Hiperglikemia
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby
Hiperglikemia, definiowana jako podwyższony poziom glukozy we krwi, jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka pogorszenia rokowania u pacjentów zarówno z rozpoznaną, jak i nierozpoznaną cukrzycą, zwłaszcza w kontekście ostrych stanów kardiologicznych i neurologicznych. Wartości glukozy na czczo (FBG) powyżej 5,60 mmol/L u pacjentów bez cukrzycy oraz powyżej 10,60 mmol/L u pacjentów z cukrzycą są związane z niekorzystnymi wynikami klinicznymi, w tym zwiększonym ryzykiem niewydolności serca, złośliwych zaburzeń rytmu i zgonów. Wskaźnik hiperglikemii stresowej (Stress Hyperglycemia Ratio, SHR) stanowi niezależny predyktor ciężkich powikłań i śmiertelności, szczególnie u pacjentów z udarem mózgu oraz STEMI ściany przedniej (OR: 3,53; 95% CI: 2,02-6,15; p<0,001). Hiperglikemia stresowa jest również silnym markerem złego rokowania po dożylnej trombolizie u chorych z ostrym udarem niedokrwiennym oraz zwiększa ryzyko krwotoku śródczaszkowego.
- Prognoza w hiperglikemii
- Hiperglikemia a rokowanie w ostrych zespołach wieńcowych
- Wskaźnik hiperglikemii stresowej jako predyktor rokowania
- Hiperglikemia stresowa a rokowanie w udarze mózgu
- Długoterminowe powikłania hiperglikemii
- Ostre powikłania hiperglikemii
- Ogólne rokowanie i czynniki wpływające na prognozę
- Podsumowanie prognozy hiperglikemii
Prognoza w hiperglikemii
Hiperglikemia (podwyższony poziom glukozy we krwi) stanowi poważny problem zdrowotny, szczególnie u osób z cukrzycą, ale również u pacjentów bez wcześniej zdiagnozowanej cukrzycy, zwłaszcza w kontekście ostrych stanów chorobowych. Prognoza pacjentów z hiperglikemią zależy od wielu czynników, w tym od wyjściowego statusu cukrzycowego, nasilenia hiperglikemii oraz współistniejących chorób.1
Hiperglikemia a rokowanie w ostrych zespołach wieńcowych
Hiperglikemia przy przyjęciu do szpitala jest niezależnym czynnikiem predykcyjnym gorszego rokowania u pacjentów z ostrym zawałem mięśnia sercowego (AMI), niezależnie od statusu cukrzycowego. Badania wykazały, że hiperglikemia przy przyjęciu wiąże się zarówno z krótko-, jak i długoterminowymi niekorzystnymi wynikami klinicznymi.2 Punkty krytyczne poziomu glukozy na czczo (FBG) dla złego rokowania różnią się w zależności od statusu cukrzycowego i wynoszą 5,60 mmol/L dla pacjentów bez cukrzycy oraz 10,60 mmol/L dla pacjentów z cukrzycą.3
W przypadku pacjentów z ostrym zespołem wieńcowym bez uniesienia odcinka ST (NSTE-ACS) bez cukrzycy, hiperglikemia przy przyjęciu również stanowi silny czynnik ryzyka niekorzystnych wyników leczenia wewnątrzszpitalnego. Wraz ze wzrostem poziomu glukozy przy przyjęciu znacząco wzrasta częstość występowania ciężkiej niewydolności pompy serca, złośliwych zaburzeń rytmu serca i zgonów.4 Warto zauważyć, że hiperglikemia ma różny wpływ na rokowanie u pacjentów z rozpoznaną cukrzycą i u pacjentów z nierozpoznaną cukrzycą – jest bardziej predykcyjna dla niekorzystnych zdarzeń u pacjentów z nierozpoznaną cukrzycą.5
Wskaźnik hiperglikemii stresowej jako predyktor rokowania
Wskaźnik hiperglikemii stresowej (Stress Hyperglycemia Ratio, SHR) zyskuje coraz większe znaczenie jako predyktor rokowania w różnych stanach chorobowych. W przypadku pacjentów w stanie krytycznym z udarem mózgu, SHR jest ważnym wskaźnikiem predykcyjnym ciężkich zaburzeń świadomości i śmiertelności z wszystkich przyczyn.6 Badania wykazały, że istnieje nieliniowa zależność między SHR a ryzykiem ciężkich zaburzeń świadomości, podczas gdy zależność ze śmiertelnością z wszystkich przyczyn ma charakter liniowy – wraz ze wzrostem wskaźnika SHR ryzyko śmiertelności wewnątrzszpitalnej stale rośnie.78
