Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Selective Mutism

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/selective-mutism/?srsltid=AfmBOorPVQ4MtFd1cb3iEEzBEl0-6P59j5YkIWI1V5T4dtUFk0diDWjp

  Selective mutism is a complex anxiety disorder that affects pragmatic language. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (American Psychiatric Association, 2022, p. 222), selective mutism is an anxiety disorder, and the diagnostic criteria for selective mutism are as follows: The child shows consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation for speaking (e.g., at school), despite speaking in other situations. The lack of verbal communication interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication. The duration of the mutism is at least 1 month (not limited to the first month of school). The failure to speak is not attributable to a lack of knowledge of, or comfort with, the spoken language required in the social situation. The mutism is not better explained by a communication disorder (e.g., childhood-onset fluency disorder) or exclusively due to the presence of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or another psychotic disorder.

• #2 Selective mutism – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/selective-mutism/

  Selective mutism is an anxiety disorder where a person is unable to speak in certain social situations, such as with classmates at school or to relatives they do not see very often. […] Left untreated, selective mutism can lead to isolation, low self-esteem and social anxiety disorder. It can continue into adolescence and adulthood if not managed. […] A child can successfully overcome selective mutism if it’s diagnosed at an early age and appropriately managed. […] It’s important for selective mutism to be recognised early by families and schools so they can work together to reduce a child’s anxiety. […] If you suspect your child has selective mutism and help is not available, or there are additional concerns for example, the child struggles to understand instructions or follow routines speak to a GP and ask them to refer you to a local specialist service for a formal diagnosis.

• #3 Evaluating and Diagnosing Selective Mutism | SMA

  https://www.selectivemutism.org/evaluating-and-diagnosing-selective-mutism/

  Only a trained professional familiar with SM or other anxiety disorders should evaluate an individual for SM. Evaluations generally begin with a thorough assessment of the child to accurately diagnose the condition, rule out similar or comorbid conditions, and formulate a treatment plan. […] According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, to be diagnosed with selective mutism, an individual must meet the following criteria: Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation for speaking (e.g., at school) despite speaking in other situations. The disturbance interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication. The duration of the disturbance is at least one month (not limited to the first month of school). The failure to speak is not attributable to a lack of knowledge of, or comfort with, the spoken language required in the social situation. The disturbance is not better explained by a communication disorder (e.g., stuttering) and does not occur exclusively during the course of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or another psychotic disorder.

• #4 What is SM? | Selective Mutism Association

  https://www.selectivemutism.org/what-is-sm/

  According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, in order to be diagnosed with selective mutism, an individual must meet the following criteria: Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation for speaking (e.g., at school) despite speaking in other situations. The disturbance interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication. The duration of the disturbance is at least one month (not limited to the first month of school). The failure to speak is not attributable to a lack of knowledge of, or comfort with, the spoken language required in the social situation. The disturbance is not better explained by a communication disorder (e.g., stuttering) and does not occur exclusively during the course of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or another psychotic disorder.

• #5 Selective Mutism: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/selective-mutism

  Selective mutism (SM) is a mental health condition where you cant talk in certain situations because of fear or anxiety. It usually affects young children, but it can also affect adolescents and adults. […] A mental health provider, like a psychiatrist or psychologist, will usually diagnose SM. Other providers, especially speech-language pathologists or speech therapists, may rule out other conditions to help with the diagnosis. […] A provider makes this diagnosis based on symptoms and behaviors. Theyll ask questions about your (or your childs) experiences and other factors that could contribute to this condition. […] Your provider will typically use screening questionnaires, checklists or other tools to help determine if you meet the criteria. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition text revision (often referred to as the DSM-5) has five criteria that you must meet to receive a diagnosis of SM:

• #6 Selective mutism | University of Gothenburg

  https://www.gu.se/en/gnc/selective-mutism

  Selective mutism (SM) is a condition characterised by an inability to speak in specific social situations (e.g. at school) even when one is able to speak in other situations (e.g. at home or with a single classmate). […] The disorder must have been prevalent for at least one month and brought about deteriorated functioning at school/work and in interpersonal relationships. […] In the new manual DSM-5, SM was instead included among anxiety disorders. This new categorisation of the diagnosis highlights an increased focus on underlying social anxiety problems. […] The etiology behind SM is yet to be determined, but it is believed to be multifactorial with both environmental and genetic background factors. […] SM also comes with an increased risk of other comorbid conditions like anxiety disorders, particularly social phobia but also separation anxiety and other phobias.

• #7 Selective Mutism: Definition, Traits, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-selective-mutism-3024702

  Selective mutism is an anxiety disorder characterized by an inability to speak or communicate in certain social settings, such as at school, work, or in the community. The condition is usually first diagnosed in childhood. […] Although selective mutism is believed to have its roots in anxiety, it was not classified as an anxiety disorder until the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published in 2013. […] The primary criterion for a diagnosis of selective mutism is a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation of speaking (e.g., school), despite speaking in other situations. […] In order to be diagnosed with selective mutism as an adult, the following criteria are usually present: Symptoms of selective mutism must have been present for at least one month. Symptoms must interfere with functioning at work or in social settings. […] A health professional will likely ask questions related to these or other behaviors when considering selective mutism as a diagnosis.

• #8 Evaluating and Diagnosing Selective Mutism | SMA

  https://www.selectivemutism.org/evaluating-and-diagnosing-selective-mutism/

  A diagnosis of SM can only be made by a treating professional qualified to diagnose mental illness. While many parents and professionals unfamiliar with SM may identify many of the symptoms in their children, a formal diagnosis should be obtained to confirm that SM is present and not better accounted for by other disorders that also include the lack of speech as a presenting symptom.

• #9 Selective Mutism: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/selective-mutism

  Selective mutism (SM) is a mental health condition where you cant talk in certain situations because of fear or anxiety. It usually affects young children, but it can also affect adolescents and adults. […] A mental health provider, like a psychiatrist or psychologist, will usually diagnose SM. Other providers, especially speech-language pathologists or speech therapists, may rule out other conditions to help with the diagnosis. […] A provider makes this diagnosis based on symptoms and behaviors. Theyll ask questions about your (or your childs) experiences and other factors that could contribute to this condition. […] Your provider will typically use screening questionnaires, checklists or other tools to help determine if you meet the criteria. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition text revision (often referred to as the DSM-5) has five criteria that you must meet to receive a diagnosis of SM:

• #10 Selective Mutism | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/s/selective-mutism.html

  Selective mutism is when a child cant speak in certain settings, but can speak fine in others. […] Selective mutism often starts in very young children, around ages 2 to 4. But it may not be recognized until a child starts school. […] The main sign of selective mutism is a month or more of failure to speak only in certain social situations. […] Your childs healthcare provider will ask you about your childs medical history and signs and symptoms. […] A pediatrician, speech-language pathologist, and a psychologist may work together to diagnose and treat the condition. […] With treatment, most children overcome selective mutism.

• #11 Navigating selective mutism in children – CHOC – Children’s health hub

  https://health.choc.org/navigating-selective-mutism-in-children/

  Selective mutism is a rare childhood anxiety disorder where a child cannot speak in certain situations. This often happens in public settings, like at school, or around specific people, such as teachers, peers or extended family members. […] A diagnosis of selective mutism may be given when speech difficulties continue to occur, making daily functioning more challenging, such as in school or forming friendships due to public speaking challenges. […] If you think your child has selective mutism, get a full evaluation to receive a diagnosis. This assessment should review when your child is verbal and non-verbal and identify any co-existing conditions, like other anxiety disorders. […] Only experienced professionals can diagnose selective mutism.

• #12 Guide to Selective Mutism in Children – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/guide/parents-guide-how-to-help-a-child-with-selective-mutism/

  Selective mutism is relatively rare, so people, even pediatricians or other specialists, might not immediately recognize it or might mistake it for autism or a communication disorder. […] In reality, children with SM are extremely anxious and can’t talk, even when they want to. […] The good news is that selective mutism is very treatable with the right care. […] Behavioral treatment is the gold standard for treating selective mutism, but medication can be helpful for kids with the disorder who aren’t making sufficient gains with therapy alone. […] Diagnosing children who use a second language should be done carefully. Children should not be diagnosed with SM if their failure to speak can be explained by difficulty understanding or using a second language.

