Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Helicobacter Pylori – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534233/

  H. pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that can infect humans. It is often found in the stomach of affected individuals and causes inflammation and ulceration. […] H. pylori is the most important cause for chronic or atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric lymphoma, and gastric carcinoma; however, these complications are less often seen in children and adolescents compared to adults. […] H. pylori infection is usually acquired in early childhood and persists in the absence of treatment. […] Transmission of H. pylori can occur via the fecal-oral, gastric-oral, oral-oral, or sexual routes. A major risk factor for a higher prevalence of infection is lower socioeconomic status. […] H. pylori, a group 1 carcinogen can lead to gastric adenocarcinoma through a sequence of pathology starting from gastritis = atrophy = intestinal metaplasia = dysplasia = carcinoma. In patients with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, H. pylori has been seen in more than 75% of cases. […] H. pylori testing is recommended in children having first-degree relatives with gastric cancer.

• #1 Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176938-overview

  Helicobacter pylori (see the image below) is a ubiquitous organism that is present in about 50% of the global population. Chronic infection with H pylori causes atrophic and even metaplastic changes in the stomach, and it has a known association with peptic ulcer disease. […] The most common route of H pylori infection is either oral-to-oral or fecal-to-oral contact. […] H pylori infection causes atrophic and even metaplastic changes in the stomach. […] The bacterial adhesion appears to result in tyrosine phosphorylation and is specific for gastric cells. […] The adhesion of H pylori to the gastric cells causes a direct decrease in the mucosal levels of glutathione, a fundamental molecule in the maintenance of the cellular redox status and in the molecular regulation of host immune responses. However, the LPS of H pylori may induce the production of autoantibodies that are able to worsen the atrophy in the corpus mucosa and cause a concomitant increase in parietal cell antibodies. Such events are accompanied by a decrease in anti-H pylori immunoglobulin titers. This process leads to a scenario of severe atrophy without bacterial colonization combined with high levels of autoantibodies against gastric parietal cells. […] A number of reports show the close association between H pylori infection and low-grade gastric MALTomas. […] Giannakis and colleagues demonstrated that H pylori may adapt to gastric stem cells, influencing their biology and contributing to tumorigenesis of the stomach.

• #1 H. Pylori Infection: How Do You Get, Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21463-h-pylori-infection

  H. pylori multiply in the mucus layer of the stomach lining and duodenum. The bacteria secrete an enzyme called urease that converts urea to ammonia. This ammonia protects the bacteria from stomach acid. As H. pylori multiply, it eats into stomach tissue, which leads to gastritis and/or gastric ulcer. […] H. pylori-caused ulcers are treated with a combination of antibiotics and an acid-reducing proton pump inhibitor. […] You can lower your risk of H. pylori infection if you: Drink clean water and use clean water during food preparation. (This is especially important if you live in areas of the world known to have a contaminated water supply.) […] If your child follows the treatment plan and takes all medication to its completion, the chance that an infection would return within three years is less than 10%.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori

  Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, flagellated, helical bacterium. […] The bacterium was first identified as the causal agent of gastric ulcers in 1983 by Australian physician-scientists Barry Marshall and Robin Warren. […] Infection of the stomach with H. pylori does not necessarily cause illness: over half of the global population is infected, but most individuals are asymptomatic. […] Persistent colonization with more virulent strains can induce a number of gastric and non-gastric disorders. […] Gastric disorders due to infection begin with gastritis, or inflammation of the stomach lining. […] Helicobacter pylori are class 1 carcinogenic bacteria, and potential cancers include gastric MALT lymphoma and gastric cancer.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/symptoms-causes/syc-20356171

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection occurs when Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria infect your stomach. This usually happens during childhood. A common cause of stomach ulcers (peptic ulcers), H. pylori infection may be present in more than half the people in the world. […] H. pylori infection occurs when H. pylori bacteria infect your stomach. H. pylori bacteria are usually passed from person to person through direct contact with saliva, vomit or stool. H. pylori may also be spread through contaminated food or water. The exact way H. pylori bacteria causes gastritis or a peptic ulcer in some people is still unknown.

• #1 H. Pylori Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/helicobacter-pylori

  Although rare, H. pylori infections may increase your risk of developing stomach cancer. This is due to chronic inflammation caused by the infection. […] Its still not known exactly how H. pylori infections are transmitted. The bacteria has coexisted with humans for thousands of years. […] That said, infections are thought to be transmitted in several ways: Oral to oral: This may be transmitted through saliva from one persons mouth to another, such as by kissing. Fecal to oral: Coming into contact with vomit or stool, such as if you dont wash your hands thoroughly after using the bathroom. Contaminated water and food: Food and water may be contaminated with feces or other bacteria in unhygienic environments. […] Children are more likely to develop an H. pylori infection than adults. This is largely because children may not always practice proper hygiene.

• #1 Is Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) Bacteria Contagious?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/helicobacter_pylori_h_pylori_infection_causes/article.htm

  H. pylori H. pylori is considered to be contagious and passed from person to person by saliva, fecal contamination, and poor hygiene practices. […] H. pylori is considered to be contagious and passed from person to person by: Saliva, Fecal contamination (in food or water), Poor hygiene practices. […] The organisms are considered to be a major cause of both stomach and small intestine (duodenal) ulcers, and understanding their contagious nature is essential for public health efforts aimed at reducing the prevalence of H. pylori infection. […] Yes, H. pylori bacteria are contagious and can be transmitted between individuals through oral-oral and fecal-oral routes, particularly in environments with poor sanitation and hygiene. […] Researchers speculate that the majority of individuals who are colonized and/or infected with H. pylori are likely infected through the mouth (fecal-oral route) during their childhood.

• #1 H. Pylori | Helicobacter Pylori Infections | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/helicobacterpyloriinfections.html

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that causes infection in the stomach. It is the main cause of peptic ulcers, and it can also cause gastritis and stomach cancer. […] About 30 to 40% of people in the United States get an H. pylori infection. Most people get it as a child. H. pylori usually does not cause symptoms. But it can break down the inner protective coating in some people’s stomachs and cause inflammation. This can lead to gastritis or a peptic ulcer. […] Researchers aren’t sure how H. pylori spreads. They think that it may spread by unclean food and water, or through contact with an infected person’s saliva and other body fluids. […] There is no vaccine for H. pylori. Since H. pylori might spread through unclean food and water, you might be able to prevent it if you: Wash your hands after using the bathroom and before eating, Eat properly prepared food, Drink water from a clean, safe source.

• #1 H. Pylori Infection: How Do You Get, Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21463-h-pylori-infection

  H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) are bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine). Its the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori can also inflame and irritate the stomach lining (gastritis). Untreated, long-term H. pylori infection can lead to stomach cancer (rarely). […] H. pylori bacteria are present in some 50% to 75% of the worlds population. It does not cause illness in most people. H. pylori infection mostly occurs in children. Its more common in developing countries. In the U.S., H. pylori bacteria are found in about 5% of children under the age of 10. Infection is most likely to occur in children who live in crowded conditions and areas with poor sanitation. […] If you have an H. pylori infection, you have an increased risk for stomach cancer later in life.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/helicobacter-pylori/

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are bacteria, a type of germ, which lives in the sticky mucus that lines the stomach. About 40% of people in the UK have Helicobacter pylori in their stomach so it is very common and in the approximately 8 to 9 out of 10 people who have it, does not cause any problems. […] It is not clear exactly how Helicobacter pylori is passed from one person to another, and why only some people with the infection go on to develop ulcers. […] People who do have Helicobacter pylori almost always catch it in childhood, probably from other children. […] Helicobacter pylori is actually becoming less common and nowadays it is unusual for children to catch it, even if someone else in the family has it. […] We now know that treating Helicobacter pylori not only helps ulcers to heal but, more importantly, it greatly reduces the risk of ulcer recurrence and all doctors are agreed that patients with Helicobacter pylori should have treatment for the infection if they have, or ever have had, an ulcer. […] Although Helicobacter pylori is the cause of most ulcers, others may occur as a result of regular use of certain pain killers such as aspirin or ibuprofen as well as many drugs prescribed for other conditions.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori Infection Causes – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/helicobacter-pylori-infection-causes/

  Helicobacter pylori infection is a top cause of peptic ulcers and gastritis. It is affected by genes, environment, and how we live. It is key to know these risk factors to fight and avoid this health problem. […] Studies show genes can make someone more likely to get an H. pylori infection. How your body fights certain genes, like IL-1 and IL-10, affects this. So, it influences if you might get sick. […] Things around you can also up the risk of getting H. pylori. Bad sanitation, dirty water, and living too close to each other in poorer countries are big factors. Also, being very near family or friends can spread the sickness. […] Your daily habits and what you eat make a big difference. Eating or handling food badly can increase your risk. Also, diets with too much salt and processed stuff can hurt your stomach, making a good place for the bacteria to live.

