Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hyperglycemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430900/

  The incidence of hyperglycemia has increased dramatically over the last two decades due to increased obesity, decreased activity level, and an aging population. The prevalence is equal between men and women. The countries with the greatest number of patients with diabetes included China, India, United States, Brazil, and Russia. Hyperglycemia is more prominent in low to medium-income households. […] The latest data released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicate that there are nearly 30.5 million Americans with diabetes and nearly 84 million Americans with prediabetes. These numbers are set to increase significantly over the next decade.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  The number of people living with diabetes rose from 200 million in 1990 to 830 million in 2022. […] In 2022, 14% of adults aged 18 years and older were living with diabetes, an increase from 7% in 1990. […] Diabetes treatment coverage was lowest in low- and middle-income countries. […] In 2021, diabetes was the direct cause of 1.6 million deaths and 47% of all deaths due to diabetes occurred before the age of 70 years. […] High blood glucose causes around 11% of cardiovascular deaths. […] Since 2000, mortality rates from diabetes have been increasing. […] WHO aims to stimulate and support the adoption of effective measures for the surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] WHO conducts surveillance of diabetes and its risk factors.

• #3 IDF Diabetes Atlas | Global Diabetes Data & Statistics

  https://diabetesatlas.org/

  589 million adults (20-79 years) are living with diabetes worldwide […] This number is predicted to rise to 853 million by 2050 […] Diabetes was responsible for 3.4 million deaths in 2024 1 every 9 seconds […] Diabetes caused at least USD 1 trillion dollars in health expenditure a 338% increase over the last 17 years.

• #4 Diabetes Facts and Figures | International Diabetes Federation

  https://idf.org/about-diabetes/diabetes-facts-figures/

  590m people worldwide have diabetes […] The latest IDF Diabetes Atlas (2025) reports that 11.1% or 1 in 9 of the adult population (20-79 years) is living with diabetes, with over 4 in 10 unaware that they have the condition. […] By 2050, IDF projections show that 1 in 8 adults, approximately 853 million, will be living with diabetes, an increase of 46%. […] Approximately 589 million adults (20-79 years) are living with diabetes. […] The total number of people living with diabetes is projected to rise to 853 million by 2045. […] Over 4 in 5 adults (81%) with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries. […] The IDF Diabetes Atlas is the authoritative resource on the global impact of diabetes. It provides statistics on diabetes prevalence, diabetes-related mortality and health expenditure at the global, regional and national level.

• #5 Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279093/

  Diabetes is the most prevalent metabolic disorder, and in 2021, the International Diabetes Federation estimated that it affected 537 million adults globally. […] In 2024, the United States Centers for Disease Control reported that 38.1 million adult Americans, or 14.7% of the adult population, have diabetes. […] Hyperglycemia, defined as a blood glucose greater than 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l), is reported in 22-46% of non-critically ill hospitalized patients. […] Extensive data indicates that inpatient hyperglycemia, in patients with or without a prior diagnosis of diabetes, is associated with an increased risk of complications and mortality. […] Data from the USA suggest that the prevalence of diabetes in the adult inpatient population has increased by 2.5% annually from 17.1% to 27.3% between 2000 and 2018.

• #6 Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279093/

  In the UK, the annual National Diabetes Inpatient Audit suggested that the prevalence of diabetes amongst inpatients had risen from 15% in 2010 to almost 20% in 2019. […] Hyperglycemia is defined as a blood glucose concentration greater than 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l). […] The prevalence has been reported to be 22% to 46% in non-critically ill hospitalized patients. […] A large body of literature, including observational and prospective randomized clinical trials, in people with and without diabetes, as well as those who are critically or non-critically ill has shown a strong association between hyperglycemia (in particular, a blood glucose 200mg/dl [11.0mmol/l]) and poor clinical outcomes, such as mortality, infections, and hospital complications compared to those with a glucose concentration of 100mg/dl (5.6mmol/l).

• #7 Hyperglycemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia is one of the main symptoms of diabetes and it has substantially affected the population making it an epidemic due to the population’s increased calorie consumption. […] Hyperglycemia is lower in higher income groups since there is access to better education, healthcare, and resources. Low-middle income groups are more likely to develop hyperglycemia, due in part to a limited access to education and a reduced availability of healthy food options. […] As physical inactivity and calorie consumption increases it makes individuals more susceptible to developing hyperglycemia. […] Hyperglycemia is caused by type 1 diabetes and non-whites have a higher susceptibility for it.

