Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Retractile Testicle: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16601-retractile-testicle

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that moves between the groin and scrotum in young children. A strong or overactive muscle reflex causes it. It may seem alarming, but its not a health risk. The testicle often moves back down into the scrotum on its own, but it may require a painless move by hand. Most children grow out of a retractile testicle. […] A retractile testicle typically isnt serious. It usually doesnt cause pain or create any issues with peeing. In most cases, it doesnt require treatment and goes away by puberty. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose a retractile testicle during a physical exam. […] Your child has a retractile testicle if the provider can move a testicle from the groin into their scrotum and it stays there. […] A retractile testicle usually doesnt require treatment. You can gently move the testicle back into your scrotum by hand.

• #2 Retractile testicle – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retractile-testicle/symptoms-causes/syc-20377197

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that may move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. […] During regular well-baby checkups and annual childhood checkups, a healthcare professional will examine the testicles to determine if they’re descended and appropriately developed. […] If you believe that your son has a retractile or ascending testicle or have other concerns about the development of his testicles see his care professional. […] If the cremaster reflex is strong enough, it can result in a retractile testicle, pulling the testicle out of the scrotum and up into the groin. […] Retractile testicles are generally not associated with complications, aside from a greater risk of the testicle becoming an ascending testicle.

• #3 Retractile Testicle: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16601-retractile-testicle

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that moves between the groin and scrotum in young children. A strong or overactive muscle reflex causes it. It may seem alarming, but its not a health risk. The testicle often moves back down into the scrotum on its own, but it may require a painless move by hand. Most children grow out of a retractile testicle. […] A retractile testicle typically isnt serious. It usually doesnt cause pain or create any issues with peeing. In most cases, it doesnt require treatment and goes away by puberty. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose a retractile testicle during a physical exam. […] Your child has a retractile testicle if the provider can move a testicle from the groin into their scrotum and it stays there. […] A retractile testicle usually doesnt require treatment. You can gently move the testicle back into your scrotum by hand.

• #4 Retractile Testicle: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16601-retractile-testicle

  In most cases, a retractile testicle will go away without treatment as your child ages usually before or during puberty. […] Theres no way to prevent a retractile testicle. But retractile testicles arent usually a cause for concern. […] The outlook for a retractile testicle is good. Most of the time, a retractile testicle goes away on its own. […] Your child should see a healthcare provider for regular physical exams to monitor their overall health and any changes in their retractile testicle. […] A retractile testicle diagnosis can trigger stress or make you feel like you did something wrong. But its OK a retractile testicle usually isnt serious and wont cause any physical pain or discomfort in your child. It usually goes away without treatment by the time your child reaches puberty.

• #5 Retractile Testicles | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/retractile-testicles

  Retractile testicle is diagnosed with a physical exam. […] A physical exam performed by your child’s medical team will confirm the diagnosis. […] As long as the testicle can be easily guided into the scrotum and remain there independently, without tension, the testicles are considered retractile.

• #6 Retractile testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retractile-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377203

  If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum. […] If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and won’t immediately move up again. […] A primary healthcare professional usually can diagnose a retractile testicle. However, if there is any question about the diagnosis or need for immediate treatment, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary disorders and problems with male genitals in children, called a pediatric urologist.

• #7 Retractile testicle | Pediatric urology | Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU

  https://www.chrichmond.org/services/urology/conditions-we-treat/retractile-testicle/

  Retractile testicles are caused by a normal reaction to stimulation (a reflex) which results in the testicle moving in and out of the scrotum (the sac of skin that contains the testicle). […] Sometimes retractile testicles can be mistaken for undescended testicles (when one or both testicles do not move into scrotum properly during development), but these conditions are not the same. […] Retractile testicle is diagnosed by a physical exam. The exam is best performed when the child is as relaxed as possible. […] If the diagnosis is difficult to determine while a child is laying down, it may be necessary to have the child sit up crossed-legged or squat in a catcher’s position for the exam. These positions help relax the cremasteric reflex.

• #8 Retractile testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retractile-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377203

  If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum. […] If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and won’t immediately move up again. […] A primary healthcare professional usually can diagnose a retractile testicle. However, if there is any question about the diagnosis or need for immediate treatment, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary disorders and problems with male genitals in children, called a pediatric urologist.

• #9 Retractile testicle

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20377182

  If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum. […] If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and won’t immediately move up again. […] Retractile testicles don’t require surgery or other treatment. A retractile testicle is likely to descend on its own before or during puberty.

• #10 Retractile Testicle: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16601-retractile-testicle

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that moves between the groin and scrotum in young children. A strong or overactive muscle reflex causes it. It may seem alarming, but its not a health risk. The testicle often moves back down into the scrotum on its own, but it may require a painless move by hand. Most children grow out of a retractile testicle. […] A retractile testicle typically isnt serious. It usually doesnt cause pain or create any issues with peeing. In most cases, it doesnt require treatment and goes away by puberty. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose a retractile testicle during a physical exam. […] Your child has a retractile testicle if the provider can move a testicle from the groin into their scrotum and it stays there. […] A retractile testicle usually doesnt require treatment. You can gently move the testicle back into your scrotum by hand.

• #11 Testicular Retraction: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/testicular-retraction

  Testicular retraction is a condition in which a testicle descends normally into the scrotum, but can be pulled up with an involuntary muscle contraction into the groin. […] Diagnosing testicular retraction begins with a physical examination. Your sons doctor may see that one or both of the testicles are not descended. […] If the testicle can be moved down into scrotum easily and painlessly and remain there for a time, the doctor may safely diagnose the condition as testicular retraction. […] A retractile testicle is sometimes misdiagnosed as an ascending testicle. The key difference between these two conditions is whether the testicle can be easily guided down to the scrotum. […] Monitoring a retractile testicle to see if it sometimes comes down into the scrotum may help determine if the testicle is retractile rather than ascending, which can require surgery to correct the problem.

• #12 Retractile testicle | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/retractile-testicle

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that may move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. […] If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum. […] If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and won’t immediately move up again.

• #13 Retractile Testicle

  https://www.findatopdoc.com/Medical-Library/Diseases-and-Conditions/Retractile-Testicle

  If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and painlessly. The retractile testicle won’t immediately move up again. […] It is most likely not a retractile testicle, if the testicle in the groin moves only partway into the scrotum, if the movement causes pain or discomfort, or if the testicle immediately retreats to its original location. […] There is no immediate treatment provided for retractile testicle. Most likely, your son’s doctor will monitor any changes in the testicle’s position in annual evaluations to determine if it stays in the scrotum, remains retractile or becomes an ascending testicle. […] A surgery maybe recommended to move the testicle permanently into the scrotum if the testicle has ascended, or no longer movable by hand. […] Surgery is also suggested if the testicle is still retractile during puberty which normally happens in the early teen years to ensure proper maturation of the testicle.

• #14 Retractile testicle | Pediatric urology | Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU

  https://www.chrichmond.org/services/urology/conditions-we-treat/retractile-testicle/

  Retractile testicles are caused by a normal reaction to stimulation (a reflex) which results in the testicle moving in and out of the scrotum (the sac of skin that contains the testicle). […] Sometimes retractile testicles can be mistaken for undescended testicles (when one or both testicles do not move into scrotum properly during development), but these conditions are not the same. […] Retractile testicle is diagnosed by a physical exam. The exam is best performed when the child is as relaxed as possible. […] If the diagnosis is difficult to determine while a child is laying down, it may be necessary to have the child sit up crossed-legged or squat in a catcher’s position for the exam. These positions help relax the cremasteric reflex.

• #15 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  Retractile testis can be brought all the way into the scrotum without tension but retracts back to an inguinal position after a variable period. It is a normal variant. The cremaster muscle contracts to control the temperature of the testis, retracting it to the body when environmental temperature changes. When androgen levels are high at birth and at 36 months, the cremaster muscle is more relaxed. When androgen levels decrease after this, the muscle has a greater tendency to contract, causing retractile testes. […] Ask parents if the testis has ever been in the scrotum. Retractile testes often descend during a warm bath. […] A well-developed hemiscrotum usually indicates an ascending or retractile testis.

