Keratoza pilaris
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Keratoza pilaris (KP) to przewlekła dermatoza charakteryzująca się hiperkeratynizacją ujść mieszków włosowych, prowadzącą do powstawania twardych czopów keratynowych i grudek z rumieniem okołomieszkowym. Patogeneza KP jest wieloczynnikowa i obejmuje mutacje w genie filagryny (FLG), co zaburza funkcję bariery naskórkowej, oraz nieprawidłowości w szlaku sygnałowym Ras, związane z zespołami genetycznymi jak zespół Noonana. Dodatkowo, aplazja gruczołów łojowych i kolisty kształt łodygi włosa mogą uszkadzać nabłonek mieszka włosowego, wywołując stan zapalny i wtórną keratynizację. Zaburzenia te prowadzą do blokady ujścia mieszka, zatrzymania włosa i rozwoju przewlekłego stanu zapalnego, który w podtypie keratosis pilaris atrophicans może skutkować bliznowaceniem i łysieniem. Warto podkreślić, że KP często współwystępuje z atopowym zapaleniem skóry oraz jest częstsza u pacjentów z hiperandrogenizmem i insulinoopornością.

Patogeneza Keratozy Pilaris

Keratoza pilaris (KP), znana również w języku polskim jako „rogowacenie przymieszkowe”, jest częstą, przewlekłą dermatozą dotyczącą przede wszystkim populacji młodzieży i młodych dorosłych. Mechanizmy prowadzące do powstania tej choroby nie zostały w pełni poznane, a w literaturze medycznej istnieje kilka teorii wyjaśniających jej patogenezę.12

Nieprawidłowa keratynizacja mieszków włosowych

Najbardziej akceptowana teoria patogenezy keratozy pilaris zakłada, że dochodzi do nieprawidłowej keratynizacji nabłonka mieszków włosowych, co prowadzi do powstania czopów keratynowych w infundibulum mieszka włosowego.12 Nadmierna akumulacja keratyny w ujściu mieszka włosowego prowadzi do powstania charakterystycznych grudek, często z towarzyszącym rumieniem okołomieszkowym.2 Keratyna, będąca twardym białkiem chroniącym skórę przed szkodliwymi czynnikami zewnętrznymi i infekcjami, blokuje ujścia mieszków włosowych, zamiast ulegać prawidłowemu złuszczaniu.12

W wyniku tego procesu dochodzi do powstawania rogowych czopów, które są charakterystycznym elementem obrazu klinicznego keratozy pilaris. Czopy te prowadzą do powstania rumienia i złuszczania wokół ujścia mieszka, a także do tworzenia się zmian zapalnych w postaci grudek, będących cechą charakterystyczną choroby.23

Rola czynników genetycznych

Keratoza pilaris wykazuje silny związek z podłożem genetycznym. Choroba dziedziczy się w sposób autosomalny dominujący z różną penetracją.12 Około 50-70% pacjentów z keratozą pilaris ma genetyczną predyspozycję do rozwoju tej choroby.23

Badania genetyczne wykazały związek keratozy pilaris z mutacjami w genie filagryny (FLG), który koduje białko strukturalne odgrywające kluczową rolę w funkcjonowaniu bariery naskórkowej.12 Mutacje prowadzące do utraty funkcji filagryny są uznanym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju nie tylko keratozy pilaris, ale także innych schorzeń, takich jak atopowe zapalenie skóry czy rybia łuska pospolita.23

Poza mutacjami w genie filagryny, wykazano także związek keratozy pilaris z nieprawidłowościami w kaskadzie sygnałowej Ras.12 Sugeruje się, że nieprawidłowy gen RAS może przyczyniać się do patogenezy keratozy pilaris, co znajduje potwierdzenie w występowaniu tej choroby w zespołach związanych z zaburzeniami szlaku RAS, takich jak zespół Noonana czy zespół sercowo-twarzowo-skórny.2

Ponadto, odkryto związek autosomalnie recesywnej postaci keratozy pilaris atrophicans z mutacją w genie LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1), co sugeruje również udział tego białka w patogenezie choroby.1

Alternatywne teorie patogenetyczne

Teoria włosa spiralnego

Nowsze badania podważają teorię pierwotnego zaburzenia keratynizacji i sugerują, że keratoza pilaris może być spowodowana przez kolisty kształt łodygi włosa, który uszkadza nabłonek mieszka włosowego, prowadząc do stanu zapalnego i wtórnej nieprawidłowej keratynizacji.12 W badaniach dermoskopowych konsekwentnie obserwowano koliste łodygi włosów, które zachowywały swój skręcony charakter nawet po wydobyciu z czopów mieszkowych, co wskazuje, że defekt w keratozie pilaris może dotyczyć nie tyle samej keratynizacji, co kształtu włosa, który uszkadza nabłonek mieszka.23

Zgodnie z tą teorią, łodyga włosa o kolistym kształcie rozrywa nabłonek mieszka włosowego, co prowadzi do stanu zapalnego i wtórnej nieprawidłowej keratynizacji mieszkowej.1 Wiele grudek keratozy pilaris zawiera wrośnięty włos, który jest zwinięty wewnątrz mieszka, co jest wynikiem „zaczopowania” mieszka włosowego przez zrogowaciałą skórę, uniemożliwiającego włosowi wydostanie się na zewnątrz.2

