Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Retractile testicle | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/retractile-testicle?content_id=CON-20377182

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that may move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. […] An overactive muscle causes a testicle to become a retractile testicle. The cremaster muscle is a thin pouch-like muscle in which a testicle rests. When the cremaster muscle contracts, it pulls the testicle up toward the body. The cremaster reflex can be stimulated by rubbing a nerve on the inner thigh and by emotion, such as fear and laughter. The cremaster is also activated by a cold environment. […] If the cremaster reflex is strong enough, it can result in a retractile testicle, pulling the testicle out of the scrotum and up into the groin.

• #2 Retractile testicle // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/retractile-testicle

  An overactive muscle causes a testicle to become a retractile testicle. The cremaster muscle is a thin pouch-like muscle in which a testicle rests. When the cremaster muscle contracts, it pulls the testicle up toward the body. The cremaster reflex can be stimulated by rubbing a nerve on the inner thigh and by emotion, such as fear and laughter. The cremaster is also activated by a cold environment. […] If the cremaster reflex is strong enough, it can result in a retractile testicle, pulling the testicle out of the scrotum and up into the groin.

• #3 Retractile testicle | Pediatric urology | Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU

  https://www.chrichmond.org/services/urology/conditions-we-treat/retractile-testicle/

  Retractile testicles are caused by a normal reaction to stimulation (a reflex) which results in the testicle moving in and out of the scrotum (the sac of skin that contains the testicle). […] The testicle is attached to a muscle called the cremaster muscle. This muscle can contract (tense up and shorten) which causes the testicle to be pulled out of the scrotum. This is the cremasteric reflex and this movement is a normal occurrence. When the muscle relaxes, the testicle goes back into the scrotum. […] Some of the things that bring on the cremasteric reflex are cold, fear or if the inside of the thigh is touched lightly. This reflex may be more apparent in some individuals versus others. […] Retractile testicle is diagnosed by a physical exam. The exam is best performed when the child is as relaxed as possible.

• #4 Retractile Testicle: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16601-retractile-testicle

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that moves back and forth between the groin and the scrotum (the pouch of skin behind your penis that holds your testicles) in young children. […] A strong or overactive cremaster muscle causes your testicle to go up inside you. The cremaster muscle is a thin, pouch-like muscle that holds your testicle. When it contracts, it pulls your testicle up toward your body (cremaster reflex). […] Some studies suggest that bilateral retractile testicles (when both testicles move between your scrotum and groin) may affect how sperm cells move, which may contribute to infertility. […] In rare cases, retractile testicles can move upward in your body (ascend) and become undescended testicles (cryptorchidism). […] A retractile testicle usually doesn’t require treatment. […] In most cases, a retractile testicle will go away without treatment as your child ages usually before or during puberty. […] There’s a small risk that a retractile testicle becomes undescended.

• #5 Retractile testicle | Pediatric urology | Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU

  https://www.chrichmond.org/services/urology/conditions-we-treat/retractile-testicle/

  Retractile testicles are caused by a normal reaction to stimulation (a reflex) which results in the testicle moving in and out of the scrotum (the sac of skin that contains the testicle). […] The testicle is attached to a muscle called the cremaster muscle. This muscle can contract (tense up and shorten) which causes the testicle to be pulled out of the scrotum. This is the cremasteric reflex and this movement is a normal occurrence. When the muscle relaxes, the testicle goes back into the scrotum. […] Some of the things that bring on the cremasteric reflex are cold, fear or if the inside of the thigh is touched lightly. This reflex may be more apparent in some individuals versus others. […] Retractile testicle is diagnosed by a physical exam. The exam is best performed when the child is as relaxed as possible.

• #6 Retractile Testes | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/retractile-testes/

  A retractile testicle typically moves in and out of the scrotum, instead of resting in the scrotum at all times. […] A retractile testicle is often caused by an active cremaster muscle. The cremaster muscle surrounds the spermatic cord, which carries the blood vessels and vas deferens (sperm tube) to the testicle. The cremaster normally functions to bring the testicle closer to the body to control the temperature of the testicle in cold surroundings. However, this same muscle may draw the testicle into the groin in the case of a retractile testicle for other reasons, such as a result of physical contact or emotional stress.

• #7 Retractile Testes | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/retractile-testes/

  A retractile testicle typically moves in and out of the scrotum, instead of resting in the scrotum at all times. […] A retractile testicle is often caused by an active cremaster muscle. The cremaster muscle surrounds the spermatic cord, which carries the blood vessels and vas deferens (sperm tube) to the testicle. The cremaster normally functions to bring the testicle closer to the body to control the temperature of the testicle in cold surroundings. However, this same muscle may draw the testicle into the groin in the case of a retractile testicle for other reasons, such as a result of physical contact or emotional stress.