• #13 Selective Mutism Diagnosis?

  https://www.peacefulparenthappykids.com/read/selective-mutism-diagnosis

  This somaticizing is a pattern you want to interrupt, even aside from the selective mutism issue. […] Now that this is understood as an anxiety disorder, intervention aims to help kids become more comfortable with their feelings, including their worries, fears and needs. […] Many child psychologists do not have experience with Selective Mutism. […] It is my opinion that your child needs intervention from a professional who is experienced with this specific disorder. […] If properly treated (i.e., with techniques to manage anxiety rather than with pressure to speak), kids are able to overcome even full-blown selective mutism, but it is important to intervene as early as possible, before the habit solidifies.

• #14 Selective Mutism

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/selective-mutism/?srsltid=AfmBOorPVQ4MtFd1cb3iEEzBEl0-6P59j5YkIWI1V5T4dtUFk0diDWjp

  The onset of selective mutism typically occurs between 3 and 6 years of age, with diagnosis often occurring when the child enters school (Sharp et al., 2007). […] Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) play an integral role in the screening, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with selective mutism. […] A diagnostic interview with parents/care partners and teachers is conducted without the child present to help gather information about the following: Any suspected co-occurring disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder). […] The major difference between selective mutism and other disorders is that the child with selective mutism can talk in certain situations but not others due to anxiety (Kotrba, 2015). SLPs consider whether a child’s absence of speech may be due to a communication disorder, a developmental disorder, or other psychiatric disorders (Kearney, 2010). Diagnosis by an interdisciplinary team, including behavioral health care professionals, ensures a complete differential diagnosis process.

• #15 Selective Mutism – Diagnosis, Evaluation, & Treatment | Child Advocate – Helping Parents and Professionals

  https://childadvocate.net/selective-mutism-diagnosis-evaluation-treatment/

  Note: The presence of symptoms of social anxiety and avoidance such as excessive shyness, social isolation, withdrawal and school refusal are no longer considered symptoms of both social phobia and selective mutism (as indicated by the DSM III). […] Note: almost half (46%) of the children with SM meet the criteria for both an anxiety diagnosis and a developmental delay (vs. .9% of controls) […] Evaluation […] When did symptoms begin? History of abuse or trauma? […] Which environments is the child mute in? (become suspicious of another etiology if the child is mute around close family) […] Does the child have symptoms suggestive of another disorder such as Aspergers (impaired nonverbal communication, peer relationships, no interest in sharing joy with others, repetitive or stereotyped behaviors), PDD, psychosis, communication disorder such as stuttering.

• #16

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/selective-mutism/diagnosis/

  Most children are able to overcome selective mutism with treatment. […] Look for professional help as early as you can. Treatment is usually easier and more effective when started early. […] If you think your child has selective mutism, talk to their teacher or preschool staff about what they have noticed. […] Your GP may refer your child to a specialist service such as speech and language therapy or psychology. […] The speech and language therapist (SLT) or psychologist may want to meet you first, without your child. […] The SLT or psychologist may ask you to bring a recording of your child talking in a comfortable environment. […] Your child may not be able to speak during their assessment. The SLT or psychologist may find ways around this. […] The SLT or psychologist may diagnose selective mutism based on the assessment. […] They may refer your child to your local child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). This is because selective mutism is an anxiety disorder.

• #17 Selective Mutism: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/selective-mutism

  Selective mutism (SM) is a mental health condition where you cant talk in certain situations because of fear or anxiety. It usually affects young children, but it can also affect adolescents and adults. […] A mental health provider, like a psychiatrist or psychologist, will usually diagnose SM. Other providers, especially speech-language pathologists or speech therapists, may rule out other conditions to help with the diagnosis. […] A provider makes this diagnosis based on symptoms and behaviors. Theyll ask questions about your (or your childs) experiences and other factors that could contribute to this condition. […] Your provider will typically use screening questionnaires, checklists or other tools to help determine if you meet the criteria. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition text revision (often referred to as the DSM-5) has five criteria that you must meet to receive a diagnosis of SM:

• #18 Selective Mutism

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/selective-mutism/?srsltid=AfmBOopRpQ6QpiJ4T9NsKkjubbeFQYAGzwkBnEonbCCAHCoeHaWb2IQE

  Some children are uncomfortable speaking in unfamiliar situations or with people they dont know. […] Children with selective mutism have repeated difficulty speaking, or seem afraid to communicate, at certain times or in certain places. […] Selective mutism might continue into the teenage years and adulthood. […] Talk to your doctor if you have concerns about selective mutism. The doctor may refer your child to a psychologist or psychiatrist to see if they have anxiety. A speech-language pathologist, or SLP, can test your childs speech and language. […] Speech and language testing may include the following: Having your childs hearing screened, Seeing how well your childs lips, jaw, and tongue move, Seeing how well your child understands what others say to them, Talking with you about when and where your child speaks or doesnt speak, Listening to how well your child says words, answers questions, and talks about their ideas, Seeing how well your child communicates ideas and needs without speaking, such as their use of gestures, writing, or facial expressions.

• #19 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosing-Selective-Mutism.aspx

  Diagnosis of selective mutism is mostly on the basis of the patients clinical history. A speech-language pathologist (SLP) plays a key role in the diagnosis of the condition. […] Most of the characteristics of children who suffer from selective mutism are linked to social anxiety. […] These are the signs and symptoms to watch out for during selective mutism diagnosis. […] Care should be taken during diagnosis to make sure that the signs and symptoms are not confused with any other anxiety or sensory disorders. […] A complete history about the child should be gathered. […] Speech and language examination is done to assess the expressive language ability of the child.

• #20 Selective Mutism — Seattle Anxiety Specialists – Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy

  https://seattleanxiety.com/selective-mutism

  To determine a diagnosis, a licensed medical professional (e.g., a physician) familiar with Selective Mutism will conduct a parental interview to find out more about the child’s social interaction and development history, other manifestations of anxiety, temperament, home life, and medical history. Afterwards, the medical professional will meet with the child and assess their interpersonal communication skills. Regardless whether the child speaks or remains silent in the presence of the evaluating physician, a diagnosis of SM can still be made. […] Since roughly 20-30% of children with SM present with an abnormality of speech and language, a thorough speech and language evaluation is often ordered.

• #21 Selective Mutism: Extreme Shyness or Something More?

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-selective-mutism

  How Is Selective Mutism Diagnosed? […] Selective mutism diagnosis is difficult because this condition can resemble several others. Your doctor will first perform a physical examination to determine that your child is able to hear and speak normally. A speech-language pathologist might evaluate your child for problems with physical parts of the body related to speaking, such as the mouth, vocal cords, and tongue. During this time, you will be asked many questions and will probably have to fill out questionnaires related to your child’s physical, mental, and emotional development. […] Don’t worry if your child is asked to undergo a psychiatric assessment. A mental health professional is often consulted to determine whether selective mutism is the cause of your child’s inability to speak in certain situations. A psychologist who has experience in this area can diagnose your child and develop a selective mutism treatment plan with your input.

• #22 Understanding Mutism: Types, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.psychologs.com/understanding-mutism-types-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/?srsltid=AfmBOoq6yHZDU9FhkdL6fZDsHWLgSDbYOiY2hyNQWp-a-YI6loL6De4r

  Mutism is a condition characterized by an inability or unwillingness to speak, or a significant reduction in speech. […] The process for diagnosing mutism typically includes: […] This involves gathering information through consultations with the patient, their family members, and other individuals who are familiar with the patient. […] Clinicians observe individuals in various contexts to identify their communication patterns. […] This evaluation aims to rule out any organic causes of mutism, such as hearing impairments, damaged vocal cords, or neurological abnormalities. […] Selective mutism should be addressed and managed with therapy and support, as it is a treatable condition. […] With appropriate intervention, many individuals with selective mutism can achieve significant improvement.