• #16 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html

  Early diagnosis and management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and improve early detection of testicular malignancy. […] By six months of age, patients with undescended testicles should be evaluated by a pediatric urologist or other qualified subspecialist who can assist with diagnosis and treatment. […] The success of either form of treatment depends on the position of the testicle at diagnosis. […] Cryptorchidism, or undescended testicle, is usually diagnosed during the newborn examination. […] Recognition of the condition, identification of associated syndromes, proper diagnostic evaluation and timely referral for urologic surgical therapy are important steps in preventing adverse consequences. […] Differentiation of a retractile testis from a true undescended testis is sometimes difficult; consultation with a urologist may be valuable.

• #17 Cryptorchidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptorchidism

  The most common diagnostic dilemma in otherwise normal boys is distinguishing a retractile testis from a testis that will not descend spontaneously into the scrotum. Retractile testes are more common than truly undescended testes and do not need to be operated on. […] A retractile testis high in the scrotum can be difficult to distinguish from a position in the lower inguinal canal. […] The benefit of surgery in these cases can be a matter of clinical judgment.

• #18 Undescended Testis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/u/undescended-testis

  Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) refer to a condition in which the testicle does not drop and cannot be brought into the scrotum with external manipulation. This occurs in 3 percent of newborn males and up to 21 percent in premature male newborns. Most testes drop by 3-4 months of age. […] It is important to explain that „retractile testicles” are not undescended testicles. If a testicle can be brought down into the scrotal sac, even if it bounces back up again upon release, it is a retractile testis. These retractile testicles are in the scrotum at other times and do not need treatment. […] Parents or the child’s doctor can find a testicle that hasn’t dropped during a physical exam. Often, no testicle can be felt; this condition is called a non-palpable testicle (unable to be felt on examination of the scrotal sac). Often, the exam shows an inguinal hernia (an opening in the lower belly wall or inguinal canal where the intestines may stick out) as well.

• #19 Retractile Testicles: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/surgery/retractile-testicles-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Retractile testicles are those that can oscillate between the groin and the scrotum. The retractile testicle that is resting in the groin can be easily moved by hand into the scrotum, or the bag of skin that hangs behind the penis, during a physical examination. After release, the testicle will, at the very least, remain in the proper position for a little while. […] In certain circumstances, the retractile testicle in the groin remains motionless. This results in an ascending testicle sometimes referred to as an acquired undescended testicle. […] If your son’s testicles are not in the scrotum, the physician will determine their location in the groin. The doctor will find it and attempt to gently relocate it into the proper location of the scrotum. […] If the testicle is retractile, it will move with some ease and not immediately rise back up. […] If the testicle in your groin goes back to its original place right away, it’s most likely undescended.

• #20 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  Retractile testis can be brought all the way into the scrotum without tension but retracts back to an inguinal position after a variable period. It is a normal variant. The cremaster muscle contracts to control the temperature of the testis, retracting it to the body when environmental temperature changes. When androgen levels are high at birth and at 36 months, the cremaster muscle is more relaxed. When androgen levels decrease after this, the muscle has a greater tendency to contract, causing retractile testes. […] Ask parents if the testis has ever been in the scrotum. Retractile testes often descend during a warm bath. […] A well-developed hemiscrotum usually indicates an ascending or retractile testis.

• #21 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html

  Early diagnosis and management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and improve early detection of testicular malignancy. […] By six months of age, patients with undescended testicles should be evaluated by a pediatric urologist or other qualified subspecialist who can assist with diagnosis and treatment. […] The success of either form of treatment depends on the position of the testicle at diagnosis. […] Cryptorchidism, or undescended testicle, is usually diagnosed during the newborn examination. […] Recognition of the condition, identification of associated syndromes, proper diagnostic evaluation and timely referral for urologic surgical therapy are important steps in preventing adverse consequences. […] Differentiation of a retractile testis from a true undescended testis is sometimes difficult; consultation with a urologist may be valuable.

• #22

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles can usually be diagnosed after a physical examination. […] This physical examination can sometimes be difficult, so your doctor may need to refer your child to a paediatric surgeon. […] If the testicles move in and out of the scrotum and do not stay ascended, this is known as retractile testicles. […] See your GP if you notice that your child’s testicles are not within the scrotum. Your GP can carry out an examination to determine whether your child’s testicles are undescended or retractile.

• #23 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Providers should not perform ultrasound (US) or other imaging modalities in the evaluation of boys with cryptorchidism prior to referral as these studies rarely assist in decision making. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] In boys with retractile testes, providers should assess the position of the testes at least annually to monitor for secondary ascent. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)

• #24 Retractile Testicles | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/retractile-testicles/

  A retractile testicle is a condition in which one or both testicles are not located in the base of the scrotum as expected. A retractile testicle moves back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. When the testicle is in the groin, it can be easily moved down into the scrotum during a physical exam. […] Most of the time, a physical exam is all that is needed to diagnose a retractile testicle. A scrotal ultrasound may be performed but is usually not necessary to evaluate and diagnose a retractile testicle. […] Within the Department of Pediatric Urology, our experts have extensive experience in the diagnosis and treatment of retractile testicles.

• #25 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the single most common genitourinary disease in male neonates. If the testes do not descend by 6 months of age, the probability of spontaneous descent thereafter is low. International guidelines do not recommend ultrasonography or other diagnostic imaging because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment. A timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction are the most important factors for decreasing infertility and testicular cancer rates. The external genitalia must be inspected thoroughly, especially in patients whose bilateral testes are not palpable. Diagnostic exploratory laparoscopy is recommended to identify impalpable undescended testis, which is the gold standard with great sensitivity and specificity. The use of ultrasonography and other diagnostic imaging techniques is not recommended because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment.

• #26 Retractile Testicle: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/retractile-testicle

  Retractile testicle is a medical condition that affects male reproductive organs. It occurs when one or both testicles move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. […] Retractile testicles are not a serious medical condition and do not require treatment, but your doctor may recommend regular checkups to monitor the situation. […] If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of retractile testicle, it is essential to speak with a healthcare professional to obtain more information and receive proper diagnosis and treatment. […] The commonly used diagnostic tests to identify retractile testicles include physical examination, scrotal ultrasonography, laparoscopy, and inguinal exploration. […] Yes, ultrasound can be used as a reliable diagnostic tool for retractile testicles. Scrotal ultrasound can accurately identify whether the testis is retractile or undescended. […] A physician can differentiate between a retractile testicle and an undescended testicle by performing a thorough physical examination. […] Surgical exploration is not necessary to diagnose retractile testicles. In most cases, a physical examination and scrotal ultrasound are sufficient to confirm the diagnosis.

• #27 Cryptorchidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470270/

  Routine ultrasound usage is generally unhelpful, as it exhibits limited sensitivity and specificity in localizing nonpalpable testes, with reported values of 45% sensitivity and 78% specificity. […] The utilization of computed tomography is limited due to cost and concerns about ionizing radiation exposure. […] A karyotype analysis can confirm or rule out dysgenetic primary hypogonadism. Hormone levels, such as gonadotropins and Müllerian inhibitory substance, may confirm hormonally functional testicles suitable for preservation. […] According to the AUA guidelines, healthcare professionals are advised against hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent, citing low response rates and a lack of long-term efficacy. […] The primary hormone utilized for hormone therapy is hCG. A course of hCG injections is administered, and then the status of the undescended testicle is reassessed.

• #28 Cryptorchidism | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cryptorchidism?lang=us

  Cryptorchidism refers to an absence of a testis (or testes) in the scrotal sac. It may refer to an undescended testis, ectopic testis, or an atrophic or absent testis. Correct localization of the testes is essential because surgical management varies on location. […] Ultrasound has 45% sensitivity, 78% specificity, and 88% accuracy for localization of undescended testis and is more accurate than clinical examination. […] MRI is the best cross-sectional modality to assess crypto-orchidism (replacing CT). It has a higher sensitivity than ultrasound (~90%) and a higher specificity (100%). […] Orchiopexy is the preferred mode of management in case of viable testes high-up in the scrotum or within inguinal canal/abdomen. It is performed after 1 year of age since the testes may descend without intervention.