• #1 Pediatric Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/929452-overview

  Crowding and poor personal hygiene may also play a role. […] An increased prevalence of H pylori infection is noted in developing countries. This may reflect the combined effects of poor living conditions, poor hygiene, and crowding. […] In the United States, socioeconomic level is strongly and inversely related to the prevalence of H pylori infection, a finding that may also reflect the same factors as those noted in developing countries. […] Bacterial factors may play a role in the clinical manifestations of H pylori infection. […] Host factors may play a role in the acquisition of H pylori infection. […] H pylori isolates are found more often in personnel who work in the endoscopy suite than in the general population.

• #1 Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/hospitals-near-me/gurugram-hospital/speciality/gi-surgery/disease/helicobacter-pylori-bacteria-symptoms-causes-stages-treatement

  H. pylori infection is more common in developing countries, where sanitation and hygiene may be poor, and access to clean water may be limited. […] Certain factors may increase the risk of H. pylori infection symptoms, including living in crowded or unsanitary conditions, weakened immune systems, and consuming food or water contaminated with bacteria. […] H. pylori infection symptoms are not typically spread through casual contacts, such as shaking hands or hugging, and it is not typically spread through sexual contact. […] H. pylori infection has been linked to several diseases, including stomach cancer and peptic ulcers. […] Inadequate sanitation and hygiene: In underdeveloped nations, poor sanitation and hygiene might raise the risk of H. pylori infection. […] Consuming tainted food or water: H. pylori can spread through the consumption of tainted food or water, especially in regions where the illness is more prevalent.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/helicobacter-pylori

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacterium that can live in the lining of the stomach. […] H. pylori can cause stomach inflammation (gastritis) and more serious conditions such as stomach ulcers and stomach cancer. […] It is not fully understood how people get infected with H. pylori. Most people become infected as children, but you can also be infected as an adult. […] H. pylori is mostly transmitted through close contact with family members, or in day care centres. […] High-density living, poor sanitation and poor hygiene all increase the risk of getting H. pylori. […] H. pylori also increases the risk of certain stomach cancers. […] H. pylori infection leads to most cases of an uncommon disease called gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.

• #1 What Is H. Pylori? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/h-pylori/

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that can cause an infection in your stomach. […] It is now understood that H. pylori bacteria cause up to 80 percent of gastric ulcers. […] Research shows that you can become infected with the bacteria by consuming contaminated food or water. H. pylori may also spread through contact with an infected person’s saliva, vomit, or fecal matter. […] Some factors may increase your risk of developing an H. pylori infection: Sharing a crowded living space, Living in a developing country, Not having access to clean water, Living with someone who has H. pylori. […] H. pylori can lead to complications, including ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer. […] H. pylori causes more than 90 percent of intestinal ulcers and up to 80 percent of stomach ulcers.

• #1 H. Pylori (Helicobacter pylori) — No Stomach For Cancer

  https://nostomachforcancer.org/about-stomach-cancer/risks-genetics-prevention-of-stomach-cancer/h-pylori-helicobacter-pylori/

  H. pylori is a bacteria that infects the stomach lining in humans. It is a common cause of peptic ulcers and is strongly associated with stomach cancer. […] H. pylori infection is a strong risk factor for certain types of stomach cancer (non-cardia). […] There is an association between long-term infection with H. pylori and the development of gastric cancer. Globally, 80% of the 1 million new cases annually are attributed to the treatable infection. […] The most common route of H pylori infection is either oral-to-oral or fecal-to-oral contact. Some evidence points to transmission from contaminated food or water. […] Living with someone who has an H. pylori infection increases the risk of infection. […] Living in crowded and unsanitary conditions without a reliable supply of clean water increases the risk of H. pylori infection. […] Helicobacter pylori bacteria are present in contaminated food and water. Therefore, avoiding these sources (e.g., floodwater, raw sewage.) is important.

• #1 Patient education: Helicobacter pylori infection and treatment (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/helicobacter-pylori-infection-and-treatment-beyond-the-basics

  In the United States and other developed countries, infection with H. pylori is unusual during childhood but becomes more common during adulthood. However, in resource-limited countries, most children are infected with H. pylori before age 10. […] Most individuals with chronic gastritis or duodenitis caused by H. pylori have no symptoms. However, approximately 5 to 10 percent of people develop more serious problems, including stomach or duodenal ulcers and, rarely, tumors of the stomach. […] Less commonly, chronic gastritis causes abnormal changes in the stomach lining, which can lead to certain forms of cancer. It is uncommon to develop cancer as a result of H. pylori infection. Nevertheless, because so many people in the world are infected with H. pylori, it is considered to be an important cause of stomach cancer. People who live in countries in which H. pylori infection occurs at an early age are at greatest risk of stomach cancer.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11558793/

  Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic gastritis, which can progress to severe gastroduodenal pathologies, including peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. […] H. pylori is usually transmitted in childhood and persists for life if untreated. […] The pathophysiology of H. pylori infection is dependent on complex bacterial virulence mechanisms and their interaction with the host immune system and environmental factors, resulting in distinct gastritis phenotypes that determine possible progression to different gastroduodenal pathologies. […] The causative role of H. pylori infection in gastric cancer development presents the opportunity for preventive screen-and-treat strategies. […] H. pylori infection is an important causal factor of gastric cancer, duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer.

• #1 Disease – Helicobacter pylori infection

  https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&isarticlelink=false&pid=1&gid=007715&site=makatimed.adam.com&login=MAKA1603

  Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach. H pylori infection is the most common cause of peptic ulcers. […] H pylori bacteria are most likely passed directly from person to person. The infection remains throughout life if not treated. […] The bacteria may trigger ulcers in the following way: H pylori enters the mucus layer of the stomach and attaches to the stomach lining. H pylori cause the stomach to produce more stomach acid. This damages the stomach lining, leading to ulcers in some people. […] H pylori can also sometimes lead to stomach cancer or a rare type of stomach lymphoma. […] A chronic infection with H pylori may lead to: Peptic ulcer disease, Chronic inflammation, Gastric and upper intestine ulcers, Stomach cancer, Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.

