Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | The EyeDoctors Optometrists

  https://www.theeyedoctors.net/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Wet macular degeneration, also known as neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a serious eye condition characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina and macula. […] Although wet macular degeneration is less common, accounting for about 20% of all AMD cases, it is responsible for approximately 90% of the severe vision loss associated with macular degeneration. […] Understanding the causes and risk factors associated with macular degeneration is essential for early detection and effective prevention. […] While the exact origins of this condition remain unclear, a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to the increased risk of developing AMD. […] Genetics play a significant role in the development of macular degeneration.

• #2 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Signs, Causes, and Management | eyecarecenter

  https://www.eyecarecenter.com/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Wet macular degeneration, also termed neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a serious eye condition characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels underneath the retina and macula. […] The abnormal vessels in wet AMD are prone to leakage, releasing fluid or blood that distorts the retina and elevates the macula, leading to rapid and substantial loss of central vision. […] Although wet macular degeneration is less frequent, occurring in about 20% of all AMD cases, it accounts for roughly 90% of the severe vision loss associated with macular degeneration. […] Identifying the causes and risk factors of macular degeneration is essential for its early detection and prevention. […] A combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors are known to increase the risk of developing AMD.

• #3 Wet macular degeneration – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration/symptoms-causes/syc-20351107

  Wet macular degeneration is an eye condition that causes blurred vision or reduced central vision. It is a type of age-related macular degeneration where blood vessels leak fluid or blood into part of the retina known as the macula. […] No one knows the exact cause of wet macular degeneration, but it develops in people who have dry macular degeneration. Of all people with age-related macular degeneration, about 20% have the wet form. […] Vision loss caused by irregular blood vessel growth. Sometimes new blood vessels grow from the choroid under and into the macula. This growth isn’t typical, and when it happens it’s known as choroidal neovascularization. […] Vision loss caused by fluid buildup in the back of the eye. When fluid leaks from the choroid, it can collect between the thin cell layer called the retinal pigment epithelium and the retina or within the layers of the retina. This may cause irregularities in the macula layers, resulting in vision loss or distortion.

• #4 Wet Form Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/wet-amd-what-is

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that destroys the macula, which is part of the retina at the back of your eye. […] But an estimated 10% of people with AMD have the wet type. With wet AMD (also called neovascular AMD or exudative AMD), abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula. These blood vessels are weak. They leak blood and fluids into layers of your retina, including your macula. […] Its not clear what causes wet AMD. But youre more likely to get it if you: […] Have dry AMD. Wet AMD happens in people whove already had dry AMD, even if they didnt know they had it. […] Have a family history of AMD. If you have wet AMD, you may have inherited certain genes that increase your likelihood of getting it. […] Are over 50. AMD is called age-related macular degeneration because it tends to show up as you age. Wet AMD is most common in people over 50 and becomes even more common in your 70s and 80s. Still, its not a normal part of aging.

• #5 Wet Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/macular-degeneration-guide/wet-macular-degeneration-amd/

  Wet AMD develops as a result of abnormal blood vessels that form under the retina, and leak blood and fluid into the macula. […] There are two main causes of wet AMD: […] Abnormal blood vessel growth. When abnormal new blood vessels grow from the choroid, the space between the retina and the outer layer of the eye (sclera), they tend to grow under and into the macula. […] Fluid buildup in the back of the eye. When fluid leaks from the choroid, it can accumulate between the retinal pigment epithelium, a thin cell layer, and the retina.

• #6 Wet macular degeneration – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration/symptoms-causes/syc-20351107

  Wet macular degeneration is an eye condition that causes blurred vision or reduced central vision. It is a type of age-related macular degeneration where blood vessels leak fluid or blood into part of the retina known as the macula. […] No one knows the exact cause of wet macular degeneration, but it develops in people who have dry macular degeneration. Of all people with age-related macular degeneration, about 20% have the wet form. […] Vision loss caused by irregular blood vessel growth. Sometimes new blood vessels grow from the choroid under and into the macula. This growth isn’t typical, and when it happens it’s known as choroidal neovascularization. […] Vision loss caused by fluid buildup in the back of the eye. When fluid leaks from the choroid, it can collect between the thin cell layer called the retinal pigment epithelium and the retina or within the layers of the retina. This may cause irregularities in the macula layers, resulting in vision loss or distortion.

• #7 Wet Macular Degeneration | Signs, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/wet-macular-degeneration

  Approximately 10-15% of the cases of macular degeneration are the wet (exudative) type, sometimes also referred to at neovascular macular degeneration or nAMD. […] In the wet type of macular degeneration, abnormal blood vessels (known as choroidal neovascularization or CNV) grow under the retina and macula. […] Under these circumstances, vision loss may be rapid and severe. […] Once CNV has developed in one eye, whether there is a visual loss or not, the other eye is at relatively high risk for the same change. […] When all four risk factors more than five drusen, large drusen, pigmental clumping, and systemic hypertension are present, the five-year risk of CNV in the second eye is 87%, whereas if none of these risk factors are present, the risk is 7%. […] Unlike Dry AMD which can be slowed in many patients through lifestyle changes, supplements, and an AMD Diet, wet AMD cannot be slowed by natural remedies and needs to be treated as early as possible by a retina specialist.

• #8 Wet macular degeneration – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration/symptoms-causes/syc-20351107

  Wet macular degeneration is an eye condition that causes blurred vision or reduced central vision. It is a type of age-related macular degeneration where blood vessels leak fluid or blood into part of the retina known as the macula. […] No one knows the exact cause of wet macular degeneration, but it develops in people who have dry macular degeneration. Of all people with age-related macular degeneration, about 20% have the wet form. […] Vision loss caused by irregular blood vessel growth. Sometimes new blood vessels grow from the choroid under and into the macula. This growth isn’t typical, and when it happens it’s known as choroidal neovascularization. […] Vision loss caused by fluid buildup in the back of the eye. When fluid leaks from the choroid, it can collect between the thin cell layer called the retinal pigment epithelium and the retina or within the layers of the retina. This may cause irregularities in the macula layers, resulting in vision loss or distortion.

• #9 Causes of Wet Macular Degeneration | Advanced Sight Center

  https://www.advancedsightcenter.com/2021/10/22/causes-of-wet-macular-degeneration/

  Macular degeneration is an eye disorder that occurs when the small but important area in the retina called the macula gets damaged. […] Wet macular degeneration is one of the two forms of macular degeneration, and it causes rapid and progressive loss of central vision. […] The exact cause of wet macular degeneration is not fully understood, but experts suggest it almost always begins as the dry type and can develop due to any of the following: Fluid or blood leakage into the macula– An abnormal growth of new blood vessels in the choroid– which is the thin layer of tissue that separates the white outer layer of the eye (sclera) from the retina– can cause fluid or blood to leak into the macula, thereby interfering with the function of the retina. The term “wet” essentially refers to such a mechanism.

• #10 Advanced Macular Degeneration Treatment, Assil Gaur Eye Institute

  https://assileye.com/eye-care/macular-degeneration

  The wet stage of AMD is aggressive and requires urgent treatment by a retinal specialist to prevent progressive vision loss. If wet AMD is left untreated, blood or liquid build-up in the retina leads to scarring, which can cause irreversible vision loss. […] Eyes with wet AMD have increased production of a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) protein. This protein triggers the growth of new blood vessels in the retina. Too much VEGF in the eye leads to the creation of fragile malformed blood vessels. These vessels leak, causing damage to the macula and surrounding retina that eventually leads to central vision loss. […] Once AMD progresses to the wet form, pills are no longer an acceptable treatment option. Instead, medications must be placed directly within the eye to help control the disease at its source. […] Wet (exudative) macular degeneration is generally considered more severe and can progress faster than dry (atrophic) macular degeneration. […] Wet macular degeneration can progress rapidly and cause severe vision loss in weeks or months if left untreated.