• #23 Selective Mutism

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/160,107

  Selective mutism means that a child cant speak in certain settings but can speak fine in others. For instance, a child may not be able to speak at school but can speak with no problem at home. It’s called selective mutism because the child is mute only in select situations. Its a rare childhood condition. It can cause problems with school and social situations. […] Selective mutism often starts in very young children, around ages 2 to 4. But it may not be recognized until a child starts school. […] The main sign of selective mutism is a month or more of failure to speak only in certain social situations. The problem is not due to another communication disorder, such as autism. And it is not due to not knowing the spoken language. […] Your childs health care provider will ask you about your childs medical history and signs and symptoms. Youll be asked about your childs speech and language development. It may help to bring your childs academic reports and teacher comments to the appointment. The provider might want to observe your child at home and at school. You may be asked to record videos of your child at home or school. […] A pediatrician, speech-language pathologist, and a psychologist may work together to diagnose and treat the condition. […] With treatment, most children overcome selective mutism.

• #24 Selective Mutism — Seattle Anxiety Specialists – Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy

  https://seattleanxiety.com/selective-mutism

  To determine a diagnosis, a licensed medical professional (e.g., a physician) familiar with Selective Mutism will conduct a parental interview to find out more about the child’s social interaction and development history, other manifestations of anxiety, temperament, home life, and medical history. Afterwards, the medical professional will meet with the child and assess their interpersonal communication skills. Regardless whether the child speaks or remains silent in the presence of the evaluating physician, a diagnosis of SM can still be made. […] Since roughly 20-30% of children with SM present with an abnormality of speech and language, a thorough speech and language evaluation is often ordered.

• #25 Selective Mutism | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/selective-mutism

  Selective mutism means that a child cant speak in certain settings but can speak fine in others. […] Selective mutism is not caused by a childs willful refusal to speak. […] Selective mutism often starts in very young children, around ages 2 to 4. But it may not be recognized until a child starts school. […] The main sign of selective mutism is a month or more of failure to speak only in certain social situations. The problem is not due to another communication disorder, such as autism. And it is not due to not knowing the spoken language. […] Your childs health care provider will ask you about your childs medical history and signs and symptoms. […] Other health care providers may help assess your child. These may include a speech-language pathologist (SLP) and a psychologist or psychiatrist. […] A pediatrician, speech-language pathologist, and a psychologist may work together to diagnose and treat the condition. […] With treatment, most children overcome selective mutism.

• #26 Diagnosing selective mutism: a critical review of measures for clinical practice and research

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10533577/

  Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder (prevalence 12%), characterized by the consistent absence of speaking in specific situations (e.g., in school), while adequately speaking in other situations (e.g., at home). […] The aim of this paper is to identify and review the available assessment instruments for screening or diagnosing the core SM symptomatology. […] It was found that 38% of published studies on SM reporting original data did not report the use of any standardized or objective measure to investigate the core symptomatology. […] The results showed that many different questionnaires, interviews and observational instruments were used, many of these only once. […] The Selective Mutism Questionnaire (SMQ), Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS) and School Speech Questionnaire (SSQ) were used most often.

• #27 Diagnosing selective mutism: a critical review of measures for clinical practice and research

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10533577/

  In clinical practice, valid and reliable measures are crucial for an accurate diagnosis which is an essential step for providing effective treatment and evaluate treatment progression. […] However, currently in clinical practice and in research, different instruments are used to classify SM and to investigate symptom severity, or sometimes no specific measures are used that specifically target SM. […] To classify SM in clinical practice or to confirm the diagnosis for the purpose of inclusion in research, questionnaires and clinical interviews have been used. […] The measure used most often in research is the SMQ. […] The clinical interview most often used to investigate the presence and severity of SM, as well as comorbid disorders, is the ADIS. […] This systematic review shows that the SMQ and the teacher-version SSQ are the questionnaires used most often for SM severity ratings.

• #28 Current Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Selective Mutism | PRBM

  https://www.dovepress.com/current-challenges-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-selective-mutism-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-PRBM

  Selective mutism (SM) is a childhood disorder characterized by a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations (eg, school) despite speaking normally in other settings (eg, at home). […] To formally establish the diagnosis, current classification systems presume that the selective non-speaking behavior is required to be present for at least 1 month, should not be attributable to a lack of knowledge of, or discomfort with, the spoken language required in the social situation, and has to interfere significantly with daily functioning in school, work, or social life. […] Clinicians can employ the SM module of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children and Parents (ADIS-C/P) or the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for Children (Kiddie- or K-SADS) to formally establish the diagnosis of the disorder.

• #29 Early detection and treatment of selective mutism | ESCAP

  https://www.escap.eu/resources/resource-centre-disorders/early-detection-and-treatment-of-selective-mutism

  I. Diagnosis of SM: The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule and the Kiddie-SADS-PL. […] Included here is also an overview of the treatment, which includes defocused communication, psychoeducation, and behavioural techniques (sliding-in-technique with rewards). […] Finally, to present an overview of pharmacological treatment.

• #30 Selective Mutism

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/selective-mutism

  In order to help ensure that no important questions are missed during the interview, the clinician may use formal structured interviews and questionnaires such as the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, and the Child Behavior Checklist. […] The child’s intellectual and cognitive abilities may also assessed via an IQ test designed for use with children such as WISC-IV or the WPSSI.

• #31

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-021-01907-2

  Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder (prevalence 12%), characterized by the consistent absence of speaking in specific situations (e.g., in school), while adequately speaking in other situations (e.g., at home). […] The aim of this paper is to identify and review the available assessment instruments for screening or diagnosing the core SM symptomatology. […] It was found that 38% of published studies on SM reporting original data did not report the use of any standardized or objective measure to investigate the core symptomatology. […] Valid and reliable diagnostic instruments are needed to further advance research into the behavioral characteristics, possible subgroups, treatment efficacy and long-term outcome of individuals with SM. […] In clinical practice, valid and reliable measures are crucial for an accurate diagnosis which is an essential step for providing effective treatment and evaluate treatment progression.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-021-01907-2

  This review showed an important shortcoming that over a third of studies (38%) did not report any objective measure to classify SM. […] We recommend the use of multi-informant measures to investigate SM behavioral characteristic and to classify the disorder, both in clinical practice and in research studies.

• #33 Selective Mutism – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/anxiety/selective-mutism

  The disturbance interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication. […] The duration of the disturbance is at least 1 month (cannot be during first month of school). […] The failure to speak is not attributable to a lack of knowledge of, or comfort with, the spoken language required in the social situation. […] The disturbance is not better explained by a communication disorder (e.g. – childhood-onset fluency disorder) and does not occur exclusively during the course of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or another psychotic disorder. […] Selective mutism should be differentiated from speech disturbances due to a communication disorder, such as language disorder, speech sound disorder, childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering), or pragmatic (social) communication disorder.

• #34 Selective Mutism in Children: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://brainwave.watch/selective-mutism-in-children-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Selective Mutism is a complex condition that requires careful and thorough diagnosis to ensure appropriate intervention. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), provides specific criteria for diagnosing Selective Mutism. To receive a diagnosis of Selective Mutism, the following conditions must be met: […] Diagnosing Selective Mutism often requires the expertise of mental health professionals, such as psychologists, psychiatrists, or clinical social workers. These professionals can conduct assessments, interviews, and observations to determine whether the child meets the diagnostic criteria. […] One challenge in diagnosing Selective Mutism is distinguishing it from other speech and language disorders. Conditions such as expressive language disorder or specific language impairment may initially present with limited speech but have different underlying causes. […] Selective Mutism is a complex condition that requires careful and thorough diagnosis to ensure appropriate intervention.