Hipoplazja lub aplazja gruczołów łojowych

Nowsze badania wskazują na istotną rolę gruczołów łojowych w patogenezie keratozy pilaris. W biopsjach skóry zmienionej chorobowo stwierdzono wyraźny brak gruczołów łojowych w porównaniu do prawidłowej skóry tego samego pacjenta.1 Bez lipidów pochodzących z gruczołów łojowych (tj. sebum) korneocyty prawdopodobnie nie dojrzewają i nie złuszczają się prawidłowo, a łodygi włosa nie formują się prawidłowo, co prowadzi do hiperkeratynizacji akroinfundibulum i wtórnego przewlekłego stanu zapalnego.12

Ta teoria sugeruje, że aplazja gruczołów łojowych może być kluczowym elementem patofizjologii keratozy pilaris, przynajmniej w niektórych jej podtypach, i mogłaby stanowić potencjalną ścieżkę do alternatywnych metod terapeutycznych.1

Zaburzenia bariery naskórkowej

Zaburzenia bariery naskórkowej odgrywają istotną rolę w patogenezie keratozy pilaris. Mutacje w genie filagryny prowadzą do zaburzeń w funkcjonowaniu bariery naskórkowej, co może predysponować do rozwoju keratozy pilaris.12 Wykazano związek keratozy pilaris z atopowym zapaleniem skóry, które również jest związane z zaburzeniami funkcji bariery naskórkowej spowodowanymi nieprawidłowościami w genie kodującym filagrynę.12

Zmiany w filagrynie mogą zaburzać barierę skórną, powodować atrofię i hamować funkcję gruczołów łojowych, co może przyczyniać się do rozwoju keratozy pilaris.1 Utrata funkcji filagryny prowadzi do głównego ryzyka rozwoju keratozy pilaris. Sugeruje się, że choroba ta wynika z zaburzenia funkcji keratynocytów spowodowanego mutacją genu FLG, który koduje filagrynę.2

Rola czynników hormonalnych i metabolicznych

Badania sugerują, że czynniki hormonalne i metaboliczne mogą również odgrywać rolę w patogenezie keratozy pilaris. Hiperandrogenizm może powodować hiperkeratynizację jednostki włosowo-łojowej włosów terminalnych w odpowiedzi na krążące androgeny, co może prowadzić do rozwoju keratozy pilaris.1

Ponadto, sugeruje się, że insulinooporność może odgrywać rolę w rozwoju keratozy pilaris.1 Choroba ta jest częściej spotykana u osób z otyłością i cukrzycą insulinozależną.2

Mechanizm powstawania zmian w keratozie pilaris

Mechanizm powstawania zmian skórnych w keratozie pilaris jest złożony i wieloczynnikowy. Poniżej przedstawiono kluczowe elementy tego procesu.

Czop keratynowy i blokada mieszka włosowego

W keratozie pilaris dochodzi do gromadzenia się keratyny w ujściach mieszków włosowych, co prowadzi do powstawania czopów rogowych.1 Czopy te blokują prawidłowe ujście mieszka włosowego, co uniemożliwia włosom wydostanie się na powierzchnię skóry.23

Blokada mieszka włosowego prowadzi do tworzenia się charakterystycznych zmian skórnych w postaci małych, twardych grudek, które często opisywane są jako przypominające „gęsią skórkę” lub „skórkę kurczaka”.12 Grudki te powstają, gdy nadmiar keratyny blokuje otwarcie mieszka włosowego, prowadząc do charakterystycznych zmian.1

Włosy rosnące pod zablokowanym mieszkiem mogą zwijać się i pozostawać uwięzione pod warstwą keratyny, co przyczynia się do powstawania stanu zapalnego.1 Często pod grudką można zaobserwować mały, zwinięty włos.2

Procesy zapalne i ich następstwa

Zablokowanie mieszka włosowego przez czop keratynowy prowadzi do rozwoju stanu zapalnego wokół mieszka.1 Ten stan zapalny objawia się rumieniem wokół ujścia mieszka włosowego i jest charakterystycznym elementem obrazu klinicznego keratozy pilaris.23

W przypadku przewlekłego stanu zapalnego może dochodzić do zwłóknienia, atrofii i skurczenia się opuszki włosa, co prowadzi do łysienia.1 Proces ten jest szczególnie istotny w przypadku podtypu choroby znanego jako keratosis pilaris atrophicans, gdzie przewlekły stan zapalny prowadzi do trwałego uszkodzenia mieszka włosowego i bliznowacenia.2

W keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei objawy skórne pojawiają się sekwencyjnie: najpierw występują rumieniowe grudki mieszkowe na twarzy, następnie stopniowa utrata włosów na bocznej części brwi, a ostatecznie dochodzi do bliznowaciejącej atrofii mieszkowej.1

Modulacja procesu keratynizacji i wpływ czynników zewnętrznych

Proces keratynizacji w keratozie pilaris jest zaburzony, co prowadzi do nadmiernego gromadzenia się keratyny w mieszkach włosowych.1 Nadmiar keratyny, która ma taki sam kolor jak naturalny odcień skóry pacjenta, otacza i blokuje mieszki włosowe w porach, powodując tworzenie się twardych czopów (proces znany jako hiperkeratynizacja).1