• #29 Cryptorchidism | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cryptorchidism?lang=us

  Cryptorchidism refers to an absence of a testis (or testes) in the scrotal sac. It may refer to an undescended testis, ectopic testis, or an atrophic or absent testis. Correct localization of the testes is essential because surgical management varies on location. […] Ultrasound has 45% sensitivity, 78% specificity, and 88% accuracy for localization of undescended testis and is more accurate than clinical examination. […] MRI is the best cross-sectional modality to assess crypto-orchidism (replacing CT). It has a higher sensitivity than ultrasound (~90%) and a higher specificity (100%). […] Orchiopexy is the preferred mode of management in case of viable testes high-up in the scrotum or within inguinal canal/abdomen. It is performed after 1 year of age since the testes may descend without intervention.

• #30 Cryptorchidism | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cryptorchidism?lang=us

  Cryptorchidism refers to an absence of a testis (or testes) in the scrotal sac. It may refer to an undescended testis, ectopic testis, or an atrophic or absent testis. Correct localization of the testes is essential because surgical management varies on location. […] Ultrasound has 45% sensitivity, 78% specificity, and 88% accuracy for localization of undescended testis and is more accurate than clinical examination. […] MRI is the best cross-sectional modality to assess crypto-orchidism (replacing CT). It has a higher sensitivity than ultrasound (~90%) and a higher specificity (100%). […] Orchiopexy is the preferred mode of management in case of viable testes high-up in the scrotum or within inguinal canal/abdomen. It is performed after 1 year of age since the testes may descend without intervention.

• #31 Retractile Testicles: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/retractile-testicles/

  A retractile testicle diagnosis is confirmed by a urologist in adults or pediatrician in children. It is diagnosed through a physical exam of the scrotum and testicles. […] Further testing is generally not required to confirm a retractile testicle diagnosis.

• #32 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html

  If a testis cannot be palpated in the inguinal canal or the scrotum, or in ectopic sites such as the femoral region or perineum, evaluation for a nonpalpable testis must be initiated. […] Unless the presence of a testicle is clear, examination by a urologist is indicated. […] A phenotypically male newborn with bilateral nonpalpable testicles should be considered to be a genetic female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia until proved otherwise. […] An older child with bilateral non-palpable testicles should be evaluated hormonally for testicular absence. […] Serum studies should include testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS). […] Normal gonadotropin levels or detectable MIS levels warrant surgical exploration, even with a negative hCG stimulation test.

• #33 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html/1000

  If a testis cannot be palpated in the inguinal canal or the scrotum, or in ectopic sites such as the femoral region or perineum, evaluation for a nonpalpable testis must be initiated. […] A phenotypically male newborn with bilateral nonpalpable testicles should be considered to be a genetic female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia until proved otherwise. […] Serum studies should include testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS). […] Treatment for cryptorchidism can be hormonal, surgical or a combination of the two. […] The inguinal orchiopexy is a well-established operation for the palpable undescended testicle. […] Surgery for the nonpalpable testicle is diagnostic and potentially therapeutic.

• #34 Cryptorchidism – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/741

  Patients with bilateral cryptorchidism should be referred immediately for an evaluation with karyotype and biochemical workup for a difference of sex development (DSD). […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, malpositioned or absent testis, palpable cryptorchid testis, and non-palpable testis. […] Other diagnostic factors include testicular asymmetry, scrotal hypoplasia or asymmetry, retractile testis, ascending cryptorchidism, hypospadias, micropenis, secondary sex characteristics/pubertal signs in prepubertal/pubertal patients, and surgical scar in the inguinal region. […] 1st investigations to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Investigations to consider include ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hormonal evaluation with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) stimulation test, hormonal evaluation with Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), inhibin B, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and karyotyping.

• #35 Retractile testis–is it really a normal variant? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16516034/

  Retractile testes are thought to represent a normal variant of descended testes in prepubertal boys. […] A retractile testis is not a normal variant. Retractile testes have a 32% risk of becoming an ascending or acquired undescended testis. The risk is higher in boys younger than 7 years old, or when the spermatic cord seems tight or inelastic. Boys with retractile testes should be monitored annually until the testes have clearly descended.

• #36 Undescended and Retractile Testicles – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/urology/undescended-retractile-testicles

  At the University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children’s Hospital, our experienced team provides expert care and treatment for children with undescended or retractile testicles. […] Retractile testicles are testes that sometimes move between the scrotum and the groin. This movement is caused by a hyperactive muscle called the cremaster muscle. This condition is common, affecting about 80% of boys between ages one and 11. […] In 90% of children with retractile testicles, the testis will descend on their own and stay in the scrotum during puberty. A yearly testicular exam with your child’s doctor is important during this time. In some cases, retractile testis become undescended testicles and surgery is needed.

• #37 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Providers should not perform ultrasound (US) or other imaging modalities in the evaluation of boys with cryptorchidism prior to referral as these studies rarely assist in decision making. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] In boys with retractile testes, providers should assess the position of the testes at least annually to monitor for secondary ascent. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)

• #38 Outbreaks, Alerts and Hot Topics: Undescended Testicles: Steps to Follow Prior to Urology Referral | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/health-care-providers/refer-or-manage-a-patient/connect-with-childrens-mercy/newsletter-the-link/link-newsletter-april-2023/outbreaks-alerts-and-hot-topics-undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) and retractile testicles are reasonably common findings in the primary care setting. The prevalence of retractile testicles in school age boys is estimated to be between 4% and 13%. […] Retractile testicles can be brought down into the scrotum by manipulation but retract into the inguinal canals by cremasteric contraction. […] To ensure that undescended testicles are properly identified, it is important to get a good scrotal exam. When testicles cannot be easily seen or palpated in the scrotum, it is helpful to assess for retractile versus undescended testicles. […] If it can and the testicle does not quickly return to the inguinal canal, then this testicle is retractile and not undescended. […] Retractile testicles are a variant of normal. […] AUA guidelines recommend yearly scrotal exams for children with retractile testicles to assess for secondary ascent. […] If the testicle cannot be manipulated into the scrotum or if it quickly returns to the inguinal canal even after an attempt to fatigue the cremasteric muscle, it is likely undescended. This condition will require further evaluation by urology.

• #39 Retractile testis–is it really a normal variant? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16516034/

  Retractile testes are thought to represent a normal variant of descended testes in prepubertal boys. […] A retractile testis is not a normal variant. Retractile testes have a 32% risk of becoming an ascending or acquired undescended testis. The risk is higher in boys younger than 7 years old, or when the spermatic cord seems tight or inelastic. Boys with retractile testes should be monitored annually until the testes have clearly descended.

• #40 Retractile Testicles | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/retractile-testicles

  Retractile testicle is diagnosed with a physical exam. […] A physical exam performed by your child’s medical team will confirm the diagnosis. […] As long as the testicle can be easily guided into the scrotum and remain there independently, without tension, the testicles are considered retractile.

• #41 Cryptorchidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470270/

  Surgery is recommended promptly following diagnosis for acquired undescended testes (those identified as normal before diagnosis) and entrapped undescended testes (those occurring after hernia repair). […] A typical diagnostic challenge involves differentiating a retractile testicle from a testicle that does not spontaneously descend into the scrotum. Retractile testes are more prevalent than undescended testes and do not necessitate surgical correction. […] According to the AUA guidelines, a retractile testis is described as initially located outside the scrotum or easily movable out of it, typically associated with the cremasteric reflex.

• #42 Retractile Testicle – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/retractile-testicle.html

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that moves back and forth between the scrotum and groin. […] How is a retractile testicle diagnosed? Your child’s healthcare provider will examine your child’s scrotum and feel your child’s testicles. Your child’s provider may try to move the testicle by hand if it is in your child’s groin. This should not hurt your child.