• #8 Retractile Testicle – Doç. Dr. Arif Demirbaş

  https://www.drarifdemirbas.com/en/retractile-testicle

  Retractile testicle is a subtype of undescended testicle but is not a true undescended testicle. […] Being permanently inside is a pathology and is caused by the fibers being overly tense, the cord structure being short, and the gubernaculum settling into the scrotal sac without descending. Gubernaculum is the structure that guides the testicle to descend into the scrotal sac during embryological development. […] It is thought that the cremaster reflex, which causes the testicle to move upward due to factors such as fear, excitement and cold weather, which is also seen in normal children and adults, is more active in these children and occurs due to these hyperactive muscles. […] If retractile testicle is well monitored and intervened in time, it does not pose a serious risk for testicular cancer and infertility like other undescended testicle subtypes.

• #9 Cryptorchidism | Pediatric Surgery NaT

  https://www.pedsurglibrary.com/apsa/view/Pediatric-Surgery-NaT/829144/all/Cryptorchidism?refer=true

  The testis is a mobile organ and a retractile testis must be clarified. The retractile testis resides spontaneously in the scrotum at least some of the time. […] All prepubertal boys have some degree of retractility to their testes; this is due to the relatively small volume of the prepubertal testis such that the cremasteric contraction contributes a more significant moment on the testis. […] Furthermore, at birth the cremasteric reflex is either absent or extremely weak and is most pronounced between three to nine years.

• #10 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  The exact pathophysiology of UDT is still an area of ongoing research, and there remains much controversy regarding the exact mechanisms leading to congenital and acquired UDT. […] Emerging evidence suggests that UDT represents a disruption in the hormonally controlled testicular descent in fetal life and is probably secondary to a disturbance of intrauterine hormonal function. […] A retractile testis can be brought all the way into the scrotum without tension but retracts back to an inguinal position after a variable period. It is a normal variant. The cremaster muscle contracts to control the temperature of the testis, retracting it to the body when environmental temperature changes. When androgen levels are high at birth and at 36 months, the cremaster muscle is more relaxed. When androgen levels decrease after this, the muscle has a greater tendency to contract, causing retractile testes. […] Some studies have shown an increased risk of malignancy in the contralateral testis in unilateral UDT. This supports a theory that the cancer risk may be from an overall syndrome of gonadal dysgenesis, of which UDT is a symptom, and relocating the testis does not reduce risk.

• #11 Pediatric Cryptorchidism Surgery: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1017420-overview

  The gubernaculum testis is a structure that attaches the lower portion of the tunica vaginalis to base of the scrotum. The gubernaculum is thought to aid in testicular descent by widening the inguinal canal and guiding the testis down to the scrotum. […] Another theory of testicular maldescent has been based on intrinsic testicular or epididymal abnormalities. Several studies have shown that the germinal epithelium of the maldescended testis may be histologically abnormal. Infertility is associated with cryptorchidism, and the risk of infertility increases with the degree of maldescent. […] Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis have been postulated as a possible explanation for anomalies of testicular descent and abnormal germ cell development. […] The molecular mechanisms by which the newly determined testicle descends from its position in the posterior abdomen into the scrotum is a complex process that likely involves multiple genetic, hormonal, environmental, and stochastic factors.

• #12 Cryptorchidism – Undescended Testicle

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/cryptorchidism.html

  Cryptorchidism is the absence of one testis or both testes from the scrotum, caused by a deficient or irregular testicular descent EAU Guidelines Paediatric Urology, AUA cryptorchidism guideline. […] A retractile testis has an inguinal position due to the contraction of the cremaster muscle. With muscular relaxation (e.g., warm bath), the retractile testis descends to a scrotal position. Retractile testes should not be considered cryptorchidism. […] The testicular descent is controlled by the antimllerian hormone, insulin-like hormone 3 (Insl3), and by androgens (DHT and testosterone). The gubernaculum testis, also called genitoinguinal ligament, connects the testis to the inguinal region and is the key structure for the abdominal part of the descent. […] An absolute (low concentration) or relative (reduced sensitivity of the target tissue) androgen deficiency leads to cryptorchidism, although the abdominal part of the testicular descent is not impaired.

• #13 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html

  Undescended testicles can be categorized on the basis of physical and operative findings: (1) true undescended testicles (including intra-abdominal, peeping at the internal ring and canalicular testes), which exist along the normal path of descent and have a normally inserted gubernaculum; (2) ectopic testicles, which have an abnormal gubernacular insertion; and (3) retractile testicles, which are not truly undescended. The most important category to distinguish on physical examination is the retractile testis, because no hormone or surgical therapy is required for this condition. […] The mechanism of testicular ascent in the infant is not well established because this phenomenon is rarely reported. […] The rationale for treatment of the undescended testicle is the prevention of potential sequelae. The most common problems associated with undescended testicles are testicular neoplasm, subfertility, testicular torsion and inguinal hernia.