• #11 Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/2/agerelated-macular-degeneration

  AMD is the leading cause of significant visual acuity loss in people over age 50 in developed countries. […] The exact cause of AMD is unknown, but the condition develops as the eye ages. There are 2 types of AMD: non-neovascular or dry AMD; and neovascular or wet AMD. […] In wet AMD, there is a sudden or gradual decrease in visual acuity, blind spots in the center of vision, and distortion of straight lines. The hallmark of wet AMD is choroidal neovascularization (CNV). […] CNV occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina; these can bleed or leak and cause a distortion of the retina’s structure. Ultimately, the CNV can turn into a disciform scar that replaces the normal architecture of the outer retina and leads to permanent loss of central vision. […] Wet-AMD treatment has been revolutionized in recent years after the discovery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a family of compounds in the body. VEGF regulates the growth of abnormal new blood vessels in the eye known as neovascularization that can lead to wet AMD.

• #12 Wet Macular Degeneration Treatment | Retinal Consultants Medical Group

  https://www.retinalmd.com/retina-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a breakdown of the macula in the eye. […] When someone gets the wet form of AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow underneath the macula. […] These abnormal blood vessels are called choroidal neovascular (CNV) membranes and can produce tissue swelling, hemorrhage, and scarring. […] What causes wet AMD? […] With aging, the layer under the retina thickens and the nutrient supply to the retina is disturbed. […] In response, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is released and abnormally high VEGF causes leaky blood vessels to grow under the retina. […] When these leaky vessels bleed, scarring and damage occur to the retina. […] Anti-VEGF medications were developed to remove VEGF, the major factor in abnormal vessel development in wet AMD.

• #13 Wet Macular Degeneration: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/wet-macular-degeneration

  Wet macular degeneration happens when fluid seeps out and forces retinal layers apart, which leads to vision loss. […] WMD isn’t a condition with a single cause. Instead, it’s a condition where many risk factors or contributors can add up and make this condition more likely to develop. […] The risk factors and contributors that can play a role in developing WMD include: Age. The older you get, the more likely you are to develop macular degeneration of any kind. […] Genetics and family history. The DNA you inherit from your biological parents can contain mutations or differences that make you more likely to develop WMD. […] Race. People with European ancestry have the highest risk of developing WMD. People of African descent are less likely to have WMD. […] Nutrition. Lack of certain vitamins (especially C and E), minerals (copper and zinc), and components of vitamin A or nutrients related to it (beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin) can contribute to WMD.

• #14 What Is Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/macular-degeneration/what-is-wet-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a form of macular degeneration in which abnormal blood vessels form under the retina and macula of your eye. Its the less common form of age-related macular degeneration (the other form is dry AMD), accounting for 10 to 15 percent of cases, according to the American Macular Degeneration Foundation. […] Wet AMD typically develops when abnormal blood vessels leak blood or fluid into the macula. […] A number of factors can make you more likely to develop wet AMD, including the following: Older Age Wet AMD is more common in people ages 55 and older. Family History Researchers have identified genetic factors that contribute to wet AMD. European Descent White people are more likely to develop wet AMD than other racial or ethnic groups. Tobacco Use Smoking or using tobacco in other forms greatly increases the risk of wet AMD. Obesity People with obesity may experience faster progression of wet AMD. Cardiovascular Problems You may be more likely to develop wet AMD if you have certain other heart or blood vessel disorders, especially high blood pressure, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine.

• #15 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (exudative or wet AMD) is a prevalent, progressive retinal degenerative macular disease that is characterized by neovascularization of the choroid, mainly affecting the elderly population causing gradual vision impairment. […] Risk factors such as age, race, genetics, iris color, smoking, drinking, BMI, and diet all play a part in nvAMDs progression, with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy being the mainstay of treatment. […] Current therapeutic advancements slow the progression of the disease but do not cure or reverse its course. […] nvAMD is a multifactorial disease with numerous risk factors that are thought to play a role in its development. […] Increasing age is the strongest demographic and leading risk factor associated with AMD, associated with increasing acellular deposits between the RPE and Bruchs membrane.

• #16 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  A pooled meta-analysis of AMD in Europeans (25 studies, n = 57,173) shows a linear increase in the predicted prevalence of AMD, especially in patients 60 years of age. […] Progressive failure of repair mechanisms over a lifetime may explain this increased prevalence. […] Atherosclerosis is thought to contribute to AMD by atherosclerotic plaques altering choroidal circulation and venous drainage, therefore increasing blood flow resistance and actively increasing lipid deposition into Bruchs membrane. […] Race and associated facial and pigment characteristics may alter the physiological and anatomical configuration, altering the likelihood of certain individuals developing nvAMD. […] Numerous studies have reported that Caucasians are more likely to develop AMD than blacks, including the Baltimore Eye Study, which reported a four-fold higher risk in whites than in blacks.

• #17 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | The EyeDoctors Optometrists

  https://www.theeyedoctors.net/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Wet macular degeneration, also known as neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a serious eye condition characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina and macula. […] Although wet macular degeneration is less common, accounting for about 20% of all AMD cases, it is responsible for approximately 90% of the severe vision loss associated with macular degeneration. […] Understanding the causes and risk factors associated with macular degeneration is essential for early detection and effective prevention. […] While the exact origins of this condition remain unclear, a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to the increased risk of developing AMD. […] Genetics play a significant role in the development of macular degeneration.

• #18 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | The EyeDoctors Optometrists

  https://www.theeyedoctors.net/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Specific genetic mutations, especially those affecting the complement system—a crucial part of the immune response—are linked to an increased susceptibility to AMD. […] Smoking greatly increases the risk of advanced macular degeneration by reducing blood flow to the retina and increasing oxidative stress, which can damage the macula. […] A lack of essential nutrients, particularly antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, can raise the risk of AMD. […] Extended exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can harm the retina and elevate the risk of developing wet macular degeneration. […] Age is the primary risk factor for wet macular degeneration, mainly affecting individuals over 50. […] Several health conditions are linked to a higher risk of developing wet macular degeneration: Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the retina, contributing to the formation of abnormal vessels in the macula. […] Elevated cholesterol levels can lead to the buildup of fatty deposits in blood vessels, restricting blood flow to the retina. […] Cardiovascular issues can impair blood flow to the retina, increasing the risk of wet macular degeneration.

• #19 What Is Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/macular-degeneration/what-is-wet-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  AMD has both genetic and environmental causes. According to the BrightFocus Foundation, people who have a parent with AMD are about twice as likely to develop it themselves as those who dont have a family history of the condition. […] In addition, some research has found genes that are associated with wet AMD and with the progression of dry AMD to wet AMD.