• #43 Retractile Testis: What is it, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/retractile-testis-what-is-it-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  The diagnosis of retractile testis is typically made through a physical examination performed by a healthcare professional. […] In most cases, no further tests or imaging studies are needed to diagnose retractile testis, as the physical examination is sufficient to confirm the condition. […] Retractile testis typically does not require treatment in most cases. […] If retractile testis is properly diagnosed and confirmed, it typically does not require treatment, as it is a benign and temporary condition. […] Hormonal therapy is typically not needed for retractile testis. […] Accurate diagnosis by a healthcare professional is important to distinguish it from other testicular conditions.

• #44 Retractile testicle

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20377182

  If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum. […] If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and won’t immediately move up again. […] Retractile testicles don’t require surgery or other treatment. A retractile testicle is likely to descend on its own before or during puberty.

• #45 Testicular Retraction: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/testicular-retraction

  If a retractile testicle becomes an ascending testicle, then surgery may be necessary to move the testicle into the scrotum permanently. The procedure is called orchiopexy. […] The condition may be diagnosed at three or four months of age, which is the age that the testicles usually descend if they haven’t already. It may be easier to diagnose the condition by the age of 5 or 6 years.

• #46 Retractile Testicle

  https://www.findatopdoc.com/Medical-Library/Diseases-and-Conditions/Retractile-Testicle

  If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and painlessly. The retractile testicle won’t immediately move up again. […] It is most likely not a retractile testicle, if the testicle in the groin moves only partway into the scrotum, if the movement causes pain or discomfort, or if the testicle immediately retreats to its original location. […] There is no immediate treatment provided for retractile testicle. Most likely, your son’s doctor will monitor any changes in the testicle’s position in annual evaluations to determine if it stays in the scrotum, remains retractile or becomes an ascending testicle. […] A surgery maybe recommended to move the testicle permanently into the scrotum if the testicle has ascended, or no longer movable by hand. […] Surgery is also suggested if the testicle is still retractile during puberty which normally happens in the early teen years to ensure proper maturation of the testicle.

• #47 Retractile Testicle – Doç. Dr. Arif Demirbaş

  https://www.drarifdemirbas.com/en/retractile-testicle

  Retractile testicle is a subtype of undescended testicle but is not a true undescended testicle. While true undescended testicle is a condition that must be treated, it is sufficient for retractile testicle to be followed by urologists. […] When there is a suspicion that the inside of the scrotum (ovarian sac) is empty, it is necessary to consult a urologist for examination. Examination by experienced hands to distinguish the shy testicle from the true undescended testicle is essential and sufficient for diagnosis. […] If retractile testicle is well monitored and intervened in time, it does not pose a serious risk for testicular cancer and infertility like other undescended testicle subtypes. […] If intervention is needed during follow-up of retractile (shy) testicles, it must be treated with surgical intervention, just like other types of undescended testicles.

• #48 Retractile testis – Sandhurst Urology

  https://sandhursturology.com.au/conditions/retractile-testis/

  A retractile testis is when one or both testicles are present in the scrotum at birth, but retreat back inside the abdomen later on. […] Your doctor can diagnose retractile testes with a physical exam. While your child is sitting or lying down, the doctor will gently feel the scrotum to confirm that the testicle is present though not in its correct position. […] If the doctor cannot feel the testis or cannot guide it into the scrotum manually, they may recommend a laparoscopic surgery. This procedure involves the doctor using a small camera to look around inside the abdomen and determine whether the testicle is present if present, the doctor may use specialized tools to attempt to relocate it and secure it in position. […] Surgery is usually recommended only if the testicle does not remain in the scrotum at least most of the time by puberty or if it does not descend at all (an ascending or acquired undescended testicle).

• #49 Retractile testis–is it really a normal variant? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16516034/

  Retractile testes are thought to represent a normal variant of descended testes in prepubertal boys. […] A retractile testis is not a normal variant. Retractile testes have a 32% risk of becoming an ascending or acquired undescended testis. The risk is higher in boys younger than 7 years old, or when the spermatic cord seems tight or inelastic. Boys with retractile testes should be monitored annually until the testes have clearly descended.

• #50 Retractile testis–is it really a normal variant? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16516034/

  Retractile testes are thought to represent a normal variant of descended testes in prepubertal boys. […] A retractile testis is not a normal variant. Retractile testes have a 32% risk of becoming an ascending or acquired undescended testis. The risk is higher in boys younger than 7 years old, or when the spermatic cord seems tight or inelastic. Boys with retractile testes should be monitored annually until the testes have clearly descended.

• #51 Retractile testis–is it really a normal variant? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16516034/

  Retractile testes are thought to represent a normal variant of descended testes in prepubertal boys. […] A retractile testis is not a normal variant. Retractile testes have a 32% risk of becoming an ascending or acquired undescended testis. The risk is higher in boys younger than 7 years old, or when the spermatic cord seems tight or inelastic. Boys with retractile testes should be monitored annually until the testes have clearly descended.

• #52 Retractile testicle – Humanitas.net

  https://www.humanitas.net/diseases/retractile-testicle/

  A small percentage of retractile testicles can become ascending testicles. This means the once-movable testicle becomes stuck in the „up position.” Contributing factors may be: Short spermatic cord; A problem with the normal path of a descending testicle; Scar tissue from hernia surgery. […] Retractile testicles are not associated with any ill effects, aside from a greater risk of the testicle becoming an ascending testicle.

• #53 Retractile testicle – Humanitas.net

  https://www.humanitas.net/diseases/retractile-testicle/

  A small percentage of retractile testicles can become ascending testicles. This means the once-movable testicle becomes stuck in the „up position.” Contributing factors may be: Short spermatic cord; A problem with the normal path of a descending testicle; Scar tissue from hernia surgery. […] Retractile testicles are not associated with any ill effects, aside from a greater risk of the testicle becoming an ascending testicle.

• #54 Retractile testes should be monitored for ascent

  https://www.urologytimes.com/view/retractile-testes-should-be-monitored-ascent-0

  Dr. Stec and his colleagues concluded that secondary testicular ascent can occur in boys with retractile testes, and that this ascent is most likely to occur before the age of 5 years. They acknowledged that secondary ascent is relatively uncommon and orchiopexy is not required for the vast majority of patients with retractile testes. […] Follow-up of children with testicular abnormalities is recommended at regular intervals through puberty, researchers said.

• #55 Retractile Testis: What is it, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/retractile-testis-what-is-it-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Retractile testis is a benign and typically temporary condition in which one or both testicles can move back and forth between the scrotum and the inguinal canal. […] It is important to differentiate retractile testis from other testicular conditions through a physical examination by a healthcare professional to ensure proper diagnosis and appropriate management if needed. […] Retractile testis is generally considered a normal variation of testicular position and function and usually does not require treatment. […] Retractile testis and undescended testis are two different conditions related to the position of the testicles in the scrotum in males. […] The main difference between retractile testis and undescended testis is that retractile testis is a temporary and benign condition where the testicle can move in and out of the scrotum, while undescended testis is a congenital condition where the testicle(s) remain in an abnormal position and require medical intervention to correct.

• #56

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/undescended-testicles/treatment/

  Undescended testicles will usually move down into the scrotum naturally by the time your child is 3 to 6 months old. […] If the testicles don’t descend by 6 months, it’s very unlikely they will without treatment. […] In this case, a surgical procedure called an orchidopexy will be recommended to reposition one or both testicles. […] The operation should ideally be carried out before your child’s 12 months old. […] This is because waiting longer than this may increase a boy’s risk of developing fertility problems (infertility) or testicular cancer later in life. […] In most cases, if the testicle can be felt in the groin, a simple orchidopexy can be performed. […] If the testicle is thought to be higher in the tummy (abdomen), a type of keyhole surgery known as a laparoscopy is sometimes carried out to locate it before it’s repositioned.