• #8 Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1914705-overview

  As mentioned above, the elderly, the chronically ill, and institutionalized populations are at increased risk for HHS. […] No sex predilection is noted in most published series of HHS. However, some data suggest that the prevalence is slightly higher in females than in males. […] Black persons, Hispanic individuals, and Native Americans are disproportionately affected by HHS. This may be due to an increased prevalence of type 2 DM in these populations. […] In the US National Hospital Discharge Survey of 10,800 hospital discharges listing HHS in the United States between 1989 and 1991, there were 6300 White patients and 2900 Black patients; the remainder of the discharges were people of other races or of unknown race. […] In the aforementioned study by Shaka et al, using the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, it was found that between 2008 and 2018, the proportion of Whites and Hispanics with type 2 DM with HHS rose steadily.

• #9 Prevalence and factors associated with hyperglycemia in a rural population of Tanvè and Dékanmey in Benin in 2019 | PLOS Global Public Health

  https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000471

  In our study, factors associated with fasting hyperglycemia in multivariate analysis were: advanced age, male sex, abdominal obesity, weight status and high monthly income. The prevalence of hyperglycemia increased significantly with age (p = 0.004). In fact, the risk of being hyperglycemic increased by 1.03 with each increase of one unit of age (95%CI: 1.021.73). Our study revealed that men were at a higher risk of developing hyperglycemia compared to women (p = 0.023), AOR = 2.93 (1.495.84). […] Our study showed that abdominal obesity was associated with hyperglycemia (p = 0.007; AOR = 2.80 (1.296.16)); that is consistent with the finding of Aynalem et al in Ethiopia in 2016 who also found an association between hyperglycemia and abdominal obesity. […] Obesity is established as an associated factor of hyperglycemia. In our study we found a significant association between hyperglycemia and obesity in univariate analysis (COR = 1.97(1.053.69); p = 0.030)).

• #10 Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1914705-overview

  The exact incidence of HHS is not known, because population-based studies of HHS have not been conducted. It has been estimated that out of all primary diabetic hospital admissions, less than 1% are for HHS. […] As the prevalence of type 2 DM increases, the incidence of HHS will likely increase as well. […] In a study of adults, using the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, Shaka et al found that between 2008 and 2018, hospitalizations for type 2 DM with HHS rose in the United States. […] A retrospective cohort study by Agrawal et al of 390 pediatric hyperglycemic emergencies that led to hospitalization determined that 13.8% of the admissions involved a combination of DKA and HHS, while only 0.8% involved HHS alone. […] The average age of patients with HHS is 60 years (57-69 years on most published series). This contrasts the mean age of DKA, which is early in the fourth decade of life. HHS can also occur in younger people.

• #11 Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/118361-overview

  Despite advancements in self-care of patients with diabetes, DKA accounts for 14% of all hospital admissions of patients with diabetes and 16% of all diabetes-related fatalities. Almost 50% of diabetes-related admissions in young persons are related to DKA. DKA frequently is observed during the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and often indicates this diagnosis. While the exact incidence is not known, it is estimated to be 1 out of 2000. […] DKA occurs primarily in patients with type 1 diabetes. The incidence is roughly 2 episodes per 100 patient years of diabetes, with about 3% of patients with type 1 diabetes initially presenting with DKA. It can occur in patients with type 2 diabetes as well; this is less common, however. […] A study by Zhong et al found that in England, for adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, there was a growing incidence of hospitalization for DKA between 1998 and 2013. More specifically, the investigators reported that the incidence for patients with type 1 diabetes rose between 1998 and 2007 and then remained at the same level until 2013, while the incidence associated with type 2 diabetes expanded annually by 4.24% between 1998 and 2013.

• #12 Adolescent Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance Drive Early Cardiac Structural Changes, Novel Cohort Study Finds

  https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/adolescent-hyperglycemia-insulin-resistance-drive-early-cardiac-structural-changes-in-novel-cohort-study

  Persistent hyperglycemia between ages 17 and 24 tripled the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy and did so 5 times faster among young women, a new study found. […] Persistently elevated blood glucose and insulin resistance (IR) during adolescence and early adulthood significantly increase the risk of structural and functional heart damage, according to a new study published in Diabetes Care. […] Among 1,595 adolescents followed from age 17 to 24 years, a persistent fasting blood sugar (FBG) of 101.7 mg/dL or greater was associated with a 46% higher risk of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH); at the more lenient cutpoint of 110 mg/dL, the risk was tripled, according to study authors. […] The impact of youth-onset type 2 diabetes on heightened risk for complications by midlife is well recognized, including the effect of IR and dysglycemia on cardiac structure in adults.