• #20 Wet Macular Degeneration: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/wet-macular-degeneration

  Wet macular degeneration happens when fluid seeps out and forces retinal layers apart, which leads to vision loss. […] WMD isn’t a condition with a single cause. Instead, it’s a condition where many risk factors or contributors can add up and make this condition more likely to develop. […] The risk factors and contributors that can play a role in developing WMD include: Age. The older you get, the more likely you are to develop macular degeneration of any kind. […] Genetics and family history. The DNA you inherit from your biological parents can contain mutations or differences that make you more likely to develop WMD. […] Race. People with European ancestry have the highest risk of developing WMD. People of African descent are less likely to have WMD. […] Nutrition. Lack of certain vitamins (especially C and E), minerals (copper and zinc), and components of vitamin A or nutrients related to it (beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin) can contribute to WMD.

• #21 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  A pooled meta-analysis of AMD in Europeans (25 studies, n = 57,173) shows a linear increase in the predicted prevalence of AMD, especially in patients 60 years of age. […] Progressive failure of repair mechanisms over a lifetime may explain this increased prevalence. […] Atherosclerosis is thought to contribute to AMD by atherosclerotic plaques altering choroidal circulation and venous drainage, therefore increasing blood flow resistance and actively increasing lipid deposition into Bruchs membrane. […] Race and associated facial and pigment characteristics may alter the physiological and anatomical configuration, altering the likelihood of certain individuals developing nvAMD. […] Numerous studies have reported that Caucasians are more likely to develop AMD than blacks, including the Baltimore Eye Study, which reported a four-fold higher risk in whites than in blacks.

• #22 Wet Form Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/wet-amd-what-is

  Smoke. Lighting up doubles your odds of developing wet AMD. In addition to cutting off oxygen to your eyes, researchers think smoking may damage cells and make it harder for nutrients to reach your eyes through your bloodstream. […] Have heart disease or high blood pressure. High blood pressure is linked to a higher risk of developing AMD in the first place and makes it worse if you already have it. And conditions that affect your heart and blood vessels raise your odds of developing wet AMD. […] Are a woman. Wet AMD is more common in women than in men. Doctors dont know why. […] Are white. Wet AMD is more common among white people than African American, Latino, and Hispanic people. […] Are obese. Obesity makes it more likely that early-stage AMD will turn into advanced wet AMD.

• #23 Low Vision? Read About the Causes of Macular Degeneration

  https://www.enhancedvision.com/low-vision-info/eye-conditions/causes-of-macular-degeneration.html?srsltid=AfmBOooNOjpKFofs3H01VB4N2pwtRDkx8IWtlFrLshMZTVL7QJzXop17

  Macular degeneration is the number one cause of vision loss in the senior population. The older a person gets, the higher their risk of developing AMD. According to the National Eye Institute, a large study found that people in middle-age have about a 2 percent risk of getting AMD, but this risk increased to nearly 30 percent in those over age 75. […] Women are more likely to develop age related macular degeneration than men. […] It occurs in all races but it is more common in Caucasians. […] Macular degeneration is caused when the light sensitive cells in the eyes start to die, which can eventually result in blindness. […] The lifetime risk of developing late-stage macular degeneration is 50% for people who have a relative with macular degeneration versus 12% for people whos relatives do not have macular degeneration (4x the risk).

• #24 Wet Macular Degeneration: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/wet-macular-degeneration

  Wet macular degeneration happens when fluid seeps out and forces retinal layers apart, which leads to vision loss. […] WMD isn’t a condition with a single cause. Instead, it’s a condition where many risk factors or contributors can add up and make this condition more likely to develop. […] The risk factors and contributors that can play a role in developing WMD include: Age. The older you get, the more likely you are to develop macular degeneration of any kind. […] Genetics and family history. The DNA you inherit from your biological parents can contain mutations or differences that make you more likely to develop WMD. […] Race. People with European ancestry have the highest risk of developing WMD. People of African descent are less likely to have WMD. […] Nutrition. Lack of certain vitamins (especially C and E), minerals (copper and zinc), and components of vitamin A or nutrients related to it (beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin) can contribute to WMD.

• #25 Wet Macular Degeneration: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/wet-macular-degeneration

  Geographic location. Living closer to Earth’s equator increases your overall light exposure, which can be a contributing factor. […] Habits. Tobacco use can contribute to developing WMD. […] Other health conditions. High cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia), high blood pressure (hypertension) and cardiovascular disease can all contribute to developing WMD. Diabetes (both Type 1 and Type 2) might also contribute, but available data is mixed on whether that’s the case.

• #26 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | The EyeDoctors Optometrists

  https://www.theeyedoctors.net/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Specific genetic mutations, especially those affecting the complement system—a crucial part of the immune response—are linked to an increased susceptibility to AMD. […] Smoking greatly increases the risk of advanced macular degeneration by reducing blood flow to the retina and increasing oxidative stress, which can damage the macula. […] A lack of essential nutrients, particularly antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, can raise the risk of AMD. […] Extended exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can harm the retina and elevate the risk of developing wet macular degeneration. […] Age is the primary risk factor for wet macular degeneration, mainly affecting individuals over 50. […] Several health conditions are linked to a higher risk of developing wet macular degeneration: Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the retina, contributing to the formation of abnormal vessels in the macula. […] Elevated cholesterol levels can lead to the buildup of fatty deposits in blood vessels, restricting blood flow to the retina. […] Cardiovascular issues can impair blood flow to the retina, increasing the risk of wet macular degeneration.

• #27 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  Pooled data from the Rotterdam, Beaver Dam Eye, and Blue Mountains studies report a positive correlation with a 24-fold likelihood of developing any type of AMD in smokers when compared to non-smokers. […] Studies exploring the effects of alcohol consumption and AMD development have shown that alcohol increases oxidative damage to the retina. […] Together with BMI and other lifestyle choices, diet and nutrition are also thought to be modifiable risk factors. […] The Mediterranean/Oriental diet lowers risks of nvAMD, while the Western diet increases the risk of nvAMD. […] Higher intake of zinc, vitamin D, -tocopherol, vitamin C, omega-3 fatty acids, and -carotene was associated with a reduction of nvAMD by 60-90% with the Mediterranean and Oriental diets containing more nutritionally significant micronutrients than Western diets.

• #28 OBVI: Macular Degeneration | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/obvi/eyediseases/macular-degeneration.htm

  The root causes of macular degeneration are still unknown. There are two forms of age-related macular degeneration, „wet” and „dry”. […] The minority of patients have the „wet” form, which can involve bleeding within and beneath the retina, opaque deposits, and eventually scar tissue. […] These non-age related cases may be linked to heredity, diabetes, nutritional deficits, head injury, infection, or other factors. […] Scientists are undertaking the basic research necessary to determine the causes of these disorders. Finding the cause is the first important step toward prevention and cure. […] Yes. Any type of smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke can accelerate the development of the „wet” type of macular degeneration.

• #29 Ask the Doctors – What causes wet macular degeneration? | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/ask-the-doctors-what-causes-wet-macular-degeneration

  Heavy alcohol consumption (more than 3 drinks per day) has been associated with early-onset AMD, but not with late-onset AMD. […] Those who adhered to a Mediterranean diet had a 26 percent reduced risk of developing advanced, severe macular degeneration. […] Also, antioxidant combinations that include vitamin C and vitamin E, as well as supplements of lutein with zinc, have been linked to a decreased risk in progression of AMD. So it is possible that deficiencies in these substances may increase the risk of AMD. […] People who want to decrease their risk factors for AMD should stop, or not start, smoking; should avoid heavy alcohol use; and if their diet is high in saturated fat, should consider a switch to more of a Mediterranean diet.