• #57 Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17594-undescended-testicles

  If your childs testicles havent dropped by the time theyre 6 months old, talk to a healthcare provider about treatment. If your child needs an orchiopexy, providers recommend they get it between 12 and 24 months of age. […] If testicles dont drop into the scrotum, they may not function properly or produce healthy sperm. They can cause infertility later in life. […] Surgery to fix undescended testicles has a high success rate about 98% effective. In most cases, the testicles develop normally in the scrotum and produce healthy sperm later in life. […] Talk to your childs healthcare provider if your childs testicles havent descended after six months. After treatment to correct undescended testicles, call a provider if your child has: […] Questions you may want to ask your provider include:

• #58 Retractile testicle

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/r/retractile-testicle2/

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that may move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. When the retractile testicle is residing in the groin, it might be easily guided by hand into its proper position in the scrotum during a physical exam. […] For most boys, the problem of a retractile testicle goes away sometime before or during puberty. The testicle moves to its correct location in the scrotum and stays there permanently. […] Sometimes the retractile testicle remains in the groin and is no longer movable. When this happens, the condition is called an ascending testicle or an acquired undescended testicle. […] If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum.

• #59 Testicular Retraction: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/testicular-retraction

  Testicular retraction is a condition in which a testicle descends normally into the scrotum, but can be pulled up with an involuntary muscle contraction into the groin. […] Diagnosing testicular retraction begins with a physical examination. Your sons doctor may see that one or both of the testicles are not descended. […] If the testicle can be moved down into scrotum easily and painlessly and remain there for a time, the doctor may safely diagnose the condition as testicular retraction. […] A retractile testicle is sometimes misdiagnosed as an ascending testicle. The key difference between these two conditions is whether the testicle can be easily guided down to the scrotum. […] Monitoring a retractile testicle to see if it sometimes comes down into the scrotum may help determine if the testicle is retractile rather than ascending, which can require surgery to correct the problem.

• #60 Testicular Retraction: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/testicular-retraction

  If a retractile testicle becomes an ascending testicle, then surgery may be necessary to move the testicle into the scrotum permanently. The procedure is called orchiopexy. […] The condition may be diagnosed at three or four months of age, which is the age that the testicles usually descend if they haven’t already. It may be easier to diagnose the condition by the age of 5 or 6 years.

• #61 Undescended Testes (Maldescended and Retractile Testes)

  https://patient.info/doctor/undescended-and-maldescended-testes

  Retractile testes or testis. […] The testis may retract out of the scrotum in the cold, on examination, on excitement or on physical activity. […] It is normal and will descend when relaxed and warm, or it can be manipulated back into the scrotum. […] Retractile testes do not need any treatment but do need close follow-up until puberty, as they can become ascendant. […] Retractile testes have an increased risk of becoming an ascending or acquired undescended testis. […] It can be difficult to distinguish undescended testes from retractile testes. […] Retractile testis can usually be moved into the scrotum and will remain there until it retracts back into the groin again with a cremasteric reflex (eg, touching the inner thigh).

• #62 Diagnosing Undescended Testicles | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/undescended-testicles-in-children/diagnosis

  NYU Langone pediatric urologists, doctors who specialize in managing congenital urinary tract problems, offer expert diagnosis of undescended testicles. […] Doctors usually diagnose undescended testicles during a physical exam performed immediately after birth or shortly thereafter. […] A physical exam helps your child’s doctor rule out the presence of a retractile testicle, in which the testicle is temporarily pulled into the groin due to a muscle reflex. […] Although treatment is generally not needed, boys with a retractile testicle should have an annual examination with a pediatrician or pediatric urologist to check to see if the testicle can be brought into the scrotum. Some retractile testicles may become undescended prior to puberty, so an annual examination is needed until this time.

• #63 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.cham.org/HealthwiseArticle.aspx?id=rt1112

  At newborn and well-baby visits, your doctor will check your baby’s scrotum. […] Sometimes the doctor can’t feel the testicle at all. It could still be in the baby’s belly, it could be too small to feel, or it could be absent. The doctor may recommend a type of surgery called laparoscopy to see if he or she can find the testicle. Laparoscopy requires only a small cut below the belly button, which heals quickly. […] Some other conditions are closely related to undescended testicles, such as an ectopic or retractile testicle. In both of these conditions, the testicle is in an abnormal position in the groin or scrotum. Your doctor will take care to make the correct diagnosis so your child can get the right treatment.

• #64 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html

  If a testis cannot be palpated in the inguinal canal or the scrotum, or in ectopic sites such as the femoral region or perineum, evaluation for a nonpalpable testis must be initiated. […] Unless the presence of a testicle is clear, examination by a urologist is indicated. […] A phenotypically male newborn with bilateral nonpalpable testicles should be considered to be a genetic female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia until proved otherwise. […] An older child with bilateral non-palpable testicles should be evaluated hormonally for testicular absence. […] Serum studies should include testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS). […] Normal gonadotropin levels or detectable MIS levels warrant surgical exploration, even with a negative hCG stimulation test.

• #65 Undescended testicle: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000973.htm

  An undescended testicle that is found later in life may need to be removed. This is because the testicle is not likely to function well and could pose a risk for cancer. […] In about 50% of males with undescended testicles, the testicles cannot be found at the time of surgery. This is called a vanished or absent testis. […] Contact your child’s provider if he appears to have an undescended testicle.

• #66 Undescended testes (cryptorchidism) in children: Clinical features and evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/undescended-testes-cryptorchidism-in-children-clinical-features-and-evaluation

  Cryptorchidism is the most common congenital abnormality of the genitourinary tract. Most cryptorchid testes are undescended, but some are absent (due to agenesis or atrophy). […] The clinical features and evaluation of cryptorchidism will be discussed here. The management of undescended testes is discussed separately. […] Cryptorchidism by definition suggests a hidden testis: a testis that is not within the scrotum and does not descend spontaneously into the scrotum by four months of age (or corrected age for premature infants). Cryptorchid testes may be absent or undescended. […] True undescended testes stop short along their normal path of descent into the scrotum. They may remain in the abdominal cavity or they may be palpable in the inguinal canal (intracanalicular) or just outside the external ring (suprascrotal).

• #67 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html

  If a testis cannot be palpated in the inguinal canal or the scrotum, or in ectopic sites such as the femoral region or perineum, evaluation for a nonpalpable testis must be initiated. […] Unless the presence of a testicle is clear, examination by a urologist is indicated. […] A phenotypically male newborn with bilateral nonpalpable testicles should be considered to be a genetic female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia until proved otherwise. […] An older child with bilateral non-palpable testicles should be evaluated hormonally for testicular absence. […] Serum studies should include testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS). […] Normal gonadotropin levels or detectable MIS levels warrant surgical exploration, even with a negative hCG stimulation test.

• #68 Retractile Testicle: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16601-retractile-testicle

  In most cases, a retractile testicle will go away without treatment as your child ages usually before or during puberty. […] Theres no way to prevent a retractile testicle. But retractile testicles arent usually a cause for concern. […] The outlook for a retractile testicle is good. Most of the time, a retractile testicle goes away on its own. […] Your child should see a healthcare provider for regular physical exams to monitor their overall health and any changes in their retractile testicle. […] A retractile testicle diagnosis can trigger stress or make you feel like you did something wrong. But its OK a retractile testicle usually isnt serious and wont cause any physical pain or discomfort in your child. It usually goes away without treatment by the time your child reaches puberty.

• #69 Outbreaks, Alerts and Hot Topics: Undescended Testicles: Steps to Follow Prior to Urology Referral | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/health-care-providers/refer-or-manage-a-patient/connect-with-childrens-mercy/newsletter-the-link/link-newsletter-april-2023/outbreaks-alerts-and-hot-topics-undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) and retractile testicles are reasonably common findings in the primary care setting. The prevalence of retractile testicles in school age boys is estimated to be between 4% and 13%. […] Retractile testicles can be brought down into the scrotum by manipulation but retract into the inguinal canals by cremasteric contraction. […] To ensure that undescended testicles are properly identified, it is important to get a good scrotal exam. When testicles cannot be easily seen or palpated in the scrotum, it is helpful to assess for retractile versus undescended testicles. […] If it can and the testicle does not quickly return to the inguinal canal, then this testicle is retractile and not undescended. […] Retractile testicles are a variant of normal. […] AUA guidelines recommend yearly scrotal exams for children with retractile testicles to assess for secondary ascent. […] If the testicle cannot be manipulated into the scrotum or if it quickly returns to the inguinal canal even after an attempt to fatigue the cremasteric muscle, it is likely undescended. This condition will require further evaluation by urology.