• #14 Pediatric Cryptorchidism Surgery: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1017420-overview

  In cryptorchidism (from Greek kryptos [„hidden”] and orchis [„testis”]), the testis is not located in the scrotum; it can be ectopic, incompletely descended, retractile, and absent or atrophic. […] The main goals of treatment, whether hormonal or surgical, are (1) to allow the testicle to occupy a normal anatomic position, (2) to preserve fertility and hormonal production, and (3) to diagnose potential testicular malignancies. Other putative benefits include correction of associated hernias and prevention of testicular torsion. […] Several potential explanations for the pathophysiology of cryptorchidism have been proposed, including gubernacular abnormalities, reduced intra-abdominal pressures, intrinsic testicular or epididymal abnormalities, and endocrine abnormalities, as well as anatomic anomalies (eg, fibrous bands within the inguinal canal or abnormal arrangement of the cremasteric muscle fibers).

• #15 SciELO Brazil – Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies? Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/QrM6q9PWQnNQZRwyp5WgFPH/?lang=en

  Retractile testis is not a normal variant with a significant risk of patent processus vaginalis and epididymal anomalies. […] The objective of the present study was to assess the incidence of anatomical anomalies in patients with retractile testes. […] In our sample, in which surgery was performed on 28 retractile testes, we found processus vaginalis patency in 21.4% of the cases. These findings confirm that the chance of patients with retractile testis presenting patent processus vaginalis is not negligible. […] The rate of epididymal anomalies in patients with retractile testis is not well defined in the literature. In our sample, we observed that 14% of the patients with retractile testis submitted to orchiopexy presented epididymal anomalies. […] This article presents the first description in the literature of the presence of epididymal anomalies associated with retractile testes. Despite the small sample, these findings can be significant. Future studies with larger samples will be necessary to confirm this association between epididymal anomalies and retractile testes, to provide further evidence that retractile testis is not a normal variant and does need treatment.

• #16 SciELO Brazil – Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies? Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/QrM6q9PWQnNQZRwyp5WgFPH/?lang=en

  Retractile testis is not a normal variant with a significant risk of patent processus vaginalis and epididymal anomalies. […] The objective of the present study was to assess the incidence of anatomical anomalies in patients with retractile testes. […] In our sample, in which surgery was performed on 28 retractile testes, we found processus vaginalis patency in 21.4% of the cases. These findings confirm that the chance of patients with retractile testis presenting patent processus vaginalis is not negligible. […] The rate of epididymal anomalies in patients with retractile testis is not well defined in the literature. In our sample, we observed that 14% of the patients with retractile testis submitted to orchiopexy presented epididymal anomalies. […] This article presents the first description in the literature of the presence of epididymal anomalies associated with retractile testes. Despite the small sample, these findings can be significant. Future studies with larger samples will be necessary to confirm this association between epididymal anomalies and retractile testes, to provide further evidence that retractile testis is not a normal variant and does need treatment.

• #17 SciELO Brazil – Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies? Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/QrM6q9PWQnNQZRwyp5WgFPH/?lang=en

  Retractile testis is not a normal variant with a significant risk of patent processus vaginalis and epididymal anomalies. […] The objective of the present study was to assess the incidence of anatomical anomalies in patients with retractile testes. […] In our sample, in which surgery was performed on 28 retractile testes, we found processus vaginalis patency in 21.4% of the cases. These findings confirm that the chance of patients with retractile testis presenting patent processus vaginalis is not negligible. […] The rate of epididymal anomalies in patients with retractile testis is not well defined in the literature. In our sample, we observed that 14% of the patients with retractile testis submitted to orchiopexy presented epididymal anomalies. […] This article presents the first description in the literature of the presence of epididymal anomalies associated with retractile testes. Despite the small sample, these findings can be significant. Future studies with larger samples will be necessary to confirm this association between epididymal anomalies and retractile testes, to provide further evidence that retractile testis is not a normal variant and does need treatment.

• #18 Cryptorchidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptorchidism

  Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. […] A testis that can readily move or be moved between the scrotum and canal is referred to as retractile. […] The testes begin as an immigration of primordial germ cells into testicular cords along the gonadal ridge in the abdomen of the early embryo. […] Maldevelopment of the gubernaculum or deficiency or insensitivity to either AMH or androgen can, therefore, prevent the testes from descending into the scrotum. […] At least one contributing mechanism for reduced spermatogenesis in cryptorchid testes is temperature. […] The inhibition of spermatogenesis by ordinary intra-abdominal temperature is so potent that continual suspension of normal testes tightly against the inguinal ring at the top of the scrotum by means of special „suspensory briefs” has been researched as a method of male contraception, and was referred to as „artificial cryptorchidism” by one report. […] An additional factor contributing to infertility is the high rate of anomalies of the epididymis in boys with cryptorchidism (over 90% in some studies).