• #30 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  Pooled data from the Rotterdam, Beaver Dam Eye, and Blue Mountains studies report a positive correlation with a 24-fold likelihood of developing any type of AMD in smokers when compared to non-smokers. […] Studies exploring the effects of alcohol consumption and AMD development have shown that alcohol increases oxidative damage to the retina. […] Together with BMI and other lifestyle choices, diet and nutrition are also thought to be modifiable risk factors. […] The Mediterranean/Oriental diet lowers risks of nvAMD, while the Western diet increases the risk of nvAMD. […] Higher intake of zinc, vitamin D, -tocopherol, vitamin C, omega-3 fatty acids, and -carotene was associated with a reduction of nvAMD by 60-90% with the Mediterranean and Oriental diets containing more nutritionally significant micronutrients than Western diets.

• #31 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | The EyeDoctors Optometrists

  https://www.theeyedoctors.net/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Specific genetic mutations, especially those affecting the complement system—a crucial part of the immune response—are linked to an increased susceptibility to AMD. […] Smoking greatly increases the risk of advanced macular degeneration by reducing blood flow to the retina and increasing oxidative stress, which can damage the macula. […] A lack of essential nutrients, particularly antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, can raise the risk of AMD. […] Extended exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can harm the retina and elevate the risk of developing wet macular degeneration. […] Age is the primary risk factor for wet macular degeneration, mainly affecting individuals over 50. […] Several health conditions are linked to a higher risk of developing wet macular degeneration: Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the retina, contributing to the formation of abnormal vessels in the macula. […] Elevated cholesterol levels can lead to the buildup of fatty deposits in blood vessels, restricting blood flow to the retina. […] Cardiovascular issues can impair blood flow to the retina, increasing the risk of wet macular degeneration.

• #32 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  Pooled data from the Rotterdam, Beaver Dam Eye, and Blue Mountains studies report a positive correlation with a 24-fold likelihood of developing any type of AMD in smokers when compared to non-smokers. […] Studies exploring the effects of alcohol consumption and AMD development have shown that alcohol increases oxidative damage to the retina. […] Together with BMI and other lifestyle choices, diet and nutrition are also thought to be modifiable risk factors. […] The Mediterranean/Oriental diet lowers risks of nvAMD, while the Western diet increases the risk of nvAMD. […] Higher intake of zinc, vitamin D, -tocopherol, vitamin C, omega-3 fatty acids, and -carotene was associated with a reduction of nvAMD by 60-90% with the Mediterranean and Oriental diets containing more nutritionally significant micronutrients than Western diets.

• #33 Wet Macular Degeneration: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/wet-macular-degeneration

  Wet macular degeneration happens when fluid seeps out and forces retinal layers apart, which leads to vision loss. […] WMD isn’t a condition with a single cause. Instead, it’s a condition where many risk factors or contributors can add up and make this condition more likely to develop. […] The risk factors and contributors that can play a role in developing WMD include: Age. The older you get, the more likely you are to develop macular degeneration of any kind. […] Genetics and family history. The DNA you inherit from your biological parents can contain mutations or differences that make you more likely to develop WMD. […] Race. People with European ancestry have the highest risk of developing WMD. People of African descent are less likely to have WMD. […] Nutrition. Lack of certain vitamins (especially C and E), minerals (copper and zinc), and components of vitamin A or nutrients related to it (beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin) can contribute to WMD.

• #34 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | The EyeDoctors Optometrists

  https://www.theeyedoctors.net/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Specific genetic mutations, especially those affecting the complement system—a crucial part of the immune response—are linked to an increased susceptibility to AMD. […] Smoking greatly increases the risk of advanced macular degeneration by reducing blood flow to the retina and increasing oxidative stress, which can damage the macula. […] A lack of essential nutrients, particularly antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, can raise the risk of AMD. […] Extended exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can harm the retina and elevate the risk of developing wet macular degeneration. […] Age is the primary risk factor for wet macular degeneration, mainly affecting individuals over 50. […] Several health conditions are linked to a higher risk of developing wet macular degeneration: Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the retina, contributing to the formation of abnormal vessels in the macula. […] Elevated cholesterol levels can lead to the buildup of fatty deposits in blood vessels, restricting blood flow to the retina. […] Cardiovascular issues can impair blood flow to the retina, increasing the risk of wet macular degeneration.

• #35 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Signs, Causes, and Management | eyecarecenter

  https://www.eyecarecenter.com/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Those with a family history of AMD are at heightened risk. […] Certain genetic mutations, especially those affecting the complement system, are linked to an increased susceptibility to AMD. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for advanced macular degeneration. […] A diet lacking in vital nutrients, such as antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, increases the risk of AMD. […] Extended exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can harm the retina and elevate the risk of developing wet macular degeneration. […] Age is the most significant risk factor for wet macular degeneration, predominantly affecting those over 50. […] Several additional health issues are linked to an increased risk of developing wet macular degeneration: Hypertension can harm the blood vessels in the retina, fostering the growth of abnormal vessels in the macula. […] High cholesterol can lead to the accumulation of fatty deposits in blood vessels, impeding blood flow to the retina. […] Cardiovascular issues can compromise blood flow to the retina and heighten the risk of wet macular degeneration.

• #36

  https://www.macuhealth.com/macular-degeneration-causes/

  A history of heart disease or high cholesterol could raise your risk of developing AMD. […] Some studies indicate that having a body mass index of over 30 can double your chances of getting AMD. […] Additionally, supplementation with nutrients known as carotenoids specifically Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-Zeaxanthin can reduce the risk of developing AMD.

• #37 Wet Form Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/wet-amd-what-is

  Smoke. Lighting up doubles your odds of developing wet AMD. In addition to cutting off oxygen to your eyes, researchers think smoking may damage cells and make it harder for nutrients to reach your eyes through your bloodstream. […] Have heart disease or high blood pressure. High blood pressure is linked to a higher risk of developing AMD in the first place and makes it worse if you already have it. And conditions that affect your heart and blood vessels raise your odds of developing wet AMD. […] Are a woman. Wet AMD is more common in women than in men. Doctors dont know why. […] Are white. Wet AMD is more common among white people than African American, Latino, and Hispanic people. […] Are obese. Obesity makes it more likely that early-stage AMD will turn into advanced wet AMD.

• #38 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | The EyeDoctors Optometrists

  https://www.theeyedoctors.net/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Specific genetic mutations, especially those affecting the complement system—a crucial part of the immune response—are linked to an increased susceptibility to AMD. […] Smoking greatly increases the risk of advanced macular degeneration by reducing blood flow to the retina and increasing oxidative stress, which can damage the macula. […] A lack of essential nutrients, particularly antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, can raise the risk of AMD. […] Extended exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can harm the retina and elevate the risk of developing wet macular degeneration. […] Age is the primary risk factor for wet macular degeneration, mainly affecting individuals over 50. […] Several health conditions are linked to a higher risk of developing wet macular degeneration: Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the retina, contributing to the formation of abnormal vessels in the macula. […] Elevated cholesterol levels can lead to the buildup of fatty deposits in blood vessels, restricting blood flow to the retina. […] Cardiovascular issues can impair blood flow to the retina, increasing the risk of wet macular degeneration.

• #39 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Exploring Signs and Treatment Options | Nationwide Vision

  https://www.nationwidevision.com/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Wet macular degeneration, also known as neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a critical eye disorder characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina and macula. […] Although the exact origins of this condition are not fully understood, a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to the increased risk of developing AMD. […] Genetics play a significant role in the likelihood of developing macular degeneration. Individuals with a family history of AMD face a higher risk. […] Age is the primary risk factor for wet macular degeneration, predominantly affecting individuals over 50. […] Several health conditions are linked to a higher risk of developing wet macular degeneration: Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the retina, contributing to the formation of abnormal vessels in the macula.