• #70 Undescended Testes and Retractile Testes – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-urinary-tract-and-genitals/undescended-testes-and-retractile-testes

  Retractile testes (hypermobile testes) are descended testes that easily move back and forth between the scrotum and the inguinal canal. The testes retract as a reflex response to touch, temperature, fear, or laughter. Such a response is common, particularly in infants and children. Retractile testes do not lead to cancer or other complications. […] Doctors examine the testes during well-child visits to confirm they are properly positioned in the scrotum as the child grows. The testes usually stop retracting into the groin by puberty because they grow larger. […] Retractile testes do not require surgery or other treatment.

• #71 Retractile Testicle

  https://www.findatopdoc.com/Medical-Library/Diseases-and-Conditions/Retractile-Testicle

  Regular retractile testicular test is recommended to prevent progression to other conditions. Make sure to work closely with your doctor as there is no specific treatment instead regular monitoring is needed. […] There are several risks and complications associated with retractile testicle. […] Boys with retractile testicles are at a greater risk of developing ascending testicle. An ascending testicle, if not treated, is vulnerable to the same risks associated with an retractile testicle.

• #72 Retractile testes should be monitored for ascent

  https://www.urologytimes.com/view/retractile-testes-should-be-monitored-ascent-0

  Retractile testes should be monitored for ascent. The diagnosis of ascent is becoming more commonplace, and therefore, boys with questionable testicular exams should have follow-up through adolescence, according to researchers from the Vanderbilt University Children’s Hospital, Nashville, TN. […] Secondary testicular ascent is becoming more commonly diagnosed. It is occurring in children whose testicular exams were previously considered a variant of normal. In our opinion, a pediatric urology practice should follow any child with even a questionable testicular exam through puberty. […] Researchers identified 274 retractile testes in the patient population. Of these, 19 testes (6.9%) in 16 patients were ascended and required orchidopexy within 6 to 101 months from the time of their initial diagnosis with retractile testes.

• #73 Retractile testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retractile-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377203

  If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum. […] If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and won’t immediately move up again. […] A primary healthcare professional usually can diagnose a retractile testicle. However, if there is any question about the diagnosis or need for immediate treatment, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary disorders and problems with male genitals in children, called a pediatric urologist.

• #74 Retractile testicle | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/retractile-testicle

  If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum. […] If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and won’t immediately move up again. […] Retractile testicles don’t require surgery or other treatment. A retractile testicle is likely to descend on its own before or during puberty. If your son has a retractile testicle, a healthcare professional will monitor any changes in the testicle’s position in annual evaluations to determine if it stays in the scrotum, remains retractile or becomes an ascending testicle. […] A primary healthcare professional usually can diagnose a retractile testicle. However, if there is any question about the diagnosis or need for immediate treatment, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary disorders and problems with male genitals in children, called a pediatric urologist.

• #75 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis (UDT) is one of the most common pediatric disorders of the male endocrine glands and the most common genital disorder identified at birth. This clinical guideline discusses diagnosis and treatment to prevent future risks, including impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion and/or associated inguinal hernia. […] The purpose of this guideline is to provide physicians and non-physician providers (primary care and specialists) with a consensus of principles and treatment plans for the management of cryptorchidism. […] Providers should obtain gestational history at initial evaluation of boys with suspected cryptorchidism. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should refer infants with a history of cryptorchidism (detected at birth) who do not have spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age) to an appropriate surgical specialist for timely evaluation. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)

• #76 Retractile testicle – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retractile-testicle/symptoms-causes/syc-20377197

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that may move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. […] During regular well-baby checkups and annual childhood checkups, a healthcare professional will examine the testicles to determine if they’re descended and appropriately developed. […] If you believe that your son has a retractile or ascending testicle or have other concerns about the development of his testicles see his care professional. […] If the cremaster reflex is strong enough, it can result in a retractile testicle, pulling the testicle out of the scrotum and up into the groin. […] Retractile testicles are generally not associated with complications, aside from a greater risk of the testicle becoming an ascending testicle.

• #77 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  Retractile testis can be brought all the way into the scrotum without tension but retracts back to an inguinal position after a variable period. It is a normal variant. The cremaster muscle contracts to control the temperature of the testis, retracting it to the body when environmental temperature changes. When androgen levels are high at birth and at 36 months, the cremaster muscle is more relaxed. When androgen levels decrease after this, the muscle has a greater tendency to contract, causing retractile testes. […] Ask parents if the testis has ever been in the scrotum. Retractile testes often descend during a warm bath. […] A well-developed hemiscrotum usually indicates an ascending or retractile testis.

• #78 Undescended testicles | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/undescended-testicles

  Undescended testicles are diagnosed at three months of age if the testicle has failed to descend into the scrotum by that time. Undescended testicles are diagnosed by physical examination. In some cases, the missing testicle can be felt in the lower abdomen. […] Your child’s GP should check him for acquired undescended testicles around the time that he starts school. However, this condition can occur later in childhood, up to around 10 years of age. If you think that your child’s testes may have moved back into his groin (for example, if you cannot see his testes in his scrotum when he is in a warm bath, or if he cannot detect them himself), see a GP.

• #79

  https://childrenswi.org/publications/teaching-sheet/urology/1686-retractile-testicle

  A testicle that may move up in the groin is a retractile testicle. It can be brought down into the scrotum and stay there. […] A strong cremasteric reflex can cause retractile testicles. […] In some boys, the reflex is very strong. It may be happen from temperature changes or feeling stress and worry. It is more common between birth and 10 years old. […] You might notice that one or both of your childs testicles are not in his scrotum. […] The provider wants to make sure the testicle stays permanently down in the scrotum. […] Your child’s provider will check your child in different positions. […] Your child will have checkups to monitor the retractile testicle. […] Retractile testicles are not the same as undescended testicles. […] Retractile testicles do not have risks like cancer or issues with fertility.

• #80 Retractile Testicle: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16601-retractile-testicle

  In most cases, a retractile testicle will go away without treatment as your child ages usually before or during puberty. […] Theres no way to prevent a retractile testicle. But retractile testicles arent usually a cause for concern. […] The outlook for a retractile testicle is good. Most of the time, a retractile testicle goes away on its own. […] Your child should see a healthcare provider for regular physical exams to monitor their overall health and any changes in their retractile testicle. […] A retractile testicle diagnosis can trigger stress or make you feel like you did something wrong. But its OK a retractile testicle usually isnt serious and wont cause any physical pain or discomfort in your child. It usually goes away without treatment by the time your child reaches puberty.

• #81 Retractile Testicle: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/retractile-testicle

  The management and treatment of retractile testicles often involve observation and reassurance for patients and their parents or caregivers. […] Surgical interventions can be effective in treating retractile testicles. […] Hormone therapy can be used in some cases to treat retractile testicles. […] As with any medical intervention, there are potential risks and complications associated with the management and treatment of retractile testicles. […] The frequency of follow-up care needed after undergoing treatment for retractile testicles will depend on the individual patient`s situation. […] The prognosis for a retractile testicle is generally good, as it usually does not pose a significant health risk or affect fertility. […] In most cases, retractile testicles resolve on their own without medical intervention. […] The age of the patient can impact the prognosis of a retractile testicle. […] Several factors can affect the likelihood of recurrence of a retractile testicle after treatment.

• #82 Undescended Testes and Retractile Testes – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-urinary-tract-and-genitals/undescended-testes-and-retractile-testes

  Retractile testes (hypermobile testes) are descended testes that easily move back and forth between the scrotum and the inguinal canal. The testes retract as a reflex response to touch, temperature, fear, or laughter. Such a response is common, particularly in infants and children. Retractile testes do not lead to cancer or other complications. […] Doctors examine the testes during well-child visits to confirm they are properly positioned in the scrotum as the child grows. The testes usually stop retracting into the groin by puberty because they grow larger. […] Retractile testes do not require surgery or other treatment.