• #1 Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/9/4/66

  The pathogenicity of H. pylori and bacterial factors, including urease, VacA, CagA, and peptidoglycan outer membrane proteins (BabA, OipA, SabA), affect gastric epithelial cells. […] The risk factors of gastric cancer, which is the fifth leading type of cancer worldwide and the third cause of death linked to cancer worldwide, include H. pylori infection, age, high salt consumption, and low consumption of fruit and vegetables. […] The noteworthy point in the studies is that a high salt food intake increases CagA levels in H. pylori and thus promotes infection. […] The eradication of H. pylori may reduce the risk of gastric cancer, and studies have confirmed that it can reduce the occurrence of gastric cancer, including in those at highest risk. […] Most cases of peptic ulcer disease are thought to be associated with H. pylori infection, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or both.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori

  Infection with H. pylori is responsible for an estimated 89% of all gastric cancers and is linked to the development of 5.5% of all cases cancers worldwide. […] H. pylori is the only bacterium known to cause cancer. […] Chronic gastritis may lead to atrophy of the stomach lining, and the development of peptic ulcers (gastric or duodenal). […] H. pylori infection is associated with epigenetically reduced efficiency of the DNA repair machinery, which favors the accumulation of mutations and genomic instability as well as gastric carcinogenesis. […] The virulence of H. pylori may be increased by genes of the cag pathogenicity island; about 50-70% of H. pylori strains in Western countries carry it. […] The presence of VacA and CagA are associated with more advanced outcomes.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11558793/

  Lifetime prevalence of PUD in individuals with H. pylori infection is estimated at around 10%. […] Around 90% of gastric cancer cases can be attributed to H. pylori infection. […] The single most important determinant of the pro-inflammatory activity of an H. pylori strain is its possession of a functional cagPAI. […] The Correa cascade describes a multistage, multifactorial process starting with superficial gastritis, progressing to atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia, and culminating in gastric adenocarcinoma. […] H. pylori eradication is the standard-of-care initial therapy for MALT lymphomas in all stages and obtains 70-80% long-term remission in stage I disease.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori infection | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-023-00431-8

  Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic gastritis, which can progress to severe gastroduodenal pathologies, including peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. […] H. pylori is usually transmitted in childhood and persists for life if untreated. […] The infection affects around half of the population in the world but prevalence varies according to location and sanitation standards. […] H. pylori has unique properties to colonize gastric epithelium in an acidic environment. […] The pathophysiology of H. pylori infection is dependent on complex bacterial virulence mechanisms and their interaction with the host immune system and environmental factors, resulting in distinct gastritis phenotypes that determine possible progression to different gastroduodenal pathologies.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori Infection – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease/helicobacter-pylori-infection

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a bacterial infection that causes stomach inflammation (gastritis), peptic ulcer disease, and certain types of stomach cancer. […] The infection is caused by a type of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). […] Infection with Helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease worldwide. […] H. pylori contributes to ulcer formation by increasing acid production, interfering with the stomach’s normal defenses against stomach acid, and producing toxins. […] Long-term infection with H. pylori increases the risk of stomach cancer. […] Certain bacteria, called Helicobacter pylori, are the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcers.

• #1 H. Pylori (helicobacter pylori) infection: Symptoms and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311636

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that affects the stomach and small bowel. […] H. pylori was discovered in 1982 by two Australian researchers who also found that it causes peptic ulcer disease. […] H. pylori also increases the risk of developing stomach cancer and dyspepsia. […] The stomach has a layer of mucus designed to protect it from stomach acid. H. pylori attacks this mucus lining and leaves part of the stomach exposed to acid. Together, the bacteria and the acid can irritate the stomach, causing ulcers, gastritis, and, in rare cases, stomach cancer. […] However, for reasons not yet understood, some people get ulcers, gastritis, or stomach cancer from an H. pylori infection. […] Research has shown that in the first 10 years since scientists discovered H. pylori, Data from the developed world has shown that in the first decade of the discovery of H. pylori, 95% of duodenal ulcers and 85% of gastric ulcers were associated with this bacterial infection.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infection Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/helicobacter_pylori/article.htm

  Chronic infection with H. pylori weakens the natural defenses of the lining of the stomach to the ulcerating action of acid. […] Treating H. pylori with acid-reducing antacids, H2-blockers, and PPIs, however, does not eradicate H. pylori from the stomach, and ulcers frequently return promptly after these medications are discontinued. […] Eradication of H. pylori, however, usually prevents the return of ulcers and ulcer complications even after appropriate medications such as PPIs are stopped. […] A meta-analysis of H. pylori eradication treatment seems to reduce gastric cancer risk. […] Antibiotic resistance is another reason why antibiotics should be used carefully and judiciously for the right reasons, and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics for improper reasons should be discouraged.

• #1 Does H.pylori cause cancer? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/infections-eg-hpv-and-cancer/does-hpylori-cause-cancer

  Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) increases the risk of some types of cancer, including stomach cancer. […] H. pylori causes a very small number of cancer cases in the UK. For most people, a H. pylori infection will not cause any problems. […] H. pylori can cause stomach cancer. […] H. pylori can cause a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the stomach, called mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. […] Infection with H. pylori increases the risk of some types of cancer, but it doesn’t mean you will definitely develop cancer. […] H. pylori can cause stomach ulcers and long-lasting irritation, swelling and pain in the stomach (known as severe chronic atrophic gastritis or SCAG). This can lead on to cancer. […] Researchers think some types of H. pylori are more likely to cause cancer than others. Factors such as smoking and the diet we eat may also play a part in whether a H. pylori infection will lead to stomach cancer.

• #1 Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/9/4/66

  The mode of transmission of H. pylori is not known exactly, but the faecal–oral or oral–oral routes via water or food consumption are thought to be a very common cause. […] It is thought that dietary factors may play a considerably important role in H. pylori infection, and it has been reported that an adequate and balanced diet, especially high and abundant fruit and vegetable consumption, has a protective effect against the outcomes of H. pylori infection. […] Studies have suggested a relationship between H. pylori infection and malabsorption of essential micronutrients, and it may cause malnutrition in some groups in the long term. […] H. pylori plays a role in the development of diseases such as gastritis and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, as well as peptic ulcer and gastric cancer.

• #1 H. Pylori Diet: What to Eat & Avoid (w/ 3-Day Meal Plan) – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/diet-for-h-pylori/

  H. pylori is a bacteria that lives in the stomach and normally causes gastritis. Leaving it untreated may also lead to ulcers, stomach cancer, vitamin B12 deficiency, anemia, diabetes and fatty liver. Therefore, if you notice symptoms of H. pylori, it is important to consult a gastroenterologist to begin treatment promptly. […] Omega-3 and omega-6 help to reduce stomach inflammation and prevent the growth of H. pylori, helping to treat the disease. […] During treatment it is important to avoid eating foods that can irritate the stomach or that may stimulate the secretion of gastric juice, as well as foods that worsen side effects. […] Therefore, drinking more water and eating white cheeses and fresh fruits that can help to reduce stomach inflammation and regulate intestinal transit is recommended.

• #1 H. pylori: A Significant Health Risk

  https://www.samitivejhospitals.com/article/detail/h-pylori-infection-treatment-causes

  Gastritis usually results from the following issues: stomach acid destroying the lining of the stomach, stress, eating meals at inconsistent times of the day, smoking, consuming alcoholic drinks, and regularly ingesting certain types of medicine. However, one of the leading causes of gastritis is the Helicobacter pylori bacteria. […] However, another crucial aspect to consider is infection with the Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which is found in the stomachs of nearly 90% of Thais seeking treatment for gastritis. […] The Helicobacter Pylori bacteria, or H. pylori as it is more commonly known, can be found throughout the digestive system and is transferable from human to human via food or the shared use of contaminated condiments. […] Many bacteria are unable to survive in the stomach because acidity in the stomach destroys them, but H. pylori has special characteristics that enable it to attach itself to the stomach wall tissue and produce an alkaline substance that protects it from stomach acid.

• #1 Peptic ulcer disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease

  Helicobacter pylori bacteria, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), tobacco smoking, Crohn’s disease. […] Common causes include infection with Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] Helicobacter pylori is one of the major causative factors of peptic ulcer disease. […] H. pylori can be diagnosed by testing the blood for antibodies, a urea breath test, testing the stool for signs of the bacteria, or a biopsy of the stomach. […] H. pylori as the etiological factor making it 3 to 6 times more likely to develop stomach cancer from the ulcer. […] Helicobacter pylori was identified in 1982 by two Australian scientists, Robin Warren and Barry J. Marshall, as a causative factor for ulcers.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori infection | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-023-00431-8

  The causative role of H. pylori infection in gastric cancer development presents the opportunity for preventive screen-and-treat strategies. […] H. pylori treatment consists of a strong acid suppressant in various combinations with antibiotics and/or bismuth. […] The dramatic increase in resistance to key antibiotics used in H. pylori eradication demands antibiotic susceptibility testing, surveillance of resistance and antibiotic stewardship.