• #40 Low Vision? Read About the Causes of Macular Degeneration

  https://www.enhancedvision.com/low-vision-info/eye-conditions/causes-of-macular-degeneration.html?srsltid=AfmBOooNOjpKFofs3H01VB4N2pwtRDkx8IWtlFrLshMZTVL7QJzXop17

  Smoking is the single most controllable risk factor that contributes to the development of macular degeneration. […] Dr. Michael A. Samuel the author of Macular Degeneration: A Complete Guide for Patients and Their Families writes If you have high blood pressure that is fairly well controlled, you have double the risk of wet AMD compared to someone who does not have hypertension at all. If you have uncontrolled high blood pressure that goes above 160/90 you are three times more likely to develop wet AMD. […] Those with an active lifestyle were 70% less likely to develop macular degeneration than those who did little or no exercise according to researchers from the University of Wisconsin.

• #41 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Signs, Causes, and Management | eyecarecenter

  https://www.eyecarecenter.com/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Those with a family history of AMD are at heightened risk. […] Certain genetic mutations, especially those affecting the complement system, are linked to an increased susceptibility to AMD. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for advanced macular degeneration. […] A diet lacking in vital nutrients, such as antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, increases the risk of AMD. […] Extended exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can harm the retina and elevate the risk of developing wet macular degeneration. […] Age is the most significant risk factor for wet macular degeneration, predominantly affecting those over 50. […] Several additional health issues are linked to an increased risk of developing wet macular degeneration: Hypertension can harm the blood vessels in the retina, fostering the growth of abnormal vessels in the macula. […] High cholesterol can lead to the accumulation of fatty deposits in blood vessels, impeding blood flow to the retina. […] Cardiovascular issues can compromise blood flow to the retina and heighten the risk of wet macular degeneration.

• #42 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | The EyeDoctors Optometrists

  https://www.theeyedoctors.net/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Specific genetic mutations, especially those affecting the complement system—a crucial part of the immune response—are linked to an increased susceptibility to AMD. […] Smoking greatly increases the risk of advanced macular degeneration by reducing blood flow to the retina and increasing oxidative stress, which can damage the macula. […] A lack of essential nutrients, particularly antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, can raise the risk of AMD. […] Extended exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can harm the retina and elevate the risk of developing wet macular degeneration. […] Age is the primary risk factor for wet macular degeneration, mainly affecting individuals over 50. […] Several health conditions are linked to a higher risk of developing wet macular degeneration: Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the retina, contributing to the formation of abnormal vessels in the macula. […] Elevated cholesterol levels can lead to the buildup of fatty deposits in blood vessels, restricting blood flow to the retina. […] Cardiovascular issues can impair blood flow to the retina, increasing the risk of wet macular degeneration.

• #43 Macular Degeneration Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/ophthalmology/macular-degeneration/causes-and-diagnoses

  The cause of wet AMD is new blood vessels growing beneath the retina, where they can leak fluid and blood. […] People with elevated blood cholesterol levels may be at higher risk for wet AMD. […] If either is the case, you may have wet AMD. […] To detect wet AMD, a special dye is injected into a vein in the arm, and pictures are taken as the dye passes through the blood vessels in the retina. The dye helps the physician see if blood vessels are leaking in the eye and if they are treatable.

• #44 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  A pooled meta-analysis of AMD in Europeans (25 studies, n = 57,173) shows a linear increase in the predicted prevalence of AMD, especially in patients 60 years of age. […] Progressive failure of repair mechanisms over a lifetime may explain this increased prevalence. […] Atherosclerosis is thought to contribute to AMD by atherosclerotic plaques altering choroidal circulation and venous drainage, therefore increasing blood flow resistance and actively increasing lipid deposition into Bruchs membrane. […] Race and associated facial and pigment characteristics may alter the physiological and anatomical configuration, altering the likelihood of certain individuals developing nvAMD. […] Numerous studies have reported that Caucasians are more likely to develop AMD than blacks, including the Baltimore Eye Study, which reported a four-fold higher risk in whites than in blacks.

• #45 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | The EyeDoctors Optometrists

  https://www.theeyedoctors.net/eye-care-resources/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration

  Specific genetic mutations, especially those affecting the complement system—a crucial part of the immune response—are linked to an increased susceptibility to AMD. […] Smoking greatly increases the risk of advanced macular degeneration by reducing blood flow to the retina and increasing oxidative stress, which can damage the macula. […] A lack of essential nutrients, particularly antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, can raise the risk of AMD. […] Extended exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can harm the retina and elevate the risk of developing wet macular degeneration. […] Age is the primary risk factor for wet macular degeneration, mainly affecting individuals over 50. […] Several health conditions are linked to a higher risk of developing wet macular degeneration: Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the retina, contributing to the formation of abnormal vessels in the macula. […] Elevated cholesterol levels can lead to the buildup of fatty deposits in blood vessels, restricting blood flow to the retina. […] Cardiovascular issues can impair blood flow to the retina, increasing the risk of wet macular degeneration.

• #46 Wet Macular Degeneration: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/wet-macular-degeneration

  Geographic location. Living closer to Earth’s equator increases your overall light exposure, which can be a contributing factor. […] Habits. Tobacco use can contribute to developing WMD. […] Other health conditions. High cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia), high blood pressure (hypertension) and cardiovascular disease can all contribute to developing WMD. Diabetes (both Type 1 and Type 2) might also contribute, but available data is mixed on whether that’s the case.

• #47 Macular Degeneration: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15246-macular-degeneration

  Non-age-related macular degeneration may be associated with: Diabetes, Head injuries, Infections, A diet lacking in required nutrients. […] Treatments for wet AMD carry some risk of complications, including: Eye infection, Retinal detachment, Structural eye damage, Faster onset of cataracts, Severe vision loss. […] Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults. Although AMD doesn’t cause complete blindness, the loss of central vision can make it harder to do everyday tasks.

• #48 Wet Form Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/wet-amd-what-is

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that destroys the macula, which is part of the retina at the back of your eye. […] But an estimated 10% of people with AMD have the wet type. With wet AMD (also called neovascular AMD or exudative AMD), abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula. These blood vessels are weak. They leak blood and fluids into layers of your retina, including your macula. […] Its not clear what causes wet AMD. But youre more likely to get it if you: […] Have dry AMD. Wet AMD happens in people whove already had dry AMD, even if they didnt know they had it. […] Have a family history of AMD. If you have wet AMD, you may have inherited certain genes that increase your likelihood of getting it. […] Are over 50. AMD is called age-related macular degeneration because it tends to show up as you age. Wet AMD is most common in people over 50 and becomes even more common in your 70s and 80s. Still, its not a normal part of aging.

• #49 Exudative (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1226030-overview

  In the wet, or exudative, form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), pathologic choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM) develop under the retina. The CNVM can leak fluid and blood and, if left untreated, ultimately cause a centrally blinding disciform scar. […] Approximately 10% of patients with nonexudative AMD eventually progress to the exudative form, which is responsible for the majority of the estimated 1.75 million cases of advanced AMD in the United States. […] Patients with nonexudative AMD can progress to the wet, or exudative, form of AMD, in which pathologic choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM) develop under the retina. The CNVM can leak fluid and blood, and, ultimately, cause a centrally blinding disciform scar over a relatively short time if left untreated. Approximately 10% of patients with nonexudative AMD eventually progress to the exudative form, which is responsible for the majority of the estimated 1.75 million cases of advanced AMD in the United States.