W przypadku pacjentów z zawałem mięśnia sercowego z uniesieniem odcinka ST ściany przedniej (STEMI), SHR jest niezależnym predyktorem wewnątrzszpitalnej niewydolności serca. Analiza wieloczynnikowa wykazała, że SHR jest istotnym niezależnym czynnikiem ryzyka i czynnikiem predykcyjnym wewnątrzszpitalnej niewydolności serca po zawale ściany przedniej STEMI (OR: 3,53; 95% CI: 2,02-6,15; p<0,001).9
Hiperglikemia stresowa a rokowanie w udarze mózgu
Hiperglikemia stresowa jest istotnym predyktorem gorszego rokowania u pacjentów z ostrymi chorobami naczyniowymi mózgu. U pacjentów bez cukrzycy z udarem mózgu, podwyższony poziom glukozy na czczo wiąże się z gorszym wynikiem funkcjonalnym po 6 miesiącach.10 Wielkość negatywnego wpływu hiperglikemii na wynik funkcjonalny po ostrym udarze niedokrwiennym może różnić się w zależności od statusu przedchorobowego rozpoznania cukrzycy, a podwyższony poziom glukozy na czczo po udarze może być lepszym predyktorem rokowania u pacjentów bez uprzedniej cukrzycy niż u osób z cukrzycą.11
Pacjenci z udarem bez cukrzycy, ale z hiperglikemią, mają gorsze rokowanie niż zarówno pacjenci z normoglikemią, jak i pacjenci z cukrzycą.12 Hiperglikemia stresowa jest predyktorem gorszego wyniku u pacjentów z ostrym udarem niedokrwiennym poddawanych dożylnej trombolizie. Pacjenci z ciężką hiperglikemią stresową mają znacznie zwiększone ryzyko złego wyniku po 3 miesiącach, śmiertelności po 3 miesiącach i objawowego krwotoku śródczaszkowego.13
W przypadku krwotoku śródmózgowego, hiperglikemia stresowa jest częstym objawem u pacjentów i stanowi marker złych wyników leczenia i wyższej śmiertelności, szczególnie u pacjentów bez znanej historii cukrzycy.14
Długoterminowe powikłania hiperglikemii
Nieleczona przewlekła hiperglikemia prowadzi do uszkodzenia naczyń krwionośnych i tkanek w organizmie, co może powodować różnorodne powikłania, w tym:15
- Retinopatia – uszkodzenie naczyń krwionośnych siatkówki, które może prowadzić do ślepoty
- Nefropatia – uszkodzenie nerek lub niewydolność nerek
- Neuropatia – uszkodzenie nerwów
- Gastropareza – zaburzenia opróżniania żołądka
- Choroby serca – zwiększone ryzyko chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego
- Udar mózgu – zwiększone ryzyko udaru mózgu
Długotrwała hiperglikemia może również prowadzić do problemów ze stopami spowodowanych uszkodzeniem nerwów lub słabym przepływem krwi, co może powodować poważne infekcje skóry, owrzodzenia, a w niektórych ciężkich przypadkach amputację. Dodatkowo może zwiększać ryzyko problemów z kośćmi i stawami oraz infekcji zębów i dziąseł.17
Ostre powikłania hiperglikemii
Jeśli poziom glukozy we krwi wzrośnie bardzo wysoko lub jeśli wysokie poziomy glukozy we krwi nie są leczone, może to prowadzić do dwóch poważnych stanów:18
- Cukrzycowa kwasica ketonowa (DKA) – stan zagrażający życiu, który nieleczony może prowadzić do śpiączki cukrzycowej
- Cukrzycowy hiperosmolarny zespół hiperglikemiczny – stan, który nieleczony może prowadzić do zagrażającego życiu odwodnienia i śpiączki
W obu przypadkach konieczne jest natychmiastowe leczenie medyczne, ponieważ są to stany zagrażające życiu.21
Ogólne rokowanie i czynniki wpływające na prognozę
Rokowanie (perspektywa) osób z hiperglikemią różni się w zależności od tego, jak dobrze zarządzają one swoją cukrzycą. Przewlekła hiperglikemia może powodować poważne powikłania, a powikłania te są zwykle nieodwracalne. Liczne badania wykazały, że nieleczona przewlekła hiperglikemia skraca długość życia i pogarsza jego jakość.22
Badania wykazały również, że osoby z cukrzycą mogą zmniejszyć ryzyko powikłań, konsekwentnie utrzymując poziomy A1C poniżej 7%.23 Jest to kluczowy cel w zarządzaniu cukrzycą i prewencji długoterminowych powikłań hiperglikemii.