• #19 Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management – Gandhi – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/12730/html

  Testicular compartment syndrome (TCS) refers to the impairment of microcirculation in the testicle due to either increased venous resistance or extraluminal compression, which leads to hypoxia. […] The pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management of TCS are reviewed. […] The decreased capillary perfusion within the testicle is not initially indicated by a corresponding decrease in macrocirculatory perfusion, as the larger vessels lie outside the tunica vaginalis and also require more extraluminal pressure for occlusion. […] In the testicle, capillary constriction secondary to TCS arises from two mechanisms: increased resistance of the pampiniform venous plexus or compressive processes from within the layers of the scrotum. […] Furthermore, ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) worsens the duration and severity of vessel occlusion secondary to TCS, amplifying the ramifications of TCS on fertility.

• #20 Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management – Gandhi – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/12730/html

  The pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management of TCS are reviewed. […] The increased release of oxygen radicals during reperfusion also disrupts nitric oxide (NO) levels in the vasculature. […] This reperfusion-induced cascade worsens and prolongs the initial endothelial dysfunction. […] IRI can cause partially occlusive events to become acute and potentially plays a major role in the progression of TCS. […] For instance, transient compression of the microcirculation by orchitis can be exacerbated by IRI to complete capillary constriction, resulting in TCS. […] The concept of IRI is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of TCS. […] There are two basic mechanisms that result in TCS: increased venous resistance and extraluminal compression of the microvasculature.

• #21 Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management – Gandhi – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/12730/html

  The pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management of TCS are reviewed. […] The increased release of oxygen radicals during reperfusion also disrupts nitric oxide (NO) levels in the vasculature. […] This reperfusion-induced cascade worsens and prolongs the initial endothelial dysfunction. […] IRI can cause partially occlusive events to become acute and potentially plays a major role in the progression of TCS. […] For instance, transient compression of the microcirculation by orchitis can be exacerbated by IRI to complete capillary constriction, resulting in TCS. […] The concept of IRI is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of TCS. […] There are two basic mechanisms that result in TCS: increased venous resistance and extraluminal compression of the microvasculature.

• #22 Retractile testis – Sandhurst Urology

  https://sandhursturology.com.au/conditions/retractile-testis/

  A retractile testis is when one or both testicles are present in the scrotum at birth, but retreat back inside the abdomen later on. […] They generally remain in the scrotum thereafter, though they can retract back into the abdomen under certain conditions (such as when a boy is cold). In some boys, the cremaster muscle which causes this retracts more than normal and one testicle remains inside the body for most of the time. […] Later in life, a retracted testicle may lead to fertility issues. As the testicles need to be 2-3 degrees lower than body temperature to produce sperm, testicles which remain inside the abdomen cannot mature effectively. This means that retractile testis may contribute to fertility issues. […] If the doctor can feel the retracted testicle but cannot guide it into position or keep it there, the testicle may be diagnosed as ascended or acquired undescended instead. […] Surgery is usually recommended only if the testicle does not remain in the scrotum at least most of the time by puberty or if it does not descend at all (an ascending or acquired undescended testicle).

• #23 Cryptorchidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptorchidism

  Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. […] A testis that can readily move or be moved between the scrotum and canal is referred to as retractile. […] The testes begin as an immigration of primordial germ cells into testicular cords along the gonadal ridge in the abdomen of the early embryo. […] Maldevelopment of the gubernaculum or deficiency or insensitivity to either AMH or androgen can, therefore, prevent the testes from descending into the scrotum. […] At least one contributing mechanism for reduced spermatogenesis in cryptorchid testes is temperature. […] The inhibition of spermatogenesis by ordinary intra-abdominal temperature is so potent that continual suspension of normal testes tightly against the inguinal ring at the top of the scrotum by means of special „suspensory briefs” has been researched as a method of male contraception, and was referred to as „artificial cryptorchidism” by one report. […] An additional factor contributing to infertility is the high rate of anomalies of the epididymis in boys with cryptorchidism (over 90% in some studies).