Keratoza pilaris często ulega zaostrzeniu w okresie zimowym i poprawie w okresie letnim.12 Sucha skóra wydaje się nasilać objawy choroby.12 Dlatego odpowiednie nawilżanie skóry może pomóc w łagodzeniu objawów keratozy pilaris.1

Leczenie keratozy pilaris opiera się głównie na złuszczaniu skóry, które jest podstawą postępowania w tej chorobie.1 Złuszczanie odnosi się do usuwania martwych komórek skóry z powierzchni skóry. Złuszczanie może być przeprowadzane fizycznie lub chemicznie; obie metody wygładzają powierzchnię skóry i spłaszczają grudki.1

Preparaty keratoliocznymi, zawierające składniki takie jak kwas mlekowy, mleczan amonu, kwas salicylowy i mocznik, działają jako złuszczacze chemiczne i stopniowo wygładzają skórę.12 Również retinoidy miejscowe, które są grupą leków związanych z witaminą A, mogą zmniejszać zaczerwienienie i nierówną teksturę skóry.1

Badania wykazały, że leczenie keratozy pilaris wysokim stężeniem kwasu glikolowego ma korzystny wpływ na chropowatość skóry oraz na hiperpigmentację okołomieszkową.1 Kwas glikolowy jest słabym kwasem, który ingeruje w siłę wiązania na powierzchni komórki, zmniejsza adhezję i akumulację keratyny w keratynocytach, przyspiesza odnowę i złuszczanie komórek naskórka, umożliwia płynny przepływ w infundibulum mieszka włosowego, stymuluje produkcję kolagenu w celu zwiększenia zawartości wody w skórze, rozjaśnia cerę i zmniejsza przebarwienia skóry.1

Keratoza pilaris jako składowa zespołów genetycznych

Keratoza pilaris może być istotnym objawem w wielu zespołach genetycznych, takich jak zespół Downa, zespół Noonana i zespół sercowo-twarzowo-skórny.1 Podtyp keratosis pilaris atrophicans zaproponowano jako potencjalny marker zespołu Noonana.1

Podtypy keratozy pilaris są czasami częścią genetycznie dziedziczonych zespołów związanych z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną, zespołów neuro-sercowo-twarzowo-skórnych, rasopatii, dysplazji ektodermalnych i niektórych miopatii.1

Związek z kilkoma zespołami wrodzonymi wynikającymi z częściowej monosomii lub delecji w chromosomie 18p sugeruje, że geny regulujące keratynizację mieszkową mogą być zlokalizowane na chromosomie 18p.12

Wykazano, że autosomalna recesywna keratosis pilaris atrophicans jest spowodowana mutacją w genie desmogleiny 4.1