Podsumowanie prognozy hiperglikemii
Hiperglikemia, zarówno ostra jak i przewlekła, ma istotny wpływ na rokowanie pacjentów, niezależnie od ich statusu cukrzycowego. W ostrych stanach, takich jak zawał mięśnia sercowego czy udar mózgu, podwyższony poziom glukozy przy przyjęciu jest niezależnym predyktorem gorszych wyników klinicznych. Wskaźnik hiperglikemii stresowej (SHR) zyskuje coraz większe znaczenie jako predyktor rokowania w różnych stanach chorobowych.2425
Długoterminowo, nieleczona hiperglikemia prowadzi do uszkodzenia naczyń krwionośnych i tkanek, powodując różnorodne powikłania, które istotnie wpływają na długość i jakość życia pacjentów. Kluczowym czynnikiem poprawiającym rokowanie jest utrzymywanie dobrej kontroli glikemii, co może zmniejszyć ryzyko zarówno ostrych, jak i przewlekłych powikłań hiperglikemii.26
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Materiały źródłowe
- #1 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms & Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9815-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar
Acute (sudden and severe) hyperglycemia can lead to DKA, which is life-threatening. […] The prognosis (outlook) of people with hyperglycemia varies based on how well they manage their diabetes overall. […] Chronic hyperglycemia can cause severe complications, and the complications are usually irreversible. Several studies have shown that untreated chronic hyperglycemia shortens lifespans and worsens the quality of life. […] Studies have shown that people with diabetes may be able to reduce the risk of complications by consistently keeping their A1C levels below 7%.
- #2 Short and long-term prognosis of admission hyperglycemia in patients with and without diabetes after acute myocardial infarction: a retrospective cohort studyhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9229884/
Admission hyperglycemia is associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but the effects of baseline diabetes status on this association remain elusive. […] Admission hyperglycemia was identified as an independent predictor of worse short and long-term outcomes in AMI patients, with or without diabetes. […] The inflection points of FBG level for poor prognosis were 5.60 mmol/L for patients without diabetes and 10.60 mmol/L for patients with diabetes. […] Hyperglycemia was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality during long-term follow-up which corroborates the key finding from a recent report based on the optimal values (140 mg/dL) for glucose in patients with and without diabetes. […] Our findings demonstrated that admission hyperglycemia was independently associated with short and long-term outcomes in AMI patients, regardless of diabetes status.
- #3 Short and long-term prognosis of admission hyperglycemia in patients with and without diabetes after acute myocardial infarction: a retrospective cohort studyhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9229884/
Admission hyperglycemia is associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but the effects of baseline diabetes status on this association remain elusive. […] Admission hyperglycemia was identified as an independent predictor of worse short and long-term outcomes in AMI patients, with or without diabetes. […] The inflection points of FBG level for poor prognosis were 5.60 mmol/L for patients without diabetes and 10.60 mmol/L for patients with diabetes. […] Hyperglycemia was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality during long-term follow-up which corroborates the key finding from a recent report based on the optimal values (140 mg/dL) for glucose in patients with and without diabetes. […] Our findings demonstrated that admission hyperglycemia was independently associated with short and long-term outcomes in AMI patients, regardless of diabetes status.
- #4 Effect of Admission Hyperglycemia on Short-Term Prognosis of Patients with Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome without Diabetes Mellitushttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8668326/
To evaluate the effect of admission hyperglycemia on the short-term prognosis of patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) without diabetes mellitus. […] Hyperglycemia at admission is a risk factor for adverse in-hospital clinical outcomes in patients with NSTE-ACS. […] Previous studies showed that admission hyperglycemia was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis of ACS patients, irrespective of whether or not they had diabetes. […] The findings of our study confirmed that the incidence of severe pump failure, malignant arrhythmia, and death in NSTE-ACS patients without diabetes significantly increased with the increase in BG level at admission. […] The multivariate analysis showed that admission hyperglycemia was a strong risk factor for adverse outcomes in NSTE-ACS patients. […] Hyperglycemia has different effects on the prognosis of patients with diabetes or undiagnosed diabetes. Hyperglycemia is more predictive of adverse events in patients with undiagnosed diabetes compared to those with diagnosed diabetes.