• #35 Selective Mutism – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/anxiety/selective-mutism

  The disturbance interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication. […] The duration of the disturbance is at least 1 month (cannot be during first month of school). […] The failure to speak is not attributable to a lack of knowledge of, or comfort with, the spoken language required in the social situation. […] The disturbance is not better explained by a communication disorder (e.g. – childhood-onset fluency disorder) and does not occur exclusively during the course of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or another psychotic disorder. […] Selective mutism should be differentiated from speech disturbances due to a communication disorder, such as language disorder, speech sound disorder, childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering), or pragmatic (social) communication disorder.

• #36 Selective mutism in adults and children: What to know

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/selective-mutism

  The DSM-5 defines selective mutism as an anxiety disorder. It specifically notes that doctors should not diagnose selective mutism when another diagnosis, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), better explains the symptoms. […] Diagnosing selective mutism involves a comprehensive assessment, which may involve: a speech and language evaluation; interviews with parents, caregivers, or teachers; collaboration with a variety of specialists, possibly including a pediatrician, child psychologist, behavior analyst, guidance counselor, or social worker. […] Once a medical team has reached a diagnosis of selective mutism, treatment can begin. […] Selective mutism requires professional treatment. […] Treatment for selective mutism can involve behavioral therapies, psychotherapy, or both.

• #37 Selective Mutism | Yakety Yak Speech-Language Pathologists, Inc.

  https://www.yakety-yakspeech.com/selective-mutism.php

  Selective mutism is diagnosed by a psychological and speech evaluation. […] Such an evaluation is normally not performed until the problem has been evident for a least a month, not counting the first month of school, since short bouts of mutism are common in childhood, particularly when a child first begins going to school. […] In order for a diagnosis of selective mutism to be made, however, autism, schizophrenia, and other speech disorders, such as stuttering, must be ruled out. […] After eliminating anatomical or medical reasons from the lack of speech, a diagnosis of selective mutism may be made.

• #38 Selective Mutism

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/selective-mutism/?srsltid=AfmBOorPVQ4MtFd1cb3iEEzBEl0-6P59j5YkIWI1V5T4dtUFk0diDWjp

  The onset of selective mutism typically occurs between 3 and 6 years of age, with diagnosis often occurring when the child enters school (Sharp et al., 2007). […] Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) play an integral role in the screening, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with selective mutism. […] A diagnostic interview with parents/care partners and teachers is conducted without the child present to help gather information about the following: Any suspected co-occurring disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder). […] The major difference between selective mutism and other disorders is that the child with selective mutism can talk in certain situations but not others due to anxiety (Kotrba, 2015). SLPs consider whether a child’s absence of speech may be due to a communication disorder, a developmental disorder, or other psychiatric disorders (Kearney, 2010). Diagnosis by an interdisciplinary team, including behavioral health care professionals, ensures a complete differential diagnosis process.

• #39 'Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A look into Selective Mutism’ – Katie Campbell – ACAMH

  https://www.acamh.org/blog/childhood-anxiety-disorders-a-look-into-selective-mutism-katie-campbell/

  So well look closer at how selective mutism is a little a bit different than autism spectrum disorders and so heres the dsm-5 criteria for autism and the first one is that they have persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple complex contexts as manifested by the following and I highlighted social communication here because thats one of the biggest differences between selected mutism and autism spectrum disorders. […] Selective mutism the people who have selected mutism like struggle more with social interaction than they do social communication while they may you know freeze up there for a while theyll eventually warm up and youll see that they use gestures and facial expressions and body language to communicate while some with autism kind of usually has some deficits in that area so these are the following that they have to have deficits in so the social emotional so like the abnormal social approach and failure of normal back and forth conversations a reduced sharing of interest emotions or effect and the failure to initiate or respond to social interactions.

• #40 312.23 Selective Mutism Symptoms And Related DSM-V Diagnosis – Senior Care Psychological Consulting

  https://seniorcarepsychological.com/312-23-selective-mutism-symptoms-and-related-dsm-v-diagnosis/

  Selective mutism is a voluntary refusal to speak. Elective mutism was first described as a mental disorder in the DSM-III and then was changed to selective mutism in the DSM-IV-TR. It was then moved to the anxiety disorders chapter in the DSM-V due to a restructuring of the categories of mental disorders in the new diagnostic manual. The primary features of selective mutism are a refusal to speak outside of the home or with other people who are not immediate family members due to choice rather than physical inability to speak. […] When diagnosing a child with selective mutism, mental health clinicians need to consider the childs developmental level and the context within which the symptoms are demonstrated. It is very important not to pathologize normal developmental transitions. […] It should be diagnosed only when the child has demonstrated the ability to speak in other situations such as in the home. It is common for children to also experience social anxiety disorder. In this case, both social anxiety disorder and selective mutism should be diagnosed. It is also important to differentially diagnose selective mutism from neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

• #41 Early detection and treatment of selective mutism | ESCAP

  https://www.escap.eu/resources/resource-centre-disorders/early-detection-and-treatment-of-selective-mutism

  Increasing the awareness and knowledge level of caregivers and teachers is essential. […] Also, we are not supposed to diagnose selective mutism if a child has already been diagnosed with a disorder from the autism spectrum. […] Your study shows that treatment preferably early treatment can be effective. […] Yes, we found a steady increase of speaking behaviour in our Norwegian study. […] It will be interesting to see broader figures that will be published shortly by Dr Boris Hartmann at the German SM self-help association. […] Our treatment method is based on three pillars: a behavioural intervention, psycho education and the use of defocused communication. […] In developing this treatment, we have learned a lot from the British approach and the American experts at UCLA specifically the Lindsey Bergman questionnaires and treatment.

• #42 Selective Mutism – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/anxiety/selective-mutism

  The disturbance interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication. […] The duration of the disturbance is at least 1 month (cannot be during first month of school). […] The failure to speak is not attributable to a lack of knowledge of, or comfort with, the spoken language required in the social situation. […] The disturbance is not better explained by a communication disorder (e.g. – childhood-onset fluency disorder) and does not occur exclusively during the course of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or another psychotic disorder. […] Selective mutism should be differentiated from speech disturbances due to a communication disorder, such as language disorder, speech sound disorder, childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering), or pragmatic (social) communication disorder.

• #43 Selective Mutism

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/selective-mutism/?srsltid=AfmBOorPVQ4MtFd1cb3iEEzBEl0-6P59j5YkIWI1V5T4dtUFk0diDWjp

  The onset of selective mutism typically occurs between 3 and 6 years of age, with diagnosis often occurring when the child enters school (Sharp et al., 2007). […] Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) play an integral role in the screening, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with selective mutism. […] A diagnostic interview with parents/care partners and teachers is conducted without the child present to help gather information about the following: Any suspected co-occurring disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder). […] The major difference between selective mutism and other disorders is that the child with selective mutism can talk in certain situations but not others due to anxiety (Kotrba, 2015). SLPs consider whether a child’s absence of speech may be due to a communication disorder, a developmental disorder, or other psychiatric disorders (Kearney, 2010). Diagnosis by an interdisciplinary team, including behavioral health care professionals, ensures a complete differential diagnosis process.

• #44 Selective Mutism – Diagnosis, Evaluation, & Treatment | Child Advocate – Helping Parents and Professionals

  https://childadvocate.net/selective-mutism-diagnosis-evaluation-treatment/

  Note: The presence of symptoms of social anxiety and avoidance such as excessive shyness, social isolation, withdrawal and school refusal are no longer considered symptoms of both social phobia and selective mutism (as indicated by the DSM III). […] Note: almost half (46%) of the children with SM meet the criteria for both an anxiety diagnosis and a developmental delay (vs. .9% of controls) […] Evaluation […] When did symptoms begin? History of abuse or trauma? […] Which environments is the child mute in? (become suspicious of another etiology if the child is mute around close family) […] Does the child have symptoms suggestive of another disorder such as Aspergers (impaired nonverbal communication, peer relationships, no interest in sharing joy with others, repetitive or stereotyped behaviors), PDD, psychosis, communication disorder such as stuttering.