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Keratosis Pilaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546708/
    Keratosis pilaris is a chronic condition most common in the adolescent population. […] The condition is multifactorial and innocuous, affecting the extensor surfaces of the proximal extremities. […] Although keratosis pilaris is a common condition, the exact etiology remains unknown. […] The condition has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. […] Mutations in filaggrin have correlations with keratosis pilaris as well as abnormalities of the Ras signaling cascade. […] The follicular abnormalities seen in keratosis pilaris may result from mutations in the filaggrin gene. […] Keratosis pilaris is most commonly associated with atopic dermatitis. This association, as well as mutations in the filaggrin gene, suggests keratosis pilaris is the result of a loss of normal epithelial barrier function.
  • #1 Keratosis Pilaris Revisited: Is It More Than Just a Follicular Keratosis?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3681106/
    Keratosis pilaris (KP) is characterized by keratinous plugs in the follicular orifices and varying degrees of perifollicular erythema. The most accepted theory of its pathogenesis proposes defective keratinization of the follicular epithelium resulting in a keratotic infundibular plug. […] The pathogenesis of KP is still not well understood. The most accepted theory proposes defective keratinization of the follicular epithelium resulting in a keratotic infundibular plug. […] Based on our observations and previously documented histological data of KP, we infer that KP may not be a disorder of keratinization, but caused by the circular hair shaft which ruptures the follicular epithelium leading to inflammation and abnormal follicular keratinization. […] The recent identification of loss-of-function mutations in the structural protein filaggrin as a widely replicated major risk factor for atopic eczema and associated conditions e.g., ichthyosis vulgaris and keratosis pilaris, suggests that the primary pathogenetic mechanism in KP is an epithelial barrier abnormality.
  • #1 Keratosis Pilaris: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/keratosis-pilaris
    Keratosis pilaris occurs due to abnormal keratinisation of the upper portion lining of the hair follicle. The keratin fills the follicle instead of exfoliating. […] The cause of keratosis pilaris is not fully understood, but it is thought to have a genetic association with autosomal dominant inheritance. Correlations have been made with mutations in filaggrin (a key protein in skin barrier function).
  • #1 Whole exome sequencing identifies LRP1 as a pathogenic gene in autosomal recessive keratosis pilaris atrophicans | Journal of Medical Genetics
    https://jmg.bmj.com/content/52/9/599
    Keratosis pilaris atrophicans (KPA) is a group of rare genodermatoses characterised by perifollicular keratosis and inflammation that progresses to atrophy and scars of the facial skin. […] Genetic analyses identified a unique homozygous missense variant (K1245R) in the LRP1 in all affected family members. […] This is the first report on LRP1 as a pathogenic gene for autosomal recessive KPA and keratosis pilaris. The inflammatory characteristics of the KPA entity in our family suggest a link to the immune-regulatory functions of LRP1.
  • #1 Pediatric Keratosis Pilaris: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/910223-overview
    Keratosis pilaris is theorized to result from defective keratinization of the follicular epithelium, resulting in the lack of proper desquamation of keratinocytes and the formation of a keratotic plug at the follicular orifice. […] Alternatively, some experts suggest that keratosis pilaris may not be a primary disorder of keratinization, but rather a disorder of the hair shaft. Circular hair shafts rupture the follicular epithelium, leading to inflammation and abnormal follicular keratinization. […] More recently, atrophy or absence of sebaceous glands has been identified as an early feature in keratosis pilaris pathogenesis.
  • #1 Keratosis Pilaris: A Rough and Bumpy Review
    https://practicaldermatology.com/columns/clinical-focus-1/keratosis-pilaris-a-rough-and-bumpy-review/23618/
    Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a common skin disorder characterized by rough follicular papules, giving it the unfortunate nickname chicken skin. […] The pathophysiology of KP is still somewhat obscure but is currently believed to be due to three possible mechanisms: 1.) pathologic keratinization of the follicular epithelium; 2.) pathologic hair shaft development; and/or 3.) hypoplasia or aplasia of sebaceous glands. […] The accumulation of keratin debris within the follicular orifices appears to cause the rough and bumpy texture of KP-involved skin. What is less clear is whether these findings are a primary or a secondary feature. […] There was a striking absence of sebaceous glands in biopsies from lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin histology of the same individual in all cases. Without sebaceous gland-derived lipids (i.e., sebum) corneocytes are unlikely to mature and shed properly, and hair shafts are unlikely to properly form, leading to hyperkeratinization of the acroinfundibula and subsequent chronic inflammation. Perhaps it is this sebaceous gland aplasia that is at the crux of keratosis pilaris pathophysiology, at least for some KP subtypes. […] Lastly, consideration of the sebaceous gland aplasia concept as a possible root cause of KP should be considered as a potential pathway to alternate therapeutic venues.
  • #1 Keratosis pilaris | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
    https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2023/03/clinical-review/keratosis-pilaris
    Keratosis pilaris, or 'plucked chicken skin’, is a very common condition. It is caused by keratin accumulation in the hair follicles. […] The aim of this article is to give an overview of the different variants of keratosis pilaris and discuss the pathogenesis and treatment options. […] The pathogenesis is not fully understood, but the main theory is that abnormal follicular keratinisation prevents vellus hairs from exiting, in addition to localised inflammation. […] There is a strong association with atopy and ichthyosis, which can both be caused by pathogenic variants in genes that code for the skin protein filaggrin. […] Changes in filaggrin can disrupt the skin barrier, cause atrophy and down-regulate sebaceous glands. These can be contributory factors in the development of keratosis pilaris.
  • #1 Keratosis Pilaris: What is its Origin?
    https://us.typology.com/library/what-are-the-causes-of-keratosis-pilaris
    Research tends to suggest a link between a disruption in the epithelial barrier and keratosis pilaris. […] Indeed, it is known that hyperandrogenism causes hyperkeratinization of the hair-sebaceous unit of terminal hairs in response to circulating androgens, a phenomenon that could lead to keratosis pilaris. […] It has also been suggested that insulin resistance could play a role in the development of keratosis pilaris. […] Finally, studies have shown that there is a link between keratosis pilaris and certain skin conditions such as atopic eczema and ichthyosis, due to their common etiology. Indeed, atopic dermatitis is also caused by a dysfunction of the skin barrier due to an anomaly affecting the gene encoding for filaggrin.