- #5 Effect of Admission Hyperglycemia on Short-Term Prognosis of Patients with Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome without Diabetes Mellitushttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8668326/
To evaluate the effect of admission hyperglycemia on the short-term prognosis of patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) without diabetes mellitus. […] Hyperglycemia at admission is a risk factor for adverse in-hospital clinical outcomes in patients with NSTE-ACS. […] Previous studies showed that admission hyperglycemia was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis of ACS patients, irrespective of whether or not they had diabetes. […] The findings of our study confirmed that the incidence of severe pump failure, malignant arrhythmia, and death in NSTE-ACS patients without diabetes significantly increased with the increase in BG level at admission. […] The multivariate analysis showed that admission hyperglycemia was a strong risk factor for adverse outcomes in NSTE-ACS patients. […] Hyperglycemia has different effects on the prognosis of patients with diabetes or undiagnosed diabetes. Hyperglycemia is more predictive of adverse events in patients with undiagnosed diabetes compared to those with diagnosed diabetes.
- #6 Stress hyperglycemia ratio as an important predictive indicator for severe disturbance of consciousness and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with cerebral infarction: a retrospective study using the MIMIC-IV database | European Journal of Mehttps://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-025-02309-9
Stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) has been linked to prognosis of cerebrovascular diseases. […] This study seeks to assess the predictive potential of SHR for severe DC and mortality among patients with cerebral infarction. […] A non-linear relationship existed between SHR and the risk of severe disturbance of consciousness, while there was a linear relationship with all-cause mortality. […] In addition, SHR has an incremental impact on evaluating various diseases in predicting severe disturbance of consciousness and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with cerebral infarction. […] SHR is an important predictive indicator for severe disturbance of consciousness and all-cause mortality of patients with cerebral infarction. […] The analysis of the SHR index on in-hospital mortality demonstrated that the SHR index served as an independent predictor of the risk of DC of patients with CI whether in the unadjusted model (model 1) or in the model with gradually increasing adjusted variables (models 2 to 4).
- 7#8 Stress hyperglycemia ratio as an important predictive indicator for severe disturbance of consciousness and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with cerebral infarction: a retrospective study using the MIMIC-IV database | European Journal of Mehttps://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-025-02309-9
- #9 Stress hyperglycaemia ratio is an independent predictor of in-hospital heart failure among patients with anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Texthttps://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-024-04362-4
Stress hyperglycaemia ratio (SHR) has been reported to be independently and significantly associated with various adverse cardiovascular events as well as mortality. […] The results revealed that SHR is a significant independent predictor of in-hospital HF (OR: 3.53; 95%CI: 2.026.15; p0.001). […] SHR is an independent predictor for in-hospital HF in anterior wall STEMI patients. […] The results strongly suggest that apart from conventional risk parameters-age, VF, nosocomial pneumonia, LVEF, and NT-pro-BNP levels, SHR is an independent predictor of in-hospital HF in patients with anterior wall STEMI (OR: 3.53, 95% CI: 2.026.15, p0.001). […] The present study discovered that SHR is a significant independent risk and predictive factor for in-hospital HF post anterior wall STEMI.
- #10 Elevated Fasting Blood Glucose Is Predictive of Poor Outcome in Non-Diabetic Stroke Patients: A Sub-Group Analysis of SMART | PLOS Onehttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0160674
Elevated Fasting Blood Glucose Is Predictive of Poor Outcome in Non-Diabetic Stroke Patients: A Sub-Group Analysis of SMART […] Although increasing evidence suggests that hyperglycemia following acute stroke adversely affects clinical outcome, whether the association between glycaemia and functional outcome varies between stroke patients with\without pre-diagnosed diabetes remains controversial. […] In the whole cohort, multivariable logistical regression showed that poor functional outcome was associated with elevated FBG (OR1.21 (95%CI 1.071.37), p = 0.002), older age (OR1.64 (95% CI1.381.94), p0.001), higher NIHSS (OR2.90 (95%CI 2.523.33), p0.001) and hypertension (OR1.42 (95%CI 1.131.98), p = 0.04). […] The present results demonstrate a significant association between elevated FBG after stroke and poor functional outcome in patients without pre-diagnosed diabetes, but not in diabetics. […] The present study demonstrated that elevated FBG level after stroke was associated with the poor functional outcome, in agreement with those of previous studies that identified hyperglycemia as an important predictor of an increased risk of disability in AIS. […] These findings suggest that the magnitude of the negative impact of hyperglycaemia on functional outcome after AIS may differ according to the status of premorbid diagnosis of diabetes, and that elevated FBG level post-stroke could be better for predicting prognosis in patients without prior diabetes than in those with diabetes. […] In conclusion, the results of our present study revealed that an elevated fasting glucose level after stroke was associated with the poor functional outcome at 6-month. This negative effect of elevated glucose level was obvious only in patients without prior history of diabetes.