• #1 Is Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) Bacteria Contagious?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/helicobacter_pylori_h_pylori_infection_causes/article.htm

  H. pylori is transmittable, primarily through oral-oral and fecal-oral routes. […] H. pylori can be transmitted through contaminated food or water sources, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. […] H. pylori infections can be contagious within families, primarily due to close personal contact and shared living environments. […] H. pylori can potentially be transmitted through saliva, though the primary modes of transmission are fecal-oral and oral-oral routes. […] To prevent the spread of H. pylori, its essential to prioritize good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, especially after using the bathroom and before eating. […] H. pylori can remain contagious as long as the infection persists, which can last years if left untreated. […] Sharing utensils can potentially lead to the transmission of H. pylori, particularly if they have been in contact with the saliva of an infected person.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/Helicobacter-Pylori-Infections.aspx

  Overall, the outlook for a child with an H. pylori infection is good. After treatment with antibiotics, reinfection may occur in approximately 20% or more of patients. Untreated H pylori infection increases the risk of developing stomach cancer later in life. […] Spread of H. pylori infections can be prevented with good hand hygiene including washing hands before you eat or after using the bathroom. There are no other ways to prevent H. pylori infection. However, a vaccine that could someday prevent the infection is currently being researched.

• #1 Patient education: Helicobacter pylori infection and treatment (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/helicobacter-pylori-infection-and-treatment-beyond-the-basics/print

  H. PYLORI DIAGNOSIS […] H. pylori is diagnosed by a stool test or breath test. […] H. pylori testing is recommended for anyone with a peptic (stomach or duodenal) ulcer or chronic stomach pain or nausea. […] H. PYLORI TREATMENT […] Anyone diagnosed with H. pylori should be treated. H. pylori treatment helps to heal the ulcer, lowers the risk that the ulcer will return, and lowers the risk of bleeding from the ulcer. […] H. pylori treatment usually includes several medicines. At least two of the medicines are antibiotics that help to kill the bacteria. The other medication causes the stomach to make less acid; lower acid levels help the ulcer to heal. […] Most people are cured after finishing two weeks of medicine. Some people need to take another two weeks of medicine. It is important to finish all of the medicine to ensure that the bacteria are killed.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori Infection – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease/helicobacter-pylori-infection

  H. pylori eradication requires multidrug therapy, typically antibiotics plus acid suppressants. […] Infected patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer require continuation of the acid suppression for at least 4 weeks. Eradication may be confirmed by a urea breath test, stool antigen test, or upper endoscopy done 4 weeks after completion of therapy.

• #1 H. pylori Infection: ACG Updates Treatment Recommendations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0115/p135.html

  Testing for Helicobacter pylori is indicated for certain conditions, such as peptic ulcer disease, and it should be treated in any patient who tests positive. […] H. pylori infection usually occurs during childhood, although the means of acquisition is unclear. Risk factors include low socioeconomic status; increased number of siblings; and having an infected parent, particularly a mother. […] Testing for H. pylori is indicated in certain patients. Any patient who tests positive for H. pylori infection should be treated. […] H. pylori is typically treated with a combination of antibiotics plus a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). […] Determinants of success can be related to patient factors or to the infection. […] Of the infection-related factors, antibiotic sensitivity was found to be the most important determinant of treatment success in clinical trials and population-based studies. Resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin limits their effectiveness and increases the prevalence of H. pylori infection.

• #1 How to spot H. pylori – an infection that can cause gastritis and ulcers | Digestive | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/h-pylori-gut-bacteria-gastritis/

  About 20% of patients have antibiotic-resistant H. pylori, which require re-treatment with higher doses of medication for a longer period. […] Some patients appear to have a natural resistance to H. pylori infection, but more research is needed to understand why some people are more susceptible than others to developing ulcers or gastritis due to these bacteria.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356177

  Several tests and procedures are used to determine whether you have Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. […] Testing is important for detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). […] A health care provider may conduct a scope test, known as an upper endoscopy exam. […] Your provider may perform this test to investigate symptoms that may be caused by conditions such as a peptic ulcer or gastritis that may be due to H. pylori. […] H. pylori infections are usually treated with at least two different antibiotics at once. […] Repeat testing for H. pylori at least four weeks after your treatment is recommended. […] If the tests show the treatment didn’t get rid of the infection, you may need more treatment with a different combination of antibiotics. […] How did H. pylori infection cause the complications I’m experiencing? […] Can H. pylori cause other complications?

• #1 H. pylori Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/h-pylori-helicobacter-pylori

  An H. pylori infection is also a risk factor for stomach cancer, which has few symptoms at first. […] Its not common, but an untreated long-term H. pylori infection is a risk factor for some types of stomach cancer. […] Most ulcers caused by H. pylori will heal after a few weeks. […] If you have a history of stomach cancer in your family, your doctor may recommend testing for H. pylori. […] While the main risk factors for H. pylori infection are poor sanitation and hygiene practices, research shows that what you eat also may play a role. […] But the bacteria is to blame for most peptic stomach ulcers, and if it’s not treated, it could be a risk factor for stomach cancer.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/h-pylori-fact-sheet

  The majority of cases of gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric MALT lymphoma are attributed to H. pylori infection. […] Yes. Long-term follow-up data from a randomized clinical trial carried out in Shandong, China showed that 2 weeks of treatment with antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori significantly reduced the incidence of gastric cancer by nearly 50% over 22 years of follow-up after treatment.

• #1 Helicobacter Pylori

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/helicobacter-pylori.html

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral shaped bacterium that lives in or on the lining of the stomach. It causes more than 90 percent of ulcers, which are sores in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). […] Since it is now known that most ulcers are caused by an infection with H. pylori, they can be cured with appropriate antibiotics. […] Most persons who are infected with H. pylori never have any symptoms or problems related to this infection; however, H. pylori can cause gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach) or ulcers of the stomach or duodenum. […] Persons with stomach or duodenal ulcers should be tested for H. pylori and, if found to be infected, be treated with an antibiotic. […] It is not known how the bacteria get into the body or why some people with H. pylori become ill while others do not. […] Recent studies have shown an association between long-term infection with H. pylori and the development of gastric (stomach) cancer.

• #1 Patient education: Helicobacter pylori infection and treatment (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/helicobacter-pylori-infection-and-treatment-beyond-the-basics

  H. pylori is diagnosed by a stool test or breath test. […] H. pylori testing is recommended for anyone with a peptic (stomach or duodenal) ulcer or chronic stomach pain or nausea. […] Anyone diagnosed with H. pylori should be treated. H. pylori treatment helps to heal the ulcer, lowers the risk that the ulcer will return, and lowers the risk of bleeding from the ulcer. […] H. pylori treatment usually includes several medicines. At least two of the medicines are antibiotics that help to kill the bacteria. The other medication causes the stomach to make less acid; lower acid levels help the ulcer to heal. […] Guidelines recommend that all patients treated for H. pylori undergo a breath or stool test two weeks after finishing the medication.

• #1 Helicobacter pylori Infection – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease/helicobacter-pylori-infection

  Helicobacter pylori is a common gastric pathogen that causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and low-grade gastric lymphoma. […] In low- and middle-income countries, it commonly causes chronic infections and is usually acquired during childhood. […] The organism has been cultured from stool, saliva, and dental plaque, which suggests oral-oral or fecal-oral transmission. […] About 10% of people infected with H. pylori develop a peptic ulcer, compared with 1% of those not infected with H. pylori. […] Infected people are more likely to develop stomach cancer. H. pylori is a group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans). H. pylori infection is associated with intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the gastric body and antrum but not cancer of the gastric cardia. […] Treatment of asymptomatic infection has been controversial, but the recognition of the role of H. pylori in cancer has led to a recommendation for treatment in patients with a family history of gastric cancer and immigrants from countries with a high rate of gastric cancer.