• #83 Undescended and Retractile Testicles – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/urology/undescended-retractile-testicles

  At the University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children’s Hospital, our experienced team provides expert care and treatment for children with undescended or retractile testicles. […] Retractile testicles are testes that sometimes move between the scrotum and the groin. This movement is caused by a hyperactive muscle called the cremaster muscle. This condition is common, affecting about 80% of boys between ages one and 11. […] In 90% of children with retractile testicles, the testis will descend on their own and stay in the scrotum during puberty. A yearly testicular exam with your child’s doctor is important during this time. In some cases, retractile testis become undescended testicles and surgery is needed.

• #84 Retractile testicle

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/r/retractile-testicle2/

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that may move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. When the retractile testicle is residing in the groin, it might be easily guided by hand into its proper position in the scrotum during a physical exam. […] For most boys, the problem of a retractile testicle goes away sometime before or during puberty. The testicle moves to its correct location in the scrotum and stays there permanently. […] Sometimes the retractile testicle remains in the groin and is no longer movable. When this happens, the condition is called an ascending testicle or an acquired undescended testicle. […] If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum.

• #85 Retractile testis–is it really a normal variant? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16516034/

  Retractile testes are thought to represent a normal variant of descended testes in prepubertal boys. […] A retractile testis is not a normal variant. Retractile testes have a 32% risk of becoming an ascending or acquired undescended testis. The risk is higher in boys younger than 7 years old, or when the spermatic cord seems tight or inelastic. Boys with retractile testes should be monitored annually until the testes have clearly descended.

• #86 SciELO Brazil – Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies? Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/QrM6q9PWQnNQZRwyp5WgFPH/?lang=en

  Retractile testis is not a normal variant with a significant risk of patent processus vaginalis and epididymal anomalies. […] The objective of the present study was to assess the incidence of anatomical anomalies in patients with retractile testes. […] When we compared the incidence of EAs and PV patency we observed a significantly higher prevalence of these anomalies in retractile testes (p=0.0116). […] In our sample, in which surgery was performed on 28 retractile testes, we found processus vaginalis patency in 21.4% of the cases. These findings confirm that the chance of patients with retractile testis presenting patent processus vaginalis is not negligible. […] The rate of epididymal anomalies in patients with retractile testis is not well defined in the literature. In our sample, we observed that 14% of the patients with retractile testis submitted to orchiopexy presented epididymal anomalies. […] This article presents the first description in the literature of the presence of epididymal anomalies associated with retractile testes.

• #87

  https://childrenswi.org/publications/teaching-sheet/urology/1686-retractile-testicle

  A testicle that may move up in the groin is a retractile testicle. It can be brought down into the scrotum and stay there. […] A strong cremasteric reflex can cause retractile testicles. […] In some boys, the reflex is very strong. It may be happen from temperature changes or feeling stress and worry. It is more common between birth and 10 years old. […] You might notice that one or both of your childs testicles are not in his scrotum. […] The provider wants to make sure the testicle stays permanently down in the scrotum. […] Your child’s provider will check your child in different positions. […] Your child will have checkups to monitor the retractile testicle. […] Retractile testicles are not the same as undescended testicles. […] Retractile testicles do not have risks like cancer or issues with fertility.

• #88 Retractile Testicle

  https://www.findatopdoc.com/Medical-Library/Diseases-and-Conditions/Retractile-Testicle

  Regular retractile testicular test is recommended to prevent progression to other conditions. Make sure to work closely with your doctor as there is no specific treatment instead regular monitoring is needed. […] There are several risks and complications associated with retractile testicle. […] Boys with retractile testicles are at a greater risk of developing ascending testicle. An ascending testicle, if not treated, is vulnerable to the same risks associated with an retractile testicle.

• #89 Does Retractile Testis Cause Any Health Issues?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/mens-health/retractile-testis

  An untreated retractile testicle can be a concern. Especially in married men, as this can interfere with fertility. […] Surgery is conducted by separating the testicles from the spermatic cord. This spermatic cord protects the testicles from surrounding tissue in the groin. The testicle is inserted back into the scrotum. This surgical procedure is known as orchiopexy. […] In most cases, retractile testis resolve on its own. If the testicles remain dropped inside the scrotum, further surgical intervention is required. […] Certain studies have pointed out that bilateral retractile testis can cause infertility. It affects sperm mobility and causes infertility.

• #90 Cryptorchidism: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438378-overview

  Although not truly undescended, these testes may be suprascrotal secondary to an active cremasteric reflex. […] Therefore, children with retractile testes should be monitored regularly, at least until puberty. […] Treatment considerations with respect to fertility include the following: Impairment of germ cell maturation is a well-recognized consequence of cryptorchidism. […] Early reposition of the testis into the scrotum has been a mainstay of treatment to reduce the risk of infertility; however, even with successful orchidopexy at age 6-12 months, 20-25% of boys with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism have compromised fertility potential. […] Males with undescended testis are 40 times as likely to develop testicular cancer as males without undescended testis. […] Prepubertal orchiopexy reduces this risk.

• #91 Undescended testicles and treatment

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/undescended-testicle

  An undescended testicle means the testis has not lowered into the scrotum. […] If your child’s testicles have not descended by this time, surgery is advised to correct the issue. […] The operation to correct undescended testicles is called an orchidopexy. […] Undescended testicles are diagnosed by physical exam by a health-care provider. […] An ultrasound of the testicles is not routinely required to diagnose undescended testicles but may be requested at the discretion of your child’s health-care team. […] If the testicle has not descended on its own by three or four months of age, your child may need surgery (orchidopexy). […] Orchidopexy is an operation to lower the testicles into the scrotum. […] An undescended testicle may be too warm to produce healthy sperm. […] An undescended testicle also cannot be easily felt or palpated. […] Your child will be scheduled for routine assessment approximately three months after orchidopexy surgery. […] There is a risk of the testes twisting or rising back up even after orchidopexy surgery is completed.

• #92 SciELO Brazil – Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies? Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/QrM6q9PWQnNQZRwyp5WgFPH/?lang=en

  Retractile testis is not a normal variant with a significant risk of patent processus vaginalis and epididymal anomalies. […] The objective of the present study was to assess the incidence of anatomical anomalies in patients with retractile testes. […] When we compared the incidence of EAs and PV patency we observed a significantly higher prevalence of these anomalies in retractile testes (p=0.0116). […] In our sample, in which surgery was performed on 28 retractile testes, we found processus vaginalis patency in 21.4% of the cases. These findings confirm that the chance of patients with retractile testis presenting patent processus vaginalis is not negligible. […] The rate of epididymal anomalies in patients with retractile testis is not well defined in the literature. In our sample, we observed that 14% of the patients with retractile testis submitted to orchiopexy presented epididymal anomalies. […] This article presents the first description in the literature of the presence of epididymal anomalies associated with retractile testes.

• #93 Retractile Testis: What is it, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/retractile-testis-what-is-it-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Retractile testis is a benign and typically temporary condition in which one or both testicles can move back and forth between the scrotum and the inguinal canal. […] It is important to differentiate retractile testis from other testicular conditions through a physical examination by a healthcare professional to ensure proper diagnosis and appropriate management if needed. […] Retractile testis is generally considered a normal variation of testicular position and function and usually does not require treatment. […] Retractile testis and undescended testis are two different conditions related to the position of the testicles in the scrotum in males. […] The main difference between retractile testis and undescended testis is that retractile testis is a temporary and benign condition where the testicle can move in and out of the scrotum, while undescended testis is a congenital condition where the testicle(s) remain in an abnormal position and require medical intervention to correct.