- #11 Elevated Fasting Blood Glucose Is Predictive of Poor Outcome in Non-Diabetic Stroke Patients: A Sub-Group Analysis of SMART | PLOS Onehttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0160674
Elevated Fasting Blood Glucose Is Predictive of Poor Outcome in Non-Diabetic Stroke Patients: A Sub-Group Analysis of SMART […] Although increasing evidence suggests that hyperglycemia following acute stroke adversely affects clinical outcome, whether the association between glycaemia and functional outcome varies between stroke patients with\without pre-diagnosed diabetes remains controversial. […] In the whole cohort, multivariable logistical regression showed that poor functional outcome was associated with elevated FBG (OR1.21 (95%CI 1.071.37), p = 0.002), older age (OR1.64 (95% CI1.381.94), p0.001), higher NIHSS (OR2.90 (95%CI 2.523.33), p0.001) and hypertension (OR1.42 (95%CI 1.131.98), p = 0.04). […] The present results demonstrate a significant association between elevated FBG after stroke and poor functional outcome in patients without pre-diagnosed diabetes, but not in diabetics. […] The present study demonstrated that elevated FBG level after stroke was associated with the poor functional outcome, in agreement with those of previous studies that identified hyperglycemia as an important predictor of an increased risk of disability in AIS. […] These findings suggest that the magnitude of the negative impact of hyperglycaemia on functional outcome after AIS may differ according to the status of premorbid diagnosis of diabetes, and that elevated FBG level post-stroke could be better for predicting prognosis in patients without prior diabetes than in those with diabetes. […] In conclusion, the results of our present study revealed that an elevated fasting glucose level after stroke was associated with the poor functional outcome at 6-month. This negative effect of elevated glucose level was obvious only in patients without prior history of diabetes.
- #12 (PDF) Stress Hyperglycemia as a Predictor for Outcome of Non-Diabetic Patients with Acute Cerebrovascular Disease -A Study of 490 Patientshttps://www.academia.edu/100818671/Stress_Hyperglycemia_as_a_Predictor_for_Outcome_of_Non_Diabetic_Patients_with_Acute_Cerebrovascular_Disease_A_Study_of_490_Patients
Hyperglycemic non-diabetic stroke patients have a worse prognosis than both normoglycemic and diabetic patients. […] Stress hyperglycemia is predictive of worse outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing intravenous thrombolysis. […] Patients with severe stress hyperglycemia had a significantly increased risk of 3 months poor outcome, 3 months mortality, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. […] Stress hyperglycemia is a common finding in patients presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage. It is a marker of poor outcomes and higher mortality, more so in patients with no known history of diabetes.
- #13 (PDF) Stress Hyperglycemia as a Predictor for Outcome of Non-Diabetic Patients with Acute Cerebrovascular Disease -A Study of 490 Patientshttps://www.academia.edu/100818671/Stress_Hyperglycemia_as_a_Predictor_for_Outcome_of_Non_Diabetic_Patients_with_Acute_Cerebrovascular_Disease_A_Study_of_490_Patients
Hyperglycemic non-diabetic stroke patients have a worse prognosis than both normoglycemic and diabetic patients. […] Stress hyperglycemia is predictive of worse outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing intravenous thrombolysis. […] Patients with severe stress hyperglycemia had a significantly increased risk of 3 months poor outcome, 3 months mortality, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. […] Stress hyperglycemia is a common finding in patients presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage. It is a marker of poor outcomes and higher mortality, more so in patients with no known history of diabetes.