• #2 H. Pylori Infection: How Do You Get, Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21463-h-pylori-infection

  H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) are bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine). Its the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori can also inflame and irritate the stomach lining (gastritis). Untreated, long-term H. pylori infection can lead to stomach cancer (rarely). […] H. pylori bacteria are present in some 50% to 75% of the worlds population. It does not cause illness in most people. H. pylori infection mostly occurs in children. Its more common in developing countries. In the U.S., H. pylori bacteria are found in about 5% of children under the age of 10. Infection is most likely to occur in children who live in crowded conditions and areas with poor sanitation. […] If you have an H. pylori infection, you have an increased risk for stomach cancer later in life.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori

  Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, flagellated, helical bacterium. […] The bacterium was first identified as the causal agent of gastric ulcers in 1983 by Australian physician-scientists Barry Marshall and Robin Warren. […] Infection of the stomach with H. pylori does not necessarily cause illness: over half of the global population is infected, but most individuals are asymptomatic. […] Persistent colonization with more virulent strains can induce a number of gastric and non-gastric disorders. […] Gastric disorders due to infection begin with gastritis, or inflammation of the stomach lining. […] Helicobacter pylori are class 1 carcinogenic bacteria, and potential cancers include gastric MALT lymphoma and gastric cancer.

• #2 H. Pylori: Transmission and Spread of Infection | Zuckerman College of Public Health

  https://publichealth.arizona.edu/outreach/health-literacy-awareness/hpylori/transmission-spread

  H. pylori is commonly transmitted person-to-person by saliva. The bacteria can also be spread by fecal contamination of food or water. In developing countries, a combination of untreated water, crowded conditions, and poor hygiene contributes to higher H. pylori prevalence. Most people become infected as children, and parents and siblings seem to play a primary role in transmission. […] H. pylori enters the body through the mouth, moves through the digestive system, and infects the stomach or the first part of the small intestine. The spiral-shaped bacterium uses its tail-like flagella to move around and burrow into the stomach lining, which causes inflammation. […] Unlike other bacteria, H. pylori bacteria can survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach because they produce a substance that neutralizes stomach acid. This substance, urease, reacts with urea to form ammonia, which is toxic to human cells. Depending on where the infection occurs in the stomach, H. pylori can also cause overproduction of stomach acid. […] While there is no formal progression of the H. pylori infection, several steps are well documented. This process is very slow, taking decades, and may stop at any step because gastric cancers probably require several other factors to develop in addition H. pylori infection.

• #2 H. Pylori | Helicobacter Pylori Infections | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/helicobacterpyloriinfections.html

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that causes infection in the stomach. It is the main cause of peptic ulcers, and it can also cause gastritis and stomach cancer. […] About 30 to 40% of people in the United States get an H. pylori infection. Most people get it as a child. H. pylori usually does not cause symptoms. But it can break down the inner protective coating in some people’s stomachs and cause inflammation. This can lead to gastritis or a peptic ulcer. […] Researchers aren’t sure how H. pylori spreads. They think that it may spread by unclean food and water, or through contact with an infected person’s saliva and other body fluids. […] There is no vaccine for H. pylori. Since H. pylori might spread through unclean food and water, you might be able to prevent it if you: Wash your hands after using the bathroom and before eating, Eat properly prepared food, Drink water from a clean, safe source.

• #2 H. Pylori: Is it Contagious?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/h-pylori-contagious

  H. pylori is a contagious type of bacteria that may spread through saliva or contaminated food or water. […] Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a very common and yes, contagious type of bacteria that infects the digestive tract. […] The germs may live in saliva. This means someone with the infection can pass it on through kissing or oral sex. You can also become infected through fecal contamination of food or drinking water. […] Although H. pylori infections are typically harmless, theyre responsible for most ulcers in the stomach and digestive tract. These ulcers can lead to more serious complications, such as stomach cancer. […] H. pylori is present in about 60 percent of the worlds population. […] Research has also found that H. pylori may lead to a range of serious health problems, including certain types of gastric cancers and gastric ulcers.

• #2 Helicobacter Pylori – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534233/

  H. pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that can infect humans. It is often found in the stomach of affected individuals and causes inflammation and ulceration. […] H. pylori is the most important cause for chronic or atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric lymphoma, and gastric carcinoma; however, these complications are less often seen in children and adolescents compared to adults. […] H. pylori infection is usually acquired in early childhood and persists in the absence of treatment. […] Transmission of H. pylori can occur via the fecal-oral, gastric-oral, oral-oral, or sexual routes. A major risk factor for a higher prevalence of infection is lower socioeconomic status. […] H. pylori, a group 1 carcinogen can lead to gastric adenocarcinoma through a sequence of pathology starting from gastritis = atrophy = intestinal metaplasia = dysplasia = carcinoma. In patients with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, H. pylori has been seen in more than 75% of cases. […] H. pylori testing is recommended in children having first-degree relatives with gastric cancer.

• #2 Helicobacter Pylori: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/dyspepsia-indigestion/helicobacter-pylori

  Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria. It’s commonly found in the stomach. Many people with Helicobacter pylori have no symptoms at all, but it can cause stomach irritation (gastritis) and stomach ulcers. […] We don’t fully understand exactly how H. pylori spreads. It’s thought to spread from person to person. Most people seem to get it in childhood, probably from their parents or siblings. […] We think that people catch H. pylori after it gets into the mouth, and is swallowed into the stomach, where it then lives. Ways in which this might happen include: Contact with saliva from an infected person; for example by kissing, or getting infected saliva on the hands and then touching the mouth. Contact with vomit from an infected person; for example by getting traces of it on the hands and then touching the mouth. Contact with faeces (poo) from an infected person; for example by getting traces of it on the hands and touching the mouth, or by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by sewage.

• #2 H. Pylori Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/helicobacter-pylori

  Although rare, H. pylori infections may increase your risk of developing stomach cancer. This is due to chronic inflammation caused by the infection. […] Its still not known exactly how H. pylori infections are transmitted. The bacteria has coexisted with humans for thousands of years. […] That said, infections are thought to be transmitted in several ways: Oral to oral: This may be transmitted through saliva from one persons mouth to another, such as by kissing. Fecal to oral: Coming into contact with vomit or stool, such as if you dont wash your hands thoroughly after using the bathroom. Contaminated water and food: Food and water may be contaminated with feces or other bacteria in unhygienic environments. […] Children are more likely to develop an H. pylori infection than adults. This is largely because children may not always practice proper hygiene.

• #2

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11558793/

  Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic gastritis, which can progress to severe gastroduodenal pathologies, including peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. […] H. pylori is usually transmitted in childhood and persists for life if untreated. […] The pathophysiology of H. pylori infection is dependent on complex bacterial virulence mechanisms and their interaction with the host immune system and environmental factors, resulting in distinct gastritis phenotypes that determine possible progression to different gastroduodenal pathologies. […] The causative role of H. pylori infection in gastric cancer development presents the opportunity for preventive screen-and-treat strategies. […] H. pylori infection is an important causal factor of gastric cancer, duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer.

• #2 Pediatric Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/929452-overview

  Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacillus responsible for one of the most common infections found in humans worldwide. […] Epidemiologic studies have addressed various factors, such as bacterial, host, genetic, and environmental factors, to determine the causative links to H pylori infection. Data support person-to-person spread of infection, possibly related to dental plaque, but knowledge of reservoirs and transmission modes is incomplete. […] Causes of H pylori infection include the following: Person-to-person transmission of H pylori infection is noted. […] Infection clusters are noted, particularly in families with infected children. The possible routes are fecal-oral, oral-oral and gastro-oral. […] The possibility of H pylori transmission among children in daycare centers or kindergarten, where interpersonal contacts are common, was also proposed.