• #50 Wet Macular Degeneration | Signs, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/wet-macular-degeneration

  Approximately 10-15% of the cases of macular degeneration are the wet (exudative) type, sometimes also referred to at neovascular macular degeneration or nAMD. […] In the wet type of macular degeneration, abnormal blood vessels (known as choroidal neovascularization or CNV) grow under the retina and macula. […] Under these circumstances, vision loss may be rapid and severe. […] Once CNV has developed in one eye, whether there is a visual loss or not, the other eye is at relatively high risk for the same change. […] When all four risk factors more than five drusen, large drusen, pigmental clumping, and systemic hypertension are present, the five-year risk of CNV in the second eye is 87%, whereas if none of these risk factors are present, the risk is 7%. […] Unlike Dry AMD which can be slowed in many patients through lifestyle changes, supplements, and an AMD Diet, wet AMD cannot be slowed by natural remedies and needs to be treated as early as possible by a retina specialist.

• #51 Wet Macular Degeneration | Signs, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/wet-macular-degeneration

  Approximately 10-15% of the cases of macular degeneration are the wet (exudative) type, sometimes also referred to at neovascular macular degeneration or nAMD. […] In the wet type of macular degeneration, abnormal blood vessels (known as choroidal neovascularization or CNV) grow under the retina and macula. […] Under these circumstances, vision loss may be rapid and severe. […] Once CNV has developed in one eye, whether there is a visual loss or not, the other eye is at relatively high risk for the same change. […] When all four risk factors more than five drusen, large drusen, pigmental clumping, and systemic hypertension are present, the five-year risk of CNV in the second eye is 87%, whereas if none of these risk factors are present, the risk is 7%. […] Unlike Dry AMD which can be slowed in many patients through lifestyle changes, supplements, and an AMD Diet, wet AMD cannot be slowed by natural remedies and needs to be treated as early as possible by a retina specialist.

• #52 Macular degeneration – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_degeneration

  The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration is not fully understood, although some theories have been put forward, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory processes. […] In the dry (nonexudative) form, drusen accumulate between the retina and the choroid, causing atrophy and scarring to the retina. In the wet (exudative) form, which is more severe, blood vessels grow up from the choroid (neovascularization) behind the retina which can leak exudate and fluid and also cause hemorrhaging. […] Neovascular or exudative AMD, the „wet” form of advanced AMD, causes vision loss due to abnormal blood vessel growth (choroidal neovascularization) in the choriocapillaris, through Bruch’s membrane. It is usually, but not always, preceded by the dry form of AMD. The proliferation of abnormal blood vessels in the retina is stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

• #53 Exudative (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1226030-overview

  AMD is a degenerative retinal disease, presumably caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Although age, race, sex, and family history demonstrate a consistently strong association with AMD in large epidemiologic studies, smoking, hypertension, obesity, and dietary fat intake are also reported modifiable risk factors contributing to the advancement of AMD. […] The exact pathophysiology of AMD is relatively poorly understood; however, recent discoveries are advancing our understanding. […] Drusen formation is not only a sign of RPE dysfunction but is also thought to be a cause of RPE loss and, in turn, photoreceptor loss. Further degeneration of the RPE can lead to dysfunction in Bruch’s membrane, which separates the choriocapillaris from the RPE. […] Breakdown of Bruch’s membrane and a rise in vascular endothelial growth factors can lead to the growth of abnormal choroidal vessels beneath the RPE and potentially under the retina. These vessels go through a period of leakage and occasionally bleed before they eventually involute and result in scar formation. The end-stage of exudative AMD is the formation of a disciform scar in the macula that results in permanent loss of central vision.

• #54 Wet Macular Degeneration Treatment | Retinal Consultants Medical Group

  https://www.retinalmd.com/retina-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a breakdown of the macula in the eye. […] When someone gets the wet form of AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow underneath the macula. […] These abnormal blood vessels are called choroidal neovascular (CNV) membranes and can produce tissue swelling, hemorrhage, and scarring. […] What causes wet AMD? […] With aging, the layer under the retina thickens and the nutrient supply to the retina is disturbed. […] In response, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is released and abnormally high VEGF causes leaky blood vessels to grow under the retina. […] When these leaky vessels bleed, scarring and damage occur to the retina. […] Anti-VEGF medications were developed to remove VEGF, the major factor in abnormal vessel development in wet AMD.

• #55 Macular degeneration Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/macular-degeneration

  The macula, a part of your eye’s retina, is made of cells, called rods and cones, which are sensitive to light and are needed for central vision. Underneath the macula is a layer of blood vessels called the choroids, which provides blood to the macula. A layer of tissue on the retina called the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) keeps the macula healthy by transporting nutrients from the blood vessels to the macula and moving waste products from the macula to the blood vessels. […] As you get older, the RPE can thin and not move nutrients and waste back and forth as efficiently. Waste builds up in the macula, and cells in the macula become damaged from lack of blood, affecting your vision. […] With wet AMD, blood vessels grow underneath the macula and leak fluid or blood. Researchers do not know exactly what causes the new blood vessels to grow, although they think that it may be the breakdown in waste removal. That could explain why people with the wet form almost always start out with the dry form. The new blood vessels interfere with getting nutrients to the macula, and the rods and cones start to break down.

• #56 Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration – South Pasadena, CA: Retina Eye Specialists

  https://www.retinaeye.com/contents/common-diseases/macular-conditions/wet-age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a condition affecting people over the age of 50 and is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 65. Damage to the macula in AMD occurs due to oxidative stress (oxygen free-radical molecules) and inflammation. […] As the body ages, the choroid, RPE and retina become less efficient, allowing free radicals to build up in the retina. These free radicals cause damage (which leads to chronic inflammation) in the RPE and in turn the RPE becomes even less efficient. […] The presence of soft drusen is a high risk factor for developing AMD and once several medium sized soft drusen form, a diagnosis of macular degeneration is made. […] In around 15% of cases, Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration progresses to the more vision threatening wet form of the disease.

• #57 Macular Degeneration, Common Causes & Prevention — Eye to Eye

  https://www.eyetoeyederby.com/news/2017/2/14/macular-degeneration-common-causes-prevention

  Some studies have shown that inflammation may play a role in the development of macular degeneration. […] Smoking and high blood pressure are associated with the wet form of macular degeneration. […] Research has shown that eating a Mediterranean-inspired diet, with more plant-based foods and less dairy, may reduce your risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

• #58 Learn About Dry Age Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.enhancedvision.com/low-vision-info/eye-conditions/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration.html?srsltid=AfmBOoo4VC0Je1OOgkIDM556gqYR64aNp0fkK68DqHxqzq2XUhXbr37A

  For those of you who are new to the vision world of macular degeneration, the two most common types of age related macular degeneration (AMD) are dry AMD and wet AMD. […] The reason for the use of the words dry and wet is that in the wet form, tiny capillaries start growing under the macula, the center of the retina. These capillaries are very fragile and start to leak fluid and blood which causes photoreceptor cells to die. […] However, people who have wet macular degeneration almost always start out with the dry form. The dry form of this retinal condition is the result of changes in the layers of the retina. These layers are responsible in delivering important nutrients and oxygen to the macula and to remove waste products that have built up. When either of these delivery systems no longer function optimally, the results is degeneration of the photoreceptor cells. […] Inflammation seems to play a key role in this degenerative eye disease. An anti-inflammatory diet helps to reduce chronic inflammation in our bodies. Many studies have shown that antioxidants whether from food or supplements play a key role in our eye health.

