Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Retractile testes: follow up study | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/90/2/142

  The prevalence of retractile testes in school age boys has been estimated at between 4 and 13 per 1000 boys. […] Although retractile testes are commonly regarded as normal there is still debate about their management.

• #1 Undescended and Retractile Testicles – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/urology/undescended-retractile-testicles

  Retractile testicles are testes that sometimes move between the scrotum and the groin. This movement is caused by a hyperactive muscle called the cremaster muscle. This condition is common, affecting about 80% of boys between ages one and 11. […] In 90% of children with retractile testicles, the testis will descend on their own and stay in the scrotum during puberty. A yearly testicular exam with your child’s doctor is important during this time. In some cases, retractile testis become undescended testicles and surgery is needed.

• #1 Retractile testes: an outcome analysis on 150 patients – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15213889/

  Retractile testes are testicles that can be brought down into their normal position in the scrotum but then immediately retract upward and out of the scrotum. […] A retrospective analysis was conducted on prospectively collected data on the outcome of 150 consecutive patients with retractile testis examined and followed up by one pediatric surgeon from April 1982 to April 1999, inclusive. […] The number of retractile testes was 205, right-sided for 58 patients (38.6%), left-sided for 37 (24.6%), and bilateral for 55 (36.7%). […] Family history of retractile testis was positive in 8 patients (5.3%). […] Thirty-four patients required surgery (22.7%); indication for surgery was given when retractile testes ascended and became cryptorchid or if testicular size decreased during follow-up.

• #1 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1005856

  Retractile testis is considered to be a variant of normal testis in prepubertal boys. […] The aim of this study was to provide data on the long-term outcomes of patients with retractile testis. […] Of 43 boys, there were 22 boys with unilateral retractile testis (51.1%) and 21 boys with bilateral retractile testis (48.9%). […] Retractile testis has a risk of requiring orchiopexy. […] Boys with retractile testis should be observed periodically until the testis is descended in the normal position. […] Management methods for retractile testis remain controversial, whereas treatment methods for undescended testis have been well established through many studies. […] Much research has shown that a retractile testis may become an undescended testis during follow-up and annual or biannual follow-up for boys with retractile testis has been recommended.

• #1

  https://medschool.cuanschutz.edu/surgery/divisions-centers-affiliates/pediatric/patient-care/orchidopexy

  Many male infants and children who are referred for evaluation of an undescended testicle turn out to have a retractile testicle. This is a testicle that typically resides in the low inguinal canal or high scrotum, but which may move into the scrotum while the child is asleep, at rest, or in a warm bath. […] Retractile testes are usually bilateral (occurring on both sides), and both sides of the scrotum are well developed. […] If a high testicle can be manipulated into the scrotum, completely released, and re-grasped in the scrotum without further manipulation, one is dealing with a retractile testicle. […] In this case, as the child matures and the testicle enlarges, gravity will eventually pull the testicle into the scrotum.

• #1 Retractile Testicles | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/retractile-testicles/

  A retractile testicle can occur any time before puberty. Risk factors for a retractile testicle include family history and prematurity. […] Within the Department of Pediatric Urology, our experts have extensive experience in the diagnosis and treatment of retractile testicles. We understand that this can be a very sensitive topic for parents and families, which is why we work with the family to ensure the best course is taken for every child.

• #1 Cryptorchidism: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438378-overview

  In the United States, the prevalence of cryptorchidism ranges from 3.7% at birth to 1.1% from age 1 year to adulthood. Internationally, prevalence ranges from 4.3-4.9% at birth to 1-1.5% at age 3 months to 0.8-2.5% at age 9 months. […] Cryptorchidism is identified in 1.5-4% of fathers and 6.2% of brothers of patients with cryptorchidism. Heritability in first-degree male relatives is estimated to be 0.67. The prevalence of cryptorchidism is 30% in premature male neonates. Other factors that predispose include low birth weight, small size for gestational age, twinning, and maternal exposure to estrogen during the first trimester. […] In a study of 5014 boys born at a single hospital in Estonia, 2.1% had one or both testicles undescended at birth. Cryptorchidism rates at birth varied according to the following factors: Preterm birth: 11.9%, Low birth weight: 16.7%, Small for gestational age: 14%, Full-term birth: 1.1%. […] An undescended testis may descend spontaneously during the first few months of life but is unlikely to do so after 6 months (corrected for gestational age). Cryptorchidism may also be acquired, with an initially descended testis ascending out of the scrotum.