• #45 Selective mutism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_mutism

  Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder in which a person who is otherwise capable of speech becomes unable to speak when exposed to specific situations, specific places, or to specific people, one or multiple of which serve as triggers. Selective mutism usually co-exists with social anxiety disorder. […] The DSM-5 describes selective mutism as a persistent difficulty with speaking in specific social settings where speech is expected, such as in school, despite being able to speak the language in other situations. The symptoms should not be too temporary and they must affect the persons ability to perform in a certain situation. Consideration should be given to possible other diagnoses. […] Selective mutism is strongly associated with other anxiety disorders, particularly social anxiety disorder. In fact, the majority of children diagnosed with selective mutism also have social anxiety disorder (100% of participants in two studies and 97% in another).

• #46 Selective Mutism vs. Social Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/selective-mutism-vs-social-anxiety-disorder-symptoms-causes-treatment-6950775

  In order to make a diagnosis, a healthcare practitioner will ask questions about a child’s symptoms. They will want to know more about the type of symptoms a child experiences, when they have them, and how severe they are. In addition to observing a child’s behavior, they may also talk to other people who interact with the child, such as teachers and other family members. […] While the two conditions share similarities, there are symptom patterns that can help distinguish between the two. Kids with social anxiety disorder are more likely to have physical symptoms, such as frequent headaches and stomach aches. […] Children with selective mutism are more likely to exhibit other speech difficulties, including problems understanding speech and speech delays. Symptoms of the condition usually begin earlier and occur in specific settings. […] Children with selective mutism may also be higher in behavioral inhibition and exhibit greater fear of unfamiliar people and situations than kids with social anxiety.

• #47 Selective Mutism

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/selective-mutism/?srsltid=AfmBOorPVQ4MtFd1cb3iEEzBEl0-6P59j5YkIWI1V5T4dtUFk0diDWjp

  Although selective mutism is not better explained by a communication disorder or psychological disorder, selective mutism may occur simultaneously with the following: social anxiety, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, autism, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, speech and/or language disorder (Viana et al., 2009).

• #48 Adult Selective Mutism: Causes and How to Handle It

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/adult-selective-mutism

  Selective mutism is a fairly uncommon anxiety disorder that usually develops in children before they reach age 5, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). […] While this mental health condition typically shows up during childhood and improves with age, it may, in some cases, persist into adulthood. […] This generally happens if you never get a diagnosis or treatment in childhood, explains Lindsay Scharfstein, a licensed psychologist and founder of the private practice Rockville Therapy Center in Rockville, Maryland. […] Selective mutism may begin as a coping mechanism for anxiety and other distress, but experts have yet to identify a clear cause. […] According to some evidence, up to 80% of children with selective mutism also have another anxiety disorder most often, social anxiety.

• #49 Selective Mutism vs. Social Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/selective-mutism-vs-social-anxiety-disorder-symptoms-causes-treatment-6950775

  In order to make a diagnosis, a healthcare practitioner will ask questions about a child’s symptoms. They will want to know more about the type of symptoms a child experiences, when they have them, and how severe they are. In addition to observing a child’s behavior, they may also talk to other people who interact with the child, such as teachers and other family members. […] While the two conditions share similarities, there are symptom patterns that can help distinguish between the two. Kids with social anxiety disorder are more likely to have physical symptoms, such as frequent headaches and stomach aches. […] Children with selective mutism are more likely to exhibit other speech difficulties, including problems understanding speech and speech delays. Symptoms of the condition usually begin earlier and occur in specific settings. […] Children with selective mutism may also be higher in behavioral inhibition and exhibit greater fear of unfamiliar people and situations than kids with social anxiety.

• #50 Guide to Selective Mutism in Children – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/guide/parents-guide-how-to-help-a-child-with-selective-mutism/

  Selective mutism is relatively rare, so people, even pediatricians or other specialists, might not immediately recognize it or might mistake it for autism or a communication disorder. […] In reality, children with SM are extremely anxious and can’t talk, even when they want to. […] The good news is that selective mutism is very treatable with the right care. […] Behavioral treatment is the gold standard for treating selective mutism, but medication can be helpful for kids with the disorder who aren’t making sufficient gains with therapy alone. […] Diagnosing children who use a second language should be done carefully. Children should not be diagnosed with SM if their failure to speak can be explained by difficulty understanding or using a second language.

• #51 Selective Mutism: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/selective-mutism

  You consistently dont talk in social situations where its expected, but have no trouble talking in other situations. […] Not talking affects your social, educational or work life, or any combination of the three. […] The inability to talk lasts longer than one month. […] Not talking isnt because you have trouble speaking or understanding the main language others are using. […] Your difficulty talking isnt because of another communication disorder like stuttering, and it isnt only happening in connection with autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders or other conditions that involve psychosis.

• #52 Selective Mutism: Definition, Traits, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-selective-mutism-3024702

  Selective mutism is an anxiety disorder characterized by an inability to speak or communicate in certain social settings, such as at school, work, or in the community. The condition is usually first diagnosed in childhood. […] Although selective mutism is believed to have its roots in anxiety, it was not classified as an anxiety disorder until the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published in 2013. […] The primary criterion for a diagnosis of selective mutism is a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation of speaking (e.g., school), despite speaking in other situations. […] In order to be diagnosed with selective mutism as an adult, the following criteria are usually present: Symptoms of selective mutism must have been present for at least one month. Symptoms must interfere with functioning at work or in social settings. […] A health professional will likely ask questions related to these or other behaviors when considering selective mutism as a diagnosis.

• #53

  https://ezcareclinic.io/selective-mutism-in-adults-and-how-to-deal-with-it/

  Selective mutism is a unique type of anxiety or social anxiety that commonly occurs during childhood. However, if not treated, it can continue through adulthood. […] The diagnosis of social anxiety disorder is based on the description of the symptoms you provide to your healthcare professional. […] Specific guidelines are used to identify selective mutism. […] The following behaviors could show an individual may have this condition, such as: Not speaking in some settings, such as during college classes or in public places where they can be overheard: but able to communicate in contexts where they are at ease, such as at home with their parents or an empty classroom or bedroom. […] An inability to speak to certain people that lasts for at least one month or two months in a new setting inhibits their ability to function in that setting.

• #54 Selective Mutism in Adults – Unique Community Services

  https://uniquecs.co.uk/blog/selective-mutism-in-adults/

  Selective mutism is a social anxiety disorder. […] Selective mutism, also known as situational mutism, is an anxiety disorder that affects a persons speech skills in specific social settings. […] Contrary to misconceptions, adults and children with selective mutism dont refuse to speak. Instead, they temporarily lose their ability to speak due to extreme social anxiety in overwhelming social situations. […] Early assessment and diagnosis constitute the first step towards receiving adequate treatment and improving communication skills. Healthcare professionals can diagnose selective mutism based on the patients description of their symptoms. […] As an adult, you are likely to obtain a selective mutism diagnosis if you fit the following behavioural criteria: Inconsistent language and communication challenges that affect ones ability to speak in specific environments (such as classes, the office, or public places)

• #55 Selective Mutism: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mental-health/selective-mutism

  In addition to this symptom, children must also display the following: Symptoms of selective mutism must have been present for at least one month, and not simply the first month of school. […] The child must understand spoken language and have the ability to speak normally in some situations (usually at home with familiar people). […] The lack of speech must interfere with your child’s school or social functioning. […] In some cases, selective mutism persists from childhood to the teenage years, and even into adulthood. In order to be diagnosed with selective mutism as an adult, the following features are usually present: Symptoms of selective mutism must have been present for at least one month. […] Symptoms must interfere with functioning at work or in social settings. […] The diagnosis of selective mutism is made by a thorough assessment with a mental healthcare professional (such as a child psychologist or child psychiatrist), to explore the nature and severity of symptoms, the difficulties caused by the symptoms, and whether there are any other associated mental health conditions.