• #13 High blood sugar in adolescence tripled the risk of premature heart damage affecting females worse than males | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/04/250428220300.htm

  Persistently high blood sugar and insulin resistance significantly increased the risk of worsening functional and structural heart damage during growth from adolescence to young adulthood, a new study shows. […] To assess the prevalence of prediabetes, which refers to high fasting blood glucose levels, two alternative cutpoints were used, a stricter cutpoint of 5.6 mmol/L recommended by the American Diabetes Association, and 6.1 mmol/L, which is the present recommendation in many countries. […] The prevalence of excessive heart enlargement (left ventricular hypertrophy) increased threefold from 2.4% at age 17 years to 7.1% at age 24 years, while the prevalence of heart dysfunction increased from 9.2% in adolescence to 15.8% in young adulthood. […] Persistent fasting blood sugar of 5.6 mmol/L from age 17 to 24 years was associated with a 46% increased risk of left ventricular hypertrophy.

• #14 Hyperglycemia in the neonate | NHSGGC

  https://clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk/ggc-paediatric-guidelines/ggc-paediatric-guidelines/neonatology/hyperglycemia-in-the-neonate/

  Hyperglycemia is very common in preterm infants. The prevalence is 40-80% in Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Hyperglycemia is more prevalent in preterm infants than term infants. The incidence of hyperglycemia is inversely related to birth weight and gestation. Hyperglycemia in preterm infants is linked to relatively high glucose intake, impaired insulin production by beta cells of pancreas, insulin resistance, immaturity of glucose transport system and small mass of insulin responsive tissues. Despite the high prevalence of hyperglycemia in preterm infants, significant glycosuria is relatively uncommon. The level of BG leading to complications has not yet been defined. Hyperglycemia has been associated with neonatal mortality and morbidities although a direct causation has not yet been proved. Hyperglycemia may be treated either by the use of insulin infusions or a reduction in the glucose infusion rates. Where treatment with insulin is initiated, blood glucose levels must be monitored regularly to avoid hypoglycemia. If the baby has refractory hyperglycemia above these levels, consider monitoring serum sodium, urine glucose, urine osmolality if available and daily weights to look for evidence of osmotic diuresis.

• #15 Prevalence and determinants of hyperglycaemia among adults in Bangladesh: results from a population-based national survey | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/7/e029674

  Overall, the prevalence of hyperglycaemia was 5.5% (95% CI 4.5% to 6.6%) and was significantly higher among urban (9.8%, 95%CI 7.7% to 12.2%) than rural residents (2.8%, 95%CI 1.9% to 3.9%). […] Our study found that about 1 in 20 Bangladeshi adults aged 18 years have hyperglycaemia. […] To control and prevent the development of type 2 diabetes, data from this study can be used to inform public health programming and provide descriptive information on surveillance of progress towards controlling diabetes in Bangladesh. […] The increasing prevalence of diabetes among Bangladeshi adults over the past few decades has been documented: Based on a meta-analysis of studies conducted from 1995 to 2010, the prevalence of diabetes among Bangladeshi adults aged 30 years and above increased from 4% in 1995 to 2000 to 9% in 2006 to 2010.

• #16 Prevalence and correlates of hyperglycemia in a rural population, Vietnam: implications from a cross–sectional study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-12-939

  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), diabetes and their risk factors in a rural province, Vietnam. […] A crosssectional study with a representative sample was designed to estimate the hyperglycemia prevalence, using 75g oral glucose tolerance test. […] The age and sexadjusted prevalence rates (95% CI) of isolated IFG, isolated IGT, combined IFGIGT, and diabetes were 8.7 (7.010.5), 4.3 (3.25.4), 1.6 (0.92.3), and 3.7% (2.74.7%), respectively. […] Blood pressure and obesityrelated measures were the most significant predictors for hyperglycemia level and they can be taken into account in building prognosis models to early detection of diabetes in rural Vietnamese populations. […] Despite the worldwide importance of diabetes, relatively little has been known about its actual prevalence and its associations in Vietnam, especially in rural areas.