• #24 Cryptorchidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptorchidism

  Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. […] A testis that can readily move or be moved between the scrotum and canal is referred to as retractile. […] The testes begin as an immigration of primordial germ cells into testicular cords along the gonadal ridge in the abdomen of the early embryo. […] Maldevelopment of the gubernaculum or deficiency or insensitivity to either AMH or androgen can, therefore, prevent the testes from descending into the scrotum. […] At least one contributing mechanism for reduced spermatogenesis in cryptorchid testes is temperature. […] The inhibition of spermatogenesis by ordinary intra-abdominal temperature is so potent that continual suspension of normal testes tightly against the inguinal ring at the top of the scrotum by means of special „suspensory briefs” has been researched as a method of male contraception, and was referred to as „artificial cryptorchidism” by one report. […] An additional factor contributing to infertility is the high rate of anomalies of the epididymis in boys with cryptorchidism (over 90% in some studies).

• #25 Undescended Testicle | Children’s Hospital Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/urology/conditions/undescended-testicle

  An undescended testicle, sometimes called a cryptorchid testicle, is a common problem in young boys. […] The testicle originally forms in the back of the abdominal cavity, similar to the position of the ovaries in girls. Near the end of pregnancy, the testis begins to descend to the scrotum. A path is cleared for the testis by a structure called the processus vaginalis-essentially a groin or inguinal hernia. […] Something about this minor temperature difference seems to have a dramatic influence on the ability of the testicle to make sperm, needed for fertility. This effect is not only important in adults, however, it has been demonstrated that the testicles begin to lose the cells that make sperm very early in life if they are not in the scrotum. […] Second, testicles that are undescended have a higher risk of developing testicular cancer than those that descended spontaneously.

• #26 Retractile testicle | Pediatric urology | Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU

  https://www.chrichmond.org/services/urology/conditions-we-treat/retractile-testicle/

  If the testicle can be easily brought into the scrotum and it remains there once released without tension, the testicle is considered retractile. […] Surgery is not typically recommended for retractile testicle but the child should be examined yearly to assess the condition. […] In some cases, a retractile testicle may become an ascending testicle. An ascending testicle is one that once moved up and down but is now stuck in the “up” position. Surgery is typically recommended in this instance.

• #27 Undescended and Retractile Testicles – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/urology/undescended-retractile-testicles

  Retractile testicles are testes that sometimes move between the scrotum and the groin. This movement is caused by a hyperactive muscle called the cremaster muscle. This condition is common, affecting about 80% of boys between ages one and 11. […] In 90% of children with retractile testicles, the testis will descend on their own and stay in the scrotum during puberty. […] In some cases, retractile testis become undescended testicles and surgery is needed.

• #28 Undescended and Retractile Testicles – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/urology/undescended-retractile-testicles

  Retractile testicles are testes that sometimes move between the scrotum and the groin. This movement is caused by a hyperactive muscle called the cremaster muscle. This condition is common, affecting about 80% of boys between ages one and 11. […] In 90% of children with retractile testicles, the testis will descend on their own and stay in the scrotum during puberty. […] In some cases, retractile testis become undescended testicles and surgery is needed.

• #29 Undescended Testes and Retractile Testes – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-urinary-tract-and-genitals/undescended-testes-and-retractile-testes

  Retractile testes (hypermobile testes) are descended testes that easily move back and forth between the scrotum and the inguinal canal. […] The testes retract as a reflex response to touch, temperature, fear, or laughter. Such a response is common, particularly in infants and children. […] Retractile testes do not lead to cancer or other complications. […] Doctors examine the testes during well-child visits to confirm they are properly positioned in the scrotum as the child grows. The testes usually stop retracting into the groin by puberty because they grow larger. […] Retractile testes do not require surgery or other treatment.

• #30 Retractile Testicles | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/retractile-testicles

  Retractile testicles are caused by a normal reflex commonly found during physical exam in males. […] Each testicle is attached to a muscle called the cremaster muscle. The cremaster muscle can contract inside the body causing the testicle to be pulled in and out of the scrotum; this is called the cremasteric reflex. […] As long as the testicle can be easily guided into the scrotum and remain there independently, without tension, the testicles are considered retractile. […] If your child has retractile testicles, he should be examined by a physician with yearly physical examinations. […] In some instances, a retractile testicle may become an ascending testicle. An ascending testicle occurs when the attachment of the testicle to the scrotum lengthens and the testicle is pulled out of position as your child grows.

• #31 Retractile Testicle: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16601-retractile-testicle

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that moves back and forth between the groin and the scrotum (the pouch of skin behind your penis that holds your testicles) in young children. […] A strong or overactive cremaster muscle causes your testicle to go up inside you. The cremaster muscle is a thin, pouch-like muscle that holds your testicle. When it contracts, it pulls your testicle up toward your body (cremaster reflex). […] Some studies suggest that bilateral retractile testicles (when both testicles move between your scrotum and groin) may affect how sperm cells move, which may contribute to infertility. […] In rare cases, retractile testicles can move upward in your body (ascend) and become undescended testicles (cryptorchidism). […] A retractile testicle usually doesn’t require treatment. […] In most cases, a retractile testicle will go away without treatment as your child ages usually before or during puberty. […] There’s a small risk that a retractile testicle becomes undescended.