- #14 (PDF) Stress Hyperglycemia as a Predictor for Outcome of Non-Diabetic Patients with Acute Cerebrovascular Disease -A Study of 490 Patientshttps://www.academia.edu/100818671/Stress_Hyperglycemia_as_a_Predictor_for_Outcome_of_Non_Diabetic_Patients_with_Acute_Cerebrovascular_Disease_A_Study_of_490_Patients
Hyperglycemic non-diabetic stroke patients have a worse prognosis than both normoglycemic and diabetic patients. […] Stress hyperglycemia is predictive of worse outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing intravenous thrombolysis. […] Patients with severe stress hyperglycemia had a significantly increased risk of 3 months poor outcome, 3 months mortality, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. […] Stress hyperglycemia is a common finding in patients presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage. It is a marker of poor outcomes and higher mortality, more so in patients with no known history of diabetes.
- #15 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms & Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9815-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) is common in people who have diabetes. If its left untreated, chronic hyperglycemia can lead to diabetes complications, such as nerve damage, eye disease and kidney damage. […] Hyperglycemia usually means you have diabetes, and people with diabetes can experience hyperglycemia episodes frequently. […] If you have hyperglycemia thats untreated for long periods of time, it can damage your nerves, blood vessels, tissues and organs. […] Severe hyperglycemia can also lead to an acute (sudden and severe) life-threatening complication called diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA), especially in people with diabetes who take insulin or people with undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes. This requires immediate medical treatment. […] Prolonged (chronic) hyperglycemia over the years can damage blood vessels and tissues in your body. This can lead to a variety of complications, including the following: Retinopathy, Nephropathy, Neuropathy, Gastroparesis, Heart disease, Stroke.
- #16 Hyperglycemia in diabetes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinichttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631
High blood sugar, also called hyperglycemia, affects people who have diabetes. […] If it’s not treated, hyperglycemia can become severe and cause serious health problems that require emergency care, including a diabetic coma. Hyperglycemia that lasts, even if it’s not severe, can lead to health problems that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart. […] In people who have diabetes, glucose tends to build up in the bloodstream. This condition is called hyperglycemia. It may reach dangerously high levels if it is not treated properly. Insulin and other drugs are used to lower blood sugar levels. […] Long-term complications of hyperglycemia that isn’t treated include: cardiovascular disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy) or kidney failure, damage to the blood vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy) that could lead to blindness, feet problems caused by damaged nerves or poor blood flow that can lead to serious skin infections, ulcerations and, in some severe cases, amputation, bone and joint problems, teeth and gum infections.
- #17 Hyperglycemia in diabetes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinichttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631
High blood sugar, also called hyperglycemia, affects people who have diabetes. […] If it’s not treated, hyperglycemia can become severe and cause serious health problems that require emergency care, including a diabetic coma. Hyperglycemia that lasts, even if it’s not severe, can lead to health problems that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart. […] In people who have diabetes, glucose tends to build up in the bloodstream. This condition is called hyperglycemia. It may reach dangerously high levels if it is not treated properly. Insulin and other drugs are used to lower blood sugar levels. […] Long-term complications of hyperglycemia that isn’t treated include: cardiovascular disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy) or kidney failure, damage to the blood vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy) that could lead to blindness, feet problems caused by damaged nerves or poor blood flow that can lead to serious skin infections, ulcerations and, in some severe cases, amputation, bone and joint problems, teeth and gum infections.
- #18 Hyperglycemia in diabetes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinichttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631
If blood sugar rises very high or if high blood sugar levels are not treated, it can lead to two serious conditions. […] If it isn’t treated, diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to a diabetic coma that can be life-threatening. […] If it isn’t treated, diabetic hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state can lead to life-threatening dehydration and coma. It’s very important to get medical care for it right away.
- #19 Hyperglycemia in diabetes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinichttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631
If blood sugar rises very high or if high blood sugar levels are not treated, it can lead to two serious conditions. […] If it isn’t treated, diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to a diabetic coma that can be life-threatening. […] If it isn’t treated, diabetic hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state can lead to life-threatening dehydration and coma. It’s very important to get medical care for it right away.