• #17 Prevalence and factors associated with hyperglycemia in a rural population of Tanvè and Dékanmey in Benin in 2019 | PLOS Global Public Health

  https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000471

  Prevalence and factors associated with hyperglycemia in a rural population of Tanv and Dkanmey in Benin in 2019 […] Hyperglycemia leads to serious damage to the body, especially the blood vessels and nerves. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with hyperglycemia in a rural population of Tanv and Dkanmey in Benin in 2019. […] The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 4.6%. In multivariate analysis, advanced age (AOR = 1.03; 95%CI = 1.021.73; p = 0.004), male sex (AOR = 2.93; 95%CI = 1.495.84; p = 0.023), monthly income 105,000 FCFA (AOR = 2.63; 95%CI = 1.245.63; p = 0.030), abdominal obesity (AOR = 2.80; 95%CI = 1.296.16; p = 0.007), and obesity (AOR = 1.68; 95%CI = 0.753.59; p = 0.004) were statistically associated with hyperglycemia. […] The prevalence of hyperglycemia is not negligible in rural areas in Benin. Our study found that older age, male gender, high income, abdominal obesity, and obesity are determining factors in its occurrence.

• #18 Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes: Causes, Risks, Management

  https://idf.org/about-diabetes/types-of-diabetes/gestational-diabetes/

  21.1 million live births or 16.7%, had some form of high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) during pregnancy. […] The condition is more common in low- and middle-income countries with limited access to maternal care. […] Women over 45 are at greater risk of hyperglycaemia during pregnancy, while women with a history of GDM have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes within five to ten years after delivery.

• #19 Glucocorticoid-Induced Hyperglycemia: A Neglected Problem

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2476

  Currently, 1% of the general population and 2.5% of older adults receive oral glucocorticoid therapy. […] In a prospective study of a primary care population diagnosed with diabetes from 2003 to 2004, the incidence of GIH resulting from oral glucocorticoid therapy was estimated to be 2%. […] The risk of GIH is more pronounced in inpatients. According to a study by Donihi et al., half of the inpatients who had not previously been diagnosed with diabetes experienced more than one episode of hyperglycemia, with blood glucose levels of 200 mg/dL or higher. […] A recent retrospective study that included 2,424 inpatients over a 4-year period reported an overall incidence of GIH of 34%. […] A subsequent review of several case-control and retrospective studies indicated that the relative risk of developing new GIH in patients without a previous history of hyperglycemia ranged from 1.3 to 2.3, with the total dose and duration of treatment being strong predictors of GIH development.

• #20 Glucocorticoid-Induced Hyperglycemia: A Neglected Problem

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2476

  A meta-analysis of approximately 35,000 participants from 13 studies in non-diabetic patients who underwent glucocorticoid treatment for at least 1 month found a GIH incidence of 32%. […] In summary, the incidence of GIH varies depending on the study design and the threshold set for hyperglycemia, but it is often observed to be in the range of 20% to 30%, with a relative risk of approximately double.

• #21 Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279093/

  The association of hyperglycemia and poor outcomes also applies to those not in ICU but admitted to general medicine, surgery, or mental health services. […] In summary, despite a large amount of work having been done, and the numerous data showing the association but not causation between hyperglycemia and poor outcomes, and because there remain a very few robust intervention studies showing a benefit of glycemic control, the optimal blood glucose concentration for people on ICU has yet to be determined.

• #22 Hyperglycemia and outcomes in patients with sepsis – Nugent – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/7744/html

  van Vught and coworkers studied the relationship between admission glucose levels greater than 70 mg/dL and outcomes in critically ill patients with sepsis. This study included 987 patients; the distribution of admission glucose values measured in the time frame of 4 h before admission to 4 h after admission included 519 patients with euglycemia (71140 mg/dL), 267 patients with mild hyperglycemia (140199 mg/dL), and 201 patients with severe hyperglycemia (200 mg/dL). […] Patients with severe hyperglycemia developed acute kidney injury and acute myocardial infarction more frequently while in the ICU. […] This adverse effect of severe hyperglycemia was present in both patients with and without diabetes. […] All studies investigating the relationship between hyperglycemia and outcomes in patients with sepsis need to consider patient characteristics and co-morbidity at presentation, adverse events during the hospitalization, and, in particular, the presence or absence of diabetes prior to hospitalization.

• #23 Heart disease: High blood sugar below diabetes threshold raises risk

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/high-blood-sugar-heart-disease-risk

  Researchers found that people with elevated blood sugar levels have a 30-50% increased risk of developing heart disease, even if their blood sugar levels are below the threshold for diabetes. […] Researchers from the London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine and University College London have found both men and women with raised blood sugar levels have a 30-50% increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease, even if their blood sugar levels are below the threshold for diabetes. […] Upon analysis and after adjusting for age, the research team found both men and women with moderately elevated blood sugar levels below the threshold for diabetes were at increased risk for any type of cardiovascular disease. […] The finding that moderately elevated blood sugar below the diabetes threshold was associated with (an) increased risk of heart disease was not entirely surprising based on prior research in this area.