• #2 What Is H. Pylori? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/h-pylori/

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that can cause an infection in your stomach. […] It is now understood that H. pylori bacteria cause up to 80 percent of gastric ulcers. […] Research shows that you can become infected with the bacteria by consuming contaminated food or water. H. pylori may also spread through contact with an infected person’s saliva, vomit, or fecal matter. […] Some factors may increase your risk of developing an H. pylori infection: Sharing a crowded living space, Living in a developing country, Not having access to clean water, Living with someone who has H. pylori. […] H. pylori can lead to complications, including ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer. […] H. pylori causes more than 90 percent of intestinal ulcers and up to 80 percent of stomach ulcers.

• #2 H. pylori Infection: ACG Updates Treatment Recommendations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0115/p135.html

  Testing for Helicobacter pylori is indicated for certain conditions, such as peptic ulcer disease, and it should be treated in any patient who tests positive. […] H. pylori infection usually occurs during childhood, although the means of acquisition is unclear. Risk factors include low socioeconomic status; increased number of siblings; and having an infected parent, particularly a mother. […] Testing for H. pylori is indicated in certain patients. Any patient who tests positive for H. pylori infection should be treated. […] H. pylori is typically treated with a combination of antibiotics plus a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). […] Determinants of success can be related to patient factors or to the infection. […] Of the infection-related factors, antibiotic sensitivity was found to be the most important determinant of treatment success in clinical trials and population-based studies. Resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin limits their effectiveness and increases the prevalence of H. pylori infection.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori Infection Causes – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/helicobacter-pylori-infection-causes/

  Helicobacter pylori infection is a top cause of peptic ulcers and gastritis. It is affected by genes, environment, and how we live. It is key to know these risk factors to fight and avoid this health problem. […] Studies show genes can make someone more likely to get an H. pylori infection. How your body fights certain genes, like IL-1 and IL-10, affects this. So, it influences if you might get sick. […] Things around you can also up the risk of getting H. pylori. Bad sanitation, dirty water, and living too close to each other in poorer countries are big factors. Also, being very near family or friends can spread the sickness. […] Your daily habits and what you eat make a big difference. Eating or handling food badly can increase your risk. Also, diets with too much salt and processed stuff can hurt your stomach, making a good place for the bacteria to live.

• #2 Pediatric Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/929452-overview

  Crowding and poor personal hygiene may also play a role. […] An increased prevalence of H pylori infection is noted in developing countries. This may reflect the combined effects of poor living conditions, poor hygiene, and crowding. […] In the United States, socioeconomic level is strongly and inversely related to the prevalence of H pylori infection, a finding that may also reflect the same factors as those noted in developing countries. […] Bacterial factors may play a role in the clinical manifestations of H pylori infection. […] Host factors may play a role in the acquisition of H pylori infection. […] H pylori isolates are found more often in personnel who work in the endoscopy suite than in the general population.

• #2 H. Pylori (Helicobacter pylori) — No Stomach For Cancer

  https://nostomachforcancer.org/about-stomach-cancer/risks-genetics-prevention-of-stomach-cancer/h-pylori-helicobacter-pylori/

  H. pylori is a bacteria that infects the stomach lining in humans. It is a common cause of peptic ulcers and is strongly associated with stomach cancer. […] H. pylori infection is a strong risk factor for certain types of stomach cancer (non-cardia). […] There is an association between long-term infection with H. pylori and the development of gastric cancer. Globally, 80% of the 1 million new cases annually are attributed to the treatable infection. […] The most common route of H pylori infection is either oral-to-oral or fecal-to-oral contact. Some evidence points to transmission from contaminated food or water. […] Living with someone who has an H. pylori infection increases the risk of infection. […] Living in crowded and unsanitary conditions without a reliable supply of clean water increases the risk of H. pylori infection. […] Helicobacter pylori bacteria are present in contaminated food and water. Therefore, avoiding these sources (e.g., floodwater, raw sewage.) is important.

• #2 What causes a H. pylori infection?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/hpylori-infection/what-causes-a-hpylori-infection

  Once the bacterium enters the stomach it produces urease to neutralise gastric (stomach) acids in order to survive. It then penetrates the mucous lining of the stomach where it binds to cell receptors within the epithelial cells, colonising and infecting the walls of the stomach and/or duodenum. It causes a release of enzymes and toxins that damage the hosts tissue cells and triggers an immune system response that results in inflammation. Over time, this contributes, along with various other factors, to the development of intestinal health problems, such as gastritis, duodenitis, and the formation of peptic ulcers. […] As a result of determined transmission causes (i.e. coming into direct oral contact with contaminated food, water or bodily fluids and faecal matter), the following are risk factors for H. pylori infection: Lack of good hygiene habits, Residing in a location with many people in one spot (crowded living conditions often associated with developing countries where unsanitary living conditions are more prevalent, or when serving in the army or living in nursing home facilities), Residing in an area without a reliable supply of purified / clean running water or adequate sewage systems, Residing with a person who has an H. pylori infection.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori infection | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-023-00431-8

  Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic gastritis, which can progress to severe gastroduodenal pathologies, including peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. […] H. pylori is usually transmitted in childhood and persists for life if untreated. […] The infection affects around half of the population in the world but prevalence varies according to location and sanitation standards. […] H. pylori has unique properties to colonize gastric epithelium in an acidic environment. […] The pathophysiology of H. pylori infection is dependent on complex bacterial virulence mechanisms and their interaction with the host immune system and environmental factors, resulting in distinct gastritis phenotypes that determine possible progression to different gastroduodenal pathologies.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori Infection – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease/helicobacter-pylori-infection

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a bacterial infection that causes stomach inflammation (gastritis), peptic ulcer disease, and certain types of stomach cancer. […] The infection is caused by a type of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). […] Infection with Helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease worldwide. […] H. pylori contributes to ulcer formation by increasing acid production, interfering with the stomach’s normal defenses against stomach acid, and producing toxins. […] Long-term infection with H. pylori increases the risk of stomach cancer. […] Certain bacteria, called Helicobacter pylori, are the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcers.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori

  Infection with H. pylori is responsible for an estimated 89% of all gastric cancers and is linked to the development of 5.5% of all cases cancers worldwide. […] H. pylori is the only bacterium known to cause cancer. […] Chronic gastritis may lead to atrophy of the stomach lining, and the development of peptic ulcers (gastric or duodenal). […] H. pylori infection is associated with epigenetically reduced efficiency of the DNA repair machinery, which favors the accumulation of mutations and genomic instability as well as gastric carcinogenesis. […] The virulence of H. pylori may be increased by genes of the cag pathogenicity island; about 50-70% of H. pylori strains in Western countries carry it. […] The presence of VacA and CagA are associated with more advanced outcomes.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori

  CagA is an oncoprotein associated with the development of gastric cancer. […] Helicobacter pylori is a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinomas. […] Infection with H. pylori is responsible for around 89 percent of all gastric cancers, and is linked to the development of 5.5 percent of all cases of cancer worldwide. […] The age when someone acquires this bacterium seems to influence the pathologic outcome of the infection. […] The higher prevalence among the elderly reflects higher infection rates incurred in childhood. […] The global prevalence declined markedly in the decade following 2010, with a particular reduction in Africa.

• #2 Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/9/4/66

  H. pylori chronically colonises the gastric/duodenal mucosa, inducing gastroduodenal diseases such as gastritis and peptic ulcer, and inducing innate and specific immune responses; however, if the infection is not eliminated, the chronic active gastritis condition may continue for life. […] H. pylori infection has the main pathogenic effect, especially in diseases of the upper digestive tract. […] H. pylori is a factor that causes malnutrition and growth retardation, especially in childhood, due to malabsorption of nutrients and increased susceptibility to enteric infections, especially in developing countries. […] Dietary modification to inhibit cancer formation promoted by H. pylori, which is a risk factor for cancer, should include eradication as well as practical strategies for the prevention of gastric cancer. […] In addition, general nutrition has proven to be very important in dietary approaches, as it is known that various nutrients such as vitamin C, iron, cobalamin, and vitamin E cause malabsorption and lead to significant outcomes of nutrition.