• #56

  https://ezcareclinic.io/selective-mutism-in-adults-and-how-to-deal-with-it/

  The longer a child with selective mutism goes without treatment, the more difficult it will be to treat it. […] Selective mutism cannot be diagnosed or ruled out without a thorough understanding of an adults or childs speaking abilities. Therefore, a professional must assess the patient through interviews and direct observations. […] A professional may also test for anxiety or other disorders to better identify and rule out selective mutism and other related conditions, including social anxiety disorder. […] Selective mutism is a very real condition. If left untreated, it may lead to further emotional and mental conditions, such as low self-esteem, isolation, and social anxiety disorder. […] It is classified as an anxiety disorder and is frequently associated with social anxiety disorder.

• #57 Selective Mutism

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/selective-mutism/?srsltid=AfmBOorPVQ4MtFd1cb3iEEzBEl0-6P59j5YkIWI1V5T4dtUFk0diDWjp

  Although selective mutism is not better explained by a communication disorder or psychological disorder, selective mutism may occur simultaneously with the following: social anxiety, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, autism, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, speech and/or language disorder (Viana et al., 2009).

• #58 Selective Mutism – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/anxiety/selective-mutism

  Selective mutism is a mental disorder where individuals (most commonly children) do not initiate speech or reciprocally respond when spoken to by others. This lack of speech occurs in both social interactions with children or adults. Children will however, speak in their home in the presence of immediate family members. […] Selective mutism is rare, and the point prevalence using various clinic or school samples ranges between 0.03% and 1%. […] The onset of selective mutism usually begins before age 5 years. […] The course of selective mutism is unclear, but most individuals will outgrow the symptoms. […] In the clinical setting, children with selective mutism are almost always given an additional diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. […] Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation for speaking (e.g. – at school) despite speaking in other situations.

• #59 Selective mutism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_mutism

  Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder in which a person who is otherwise capable of speech becomes unable to speak when exposed to specific situations, specific places, or to specific people, one or multiple of which serve as triggers. Selective mutism usually co-exists with social anxiety disorder. […] The DSM-5 describes selective mutism as a persistent difficulty with speaking in specific social settings where speech is expected, such as in school, despite being able to speak the language in other situations. The symptoms should not be too temporary and they must affect the persons ability to perform in a certain situation. Consideration should be given to possible other diagnoses. […] Selective mutism is strongly associated with other anxiety disorders, particularly social anxiety disorder. In fact, the majority of children diagnosed with selective mutism also have social anxiety disorder (100% of participants in two studies and 97% in another).

• #60

  https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/conditions/selective-mutism

  Selective mutism is a complex childhood anxiety disorder in which the child will speak at certain times when in a comfortable secure and relaxed environment, but not necessarily in other situations (lasting for more than one month). […] About 20%-30% of children with selective mutism have subtle speech, hearing and/or language difficulties or other learning disabilities which cause the child to feel more anxious, insecure or uncomfortable in situations where they are expected to speak. […] The condition often can interfere with a child’s ability to connect with others, as well as his or her performance in school and other activities. […] Treatments include individual behavioral therapy, family therapy, psychotherapy and medications which may include antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs.

• #61 312.23 Selective Mutism Symptoms And Related DSM-V Diagnosis – Senior Care Psychological Consulting

  https://seniorcarepsychological.com/312-23-selective-mutism-symptoms-and-related-dsm-v-diagnosis/

  Selective mutism is a voluntary refusal to speak. Elective mutism was first described as a mental disorder in the DSM-III and then was changed to selective mutism in the DSM-IV-TR. It was then moved to the anxiety disorders chapter in the DSM-V due to a restructuring of the categories of mental disorders in the new diagnostic manual. The primary features of selective mutism are a refusal to speak outside of the home or with other people who are not immediate family members due to choice rather than physical inability to speak. […] When diagnosing a child with selective mutism, mental health clinicians need to consider the childs developmental level and the context within which the symptoms are demonstrated. It is very important not to pathologize normal developmental transitions. […] It should be diagnosed only when the child has demonstrated the ability to speak in other situations such as in the home. It is common for children to also experience social anxiety disorder. In this case, both social anxiety disorder and selective mutism should be diagnosed. It is also important to differentially diagnose selective mutism from neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

• #62 Selective Mutism – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/anxiety/selective-mutism

  Social anxiety disorder and selective mutism have a high overlap in the symptom criteria. Commonly, an individual with selective mutism will also receive a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy is the main treatment for selective mutism. Exposure is the most important component, and involves gradually exposing the child to speaking tasks with parental/therapist support.

• #63 Diagnosing selective mutism: a critical review of measures for clinical practice and research

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10533577/

  In clinical practice, valid and reliable measures are crucial for an accurate diagnosis which is an essential step for providing effective treatment and evaluate treatment progression. […] However, currently in clinical practice and in research, different instruments are used to classify SM and to investigate symptom severity, or sometimes no specific measures are used that specifically target SM. […] To classify SM in clinical practice or to confirm the diagnosis for the purpose of inclusion in research, questionnaires and clinical interviews have been used. […] The measure used most often in research is the SMQ. […] The clinical interview most often used to investigate the presence and severity of SM, as well as comorbid disorders, is the ADIS. […] This systematic review shows that the SMQ and the teacher-version SSQ are the questionnaires used most often for SM severity ratings.

• #64 Diagnosing selective mutism: a critical review of measures for clinical practice and research

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10533577/

  There is a need for a well-validated standardized observational measure that can be used in daily situations by parents and teachers. […] We recommend the use of multi-informant measures to investigate SM behavioral characteristic and to classify the disorder, both in clinical practice and in research studies.

• #65 Shift in diagnosis of selective mutism transforms treatment – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/14/health/shift-in-diagnosis-of-selective-mutism-transforms-treatment.html

  Christine Stanley will never forget the call. Two weeks after her daughter Emily started kindergarten, the teacher phoned in a panic. […] Experts say that Emily’s story is typical of children with selective mutism. At home, they behave like typical children, but in social situations, especially at school, they are silent and withdrawn. […] The diagnosis was changed to selective mutism in the fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual. The semantic change reveals a fundamental shift in how these children are perceived and treated. […] Most researchers now agree that selective mutism is more a result of temperament than of environmental influences. […] Until recently, the disorder was thought to be extremely rare, affecting about one child in 1,000. But a 2002 study in The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry put the incidence closer to 7 children in 1,000, making it almost twice as common as autism. […] Still, selective mutism is widely misunderstood and often ignored.

• #66 Guide to Selective Mutism in Children – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/guide/parents-guide-how-to-help-a-child-with-selective-mutism/

  Selective mutism is relatively rare, so people, even pediatricians or other specialists, might not immediately recognize it or might mistake it for autism or a communication disorder. […] In reality, children with SM are extremely anxious and can’t talk, even when they want to. […] The good news is that selective mutism is very treatable with the right care. […] Behavioral treatment is the gold standard for treating selective mutism, but medication can be helpful for kids with the disorder who aren’t making sufficient gains with therapy alone. […] Diagnosing children who use a second language should be done carefully. Children should not be diagnosed with SM if their failure to speak can be explained by difficulty understanding or using a second language.

• #67 Diagnosing selective mutism: a critical review of measures for clinical practice and research

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10533577/

  In clinical practice, valid and reliable measures are crucial for an accurate diagnosis which is an essential step for providing effective treatment and evaluate treatment progression. […] However, currently in clinical practice and in research, different instruments are used to classify SM and to investigate symptom severity, or sometimes no specific measures are used that specifically target SM. […] To classify SM in clinical practice or to confirm the diagnosis for the purpose of inclusion in research, questionnaires and clinical interviews have been used. […] The measure used most often in research is the SMQ. […] The clinical interview most often used to investigate the presence and severity of SM, as well as comorbid disorders, is the ADIS. […] This systematic review shows that the SMQ and the teacher-version SSQ are the questionnaires used most often for SM severity ratings.

• #68

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-021-01907-2

  The aim of this systematic review is to describe and identify which assessment tools have been used for the purpose of screening, classification or monitoring treatment outcomes on speaking behavior and SM symptomatology in in the past decade. […] Our review revealed that the majority of studies published in the last decade, used one or more standardized or quantified measures. Interestingly, 38% of studies did not use any standardized diagnostic instrument for SM. […] To classify SM in clinical practice or to confirm the diagnosis for the purpose of inclusion in research, questionnaires and clinical interviews have been used. […] The measure used most often in research is the SMQ. […] The clinical interview most often used to investigate the presence and severity of SM, as well as comorbid disorders, is the ADIS.