• #59 Age-related macular degeneration – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of severe central vision loss and legal blindness in adults. The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of AMD will be reviewed here. […] AMD is a degenerative disease of the photoreceptors of the central portion of the retina (the macula) and the supporting retinal pigment epithelium. It is characterized by loss of central vision. […] For clinical purposes, AMD is classified as either „dry” or „wet”. The less common form is wet AMD (also known as exudative or neovascular AMD). […] Wet AMD is characterized by new vessel formation in and under the retina. These abnormal blood vessels have a tendency to leak, leading to collections of fluid and/or blood in and/or beneath the retina. […] Dry AMD progresses to wet AMD in a minority of patients. The risk of developing wet AMD in people with bilateral, early, dry AMD (bilateral soft drusen) was estimated at approximately 3 per 100 person-years if both eyes have early- or intermediate-stage AMD.

• #60 Exudative (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1226030-overview

  AMD is a degenerative retinal disease, presumably caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Although age, race, sex, and family history demonstrate a consistently strong association with AMD in large epidemiologic studies, smoking, hypertension, obesity, and dietary fat intake are also reported modifiable risk factors contributing to the advancement of AMD. […] The exact pathophysiology of AMD is relatively poorly understood; however, recent discoveries are advancing our understanding. […] Drusen formation is not only a sign of RPE dysfunction but is also thought to be a cause of RPE loss and, in turn, photoreceptor loss. Further degeneration of the RPE can lead to dysfunction in Bruch’s membrane, which separates the choriocapillaris from the RPE. […] Breakdown of Bruch’s membrane and a rise in vascular endothelial growth factors can lead to the growth of abnormal choroidal vessels beneath the RPE and potentially under the retina. These vessels go through a period of leakage and occasionally bleed before they eventually involute and result in scar formation. The end-stage of exudative AMD is the formation of a disciform scar in the macula that results in permanent loss of central vision.

• #61 Age-related macular degeneration: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Age-related macular degeneration results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Many of these factors have been identified, but some remain unknown. […] Researchers have considered changes in many genes as possible risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. The best-studied of these genes are involved in a part of the body’s immune response known as the complement system. […] Genetic changes in and around several complement system genes, including the CFH gene, contribute to a person’s risk of developing age-related macular degeneration. […] Changes on the long (q) arm of chromosome 10 in a region known as 10q26 are also associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. […] Other genes that are associated with age-related macular degeneration include genes involved in transporting and processing high-density lipoproteins (HDL, also known as „good” cholesterol) and genes that have been associated with other forms of macular disease.

• #62 Age-related macular degeneration: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Age-related macular degeneration results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Many of these factors have been identified, but some remain unknown. […] Researchers have considered changes in many genes as possible risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. The best-studied of these genes are involved in a part of the body’s immune response known as the complement system. […] Genetic changes in and around several complement system genes, including the CFH gene, contribute to a person’s risk of developing age-related macular degeneration. […] Changes on the long (q) arm of chromosome 10 in a region known as 10q26 are also associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. […] Other genes that are associated with age-related macular degeneration include genes involved in transporting and processing high-density lipoproteins (HDL, also known as „good” cholesterol) and genes that have been associated with other forms of macular disease.

• #63 Age-related macular degeneration: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Age-related macular degeneration results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Many of these factors have been identified, but some remain unknown. […] Researchers have considered changes in many genes as possible risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. The best-studied of these genes are involved in a part of the body’s immune response known as the complement system. […] Genetic changes in and around several complement system genes, including the CFH gene, contribute to a person’s risk of developing age-related macular degeneration. […] Changes on the long (q) arm of chromosome 10 in a region known as 10q26 are also associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. […] Other genes that are associated with age-related macular degeneration include genes involved in transporting and processing high-density lipoproteins (HDL, also known as „good” cholesterol) and genes that have been associated with other forms of macular disease.

• #64 Age-related macular degeneration: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Age-related macular degeneration results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Many of these factors have been identified, but some remain unknown. […] Researchers have considered changes in many genes as possible risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. The best-studied of these genes are involved in a part of the body’s immune response known as the complement system. […] Genetic changes in and around several complement system genes, including the CFH gene, contribute to a person’s risk of developing age-related macular degeneration. […] Changes on the long (q) arm of chromosome 10 in a region known as 10q26 are also associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. […] Other genes that are associated with age-related macular degeneration include genes involved in transporting and processing high-density lipoproteins (HDL, also known as „good” cholesterol) and genes that have been associated with other forms of macular disease.

• #65 Age-related macular degeneration: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Age-related macular degeneration results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Many of these factors have been identified, but some remain unknown. […] Researchers have considered changes in many genes as possible risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. The best-studied of these genes are involved in a part of the body’s immune response known as the complement system. […] Genetic changes in and around several complement system genes, including the CFH gene, contribute to a person’s risk of developing age-related macular degeneration. […] Changes on the long (q) arm of chromosome 10 in a region known as 10q26 are also associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. […] Other genes that are associated with age-related macular degeneration include genes involved in transporting and processing high-density lipoproteins (HDL, also known as „good” cholesterol) and genes that have been associated with other forms of macular disease.

• #66

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-macular-degen/

  It has been recognized for over a century that some forms of macular degeneration run in families. […] In the past 10 years, the chromosomal locations of at least 10 genes that cause macular-degenerationlike conditions have been identified, and three of the genes have actually been identified. […] The genetic approach is particularly appealing because if a genetic predisposition to macular degeneration can be identified, it raises the possibility that individuals can be tested for the predisposition early in life, and given some sort of treatment that will delay or prevent the onset of the macular disease.

• #67 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  The treatment modalities for nvAMD have greatly evolved over time. […] Anti-VEGF therapy is the mainstay of wet AMD treatment as it affects multiple key pathogenic pathways. […] In nvAMD, anti-VEGF therapy is currently the only treatment available, which only slows down the progression of the disease, however more knowledge about the downstream effects of factors such as VEGF may offer another treatment modality.

• #68 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? | Eye Consultants of Fargo

  https://eyeconsultantsnd.com/uncategorized/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration/

  Wet macular degeneration only affects 10 percent of people with macular degeneration. […] However, its the most aggressive form of this eye condition. […] Wet macular degeneration progresses much faster and leads to severe vision loss without treatment. […] There is currently no cure for wet macular degeneration. […] Anti-VEGF therapy is very effective in controlling it and making it more manageable. […] The deterioration of the macula in wet macular degeneration causes the retina to make a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor or VEGF. […] Anti-VEGF is injected directly into your eye to prevent the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels. […] Anti-VEGF injections prevent vision from worsening in 9 out of 10 patients.

• #69 Wet Macular Degeneration | Signs, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/wet-macular-degeneration

  Controlling the bleeding is paramount to reducing retinal scarring that is responsible for severe vision loss. […] Early, and sustained treatment has been shown to be the best course of action to preserve as much vision as possible for as long as possible if you have developed wet macular degeneration. […] Anti-VEGF drugs do not restore vision, though some patients may experience a sense of vision restoration due to the body reabsorbing fluid behind the retina after the bleeding is stopped. […] But anti-VEGF drugs cannot repair retinal scarring, which is the main culprit of vision loss in wet macular degeneration. […] Age-related macular degeneration causes central vision loss.