• #1 Retractile testes: an outcome analysis on 150 patients – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15213889/

  Orchidopexy was required more frequently (P .001) in patients with an associated hernia (68.8% of cases) than in patients without hernias (9.2%). […] These findings suggest that the majority of patients (77.3%) with retractile testes have a spontaneously favorable evolution by 14 years of age and do not require surgical treatment. […] The authors report the first case of testicular carcinoma in a patient with retractile testis, and this indicates that these patients should be followed up even after testicular descent.

• #1 Incidence of testicular ascent in boys with retractile testes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17707014/

  The incidence of testicular ascent of a previously descended but retractile testis is reported to be between 2% and 45%. […] A total of 19 testes ascended and ultimately required orchiopexy within a followup of 6 to 101 months. […] The incidence of secondary ascent was 3.2% in the combined set of patients. […] Retractile testes can ascend and, therefore, they require followup until resolution. In our experience most retractile testes do not require surgery.

• #1 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1005856

  Therefore, we also agree with this recommendation that patients with retractile testis be examined closely concerning testicular location or volume until the testis has completely descended into the scrotum. […] About 16.3% of the boys diagnosed with retractile testis required surgical correction during long-term follow-up. […] The risk of orchiopexy was higher in the population diagnosed at a younger age. […] Judging from the results of this study, retractile testis might be considered as a variant of normal testis. Yet, close observation regarding testicular position, mobility, and volume through periodic follow-up is necessary until the testis has successfully descended into the scrotum or until the end of adolescence.

• #1 Outbreaks, Alerts and Hot Topics: Undescended Testicles: Steps to Follow Prior to Urology Referral | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/health-care-providers/refer-or-manage-a-patient/connect-with-childrens-mercy/newsletter-the-link/link-newsletter-april-2023/outbreaks-alerts-and-hot-topics-undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) and retractile testicles are reasonably common findings in the primary care setting. The prevalence of retractile testicles in school age boys is estimated to be between 4% and 13%. The true incidence of undescended testicles, after the third month of life when they are most likely to spontaneously descend, is about 1%. Retractile testicles can be brought down into the scrotum by manipulation but retract into the inguinal canals by cremasteric contraction. […] AUA guidelines recommend yearly scrotal exams for children with retractile testicles to assess for secondary ascent. If the testicle cannot be manipulated into the scrotum or if it quickly returns to the inguinal canal even after an attempt to fatigue the cremasteric muscle, it is likely undescended. This condition will require further evaluation by urology. […] Scrotal ultrasounds are not needed prior to a urology referral for undescended testicles.

• #1 Retractile Testicle: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16601-retractile-testicle

  A retractile testicle usually doesnt require treatment. You can gently move the testicle back into your scrotum by hand. […] In most cases, a retractile testicle will go away without treatment as your child ages usually before or during puberty. […] Theres no way to prevent a retractile testicle. But retractile testicles arent usually a cause for concern. […] The outlook for a retractile testicle is good. Most of the time, a retractile testicle goes away on its own. […] Your child should see a healthcare provider for regular physical exams to monitor their overall health and any changes in their retractile testicle.

• #1 Undescended Testes and Retractile Testes – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-urinary-tract-and-genitals/undescended-testes-and-retractile-testes

  About 3 of every 100 boys who are born at full term (9 months) have an undescended testis at birth. However, about 30 of every 100 boys born prematurely have an undescended testis. […] Doctors examine the testes during well-child visits to confirm they are properly positioned in the scrotum as the child grows. […] Retractile testes (hypermobile testes) are descended testes that easily move back and forth between the scrotum and the inguinal canal. […] Retractile testes do not require surgery or other treatment.

• #1 Retractile testicle | Pediatric urology | Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU

  https://www.chrichmond.org/services/urology/conditions-we-treat/retractile-testicle/

  Retractile testicles are caused by a normal reaction to stimulation (a reflex) which results in the testicle moving in and out of the scrotum (the sac of skin that contains the testicle). […] Sometimes retractile testicles can be mistaken for undescended testicles (when one or both testicles do not move into scrotum properly during development), but these conditions are not the same. […] Retractile testicle is diagnosed by a physical exam. The exam is best performed when the child is as relaxed as possible. […] Surgery is not typically recommended for retractile testicle but the child should be examined yearly to assess the condition.

• #1 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  Undescended testis (UDT) is a common condition, and parents often primarily present to general practitioners. […] The aim of this article is to summarise the key points of assessment and management of UDT in the primary care setting. […] Current evidence does not support the use of ultrasonography prior to referral. […] A retractile testis can be brought all the way into the scrotum without tension but retracts back to an inguinal position after a variable period. It is a normal variant. […] The prevalence in premature boys is up to 30.1%. […] Current guidelines recommend referral at 36 months for unilateral UDT, and orchidopexy between six and 12 months. […] The risk of testicular cancer has been approximated at 2% in UDT; although this is four to five times the risk in the general population, parents can be reassured this is still relatively low. […] The literature has shown there may be an association between UDT and infertility, but it does not appear to be as great as once feared or as parents are often told, particularly for unilateral UDT. […] Malignancy occurs at a higher rate but remains relatively low risk.