• #69 Assessments & Evaluations – Selective Mutism Anxiety & Related Disorders Treatment Center

  https://selectivemutismcenter.org/assessments-evaluations/

  To help an individual overcome Selective Mutism and social communication difficulties, we need to fully understand him/her. […] Most professionals find it challenging to test a person who doesnt talk or who does not participate in testing. […] Selective Mutism and Social Communication Evaluation is a part of our Intensive S-CAT Program. […] The SMart Center provides effective and evidence-based assessments and treatment recommendations for individuals who may have Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). And since many of our clients have Selective Mutism. […] Our expertise in SM, allows us to accommodate the individuals mutism to get more accurate testing results. […] The results of this evaluation can be helpful in determining whether a child needs (or continues to need) special education and related services.

• #70 Diagnosing selective mutism: a critical review of measures for clinical practice and research

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10533577/

  There is a need for a well-validated standardized observational measure that can be used in daily situations by parents and teachers. […] We recommend the use of multi-informant measures to investigate SM behavioral characteristic and to classify the disorder, both in clinical practice and in research studies.

• #71 Selective mutism – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/selective-mutism/

  Selective mutism is an anxiety disorder where a person is unable to speak in certain social situations, such as with classmates at school or to relatives they do not see very often. […] Left untreated, selective mutism can lead to isolation, low self-esteem and social anxiety disorder. It can continue into adolescence and adulthood if not managed. […] A child can successfully overcome selective mutism if it’s diagnosed at an early age and appropriately managed. […] It’s important for selective mutism to be recognised early by families and schools so they can work together to reduce a child’s anxiety. […] If you suspect your child has selective mutism and help is not available, or there are additional concerns for example, the child struggles to understand instructions or follow routines speak to a GP and ask them to refer you to a local specialist service for a formal diagnosis.

• #72 What is Selective Mutism?

  https://selectivemutismcenter.org/what-is-selective-mutism/

  As a result of the scarcity and often inaccuracy of information in the published literature, children with Selective Mutism may be misdiagnosed and mismanaged. […] Our findings indicate that the earlier a child is treated for Selective Mutism, the quicker the response to treatment, and the better the overall prognosis. […] It is important to realize that with proper diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for overcoming Selective Mutism is excellent!

• #73 Early detection and treatment of selective mutism | ESCAP

  https://www.escap.eu/resources/resource-centre-disorders/early-detection-and-treatment-of-selective-mutism

  Children who do speak at home but exercise complete silence at school and elsewhere: selective mutism (SM) seems often hard to detect. Meanwhile, early intervention has proven to be important to live a happy (adult) life in our predominantly verbal society. A recent study by Dr Beate rbeck and Hanne Kristensen at the Oslo University Hospital and Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health (Eastern Southern Norway) underlined the importance of an early intervention in selective mutism. […] Diagnoses at older ages had a negative impact upon the outcome. […] The main thing is to notice the discrepancy between what happens at home and at the kindergarten, or school. […] For these cases, our study shows the importance of immediate upscaling to diagnosis and treatment. […] Selective mutism deserves to get the same attention that is given to for example autism spectrum disorder.

• #74 Selective mutism – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/selective-mutism/

  Selective mutism is an anxiety disorder where a person is unable to speak in certain social situations, such as with classmates at school or to relatives they do not see very often. […] Left untreated, selective mutism can lead to isolation, low self-esteem and social anxiety disorder. It can continue into adolescence and adulthood if not managed. […] A child can successfully overcome selective mutism if it’s diagnosed at an early age and appropriately managed. […] It’s important for selective mutism to be recognised early by families and schools so they can work together to reduce a child’s anxiety. […] If you suspect your child has selective mutism and help is not available, or there are additional concerns for example, the child struggles to understand instructions or follow routines speak to a GP and ask them to refer you to a local specialist service for a formal diagnosis.

• #75 Selective Mutism – Diagnosis, Evaluation, & Treatment | Child Advocate – Helping Parents and Professionals

  https://childadvocate.net/selective-mutism-diagnosis-evaluation-treatment/

  Course and prognosis […] Onset is often insidious, before the age of 5, but not noticed until the initiation of school […] Children who remain symptomatic for longer than 6 months should receive treatment […] Early identification and treatment confers a better prognosis […] One study showed that more that of patients treated still retained symptoms […] up to 1/3 will develop other psychiatric disorders such as anxiety of depression, regardless of treatment.

• #76 What is Selective Mutism?

  https://selectivemutismcenter.org/what-is-selective-mutism/

  As a result of the scarcity and often inaccuracy of information in the published literature, children with Selective Mutism may be misdiagnosed and mismanaged. […] Our findings indicate that the earlier a child is treated for Selective Mutism, the quicker the response to treatment, and the better the overall prognosis. […] It is important to realize that with proper diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for overcoming Selective Mutism is excellent!

• #77 Selective mutism – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/selective-mutism/

  Selective mutism is an anxiety disorder where a person is unable to speak in certain social situations, such as with classmates at school or to relatives they do not see very often. […] Left untreated, selective mutism can lead to isolation, low self-esteem and social anxiety disorder. It can continue into adolescence and adulthood if not managed. […] A child can successfully overcome selective mutism if it’s diagnosed at an early age and appropriately managed. […] It’s important for selective mutism to be recognised early by families and schools so they can work together to reduce a child’s anxiety. […] If you suspect your child has selective mutism and help is not available, or there are additional concerns for example, the child struggles to understand instructions or follow routines speak to a GP and ask them to refer you to a local specialist service for a formal diagnosis.

• #78

  https://ezcareclinic.io/selective-mutism-in-adults-and-how-to-deal-with-it/

  The longer a child with selective mutism goes without treatment, the more difficult it will be to treat it. […] Selective mutism cannot be diagnosed or ruled out without a thorough understanding of an adults or childs speaking abilities. Therefore, a professional must assess the patient through interviews and direct observations. […] A professional may also test for anxiety or other disorders to better identify and rule out selective mutism and other related conditions, including social anxiety disorder. […] Selective mutism is a very real condition. If left untreated, it may lead to further emotional and mental conditions, such as low self-esteem, isolation, and social anxiety disorder. […] It is classified as an anxiety disorder and is frequently associated with social anxiety disorder.

• #79 Adult Selective Mutism: Causes and How to Handle It

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/adult-selective-mutism

  Some experts consider selective mutism an extreme form of social anxiety. […] However, this research is older, so future studies may help shed more light on any links between the two conditions. […] Selective mutism generally doesn’t go away on its own, Scharfstein says, and this makes it important to address your symptoms in a way that feels right for you. […] According to Kathryn Boger, a child and adolescent clinical psychologist and co-founder of InStride Health, you might want to connect with a therapist for additional support if: Selective mutism gets in the way of your ability to do your work, maintain friendships and other relationships, or complete essential daily tasks. […] According to Scharfstein, treatment can significantly improve your symptoms and quality of life, often within a matter of months.

• #80 Selective Mutism DSM-5 312.23 (F94.0)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/selective-mutism-dsm–5-312.23-(f94.0)

  According to the DSM-V, Selective Mutism is a childhood disorder typified by an inability to speak in certain circumstances. […] The diagnosis of Selective Mutism may begin when parents recognize out-of-the ordinary behavior such as a child who chatters at home but consistently refuses to speak in public such as church or other social situations. […] Seeking the expertise of a professional in the diagnosis of communication disorders is advisable as the diagnosis of selective mutism is a painstaking and time consuming process. […] The professional will schedule a follow-up interview with the child; aware he or she will likely be uncommunicative. But an expert can expect assess interpersonal communication skills and build rapport that will determine if Selective Mutism can ruled in or out as a diagnosis. […] It is evident that the longer a child remains mute the more conditioned the child becomes to this response. In short, prognosis for this disorder is excellent; many children overcome it completely with proper treatment.