  • #1 Keratosis Pilaris – Dermpath Diagnostics
    https://www.dermpathdiagnostics.com/clinicians/keratosis-pilaris/
    Lack of proper desquamation of keratinocytes, the follicular orifice becomes plugged with keratin and results in a keratotic papule. A variable degree of perifollicular erythema occurs.
  • #1 What Is Keratosis Pilaris? – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research
    https://consensus.app/home/blog/what-is-keratosis-pilaris/
    Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a prevalent skin condition characterized by small, rough bumps on the skin, often described as resembling goosebumps or chicken skin. […] These bumps are typically found on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks, or buttocks and are caused by the buildup of keratin, a protein that protects the skin from infections and other harmful things. This buildup forms a plug that blocks the opening of a hair follicle, leading to the characteristic bumps. […] The exact cause of keratosis pilaris is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to genetic factors and is often seen in individuals with dry skin or atopic dermatitis. […] Recent studies have explored the use of non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid compounds and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria for treating KP. These treatments aim to improve skin roughness and reduce inflammation, offering new avenues for managing the condition. […] Fractional carbon dioxide laser treatment has also been investigated, showing promise in improving the cosmetic appearance of KP lesions, particularly in reducing keratotic papules and hyperpigmentation.
  • #1 Keratosis pilaris – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris
    Many KP bumps contain an ingrown hair that has coiled. This is a result of the keratinized skin’s „capping off” the hair follicle, preventing the hair from exiting. The hair grows encapsulated inside the follicle. KP is more common in patients affected by atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. […] KP subtypes are occasionally part of genetically inherited syndromes associated with intellectual disability, neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous syndromes, RASopathies, ectodermal dysplasias, and certain myopathies.
  • #1 Keratosis pilaris atrophicans – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/keratosis-pilaris-atrophicans
    Keratosis pilaris atrophicans is caused by abnormal keratinization of the follicular infundibulum, resulting in obstruction of the growing hair shaft and inflammation. Chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis, atrophy, shrinkage of the hair bulb, and alopecia. […] The association with several congenital syndromes due to partial monosomy or deletion in chromosome arm 18p suggests that the genes regulating the follicular keratinization may be located on chromosome 18p. […] Autosomal recessive keratosis pilaris atrophicans has been shown to be due to a mutation in the desmoglein 4 gene.
  • #1 Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei: An observational, descriptive, retrospective clinical study
    https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10766
    Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei (KPAF) is a hereditary follicular disorder, an atrophicans subtype of keratosis pilaris (KP) with a highly elusive diagnosis. […] KPAF, also known as ulerythema ophryogenes, is a hereditary disorder characterized by altered follicular keratinization and inflammation, which leads to subsequent atrophy. […] These cutaneous manifestations appear sequentially: Erythematous follicular papules of the face are usually the first sign, followed by a gradual hair loss on the lateral part of the eyebrows and finally follicular scar-like follicular atrophy. […] KPAF is a rare hereditary disorder with well-defined clinical features, but with variable evolution. […] At present, the natural progression of the disease is poorly understood, which makes a correct diagnosis highly unlikely.
  • #1 Keratosis pilaris – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris
    Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a common, autosomal-dominant, genetic condition of the skin’s hair follicles characterized by the appearance of possibly itchy, small, gooseflesh-like bumps, with varying degrees of reddening or inflammation. […] The cause of KP is not completely understood. As of 2018, KP is thought to be due to abnormalities in the process of depositing the protein keratin in hair follicles, abnormalities in the hair shaft, or both. […] KP occurs when the human body produces excess amounts of the skin protein keratin, resulting in the formation of small, raised bumps in the skin, often with surrounding redness. The excess keratin, which is the same color as the person’s natural skin tone, surrounds and entraps the hair follicles in the pore. This causes the formation of hard plugs (a process known as hyperkeratinization).
  • #1 Keratosis Pilaris: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology of Keratosis Pilaris
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1070651-overview
    The etiology of keratosis pilaris (KP) is not fully known. The definite association of hyperkeratinization has been established. Of persons affected, 50-70% have a genetic predisposition. Dry skin conditions seem to exacerbate the disease. Symptoms generally tend to worsen in winter and improve in summer. Common associations include several ichthyoses, especially ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. […] Syndromal and familial cases often have a genetic component.
  • #1 Keratosis pilaris: Treatment and self-care for this common skin condition – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/keratosis-pilaris-treatment-and-self-care-for-this-common-skin-condition
    Keratosis pilaris is characterized by the development of small red or flesh-colored bumps that give the skin the appearance of „gooseflesh.” […] The cause of keratosis pilaris is not fully understood. It is thought to be caused by a genetic mutation in a protein called filaggrin, which causes the skin to produce too much keratin, the most abundant protein in our skin, hair, and nails. Excess keratin plugs the hair follicles on the skin, which is what causes the characteristic bumps seen in keratosis pilaris. […] Skin exfoliation is a mainstay of treatment for keratosis pilaris. Exfoliation refers to removing dead skin cells from the skin’s surface. Exfoliation may be done physically or chemically; both methods smooth the skin surface and flatten the bumps. Exfoliants do not relieve the redness or itching that may be associated with keratosis pilaris.
  • #1 Keratosis pilaris: Treatment and self-care for this common skin condition – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/keratosis-pilaris-treatment-and-self-care-for-this-common-skin-condition
    Topical exfoliant preparations, known as keratolytics, are generally recommended because physical exfoliation (such as with a loofa) can cause further skin irritation if used too vigorously. Keratolytics contain ingredients such as lactic acid, ammonium lactate, salicylic acid, and urea, which act as chemical exfoliants and gradually smooth the skin.