• #2 H. pylori Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/h-pylori-helicobacter-pylori

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects your stomach. It can cause sores and inflammation in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine (the duodenum). For some people, an infection can lead to stomach cancer. […] Infection with H. pylori is common. About two-thirds of the worlds population has it in their bodies. For most people, it never causes any symptoms. But it’s the most common cause of peptic ulcers, which are painful open sores in your digestive tract. In rare cases, it could even lead to stomach cancer. […] H. pylori bacteria usually spread from person to person and also likely through: Dirty food, water, or utensils, Mouth to mouth (kissing), Contaminated poop or vomit. […] Once H. pylori enters your body, it multiplies in the lining of your stomach. This weakens the lining, making it more likely that your stomach acids will cause an ulcer.

• #2 Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/9/4/66

  The pathogenicity of H. pylori and bacterial factors, including urease, VacA, CagA, and peptidoglycan outer membrane proteins (BabA, OipA, SabA), affect gastric epithelial cells. […] The risk factors of gastric cancer, which is the fifth leading type of cancer worldwide and the third cause of death linked to cancer worldwide, include H. pylori infection, age, high salt consumption, and low consumption of fruit and vegetables. […] The noteworthy point in the studies is that a high salt food intake increases CagA levels in H. pylori and thus promotes infection. […] The eradication of H. pylori may reduce the risk of gastric cancer, and studies have confirmed that it can reduce the occurrence of gastric cancer, including in those at highest risk. […] Most cases of peptic ulcer disease are thought to be associated with H. pylori infection, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or both.

• #2 Peptic ulcer disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease

  Helicobacter pylori bacteria, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), tobacco smoking, Crohn’s disease. […] Common causes include infection with Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] Helicobacter pylori is one of the major causative factors of peptic ulcer disease. […] H. pylori can be diagnosed by testing the blood for antibodies, a urea breath test, testing the stool for signs of the bacteria, or a biopsy of the stomach. […] H. pylori as the etiological factor making it 3 to 6 times more likely to develop stomach cancer from the ulcer. […] Helicobacter pylori was identified in 1982 by two Australian scientists, Robin Warren and Barry J. Marshall, as a causative factor for ulcers.

• #2 H. Pylori (helicobacter pylori) infection: Symptoms and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311636

  Furthermore, the lifetime risk of developing peptic ulcer disease (PUD) may be 310 times higher in people who test positive for H. pylori than those who do not. […] H. pylori infection is also linked to stomach cancer. However, the American Cancer Society states that most people with H. pylori in their stomach never develop stomach cancer. […] When it comes to environmental contamination, the likely source is contaminated food or water. […] H. pylori infections are more common in developing countries where people may not have access to clean, safe food and water. […] If H. pylori goes untreated, it can lead to complications and increase the risk of ulcers, gastritis, and cancer. […] Treating the infection can help prevent complications and improve long-term health outcomes. […] Yes, H. pylori infection can be eradicated with appropriate treatment, which usually includes antibiotics.

• #2 What You Need to Know About H. Pylori Infection

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/h-pylori-infection-8712637

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a corkscrew-shaped bacterium that infects the stomach. The bacterial infection can easily be passed from person to person. It is thought to affect around one-third of the U.S. population, most of whom are asymptomatic (without symptoms). […] H. pylori is also the primary cause of peptic ulcers and a contributing factor to stomach cancer. […] H. pylori is the most common cause of PUD. […] H. pylori causes PUD by triggering inflammation in the stomach lining. […] H. pylori is today categorized as a class 1 carcinogen (along with things like cigarette smoke and processed meat). […] H. pylori is thought to contribute to 89% of these cancers, including gastric adenocarcinoma (the main form of stomach cancer) and nearly all cases of gastric MALT lymphoma (a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma).

• #2 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/h-pylori-fact-sheet

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped bacterium that grows in the mucus layer that coats the inside of the human stomach. […] H. pylori infection does not itself cause illness, chronic infection causes long-lasting inflammation in the stomach (called non-atrophic gastritis) in most people. This inflammation can lead to several possible conditions, including atrophic gastritis and certain types of stomach (gastric) cancer, particularly gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. […] Because of its role in causing stomach cancer, in 1994 H. pylori was classified as a human carcinogen, or cancer-causing agent, by the World Health Organizations International Agency for Research on Cancer. […] Many studies have provided consistent evidence that chronic H. pylori infection causes gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric MALT lymphoma.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/reduce-your-risk/get-vaccinated/helicobacter-pylori

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that grows in the inner lining of the stomach. It causes a common stomach infection. It is also a main cause of stomach cancer and some types of lymphoma of the stomach. […] H. pylori infection causes some cancers and other illnesses. Stomach cancer H. pylori infection is a major cause of stomach (gastric) cancer. H. pylori causes long-lasting gastritis, which is thought to be the first step in developing stomach cancer. […] H. pylori infection is related to a higher risk of MALT lymphoma of the stomach. This is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Nearly all MALT lymphomas of the stomach are related to H. pylori infection.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/helicobacter-pylori/

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are bacteria, a type of germ, which lives in the sticky mucus that lines the stomach. About 40% of people in the UK have Helicobacter pylori in their stomach so it is very common and in the approximately 8 to 9 out of 10 people who have it, does not cause any problems. […] It is not clear exactly how Helicobacter pylori is passed from one person to another, and why only some people with the infection go on to develop ulcers. […] People who do have Helicobacter pylori almost always catch it in childhood, probably from other children. […] Helicobacter pylori is actually becoming less common and nowadays it is unusual for children to catch it, even if someone else in the family has it. […] We now know that treating Helicobacter pylori not only helps ulcers to heal but, more importantly, it greatly reduces the risk of ulcer recurrence and all doctors are agreed that patients with Helicobacter pylori should have treatment for the infection if they have, or ever have had, an ulcer. […] Although Helicobacter pylori is the cause of most ulcers, others may occur as a result of regular use of certain pain killers such as aspirin or ibuprofen as well as many drugs prescribed for other conditions.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori Infection Causes – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/helicobacter-pylori-infection-causes/

  Infections by H. pylori can cause problems that last a long time. They can make peptic ulcers and gastritis more likely. Also, damage to the stomach lining over time might increase the risk of gastric cancer. It’s key to find and treat H. pylori early to prevent these issues. […] Preventing H. pylori includes washing your hands well and making sure food is safe. Use soap and water to wash hands, especially before eating and after the bathroom. It’s also important that meals are prepared correctly and water is clean. […] Handling H. pylori means using different ways to feel better and kill the germs. Using both medicines and changing how you live can help a lot. It makes getting well easier and keeps the sickness from coming back. […] Antibiotics are key in beating H. pylori. Doctors usually give two kinds together. This helps the medicine work better and stops germs from fighting back. Often used antibiotics are amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole.

• #2 Is Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) Bacteria Contagious?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/helicobacter_pylori_h_pylori_infection_causes/article.htm

  H. pylori is transmittable, primarily through oral-oral and fecal-oral routes. […] H. pylori can be transmitted through contaminated food or water sources, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. […] H. pylori infections can be contagious within families, primarily due to close personal contact and shared living environments. […] H. pylori can potentially be transmitted through saliva, though the primary modes of transmission are fecal-oral and oral-oral routes. […] To prevent the spread of H. pylori, its essential to prioritize good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, especially after using the bathroom and before eating. […] H. pylori can remain contagious as long as the infection persists, which can last years if left untreated. […] Sharing utensils can potentially lead to the transmission of H. pylori, particularly if they have been in contact with the saliva of an infected person.

• #2 H. Pylori Infection: How Do You Get, Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21463-h-pylori-infection

  H. pylori multiply in the mucus layer of the stomach lining and duodenum. The bacteria secrete an enzyme called urease that converts urea to ammonia. This ammonia protects the bacteria from stomach acid. As H. pylori multiply, it eats into stomach tissue, which leads to gastritis and/or gastric ulcer. […] H. pylori-caused ulcers are treated with a combination of antibiotics and an acid-reducing proton pump inhibitor. […] You can lower your risk of H. pylori infection if you: Drink clean water and use clean water during food preparation. (This is especially important if you live in areas of the world known to have a contaminated water supply.) […] If your child follows the treatment plan and takes all medication to its completion, the chance that an infection would return within three years is less than 10%.