• #32 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  Retractile testicle also known as shy testicle; It refers to the lowering of the testicles to the base of the scrotum with manual pulling, but the testicles that are in the groin area at other times. […] In some children, this reflex mechanism may be more active than normal and cause this condition called retractile testicle. […] Retractile testicles are common in children aged 5-6 years. […] Retractile testes, which are usually bilateral, completely settle into the scrotum in early adolescence without the need for treatment. […] Retractile testicle is the group in which testicular ascending is most common in advanced ages. […] In the case of retractile testis, the rate of undescended testis was reported to be 56% in cases with an inelastic spermatic cord and under the age of 7 years. […] Retractile testicles often do not affect sperm production when they are in the scrotum.

• #33 Retractile Testicle: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16601-retractile-testicle

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that moves back and forth between the groin and the scrotum (the pouch of skin behind your penis that holds your testicles) in young children. […] A strong or overactive cremaster muscle causes your testicle to go up inside you. The cremaster muscle is a thin, pouch-like muscle that holds your testicle. When it contracts, it pulls your testicle up toward your body (cremaster reflex). […] Some studies suggest that bilateral retractile testicles (when both testicles move between your scrotum and groin) may affect how sperm cells move, which may contribute to infertility. […] In rare cases, retractile testicles can move upward in your body (ascend) and become undescended testicles (cryptorchidism). […] A retractile testicle usually doesn’t require treatment. […] In most cases, a retractile testicle will go away without treatment as your child ages usually before or during puberty. […] There’s a small risk that a retractile testicle becomes undescended.

• #34 Retractile Testicle: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/retractile-testicle

  Retractile testicle is a medical condition that affects male reproductive organs. It occurs when one or both testicles move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. […] Retractile testicle is generally considered an acquired condition, rather than a hereditary one. However, some studies suggest that there may be a genetic component to retractile testicles, and that certain genes or family traits may increase the risk of this condition. […] In rare cases, retractile testicles can become trapped in the groin area, causing a condition called an „incarcerated testicle.” This can lead to severe pain, swelling, and potential damage to the testicle if not treated promptly. […] The commonly used diagnostic tests to identify retractile testicles include physical examination, scrotal ultrasonography, laparoscopy, and inguinal exploration.

• #35 Undescended Testes and Retractile Testes – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-urinary-tract-and-genitals/undescended-testes-and-retractile-testes

  Retractile testes (hypermobile testes) are descended testes that easily move back and forth between the scrotum and the inguinal canal. […] The testes retract as a reflex response to touch, temperature, fear, or laughter. Such a response is common, particularly in infants and children. […] Retractile testes do not lead to cancer or other complications. […] Doctors examine the testes during well-child visits to confirm they are properly positioned in the scrotum as the child grows. The testes usually stop retracting into the groin by puberty because they grow larger. […] Retractile testes do not require surgery or other treatment.

• #36 Retractile Testicle – Doç. Dr. Arif Demirbaş

  https://www.drarifdemirbas.com/en/retractile-testicle

  Retractile testicle is a subtype of undescended testicle but is not a true undescended testicle. […] Being permanently inside is a pathology and is caused by the fibers being overly tense, the cord structure being short, and the gubernaculum settling into the scrotal sac without descending. Gubernaculum is the structure that guides the testicle to descend into the scrotal sac during embryological development. […] It is thought that the cremaster reflex, which causes the testicle to move upward due to factors such as fear, excitement and cold weather, which is also seen in normal children and adults, is more active in these children and occurs due to these hyperactive muscles. […] If retractile testicle is well monitored and intervened in time, it does not pose a serious risk for testicular cancer and infertility like other undescended testicle subtypes.

• #37 Retractile Testicle – Doç. Dr. Arif Demirbaş

  https://www.drarifdemirbas.com/en/retractile-testicle

  There is not enough scientific data to show that shy testicle impairs spermatogenesis (sperm production) like other types of undescended testicles. However, it is thought that shy testicles that are not monitored well and not intervened in time may also cause infertility. […] If intervention is needed during follow-up of retractile (shy) testicles, it must be treated with surgical intervention, just like other types of undescended testicles.