- #20 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms & Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9815-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) is common in people who have diabetes. If its left untreated, chronic hyperglycemia can lead to diabetes complications, such as nerve damage, eye disease and kidney damage. […] Hyperglycemia usually means you have diabetes, and people with diabetes can experience hyperglycemia episodes frequently. […] If you have hyperglycemia thats untreated for long periods of time, it can damage your nerves, blood vessels, tissues and organs. […] Severe hyperglycemia can also lead to an acute (sudden and severe) life-threatening complication called diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA), especially in people with diabetes who take insulin or people with undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes. This requires immediate medical treatment. […] Prolonged (chronic) hyperglycemia over the years can damage blood vessels and tissues in your body. This can lead to a variety of complications, including the following: Retinopathy, Nephropathy, Neuropathy, Gastroparesis, Heart disease, Stroke.
- #21 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms & Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9815-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar
Acute (sudden and severe) hyperglycemia can lead to DKA, which is life-threatening. […] The prognosis (outlook) of people with hyperglycemia varies based on how well they manage their diabetes overall. […] Chronic hyperglycemia can cause severe complications, and the complications are usually irreversible. Several studies have shown that untreated chronic hyperglycemia shortens lifespans and worsens the quality of life. […] Studies have shown that people with diabetes may be able to reduce the risk of complications by consistently keeping their A1C levels below 7%.
- #22 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms & Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9815-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar
Acute (sudden and severe) hyperglycemia can lead to DKA, which is life-threatening. […] The prognosis (outlook) of people with hyperglycemia varies based on how well they manage their diabetes overall. […] Chronic hyperglycemia can cause severe complications, and the complications are usually irreversible. Several studies have shown that untreated chronic hyperglycemia shortens lifespans and worsens the quality of life. […] Studies have shown that people with diabetes may be able to reduce the risk of complications by consistently keeping their A1C levels below 7%.
- #23 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms & Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9815-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar
Acute (sudden and severe) hyperglycemia can lead to DKA, which is life-threatening. […] The prognosis (outlook) of people with hyperglycemia varies based on how well they manage their diabetes overall. […] Chronic hyperglycemia can cause severe complications, and the complications are usually irreversible. Several studies have shown that untreated chronic hyperglycemia shortens lifespans and worsens the quality of life. […] Studies have shown that people with diabetes may be able to reduce the risk of complications by consistently keeping their A1C levels below 7%.
- #24 Short and long-term prognosis of admission hyperglycemia in patients with and without diabetes after acute myocardial infarction: a retrospective cohort studyhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9229884/
Admission hyperglycemia is associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but the effects of baseline diabetes status on this association remain elusive. […] Admission hyperglycemia was identified as an independent predictor of worse short and long-term outcomes in AMI patients, with or without diabetes. […] The inflection points of FBG level for poor prognosis were 5.60 mmol/L for patients without diabetes and 10.60 mmol/L for patients with diabetes. […] Hyperglycemia was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality during long-term follow-up which corroborates the key finding from a recent report based on the optimal values (140 mg/dL) for glucose in patients with and without diabetes. […] Our findings demonstrated that admission hyperglycemia was independently associated with short and long-term outcomes in AMI patients, regardless of diabetes status.
- #25 Stress hyperglycemia ratio as an important predictive indicator for severe disturbance of consciousness and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with cerebral infarction: a retrospective study using the MIMIC-IV database | European Journal of Mehttps://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-025-02309-9
Stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) has been linked to prognosis of cerebrovascular diseases. […] This study seeks to assess the predictive potential of SHR for severe DC and mortality among patients with cerebral infarction. […] A non-linear relationship existed between SHR and the risk of severe disturbance of consciousness, while there was a linear relationship with all-cause mortality. […] In addition, SHR has an incremental impact on evaluating various diseases in predicting severe disturbance of consciousness and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with cerebral infarction. […] SHR is an important predictive indicator for severe disturbance of consciousness and all-cause mortality of patients with cerebral infarction. […] The analysis of the SHR index on in-hospital mortality demonstrated that the SHR index served as an independent predictor of the risk of DC of patients with CI whether in the unadjusted model (model 1) or in the model with gradually increasing adjusted variables (models 2 to 4).
- #26 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms & Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9815-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar
Acute (sudden and severe) hyperglycemia can lead to DKA, which is life-threatening. […] The prognosis (outlook) of people with hyperglycemia varies based on how well they manage their diabetes overall. […] Chronic hyperglycemia can cause severe complications, and the complications are usually irreversible. Several studies have shown that untreated chronic hyperglycemia shortens lifespans and worsens the quality of life. […] Studies have shown that people with diabetes may be able to reduce the risk of complications by consistently keeping their A1C levels below 7%.