• #81 Selective Mutism DSM-5 312.23 (F94.0)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/selective-mutism-dsm–5-312.23-(f94.0)

  According to the DSM-V, Selective Mutism is a childhood disorder typified by an inability to speak in certain circumstances. […] The diagnosis of Selective Mutism may begin when parents recognize out-of-the ordinary behavior such as a child who chatters at home but consistently refuses to speak in public such as church or other social situations. […] Seeking the expertise of a professional in the diagnosis of communication disorders is advisable as the diagnosis of selective mutism is a painstaking and time consuming process. […] The professional will schedule a follow-up interview with the child; aware he or she will likely be uncommunicative. But an expert can expect assess interpersonal communication skills and build rapport that will determine if Selective Mutism can ruled in or out as a diagnosis. […] It is evident that the longer a child remains mute the more conditioned the child becomes to this response. In short, prognosis for this disorder is excellent; many children overcome it completely with proper treatment.

• #82 What Is Selective Mutism | Causes, Signs, Symptoms In Adults & Children

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/mental-health/what-is-selective-mutism/

  Selective mutism is a childhood anxiety disorder leading to the inability to speak or communicate in certain settings. The condition is usually diagnosed in childhood. […] In order to receive a diagnosis of selective mutism your child must have displayed a consistent failure to speak in a specific social situation despite speaking in other situations. […] In addition to this, children must also display the following: Symptoms for selective mutism must have been present for at least one month, or two months in a new environment. Your child must understand spoken language and have the ability to speak normally in some situations. A lack of speech must interfere with your child’s educational or social functioning. […] Children are usually diagnosed between the ages of 3 and 8 years old. The quicker the response to treatment, the better the overall prognosis. With effective treatment, most children can overcome selective mutism. How long it takes will depend on the age at which they are diagnosed, as the older the child is, the longer the treatment will be needed. […] It is important to remember that with a proper diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for overcoming selective mutism is very good.

• #83 Selective mutism in adults and children: What to know

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/selective-mutism

  The DSM-5 defines selective mutism as an anxiety disorder. It specifically notes that doctors should not diagnose selective mutism when another diagnosis, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), better explains the symptoms. […] Diagnosing selective mutism involves a comprehensive assessment, which may involve: a speech and language evaluation; interviews with parents, caregivers, or teachers; collaboration with a variety of specialists, possibly including a pediatrician, child psychologist, behavior analyst, guidance counselor, or social worker. […] Once a medical team has reached a diagnosis of selective mutism, treatment can begin. […] Selective mutism requires professional treatment. […] Treatment for selective mutism can involve behavioral therapies, psychotherapy, or both.

• #84 Selective Mutism Port St Lucie | Childhood Anxiety Disorder Tallahassee

  https://www.melissagoldsteinlcsw.com/selective-mutism-therapist-ny/

  Selective mutism is a complex childhood anxiety disorder characterized by a child’s inability to speak in certain social settings, such as at school or in public, despite being able to speak comfortably in other situations, like at home. […] The diagnosis of selective mutism involves a comprehensive evaluation by a mental health professional to understand the child’s behavior across various settings. The clinician gathers information through interviews with parents, teachers, and caregivers, as well as behavioral observations. Accurate diagnosis is essential to differentiate selective mutism from extreme shyness or other conditions with overlapping symptoms. In addition, the child must meet the following diagnostic criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): Persistent inability to speak in specific social settings despite speaking in others. The condition interferes with educational, occupational, or social functioning. The mutism lasts at least one month (not limited to the first month of school). Not attributable to a communication disorder (e.g., stuttering) or lack of language knowledge. Not explained by another mental health condition (e.g., autism spectrum disorder).

• #85 Selective Mutism | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/s/selective-mutism.html

  Selective mutism is when a child cant speak in certain settings, but can speak fine in others. […] Selective mutism often starts in very young children, around ages 2 to 4. But it may not be recognized until a child starts school. […] The main sign of selective mutism is a month or more of failure to speak only in certain social situations. […] Your childs healthcare provider will ask you about your childs medical history and signs and symptoms. […] A pediatrician, speech-language pathologist, and a psychologist may work together to diagnose and treat the condition. […] With treatment, most children overcome selective mutism.

• #86 Selective Mutism | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/selective-mutism

  Selective mutism means that a child cant speak in certain settings but can speak fine in others. […] Selective mutism is not caused by a childs willful refusal to speak. […] Selective mutism often starts in very young children, around ages 2 to 4. But it may not be recognized until a child starts school. […] The main sign of selective mutism is a month or more of failure to speak only in certain social situations. The problem is not due to another communication disorder, such as autism. And it is not due to not knowing the spoken language. […] Your childs health care provider will ask you about your childs medical history and signs and symptoms. […] Other health care providers may help assess your child. These may include a speech-language pathologist (SLP) and a psychologist or psychiatrist. […] A pediatrician, speech-language pathologist, and a psychologist may work together to diagnose and treat the condition. […] With treatment, most children overcome selective mutism.

• #87 Selective mutism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_mutism

  In the DSM-4, the term elective mutism was changed to selective mutism. This name change intended to deemphasize this refusal and oppositional aspect of the disorder. Instead, it highlighted that in select environments, the child is unable to speak rather than choosing not to. […] The exact treatment depends on the person’s age, any comorbid mental illnesses, and a number of other factors. […] Social Communication Anxiety Treatment (S-CAT) is a common treatment approach by professionals and has proven to be successful. S-CAT integrates components of behavioral-therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and an insight-oriented approach to increase social communication and promote social confidence. […] Some practitioners believe there would be evidence indicating anxiolytics to be helpful in treating children and adults with selective mutism, to decrease anxiety levels and thereby speed the process of therapy.

• #88 Current Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Selective Mutism | PRBM

  https://www.dovepress.com/current-challenges-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-selective-mutism-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-PRBM

  Taken together, anxiety is a prominent symptom of children with SM and as such the most logical approach is to treat the condition not unlike that of any other anxiety disorder. […] In a nutshell this implies that the assessment procedure besides an index of speaking frequency should incorporate (social) fear and anxiety scales, while treatment has to be CBT-based as this currently is the best available empirically-supported intervention for childhood anxiety disorders.

• #89 Introduction of symptoms, method of diagnosis and treatment of selective muteness – SepidaraneRavan

  https://sepidaraneravan.com/en/selective-mutism/

  Not talking can have a significant impact on a person’s lifestyle, education, and job. […] The inability to speak lasts for more than a month. […] Not speaking does not necessarily mean having difficulty speaking or understanding other people’s language. […] A person’s difficulty speaking is not due to another communication disorder such as autism or schizophrenia spectrum disorders. […] It is possible to reduce the severity and frequency of symptoms with proper treatment. […] Early diagnosis and treatment may even lead to complete remission of symptoms. […] The most common treatment approaches include: Mental health treatment, especially cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), is typically the initial option and the most effective in addressing selective mutism (SM) symptoms. […] Medications can be part of SM treatment, especially if mental health or speech therapy isn’t effective on its own. […] Selective mutism is not preventable, and experts are unsure about the factors that contribute to it or how to reduce its likelihood. […] For many people, symptoms appear to disappear by adulthood.

• #90

  https://www.rula.com/blog/selective-mutism/

  Selective mutism is an anxiety disorder that appears in childhood. […] Selective mutism is a treatable condition. Many children can overcome their symptoms through cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), speech therapy, and in some cases medication may be recommended. […] If you have a child who speaks freely at home but appears to shut down and cant communicate in other settings, the best thing you can do is seek a professional evaluation. A therapist can provide an accurate diagnosis and help ensure your child gets the right care for their needs. […] One common myth about selective mutism is that its simply a behavioral choice or a sign of stubbornness in children. In reality, its an anxiety disorder where children experience overwhelming fear and distress in specific social situations, making it crucial to provide compassionate support and intervention. […] Rest assured that like other anxiety disorders, selective mutism is a treatable condition. With early detection and intervention, many children can overcome their symptoms entirely.

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