• #38 Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management – Gandhi – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/12730/html

  Testicular compartment syndrome (TCS) refers to the impairment of microcirculation in the testicle due to either increased venous resistance or extraluminal compression, which leads to hypoxia. […] The pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management of TCS are reviewed. […] The decreased capillary perfusion within the testicle is not initially indicated by a corresponding decrease in macrocirculatory perfusion, as the larger vessels lie outside the tunica vaginalis and also require more extraluminal pressure for occlusion. […] In the testicle, capillary constriction secondary to TCS arises from two mechanisms: increased resistance of the pampiniform venous plexus or compressive processes from within the layers of the scrotum. […] Furthermore, ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) worsens the duration and severity of vessel occlusion secondary to TCS, amplifying the ramifications of TCS on fertility.

• #39 Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management – Gandhi – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/12730/html

  Testicular compartment syndrome (TCS) refers to the impairment of microcirculation in the testicle due to either increased venous resistance or extraluminal compression, which leads to hypoxia. […] The pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management of TCS are reviewed. […] The decreased capillary perfusion within the testicle is not initially indicated by a corresponding decrease in macrocirculatory perfusion, as the larger vessels lie outside the tunica vaginalis and also require more extraluminal pressure for occlusion. […] In the testicle, capillary constriction secondary to TCS arises from two mechanisms: increased resistance of the pampiniform venous plexus or compressive processes from within the layers of the scrotum. […] Furthermore, ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) worsens the duration and severity of vessel occlusion secondary to TCS, amplifying the ramifications of TCS on fertility.

• #40 Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management – Gandhi – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/12730/html

  The second mechanism causes TCS by directly constricting the capillaries. […] The fact that varicoceles increase oxidant release in the testicle supports the theory that the infertility associated with varicoceles may be a result of secondary TCS. […] Orchitis or epididymo-orchitis may cause severe TCS as it is documented to cause testicular infarction by increasing the testicular resistive index. […] The IRI from TCS secondary to these etiologies may explain the oxidant stress and associated infertility. […] Since TCS can lead to defective testicular endocrine function and spermatogenesis, the condition must be taken seriously and managed with prompt care. […] Antioxidant administration can, in principle, prevent IRI in three ways: inhibit oxidant release, scavenge released oxidants, and rectify oxidant damage. […] Because testicular oxidant stress occurs in up to 50% of infertility cases and since TCS has many mechanisms to cause such an increased oxidant load, it seems logical that TCS may be a larger contributor to infertility than currently established.

• #41 Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management – Gandhi – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/12730/html

  The second mechanism causes TCS by directly constricting the capillaries. […] The fact that varicoceles increase oxidant release in the testicle supports the theory that the infertility associated with varicoceles may be a result of secondary TCS. […] Orchitis or epididymo-orchitis may cause severe TCS as it is documented to cause testicular infarction by increasing the testicular resistive index. […] The IRI from TCS secondary to these etiologies may explain the oxidant stress and associated infertility. […] Since TCS can lead to defective testicular endocrine function and spermatogenesis, the condition must be taken seriously and managed with prompt care. […] Antioxidant administration can, in principle, prevent IRI in three ways: inhibit oxidant release, scavenge released oxidants, and rectify oxidant damage. […] Because testicular oxidant stress occurs in up to 50% of infertility cases and since TCS has many mechanisms to cause such an increased oxidant load, it seems logical that TCS may be a larger contributor to infertility than currently established.

• #42 Undescended and Retractile Testicles – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/urology/undescended-retractile-testicles

  Retractile testicles are testes that sometimes move between the scrotum and the groin. This movement is caused by a hyperactive muscle called the cremaster muscle. This condition is common, affecting about 80% of boys between ages one and 11. […] In 90% of children with retractile testicles, the testis will descend on their own and stay in the scrotum during puberty. […] In some cases, retractile testis become undescended testicles and surgery is needed.

• #43 Outbreaks, Alerts and Hot Topics: Undescended Testicles: Steps to Follow Prior to Urology Referral | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/health-care-providers/refer-or-manage-a-patient/connect-with-childrens-mercy/newsletter-the-link/link-newsletter-april-2023/outbreaks-alerts-and-hot-topics-undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) and retractile testicles are reasonably common findings in the primary care setting. The prevalence of retractile testicles in school age boys is estimated to be between 4% and 13%. […] Retractile testicles can be brought down into the scrotum by manipulation but retract into the inguinal canals by cremasteric contraction. […] It is often helpful to hold the testicle in the scrotum for some time to fatigue the cremasteric muscle and decrease the retractability of the testicle. Retractile testicles are a variant of normal. […] If the testicle cannot be manipulated into the scrotum or if it quickly returns to the inguinal canal even after an attempt to fatigue the cremasteric muscle, it is likely undescended. This condition will require further evaluation by urology.