• #70 What is Wet Macular Degeneration? | Eye Consultants of Fargo

  https://eyeconsultantsnd.com/uncategorized/what-is-wet-macular-degeneration/

  Wet macular degeneration only affects 10 percent of people with macular degeneration. […] However, its the most aggressive form of this eye condition. […] Wet macular degeneration progresses much faster and leads to severe vision loss without treatment. […] There is currently no cure for wet macular degeneration. […] Anti-VEGF therapy is very effective in controlling it and making it more manageable. […] The deterioration of the macula in wet macular degeneration causes the retina to make a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor or VEGF. […] Anti-VEGF is injected directly into your eye to prevent the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels. […] Anti-VEGF injections prevent vision from worsening in 9 out of 10 patients.

• #71 A new target for treatment of one type of macular degeneration

  https://news.osu.edu/a-new-target-for-treatment-of-one-type-of-macular-degeneration/

  A new study in mice hints at the promise of an eventual alternative treatment option for the wet version of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] Researchers determined in mice that an enzyme related to cell growth and division is a culprit in the blood vessel invasion in the back of the eye that causes blurred central vision in wet AMD. […] Wet AMD, also known as neovascular AMD, is caused by the growth of new blood vessels that invade the retina, a space normally free of vascular activity. […] The team then tested the effects of an experimental compound that inhibits telomerase activity. […] They confirmed that the drug lowered telomerase activity in healthy mice, and found that injecting it into the eyes of mice with symptoms mimicking wet AMD significantly reduced the abnormal blood vessel invasion.

• #72 A new target for treatment of one type of macular degeneration

  https://news.osu.edu/a-new-target-for-treatment-of-one-type-of-macular-degeneration/

  In addition, the abnormal blood vessel response to laser injury was significantly lower in mice lacking both telomerase genes, providing genetically clear evidence that telomerase plays a critical role in development of the disease, Kerur said. […] The experimental treatments effectiveness at curbing abnormal blood vessel growth in mice was similar to the current anti-VEGF treatment, Kerur said. […] But telomerase inhibition by itself can also be pursued independently, and that is the plan.

• #73 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – Fighting Blindness Canada (FBC)

  https://www.fightingblindness.ca/eyehealth/eye-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  There is some evidence that increasing age, family history of AMD, low levels of exercise and smoking can increase the risk of progressing to wet AMD. […] Anti-VEGF treatments block VEGF from working and can prevent and, in some cases, reverse vision loss. […] The cause of GA is not clearly understood, but it is thought to be caused by a combination of factors that include damage from ageing, environmental factors, and genetics. […] Many research groups are working to develop new treatments and cures for AMD. […] Gene therapies are being tested in clinical trials as potential treatments for both dry and wet AMD. Scientists are studying if gene therapy can be used to prevent photoreceptor cell death, deliver a permanent source of anti-VEGF, or reduce progression from dry to wet AMD.

• #74 Wet macular degeneration: Symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/wet-macular-degeneration

  Wet macular degeneration is when blood vessels in the eye leak blood or fluids, causing scarring and vision loss. […] The cause of wet macular degeneration is the development of new, abnormal blood vessels that leak blood and fluids to damage the macula. It is unclear what causes these new blood vessels to develop. […] Wet macular degeneration results from abnormal vessels growing under the retina that leak blood or fluids. However, it is unclear what causes these abnormal blood vessels to develop. […] Wet macular degeneration causes rapid central vision loss. It results from new, abnormal blood vessels that leak blood and fluids to damage the retina.

• #75 Macular degeneration – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/topics/macular-degeneration

  Macular degeneration, also called age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, is an eye disease that affects people’s central vision. […] The causes of AMD are not well understood. Age is the most critical risk factor. Cigarette smoking, high cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure may also increase your risk. […] Wet AMD develops when abnormal blood vessels form in the layer of cells beneath the retina or within the retina. These vessels leak blood and fluid into the macula, causing scarring and significant vision loss, often involving the center of the macula. […] Treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) centers on a class of medications known as anti-VEGF drugs.

• #76 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (exudative or wet AMD) is a prevalent, progressive retinal degenerative macular disease that is characterized by neovascularization of the choroid, mainly affecting the elderly population causing gradual vision impairment. […] Risk factors such as age, race, genetics, iris color, smoking, drinking, BMI, and diet all play a part in nvAMDs progression, with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy being the mainstay of treatment. […] Current therapeutic advancements slow the progression of the disease but do not cure or reverse its course. […] nvAMD is a multifactorial disease with numerous risk factors that are thought to play a role in its development. […] Increasing age is the strongest demographic and leading risk factor associated with AMD, associated with increasing acellular deposits between the RPE and Bruchs membrane.

• #77 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  A pooled meta-analysis of AMD in Europeans (25 studies, n = 57,173) shows a linear increase in the predicted prevalence of AMD, especially in patients 60 years of age. […] Progressive failure of repair mechanisms over a lifetime may explain this increased prevalence. […] Atherosclerosis is thought to contribute to AMD by atherosclerotic plaques altering choroidal circulation and venous drainage, therefore increasing blood flow resistance and actively increasing lipid deposition into Bruchs membrane. […] Race and associated facial and pigment characteristics may alter the physiological and anatomical configuration, altering the likelihood of certain individuals developing nvAMD. […] Numerous studies have reported that Caucasians are more likely to develop AMD than blacks, including the Baltimore Eye Study, which reported a four-fold higher risk in whites than in blacks.

• #78 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  Pooled data from the Rotterdam, Beaver Dam Eye, and Blue Mountains studies report a positive correlation with a 24-fold likelihood of developing any type of AMD in smokers when compared to non-smokers. […] Studies exploring the effects of alcohol consumption and AMD development have shown that alcohol increases oxidative damage to the retina. […] Together with BMI and other lifestyle choices, diet and nutrition are also thought to be modifiable risk factors. […] The Mediterranean/Oriental diet lowers risks of nvAMD, while the Western diet increases the risk of nvAMD. […] Higher intake of zinc, vitamin D, -tocopherol, vitamin C, omega-3 fatty acids, and -carotene was associated with a reduction of nvAMD by 60-90% with the Mediterranean and Oriental diets containing more nutritionally significant micronutrients than Western diets.

• #79 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866170/

  The treatment modalities for nvAMD have greatly evolved over time. […] Anti-VEGF therapy is the mainstay of wet AMD treatment as it affects multiple key pathogenic pathways. […] In nvAMD, anti-VEGF therapy is currently the only treatment available, which only slows down the progression of the disease, however more knowledge about the downstream effects of factors such as VEGF may offer another treatment modality.

• #80 Wet Macular Degeneration Prognosis: Outlook and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eye-health/wet-amd-treatments-outlook-and-more

  Wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes rapid and progressive central vision loss. […] A combination of environmental and genetic factors causes macular degeneration. […] When these vessels leak and bleed, they damage your central vision. […] Both wet and dry AMD cause deterioration in central vision, but this change happens faster with wet AMD. […] Without treatment, wet AMD causes rapid, progressive central vision loss. […] Although wet AMD accounts for only about 10% of macular degeneration diagnoses, it accounts for around 90% of the significant vision loss from this condition. […] Ongoing research aims to increase treatment effectiveness for wet AMD. […] Currently, there’s no cure for wet AMD, but treatments can help reduce the amount of vision loss you experience. […] Without treatment, wet AMD causes rapid, progressive central vision loss.

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