation of some migraine symptoms. […] The prevalence of EDS was significantly higher in participants with migraine (19.6 %) and non-migraine headache (13.4 %) compared to non-headache controls (9.4 %).

• #1 Excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with an exacerbation of migraine: A population-based study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-016-0655-4

  The prevalence of EDS was significantly higher among participants with migraine (OR=2.3, 95 % CI=1.53.7, p0.000) and non-migraine headache (OR=1.5, 95 % CI=1.21.9, p=0.002) compared to non-headache controls. […] The key findings in the present study were: (1) the prevalence of migraine and EDS in the Korean general population were 5.3 % and 11.6 %, respectively; (2) the prevalence of EDS was significantly higher among participants with migraine (19.6 %) and non-migraine headache (13.4 %) compared to non-headache controls (9.4 %); and (3) some clinical characteristics of migraine were more profound among migraineurs with EDS compared to migraineurs without EDS.

• #1 Incidence, worsening and risk factors of daytime sleepiness in a population-based 5-year longitudinal study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01547-0

  To our knowledge, factors predicting EDS are not well understood and those triggering DS increase remain unknown. Longitudinal studies of factors associated with EDS onset are scarce and give inconsistent results. […] The objectives of the present study were to document the natural history of EDS and provide estimates of prevalence, incidence, and persistence rates of EDS using the ESS, and to identify predictors of increased DS using time-dependent covariates over a 5-year follow-up in a longitudinal community study of adults. […] In this study of community-dwelling middle aged adults, 33% of the participants met the criteria for self-reported EDS at baseline (ESS10) (of whom 25% had severe EDS), with 33% of them reporting persistent EDS over 5 years. During the follow-up, 28% had incident EDS and 31% had increased DS (4-point on ESS).

• #1 Incidence, worsening and risk factors of daytime sleepiness in a population-based 5-year longitudinal study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01547-0

  We found that younger age and depressive symptoms were independent predictors of incident EDS and DS increase while lower coffee consumption, smoking, insomnia, tiredness and chronic pain were associated with incident EDS, and living alone with DS increase only. […] In conclusion, our study reports a high fluctuation of EDS and increased DS over time in the general population. Sleepiness is predicted by a similar set of lifestyle and psychological factors that are potentially modifiable. In contrast, persistent EDS or increased DS are associated with chronic medical diseases thus individualizing a homogeneous group at risk of serious medical consequences requiring a dedicated management.

• #1 American Academy of Neurology: Neurology Resources | AAN

  https://www.aan.com/PressRoom/Home/PressRelease/5133

  People who are very sleepy during the day, despite a good nights rest, may have a sleep disorder called idiopathic hypersomnia. New research has found this neurologic disorder may not be as rare as once thought. […] It has been difficult to determine the prevalence of idiopathic hypersomnia because expensive and time-consuming sleep testing is required to make a diagnosis, said study author David T. Plante, MD, PhD, of the University of WisconsinMadison. We examined data from a large sleep study and found that this condition is much more common than previous estimates, and as prevalent as some other common neurologic and psychiatric conditions such as epilepsy, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. […] Our results demonstrate that idiopathic hypersomnia is relatively common, more prevalent than generally assumed, so there is likely a sizable difference between the number of people with this disorder and those who seek treatment, said Plante. Further efforts to identify, diagnose and treat those impaired by idiopathic hypersomnia are needed. Additional research may also clarify the causes of idiopathic hypersomnia and lead to new treatments. […] A limitation of the study was that study participants were employed, so prevalence could be different in other populations, and may be even higher in the unemployed since people with idiopathic hypersomnia have higher rates of job loss and disability.

• #2 Epidemiological Overview of sleep Disorders in the General Population

  https://www.sleepmedres.org/journal/view.php?number=14

  The prevalence of excessive sleepiness using yes/no answer usually ranged between 3.9% and 16%. […] The frequency of excessive sleepiness was assessed using either a scale ranging from never to very often or always, or using a graduate scale of symptoms frequency during the week. Prevalence of individuals reporting being often or very often sleepy during the day ranged between 5% and 26% of the population, the highest rates being found in Poland and Japan. […] Excessive sleepiness occurring at least three days per week was reported with rates varying between 4% and 20.6% in Europe. […] The lack of consistent definition of excessive sleepiness leads to unacceptable variability in prevalence rates. […] Excessive sleepiness can be caused by various factors such as poor sleep hygiene, work conditions, and psychotropic medication use. It has been found to be associated also with breathing-related sleep disorders, psychiatric disorders, especially depression, and physical illnesses. […] For excessive sleepiness and RLS, the figures are even worst with less than 10% correctly diagnosed and treated.

• #2 Hypersomnia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersomnia

  Hypersomnia affects approximately 5% to 10% of the general population, with a higher prevalence for men due to the sleep apnea syndromes. […] Hypersomnia can be secondary to disorders such as clinical depression, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, epilepsy, or obesity. […] Sleep apnea is the second most frequent cause of secondary hypersomnia, affecting up to 4% of middle-aged adults, mostly men. […] There are many neurological disorders that may mimic the primary hypersomnias, narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia: brain tumors; stroke-provoking lesions; clinophilia; and dysfunction in the thalamus, hypothalamus, or brainstem. […] Chronic kidney disease is commonly associated with sleep symptoms and excessive daytime sleepiness. 80% of those on dialysis have sleep disturbances. […] Most forms of cancer and their therapies can cause fatigue and disturbed sleep, affecting 25-99% of patients and often lasting for years after treatment completion. […] Autoimmune diseases, especially lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, are often associated with hypersomnia. […] Hypersomnia can also develop within months after viral infections such as Whipple’s disease, mononucleosis, HIV, and Guillain-Barr syndrome.

• #2 Excessive daytime sleepiness in sleep disorders – Slater – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/568/html

  Excessive daytime sleepiness is a significant public health problem, with prevalence in the community estimated to be as high as 18%. […] The prevalence of self-reported insufficient sleep or excessive daytime sleepiness in the general population has proved difficult to estimate. […] The latest Sleep in America poll conducted by the American Sleep Foundation found that 18% of respondents scored 10 points or more on the ESS, qualifying them as excessively sleepy. […] Outside of the clinical setting, EDS is a widespread problem in the community, with estimated prevalence as high as 18%. […] Obesity is a factor consistently linked to daytime sleepiness, with obese subjects twice as likely to report EDS than non-obese individuals. […] In both obese and non-obese subjects, depression is strongly associated with sleepiness.

• #2 Incidence, worsening and risk factors of daytime sleepiness in a population-based 5-year longitudinal study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01547-0

  To our knowledge, factors predicting EDS are not well understood and those triggering DS increase remain unknown. Longitudinal studies of factors associated with EDS onset are scarce and give inconsistent results. […] The objectives of the present study were to document the natural history of EDS and provide estimates of prevalence, incidence, and persistence rates of EDS using the ESS, and to identify predictors of increased DS using time-dependent covariates over a 5-year follow-up in a longitudinal community study of adults. […] In this study of community-dwelling middle aged adults, 33% of the participants met the criteria for self-reported EDS at baseline (ESS10) (of whom 25% had severe EDS), with 33% of them reporting persistent EDS over 5 years. During the follow-up, 28% had incident EDS and 31% had increased DS (4-point on ESS).

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