• #44 SciELO Brazil – Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies? Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/QrM6q9PWQnNQZRwyp5WgFPH/?lang=en

  Retractile testis is not a normal variant with a significant risk of patent processus vaginalis and epididymal anomalies. […] The objective of the present study was to assess the incidence of anatomical anomalies in patients with retractile testes. […] In our sample, in which surgery was performed on 28 retractile testes, we found processus vaginalis patency in 21.4% of the cases. These findings confirm that the chance of patients with retractile testis presenting patent processus vaginalis is not negligible. […] The rate of epididymal anomalies in patients with retractile testis is not well defined in the literature. In our sample, we observed that 14% of the patients with retractile testis submitted to orchiopexy presented epididymal anomalies. […] This article presents the first description in the literature of the presence of epididymal anomalies associated with retractile testes. Despite the small sample, these findings can be significant. Future studies with larger samples will be necessary to confirm this association between epididymal anomalies and retractile testes, to provide further evidence that retractile testis is not a normal variant and does need treatment.

• #45 Retractile testicle | Pediatric urology | Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU

  https://www.chrichmond.org/services/urology/conditions-we-treat/retractile-testicle/

  If the testicle can be easily brought into the scrotum and it remains there once released without tension, the testicle is considered retractile. […] Surgery is not typically recommended for retractile testicle but the child should be examined yearly to assess the condition. […] In some cases, a retractile testicle may become an ascending testicle. An ascending testicle is one that once moved up and down but is now stuck in the “up” position. Surgery is typically recommended in this instance.

• #46 Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management – Gandhi – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/12730/html

  The second mechanism causes TCS by directly constricting the capillaries. […] The fact that varicoceles increase oxidant release in the testicle supports the theory that the infertility associated with varicoceles may be a result of secondary TCS. […] Orchitis or epididymo-orchitis may cause severe TCS as it is documented to cause testicular infarction by increasing the testicular resistive index. […] The IRI from TCS secondary to these etiologies may explain the oxidant stress and associated infertility. […] Since TCS can lead to defective testicular endocrine function and spermatogenesis, the condition must be taken seriously and managed with prompt care. […] Antioxidant administration can, in principle, prevent IRI in three ways: inhibit oxidant release, scavenge released oxidants, and rectify oxidant damage. […] Because testicular oxidant stress occurs in up to 50% of infertility cases and since TCS has many mechanisms to cause such an increased oxidant load, it seems logical that TCS may be a larger contributor to infertility than currently established.

• #47 Retractile Testicle – Doç. Dr. Arif Demirbaş

  https://www.drarifdemirbas.com/en/retractile-testicle

  Retractile testicle is a subtype of undescended testicle but is not a true undescended testicle. […] Being permanently inside is a pathology and is caused by the fibers being overly tense, the cord structure being short, and the gubernaculum settling into the scrotal sac without descending. Gubernaculum is the structure that guides the testicle to descend into the scrotal sac during embryological development. […] It is thought that the cremaster reflex, which causes the testicle to move upward due to factors such as fear, excitement and cold weather, which is also seen in normal children and adults, is more active in these children and occurs due to these hyperactive muscles. […] If retractile testicle is well monitored and intervened in time, it does not pose a serious risk for testicular cancer and infertility like other undescended testicle subtypes.

• #48 Retractile Testicles | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/retractile-testicles

  Retractile testicles are caused by a normal reflex commonly found during physical exam in males. […] Each testicle is attached to a muscle called the cremaster muscle. The cremaster muscle can contract inside the body causing the testicle to be pulled in and out of the scrotum; this is called the cremasteric reflex. […] As long as the testicle can be easily guided into the scrotum and remain there independently, without tension, the testicles are considered retractile. […] If your child has retractile testicles, he should be examined by a physician with yearly physical examinations. […] In some instances, a retractile testicle may become an ascending testicle. An ascending testicle occurs when the attachment of the testicle to the scrotum lengthens and the testicle is pulled out of position as your child grows.

• #49 Diagnosing Undescended Testicles | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/undescended-testicles-in-children/diagnosis

  A testicle is small and egg-shaped. The testicles are located in a sac called the scrotum, and are responsible for sperm and hormone production. In boys with cryptorchidism, or undescended testicles, one or both testicles fail to move down into the scrotum either before birth or shortly afterward. […] If this process stops or is delayed, one or both testicles may fail to descend. If one testicle is affected, it is called unilateral cryptorchidism; if both are affected, it is called bilateral cryptorchidism. […] A physical exam helps your child’s doctor rule out the presence of a retractile testicle, in which the testicle is temporarily pulled into the groin due to a muscle reflex. […] Although treatment is generally not needed, boys with a retractile testicle should have an annual examination with a pediatrician or pediatric urologist to check to see if the testicle can be brought into the scrotum. Some retractile testicles may become undescended prior to puberty, so an annual examination is needed until this time.

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