• #2 Riyadh Fakeeh Care

  https://en.dsfhriyadh.fakeeh.care/blog/h-pylori-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  H. pylori infection happens when H. pylori bacteria infect your stomach. H. Pylori is contagious; mostly transferred from person to person through direct contact with the saliva, vomit, or feces of an infected individual. It could also be passed via contaminated food or water. […] The ingestion of food or water contaminated with this bacterium can result in H. Pylori infection. […] Touching infected feces or vomit and then touching your mouth or food is another way the bacterium can enter your body. […] It can also spread through kissing or sharing utensils with an infected person.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori Infection – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease/helicobacter-pylori-infection

  H. pylori eradication requires multidrug therapy, typically antibiotics plus acid suppressants. […] Infected patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer require continuation of the acid suppression for at least 4 weeks. Eradication may be confirmed by a urea breath test, stool antigen test, or upper endoscopy done 4 weeks after completion of therapy.

• #2 H. Pylori Diet: What to Eat & Avoid (w/ 3-Day Meal Plan) – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/diet-for-h-pylori/

  Treatment for H. pylori usually lasts about 7 days and involves the use of medication, specifically proton pump inhibitors (e.g. omeprazole and pantoprazole) and antibiotics (e.g. amoxicillin and clarithromycin). These are taken twice a day. […] Diarrhea usually appears after the third day of treatment, because antibiotics, in addition to eliminating H. pylori, also end up reducing the naturally-occurring intestinal flora, causing diarrhea.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori infection | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-023-00431-8

  The causative role of H. pylori infection in gastric cancer development presents the opportunity for preventive screen-and-treat strategies. […] H. pylori treatment consists of a strong acid suppressant in various combinations with antibiotics and/or bismuth. […] The dramatic increase in resistance to key antibiotics used in H. pylori eradication demands antibiotic susceptibility testing, surveillance of resistance and antibiotic stewardship.

• #2 Patient education: Helicobacter pylori infection and treatment (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/helicobacter-pylori-infection-and-treatment-beyond-the-basics

  H. pylori is diagnosed by a stool test or breath test. […] H. pylori testing is recommended for anyone with a peptic (stomach or duodenal) ulcer or chronic stomach pain or nausea. […] Anyone diagnosed with H. pylori should be treated. H. pylori treatment helps to heal the ulcer, lowers the risk that the ulcer will return, and lowers the risk of bleeding from the ulcer. […] H. pylori treatment usually includes several medicines. At least two of the medicines are antibiotics that help to kill the bacteria. The other medication causes the stomach to make less acid; lower acid levels help the ulcer to heal. […] Guidelines recommend that all patients treated for H. pylori undergo a breath or stool test two weeks after finishing the medication.

• #2 H. pylori Infection: ACG Updates Treatment Recommendations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0115/p135.html

  Data on resistance are scarce. More research is needed to determine local, regional, and national patterns of H. pylori resistance to antibiotics to guide the choice of regimen. […] Because of the declining success rate of H. pylori eradication therapy, persistent infection is not uncommon after treatment. […] If infection persists after treatment, the same antibiotics should be avoided when retreating the patient. […] Amoxicillin is an important component of H. pylori treatment regimens.

• #2 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infection Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/helicobacter_pylori/article.htm

  Chronic infection with H. pylori weakens the natural defenses of the lining of the stomach to the ulcerating action of acid. […] Treating H. pylori with acid-reducing antacids, H2-blockers, and PPIs, however, does not eradicate H. pylori from the stomach, and ulcers frequently return promptly after these medications are discontinued. […] Eradication of H. pylori, however, usually prevents the return of ulcers and ulcer complications even after appropriate medications such as PPIs are stopped. […] A meta-analysis of H. pylori eradication treatment seems to reduce gastric cancer risk. […] Antibiotic resistance is another reason why antibiotics should be used carefully and judiciously for the right reasons, and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics for improper reasons should be discouraged.

• #2 What You Need to Know About H. Pylori Infection

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/h-pylori-infection-8712637

  Research found that eradicating H. pylori with antibiotics reduces the risk of gastric cancer by nearly 50%. […] H. pylori can be challenging to treat due to high rates of antibiotic resistance. […] H. pylori treatment, described as eradication therapy, involves a combination of antibiotics that best clear most major strains of the bacterium. […] Periodontal therapy, involving the removal of dental plaque and calculus (tartar) from your teeth, has been proposed to improve cure rates for H. pylori. […] It is well known that dental plaque is a reservoir for H. pylori.

• #2 H. Pylori Infection | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/h-pylori-infection

  Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that is a major cause of stomach (gastric) and upper small intestine (duodenal) ulcers. Infection with H. pylori may also increase the risk of stomach cancer. […] An infection with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can cause gastritis. H. pylori is also the bacteria that causes ulcers. […] You can get rid of Helicobacter pylori bacteria by taking certain antibiotics that are specifically directed at this bacteria. […] People who had a peptic ulcer and are infected with H. pylori need treatment to cure the infection. This will lower their risk of getting another peptic ulcer. Treatment with a combination of medicines works very well to cure an H. pylori infection. Sometimes H. pylori bacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics. This can keep the medicine from killing the bacteria.

• #3 H. Pylori Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/helicobacter-pylori

  H. pylori is a bacteria that can damage the stomachs protective lining. Untreated, an H.pylori infection may lead to complications. […] H. pylori is a common type of bacteria that grows in the digestive tract and tends to attack the stomach lining. […] Its estimated that up to two-thirds of people worldwide have an H. pylori infection, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] H. pylori often infects a persons stomach during childhood. Infections are typically harmless and dont cause symptoms. However, in some cases, they may lead to stomach ulcers and some diseases. […] However, its estimated that 30% of people with H. pylori develop other conditions, such as gastritis and peptic ulcers. This is because the bacteria could damage the inner protective lining of your stomach.

• #3 Pediatric Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/929452-overview

  Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacillus responsible for one of the most common infections found in humans worldwide. […] Epidemiologic studies have addressed various factors, such as bacterial, host, genetic, and environmental factors, to determine the causative links to H pylori infection. Data support person-to-person spread of infection, possibly related to dental plaque, but knowledge of reservoirs and transmission modes is incomplete. […] Causes of H pylori infection include the following: Person-to-person transmission of H pylori infection is noted. […] Infection clusters are noted, particularly in families with infected children. The possible routes are fecal-oral, oral-oral and gastro-oral. […] The possibility of H pylori transmission among children in daycare centers or kindergarten, where interpersonal contacts are common, was also proposed.

• #3 H. Pylori Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/helicobacter-pylori

  Although rare, H. pylori infections may increase your risk of developing stomach cancer. This is due to chronic inflammation caused by the infection. […] Its still not known exactly how H. pylori infections are transmitted. The bacteria has coexisted with humans for thousands of years. […] That said, infections are thought to be transmitted in several ways: Oral to oral: This may be transmitted through saliva from one persons mouth to another, such as by kissing. Fecal to oral: Coming into contact with vomit or stool, such as if you dont wash your hands thoroughly after using the bathroom. Contaminated water and food: Food and water may be contaminated with feces or other bacteria in unhygienic environments. […] Children are more likely to develop an H. pylori infection than adults. This is largely because children may not always practice proper hygiene.

• #3 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/h-pylori-fact-sheet

  The majority of cases of gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric MALT lymphoma are attributed to H. pylori infection. […] Yes. Long-term follow-up data from a randomized clinical trial carried out in Shandong, China showed that 2 weeks of treatment with antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori significantly reduced the incidence of gastric cancer by nearly 50% over 22 years of follow-up after treatment.

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