• #24 Heart disease: High blood sugar below diabetes threshold raises risk

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/high-blood-sugar-heart-disease-risk

  Dr. Rentsch and his team found more men than women were on preventative antihypertensive and statin medications, suggesting a prescribing gap between men and women with similar blood sugar levels. […] Previous research has also linked high blood sugar levels to an increased risk for certain heart conditions, including stroke and high blood pressure.

• #25

  https://consensus.app/questions/how-high-can-blood-sugar-go-before-death/

  High blood sugar levels, or hyperglycemia, can have severe consequences on health, particularly concerning mortality. […] Research has shown that even non-diabetic individuals with high blood glucose levels are at a significantly increased risk of mortality. […] High blood glucose levels are a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which are leading causes of death globally. […] The Erfurt Study highlighted that men with postload plasma glucose levels greater than 200 mg/dL had a 1.5-fold increased risk of death over a 30-year period compared to those with lower glucose levels. […] In cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, blood glucose levels can become critically high, often exceeding 0.5-0.6% (500-600 mg/dL). […] High blood glucose levels, even in non-diabetic individuals, significantly increase the risk of mortality, particularly from cardiovascular diseases.

• #26 Epidemiology and determinants of non-diabetic hyperglycaemia and its conversion to type 2 diabetes mellitus, 2000–2015: cohort population study using UK electronic health records | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/9/e040201

  Epidemiology and determinants of non-diabetic hyperglycaemia and its conversion to type 2 diabetes mellitus, 2000-2015: cohort population study using UK electronic health records […] To study the characteristics of UK individuals identified with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia (NDH) and their conversion rates to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from 2000 to 2015, using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. […] Crude conversion was 4% within 6 months of NDH diagnosis, 7% annually, 13% within 2 years, 17% within 3 years and 23% within 5 years. […] Although the rate of conversion from NDH to T2DM fell between 2010 and 2015, this is likely due to changes over time in the cut-off points for defining NDH, and more people of lower diabetes risk being diagnosed with NDH over time. […] The proportion of the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been rising globally and is an important contributor to mortality, morbidity and healthcare costs.

• #27 Epidemiology and determinants of non-diabetic hyperglycaemia and its conversion to type 2 diabetes mellitus, 2000–2015: cohort population study using UK electronic health records | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/9/e040201

  Non-diabetic hyperglycaemia (NDH) also known as pre-diabetes or impaired glucose regulation, refers to levels of blood glucose that are increased from the normal range but not yet high enough to be in the diabetic range. […] Delaying or preventing T2DM has become an international priority due to the burden that the condition places on both patients and health services. […] This paper explores two aspects of the epidemiology of people diagnosed with NDH in UK primary care. First, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of NDH and to explore the characteristics of patients with NDH in a population cohort of adults from 2000 to 2015. […] The time taken to convert from NDH to T2DM was further explored which showed that approximately 7% converted to T2DM within a year. […] The conversion rates were also explored by year from 2000 to 2015, which showed a general trend of a decline in the conversion rate from NDH to T2DM with a peak in the year 2004 and 2011. […] The key predictors in the progression of NDH to T2DM were age, increased BMI and lower socioeconomic status.

• #28 Diabetes – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/diabetes

  The WHO Global report on diabetes provides an overview of the diabetes burden, interventions available to prevent and manage diabetes, and recommendations for governments, individuals, the civil society and the private sector. […] The WHO module on diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes brings together guidance on diagnosis, classification and management of type 2 diabetes in one document. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Diabetes Compact (GDC) was created as a global initiative to improve diabetes prevention and care, and to contribute to the global targets to reduce premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases by one-third by 2030.

• #29 Prevalence and determinants of hyperglycaemia among adults in Bangladesh: results from a population-based national survey | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/7/e029674

  However, national data on the prevalence of diabetes or hyperglycaemia in the diabetic range starting at age 18 years are currently unavailable. […] Data gathered from this national-level study are critical towards the measurement of progress towards WHOs nine global NCD control targets for Bangladesh for 2025. […] Important determinants of hyperglycaemia in both urban and rural areas of our assessment included hypertension, low physical activity and abdominal obesity. […] A high proportion (~70%) of those with hyperglycaemia self-reported to have been previously diagnosed with diabetes and therefore, aware of their condition. […] Data from this nationally representative sample of Bangladeshi adults aged 18 years and above will be critical to informing the progress of NCD control in Bangladesh per WHOs Global Monitoring Framework and goals for 2025.