• #94 Does Retractile Testis Cause Any Health Issues?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/mens-health/retractile-testis

  A retractile testicle is one that moves between the groin and the scrotum (the sac underneath the penis). […] How Is a Retractile Testicle Diagnosed? […] The physical examination is the first step in diagnosing testicular retraction. The physician may notice that one or both testicles are undescended. […] Suppose the testicle can be readily and painlessly pulled down into the scrotum and remain there for an extended period. In that case, the doctor may safely classify the condition as a testicular retraction. […] If a retractile testicle becomes an ascending testicle, surgery may be required to permanently relocate the testicle into the scrotum. Orchiopexy is the term used to describe the operation. […] A recent study done in Karachi, Pakistan, between the age group of 18 to 40 years, reveals that bilateral retractile testis could be a risk factor for infertility due to retraction affecting sperm motility.

• #95 Retractile Testicle – Doç. Dr. Arif Demirbaş

  https://www.drarifdemirbas.com/en/retractile-testicle

  There is not enough scientific data to show that shy testicle impairs spermatogenesis (sperm production) like other types of undescended testicles. However, it is thought that shy testicles that are not monitored well and not intervened in time may also cause infertility. […] If you think your child has shy or undescended testicles, you should definitely consult a urologist. Undescended or shy testicle is a pathology that should not be neglected, although its treatment is simple and its consequences can be serious.

• #96 Does Retractile Testis Cause Any Health Issues?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/mens-health/retractile-testis

  An untreated retractile testicle can be a concern. Especially in married men, as this can interfere with fertility. […] Surgery is conducted by separating the testicles from the spermatic cord. This spermatic cord protects the testicles from surrounding tissue in the groin. The testicle is inserted back into the scrotum. This surgical procedure is known as orchiopexy. […] In most cases, retractile testis resolve on its own. If the testicles remain dropped inside the scrotum, further surgical intervention is required. […] Certain studies have pointed out that bilateral retractile testis can cause infertility. It affects sperm mobility and causes infertility.

• #97 Retractile Testicles | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/retractile-testicles

  Retractile testicle is diagnosed with a physical exam. […] A physical exam performed by your child’s medical team will confirm the diagnosis. […] As long as the testicle can be easily guided into the scrotum and remain there independently, without tension, the testicles are considered retractile.

• #98 Retractile Testicles: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/retractile-testicles/

  A retractile testicle diagnosis is confirmed by a urologist in adults or pediatrician in children. It is diagnosed through a physical exam of the scrotum and testicles. […] Further testing is generally not required to confirm a retractile testicle diagnosis.

• #99 Retractile testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retractile-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377203

  If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum. […] If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and won’t immediately move up again. […] A primary healthcare professional usually can diagnose a retractile testicle. However, if there is any question about the diagnosis or need for immediate treatment, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary disorders and problems with male genitals in children, called a pediatric urologist.

• #100 Retractile testicle | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/retractile-testicle

  A retractile testicle is a testicle that may move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. […] If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum. […] If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and won’t immediately move up again.

• #101 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Providers should not perform ultrasound (US) or other imaging modalities in the evaluation of boys with cryptorchidism prior to referral as these studies rarely assist in decision making. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] In boys with retractile testes, providers should assess the position of the testes at least annually to monitor for secondary ascent. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)

• #102 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the single most common genitourinary disease in male neonates. If the testes do not descend by 6 months of age, the probability of spontaneous descent thereafter is low. International guidelines do not recommend ultrasonography or other diagnostic imaging because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment. A timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction are the most important factors for decreasing infertility and testicular cancer rates. The external genitalia must be inspected thoroughly, especially in patients whose bilateral testes are not palpable. Diagnostic exploratory laparoscopy is recommended to identify impalpable undescended testis, which is the gold standard with great sensitivity and specificity. The use of ultrasonography and other diagnostic imaging techniques is not recommended because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment.

• #103 Retractile testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retractile-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377203

  If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it’s located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum. […] If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and won’t immediately move up again. […] A primary healthcare professional usually can diagnose a retractile testicle. However, if there is any question about the diagnosis or need for immediate treatment, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary disorders and problems with male genitals in children, called a pediatric urologist.

• #104 Retractile testis–is it really a normal variant? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16516034/

  Retractile testes are thought to represent a normal variant of descended testes in prepubertal boys. […] A retractile testis is not a normal variant. Retractile testes have a 32% risk of becoming an ascending or acquired undescended testis. The risk is higher in boys younger than 7 years old, or when the spermatic cord seems tight or inelastic. Boys with retractile testes should be monitored annually until the testes have clearly descended.

• #105 Retractile testes should be monitored for ascent

  https://www.urologytimes.com/view/retractile-testes-should-be-monitored-ascent-0

  Retractile testes should be monitored for ascent. The diagnosis of ascent is becoming more commonplace, and therefore, boys with questionable testicular exams should have follow-up through adolescence, according to researchers from the Vanderbilt University Children’s Hospital, Nashville, TN. […] Secondary testicular ascent is becoming more commonly diagnosed. It is occurring in children whose testicular exams were previously considered a variant of normal. In our opinion, a pediatric urology practice should follow any child with even a questionable testicular exam through puberty. […] Researchers identified 274 retractile testes in the patient population. Of these, 19 testes (6.9%) in 16 patients were ascended and required orchidopexy within 6 to 101 months from the time of their initial diagnosis with retractile testes.

• #106 Outbreaks, Alerts and Hot Topics: Undescended Testicles: Steps to Follow Prior to Urology Referral | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/health-care-providers/refer-or-manage-a-patient/connect-with-childrens-mercy/newsletter-the-link/link-newsletter-april-2023/outbreaks-alerts-and-hot-topics-undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) and retractile testicles are reasonably common findings in the primary care setting. The prevalence of retractile testicles in school age boys is estimated to be between 4% and 13%. […] Retractile testicles can be brought down into the scrotum by manipulation but retract into the inguinal canals by cremasteric contraction. […] To ensure that undescended testicles are properly identified, it is important to get a good scrotal exam. When testicles cannot be easily seen or palpated in the scrotum, it is helpful to assess for retractile versus undescended testicles. […] If it can and the testicle does not quickly return to the inguinal canal, then this testicle is retractile and not undescended. […] Retractile testicles are a variant of normal. […] AUA guidelines recommend yearly scrotal exams for children with retractile testicles to assess for secondary ascent. […] If the testicle cannot be manipulated into the scrotum or if it quickly returns to the inguinal canal even after an attempt to fatigue the cremasteric muscle, it is likely undescended. This condition will require further evaluation by urology.

• #107 SciELO Brazil – Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies? Do retractile testes have anatomical anomalies?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/QrM6q9PWQnNQZRwyp5WgFPH/?lang=en

  Retractile testis is not a normal variant with a significant risk of patent processus vaginalis and epididymal anomalies. […] The objective of the present study was to assess the incidence of anatomical anomalies in patients with retractile testes. […] When we compared the incidence of EAs and PV patency we observed a significantly higher prevalence of these anomalies in retractile testes (p=0.0116). […] In our sample, in which surgery was performed on 28 retractile testes, we found processus vaginalis patency in 21.4% of the cases. These findings confirm that the chance of patients with retractile testis presenting patent processus vaginalis is not negligible. […] The rate of epididymal anomalies in patients with retractile testis is not well defined in the literature. In our sample, we observed that 14% of the patients with retractile testis submitted to orchiopexy presented epididymal anomalies. […] This article presents the first description in the literature of the presence of epididymal anomalies associated with retractile testes.

• #108 Does Retractile Testis Cause Any Health Issues?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/mens-health/retractile-testis

  A retractile testicle is one that moves between the groin and the scrotum (the sac underneath the penis). […] How Is a Retractile Testicle Diagnosed? […] The physical examination is the first step in diagnosing testicular retraction. The physician may notice that one or both testicles are undescended. […] Suppose the testicle can be readily and painlessly pulled down into the scrotum and remain there for an extended period. In that case, the doctor may safely classify the condition as a testicular retraction. […] If a retractile testicle becomes an ascending testicle, surgery may be required to permanently relocate the testicle into the scrotum. Orchiopexy is the term used to describe the operation. […] A recent study done in Karachi, Pakistan, between the age group of 18 to 40 years, reveals that bilateral retractile testis could be a risk factor for infertility due to retraction affecting sperm motility.

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