  • #1 Keratosis pilaris – BAD Patient Hub
    https://www.skinhealthinfo.org.uk/condition/keratosis-pilaris/
    Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a very common skin condition, typically seen in children and young adults. […] Keratosis pilaris appears when extra keratin accumulates in the hair follicles. […] We do not fully understand the cause of keratosis pilaris, but it appears to be associated with certain genes. […] Keratosis pilaris is harmless and is not infectious. […] It is usually found in more than one member of a family. […] The way it is inherited varies from family to family, but it often fits into an autosomal dominant pattern. […] Treatments don’t clear keratosis pilaris completely, but they can improve the condition temporarily. […] Creams containing salicylic acid, lactic acid and/or urea can soften and flatten the bumps on the skin. […] The doctor may also sometimes prescribe topical retinoids (a group of medications related to vitamin A) which may reduce the redness and rough texture. […] Other treatments can also be used. However, they are not offered on the NHS (National Health Service) and HSC (Health and Social Care) as they can be expensive and are not shown to be very effective.
  • #1 Clinical outcomes and 5-year follow-up results of keratosis pilaris treated by a high concentration of glycolic acid
    https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v9/i18/4681.htm
    Keratosis pilaris is a hereditary abnormal keratosis of the hair follicle orifice. Glycolic acid can correct the abnormalities of hair follicular duct keratosis and eliminate excessive accumulation of keratinocytes. It also promotes skin metabolism and accelerates the melanin metabolism. The therapeutic effect is related to the glycolic acid concentration. […] A high concentration of glycolic acid significantly improved skin roughness as well as follicular hyperpigmentation of patients with keratosis pilaris. The treatment was relatively safe, but there was no significant difference at the 5-year follow-up compared to before treatment. […] Glycolic acid is a weak acid that interferes with the binding force on the cell surface, reduces adhesion and keratin accumulation in keratinocytes, accelerates the renewal and shedding of epidermal cells, enables smooth flow in the hair follicle infundibulum, stimulates the production of collagen to increase the water content of the skin, brightens the complexion, and reduces skin spots.
  • #1 Keratosis pilaris | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
    https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2023/03/clinical-review/keratosis-pilaris
    An association with several syndromes has also been reported, including Down’s syndrome, Noonan syndrome and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. […] Keratosis pilaris is a significant finding in these syndromes, and keratosis pilaris atrophicans has been proposed as a potential marker for Noonan syndrome. […] Therefore, it is possible that an abnormal RAS gene may be a contributory factor in the pathogenesis of keratosis pilaris.
  • #2 Keratosis Pilaris: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology of Keratosis Pilaris
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1070651-overview
    Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a genetically based disorder of hyperkeratinization of the skin. An excess formation and/or buildup of keratin is thought to cause the abrasive goose-bump texture of the skin. In these patients, the process of keratinization (the formation of epidermal skin) is faulty. One theory is that surplus skin cells build up around individual hair follicles. The individual follicular bumps are often caused by a hair that is unable to reach the surface and becomes trapped beneath the keratin debris. Often, patients develop mild erythema around the hair follicles, which is indicative of the inflammatory condition. Often, a small, coiled hair can be seen beneath the papule. Not all the bumps have associated hairs underneath. Papules are thought to arise from excessive accumulation of keratin at the follicular orifice. Certain drugs, like nilotinib, have been implicated as causes of keratosis pilaris or keratosis pilaris atrophicans.
  • #2 Keratosis Pilaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546708/
    Similar to the etiology, there is no well-established pathophysiology of keratosis pilaris. […] The most widely accepted theory proposes abnormal follicular epithelial keratinization causing an infundibular plug to form. […] These keratotic plugs lead to erythema and scaling around the follicle opening. […] The keratin plugs also result in the formation of inflammatory papules, which are a hallmark characteristic of keratosis pilaris. […] Furthermore, coiled hairs are present within the lesions and may play a role in the inflammation and keratinization of keratosis pilaris.
  • #2 Keratosis pilaris – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keratosis-pilaris/symptoms-causes/syc-20351149
    Keratosis pilaris develops when keratin forms a scaly plug that blocks the opening of the hair follicle. […] Keratosis pilaris is caused by the buildup of keratin a hard protein that protects skin from harmful substances and infection. The keratin blocks the opening of hair follicles, causing patches of rough, bumpy skin. […] It’s not clear why keratin builds up in people with keratosis pilaris. It might happen along with a genetic disease or skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis. Dry skin tends to make keratosis pilaris worse.
  • #2 Keratosis Pilaris: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology of Keratosis Pilaris
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1070651-overview
    The etiology of keratosis pilaris (KP) is not fully known. The definite association of hyperkeratinization has been established. Of persons affected, 50-70% have a genetic predisposition. Dry skin conditions seem to exacerbate the disease. Symptoms generally tend to worsen in winter and improve in summer. Common associations include several ichthyoses, especially ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. […] Syndromal and familial cases often have a genetic component.
  • #2 Keratosis Pilaris Revisited: Is It More Than Just a Follicular Keratosis?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3681106/
    Keratosis pilaris (KP) is characterized by keratinous plugs in the follicular orifices and varying degrees of perifollicular erythema. The most accepted theory of its pathogenesis proposes defective keratinization of the follicular epithelium resulting in a keratotic infundibular plug. […] The pathogenesis of KP is still not well understood. The most accepted theory proposes defective keratinization of the follicular epithelium resulting in a keratotic infundibular plug. […] Based on our observations and previously documented histological data of KP, we infer that KP may not be a disorder of keratinization, but caused by the circular hair shaft which ruptures the follicular epithelium leading to inflammation and abnormal follicular keratinization. […] The recent identification of loss-of-function mutations in the structural protein filaggrin as a widely replicated major risk factor for atopic eczema and associated conditions e.g., ichthyosis vulgaris and keratosis pilaris, suggests that the primary pathogenetic mechanism in KP is an epithelial barrier abnormality.