• #1 Retractile Testicle – Doç. Dr. Arif Demirbaş

  https://www.drarifdemirbas.com/en/retractile-testicle

  Retractile testicle is a subtype of undescended testicle but is not a true undescended testicle. While true undescended testicle is a condition that must be treated, it is sufficient for retractile testicle to be followed by urologists. […] Since the pathology, popularly known as retractile testicle, is common in children, it is frequently researched on search engines and platforms, especially by mothers. […] If retractile testicle is well monitored and intervened in time, it does not pose a serious risk for testicular cancer and infertility like other undescended testicle subtypes. […] If you think your child has shy or undescended testicles, you should definitely consult a urologist. Undescended or shy testicle is a pathology that should not be neglected, although its treatment is simple and its consequences can be serious.

• #1 Retractile Testicle: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16601-retractile-testicle

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that moves between the groin and scrotum in young children. A strong or overactive muscle reflex causes it. It may seem alarming, but its not a health risk. The testicle often moves back down into the scrotum on its own, but it may require a painless move by hand. Most children grow out of a retractile testicle. […] A retractile testicle typically isnt serious. It usually doesnt cause pain or create any issues with peeing. In most cases, it doesnt require treatment and goes away by puberty. […] Some studies suggest that bilateral retractile testicles (when both testicles move between your scrotum and groin) may affect how sperm cells move, which may contribute to infertility. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose a retractile testicle during a physical exam.

• #1 Understanding Retractile Testes in Adults and Children: Comprehensive Q&A Guide – Edward Calleja

  https://www.edwardcalleja.com/blog-posts/understanding-retractile-testes-in-adults-and-children-comprehensive-q-a-guide

  Retractile testes are often found in young children but can also persist into adulthood. […] The likelihood of testicular ascent ranges from 7% to 32%, which underscores the importance of regular monitoring. […] The exact incidence of retractile testes in adults is not well-documented. However, the condition is relatively rare in adult men. […] The relationship between retractile testes and fertility issues remains unclear. […] Professional guidelines from organisations such as the European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) and the American Urological Association (AUA) recommend: No medical or surgical treatment is necessary. […] In adults, treatment for retractile testes is usually not required unless other scrotal issues are present.

• #1 Retractile Testis: What is it, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/retractile-testis-what-is-it-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Retractile testis typically does not require treatment in most cases. […] The diagnosis of retractile testis is typically made through a physical examination performed by a healthcare professional. […] Retractile testis, in most cases, does not require treatment because it is considered a normal variation of testicular position and function. […] Hormonal therapy is typically not needed for retractile testis. […] Retractile testis is a condition where one or both testicles can move between the scrotum and the inguinal canal. It is typically a benign and temporary variation of testicular position and function, often responding to factors like cold temperature, stress, or fear.

• #1 Retractile Testicle – Doç. Dr. Arif Demirbaş

  https://www.drarifdemirbas.com/en/retractile-testicle

  Drug therapy has no place in the treatment of both undescended testicles and retractile, escaping testicles. If necessary, fixation is made by surgery. […] The probability of developing shy (retractile) testicles in adults is very low. This is more likely to be a true undescended testicle, and since this tissue may become cancerous in adulthood, surgical intervention is necessary and follow-up is not performed.

• #2 Outbreaks, Alerts and Hot Topics: Undescended Testicles: Steps to Follow Prior to Urology Referral | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/health-care-providers/refer-or-manage-a-patient/connect-with-childrens-mercy/newsletter-the-link/link-newsletter-april-2023/outbreaks-alerts-and-hot-topics-undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) and retractile testicles are reasonably common findings in the primary care setting. The prevalence of retractile testicles in school age boys is estimated to be between 4% and 13%. The true incidence of undescended testicles, after the third month of life when they are most likely to spontaneously descend, is about 1%. Retractile testicles can be brought down into the scrotum by manipulation but retract into the inguinal canals by cremasteric contraction. […] AUA guidelines recommend yearly scrotal exams for children with retractile testicles to assess for secondary ascent. If the testicle cannot be manipulated into the scrotum or if it quickly returns to the inguinal canal even after an attempt to fatigue the cremasteric muscle, it is likely undescended. This condition will require further evaluation by urology. […] Scrotal ultrasounds are not needed prior to a urology referral for undescended testicles.

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