  • #2 Keratosis pilaris | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
    https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2023/03/clinical-review/keratosis-pilaris
    An association with several syndromes has also been reported, including Down’s syndrome, Noonan syndrome and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. […] Keratosis pilaris is a significant finding in these syndromes, and keratosis pilaris atrophicans has been proposed as a potential marker for Noonan syndrome. […] Therefore, it is possible that an abnormal RAS gene may be a contributory factor in the pathogenesis of keratosis pilaris.
  • #2 Keratosis Pilaris Revisited: Is It More Than Just a Follicular Keratosis?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3681106/
    It is proposed to be a disorder of the keratinocytes caused by a mutation in the FLG gene which codes for fillagrin that is responsible for inducing both hyperkeratosis and inflammatory changes. […] Upon dermoscopy, we consistently found circular hair shafts mostly within normal-appearing follicular openings. […] These hair shafts were found to retain their coiled nature even after they were extracted from the follicular plugs, indicating that the defect in KP may not be of keratinization, but of the circular hair shaft which ruptures the follicular epithelium, leading to inflammation and abnormal follicular keratinization.
  • #2 Keratosis pilaris – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris
    Many KP bumps contain an ingrown hair that has coiled. This is a result of the keratinized skin’s „capping off” the hair follicle, preventing the hair from exiting. The hair grows encapsulated inside the follicle. KP is more common in patients affected by atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. […] KP subtypes are occasionally part of genetically inherited syndromes associated with intellectual disability, neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous syndromes, RASopathies, ectodermal dysplasias, and certain myopathies.
  • #2 Pediatric Keratosis Pilaris: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/910223-overview
    Keratosis pilaris is theorized to result from defective keratinization of the follicular epithelium, resulting in the lack of proper desquamation of keratinocytes and the formation of a keratotic plug at the follicular orifice. […] Alternatively, some experts suggest that keratosis pilaris may not be a primary disorder of keratinization, but rather a disorder of the hair shaft. Circular hair shafts rupture the follicular epithelium, leading to inflammation and abnormal follicular keratinization. […] More recently, atrophy or absence of sebaceous glands has been identified as an early feature in keratosis pilaris pathogenesis.
  • #2 Keratosis Pilaris: What is its Origin?
    https://us.typology.com/library/what-are-the-causes-of-keratosis-pilaris
    Keratosis pilaris is a skin condition resulting from a disruption in the keratinization process. In other words, it is due to an excessive production of keratin, leading to the blockage of hair follicles. This excess is also responsible for the accumulation of dead cells, hence the thickening and irregularity of the skin. Keratosis pilaris most often has a genetic origin and is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. This means that the „defective” allele is located on a non-sex chromosome and that only one copy of the gene needs to be affected for the condition to develop. This anomaly is transmitted by one of the parents, who is also affected and carries the genetic anomaly in one copy on one of their chromosomes. […] Although research is still ongoing, it appears that the loss of function of the structural protein filaggrin leads to a major risk of developing keratosis pilaris. It is indeed commonly suggested that this condition results from a disorder of the keratinocytes caused by a mutation of the FLG gene, which codes for filaggrin.
  • #2 Keratosis Pilaris: What is its Origin?
    https://us.typology.com/library/what-are-the-causes-of-keratosis-pilaris
    Research tends to suggest a link between a disruption in the epithelial barrier and keratosis pilaris. […] Indeed, it is known that hyperandrogenism causes hyperkeratinization of the hair-sebaceous unit of terminal hairs in response to circulating androgens, a phenomenon that could lead to keratosis pilaris. […] It has also been suggested that insulin resistance could play a role in the development of keratosis pilaris. […] Finally, studies have shown that there is a link between keratosis pilaris and certain skin conditions such as atopic eczema and ichthyosis, due to their common etiology. Indeed, atopic dermatitis is also caused by a dysfunction of the skin barrier due to an anomaly affecting the gene encoding for filaggrin.
  • #2 Keratosis pilaris
    https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/keratosis-pilaris
    Keratosis pilaris is due to abnormal keratinisation of the lining of the upper portion of the hair follicle, known as the follicular infundibulum – scale fills the follicle instead of exfoliating. […] 30-50% of cases have genetic origins, with an autosomal dominant inheritance. […] Associated conditions include other dry skin conditions such as ichthyosis vulgaris, obesity, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and Down’s syndrome.
  • #2 What Is Keratosis Pilaris? – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research
    https://consensus.app/home/blog/what-is-keratosis-pilaris/
    Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a prevalent skin condition characterized by small, rough bumps on the skin, often described as resembling goosebumps or chicken skin. […] These bumps are typically found on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks, or buttocks and are caused by the buildup of keratin, a protein that protects the skin from infections and other harmful things. This buildup forms a plug that blocks the opening of a hair follicle, leading to the characteristic bumps. […] The exact cause of keratosis pilaris is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to genetic factors and is often seen in individuals with dry skin or atopic dermatitis. […] Recent studies have explored the use of non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid compounds and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria for treating KP. These treatments aim to improve skin roughness and reduce inflammation, offering new avenues for managing the condition. […] Fractional carbon dioxide laser treatment has also been investigated, showing promise in improving the cosmetic appearance of KP lesions, particularly in reducing keratotic papules and hyperpigmentation.
  • #2 Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei: An observational, descriptive, retrospective clinical study
    https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10766
    Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei (KPAF) is a hereditary follicular disorder, an atrophicans subtype of keratosis pilaris (KP) with a highly elusive diagnosis. […] KPAF, also known as ulerythema ophryogenes, is a hereditary disorder characterized by altered follicular keratinization and inflammation, which leads to subsequent atrophy. […] These cutaneous manifestations appear sequentially: Erythematous follicular papules of the face are usually the first sign, followed by a gradual hair loss on the lateral part of the eyebrows and finally follicular scar-like follicular atrophy. […] KPAF is a rare hereditary disorder with well-defined clinical features, but with variable evolution. […] At present, the natural progression of the disease is poorly understood, which makes a correct diagnosis highly unlikely.
  • #2 Keratosis pilaris: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001462.htm
    Keratosis pilaris is a common skin condition in which a protein in the skin called keratin forms hard plugs within hair follicles. […] Keratosis pilaris is harmless (benign). It seems to run in families. It is more common in people who have very dry skin, or who have atopic dermatitis (eczema). […] The condition is generally worse in winter and often clears in the summer. […] Improvement often takes months, and the bumps are likely to come back if you stop using the medicine. […] Keratosis pilaris may fade slowly with age.
  • #2 Keratosis pilaris – BAD Patient Hub
    https://www.skinhealthinfo.org.uk/condition/keratosis-pilaris/
    Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a very common skin condition, typically seen in children and young adults. […] Keratosis pilaris appears when extra keratin accumulates in the hair follicles. […] We do not fully understand the cause of keratosis pilaris, but it appears to be associated with certain genes. […] Keratosis pilaris is harmless and is not infectious. […] It is usually found in more than one member of a family. […] The way it is inherited varies from family to family, but it often fits into an autosomal dominant pattern. […] Treatments don’t clear keratosis pilaris completely, but they can improve the condition temporarily. […] Creams containing salicylic acid, lactic acid and/or urea can soften and flatten the bumps on the skin. […] The doctor may also sometimes prescribe topical retinoids (a group of medications related to vitamin A) which may reduce the redness and rough texture. […] Other treatments can also be used. However, they are not offered on the NHS (National Health Service) and HSC (Health and Social Care) as they can be expensive and are not shown to be very effective.
  • #2 Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/keratosis-pilaris-atrophicans-faciei
    Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei is caused by abnormal keratinisation of the follicular infundibulum. Scale fills the follicle and obstructs the hair shaft resulting in inflammation. Over time, chronic inflammation results in atrophy and alopecia. […] The rare association of keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei with some congenital syndromes also suggests that chromosome arm 18p might contain genes for follicular keratinisation and be involved in disease pathogenesis.
  • #3 Keratosis pilaris | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
    https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2023/03/clinical-review/keratosis-pilaris
    Keratosis pilaris, or 'plucked chicken skin’, is a very common condition. It is caused by keratin accumulation in the hair follicles. […] The aim of this article is to give an overview of the different variants of keratosis pilaris and discuss the pathogenesis and treatment options. […] The pathogenesis is not fully understood, but the main theory is that abnormal follicular keratinisation prevents vellus hairs from exiting, in addition to localised inflammation. […] There is a strong association with atopy and ichthyosis, which can both be caused by pathogenic variants in genes that code for the skin protein filaggrin. […] Changes in filaggrin can disrupt the skin barrier, cause atrophy and down-regulate sebaceous glands. These can be contributory factors in the development of keratosis pilaris.
  • #3 Keratosis Pilaris | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816348/all/Keratosis_Pilaris
    Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a benign skin disorder resulting in hyperkeratinization of the hair follicles. […] The abrasive (sandpaper-like, chicken skinlike, or goose bumplike) texture of the skin is caused by excess buildup of keratin. An underlying hair may be found in some of the papules. In the inflammatory variant, mild perifollicular erythema is present. […] Autosomal dominant inheritance, with incomplete penetrance. KP is more frequent in obese patients. […] Autosomal dominant inheritance, with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity, has been described, and many (30-50%) will report a positive family history of the disorder.
  • #3 Keratosis pilaris: Causes, symptoms, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318746
    Keratosis pilaris bumps occur when keratin, a protective skin protein, builds up and clogs hair follicles. […] A buildup of keratin is the immediate cause of KP. However, researchers are unsure why some people develop this excess keratin, and others do not. […] Other researchers do not agree that that KP is simply due to the buildup of keratin. A 2012 study looked at 25 people with a history of keratosis pilaris and found that the hair follicles affected by KP were coiled. […] The study’s authors suggested that the circular hair shaft bursts the tissue lining the hair follicle. This causes inflammation of the hair follicle, which then triggers abnormal patterns of keratin buildup.
  • #3 Keratosis pilaris – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keratosis-pilaris/symptoms-causes/syc-20351149
    Keratosis pilaris develops when keratin forms a scaly plug that blocks the opening of the hair follicle. […] Keratosis pilaris is caused by the buildup of keratin a hard protein that protects skin from harmful substances and infection. The keratin blocks the opening of hair follicles, causing patches of rough, bumpy skin. […] It’s not clear why keratin builds up in people with keratosis pilaris. It might happen along with a genetic disease or skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis. Dry skin tends to make keratosis pilaris worse.
  • #3 Keratosis Pilaris: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology of Keratosis Pilaris
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1070651-overview
    Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a genetically based disorder of hyperkeratinization of the skin. An excess formation and/or buildup of keratin is thought to cause the abrasive goose-bump texture of the skin. In these patients, the process of keratinization (the formation of epidermal skin) is faulty. One theory is that surplus skin cells build up around individual hair follicles. The individual follicular bumps are often caused by a hair that is unable to reach the surface and becomes trapped beneath the keratin debris. Often, patients develop mild erythema around the hair follicles, which is indicative of the inflammatory condition. Often, a small, coiled hair can be seen beneath the papule. Not all the bumps have associated hairs underneath. Papules are thought to arise from excessive accumulation of keratin at the follicular orifice. Certain drugs, like nilotinib, have been implicated as causes of keratosis pilaris or keratosis pilaris atrophicans.