• #30

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2025/05020/glucometer_ownership_and_plasma_glucose_monitoring.34.aspx

  Effective plasma glucose monitoring is crucial for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to mitigate long-term complications linked to inadequate glycemic control. […] In the diabetes clinic at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, merely 1 in 10 T2DM patients owned a glucometer. The predominant reliance on clinic-based measurements and the high prevalence of self-reported complications, especially hypertension, underscore the need for targeted interventions to encourage regular home monitoring and enhance overall glycemic control. […] The findings from this study highlight a concerning lack of glucometer ownership among T2DM patients in a resource-limited setting. The majority relied solely on clinic reviews for blood sugar measurements, reflecting limited engagement in self-monitoring practices. A high percentage reported experiencing at least one diabetes-related complication, primarily neuropathy. […] Tertiary education was independently associated with good glucose monitoring practices.

• #31 Diabetes type 2 in adults | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/diabetes-type-2-in-adults-35652736.html

  Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that leads to hyperglycaemia. Type 2 diabetes usually occurs in adults and accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetes cases worldwide. […] In rare cases, patients may present with severe hyperglycaemia (impaired consciousness, coma or acute dehydration). […] Diagnosis is made on one of the following results: fasting blood glucose 7 mmol/litre (126 mg/dl) or random blood glucose 11 mmol/litre (200 mg/dl). […] Perform urine dipstick analysis for ketones if fasting blood glucose 15 mmol/litre (270 mg/dl) and symptoms of hyperglycemia, or fasting or random blood glucose 18 mmol/litre (325 mg/dl) even without symptoms. […] Surveillance and monitoring: Patients on oral hypoglycemic agents: blood glucose test once a month to begin with, then during monitoring visits. […] Patients on insulin: fasting blood glucose test during the dose adjustment phase then, if possible, once weekly, once the insulin dose stabilised. […] HbA1c if available: every 3 months, then every 6 months if well stabilised.

• #32 COVID-19 Vaccines and Hyperglycemia—Is There a Need for Postvaccination Surveillance?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/3/454

  The management of blood glucose levels has become critical in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, where data show two- to threefold higher intensive care hospital admissions and more than twice the mortality rate among diabetic COVID-19 patients when compared with their nondiabetic counterparts. […] However, irrespective of the kind of vaccine and dosage number, possible vaccination-induced hyperglycemia and associated complications were reported among vaccinated individuals. […] The current article summarizes the available case reports on COVID-19 vaccination-induced hyperglycemia, the possible molecular mechanism responsible for this phenomenon, and the outstanding questions that need to be addressed and discusses the need to identify at-risk individuals and promote postvaccination monitoring/surveillance among at-risk individuals.

• #33 COVID-19 Vaccines and Hyperglycemia—Is There a Need for Postvaccination Surveillance?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/3/454

  Several instances of COVID-19 vaccination-induced hyperglycemia (ViHG) and related complications were reported. […] Irrespective of the diabetic status (nondiabetic/prediabetic/T2DM), previous history of COVID-19 infection, and type/dose of vaccine, all cases showed remarkably high blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels at the time of hospitalization. […] Data show that the treatment regimen was modified to an oral antidiabetic drug (metformin) postdischarge in most cases, and patients attained good glycemic control. […] Whether these vaccine-related adverse events are (1) rare occurrences, (2) missed due to lack of proper postvaccination surveillance, or (3) under-reported to avoid vaccine hesitancy remains unclear. […] The occurrence of COVID-19 vaccine-related hyperglycemia must not be overlooked, and continuous glucose monitoring is warranted in at-risk individuals (prediabetic, diabetic, previous history of COVID-19 disease) to further investigate this rare but potential vaccine-related adverse drug reaction to determine whether it can be avoided.

• #34 COVID-19 Vaccines and Hyperglycemia—Is There a Need for Postvaccination Surveillance?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/3/454

  Continuous postvaccination monitoring of blood glucose levels in every vaccinated individual will be time-consuming and needs significant effort and resources. However, the medical community and drug regulatory entities must be aware of pancreatitis and hyperglycemia as rare but possible COVID-19 vaccine-related severe adverse events (SAEs). […] At-risk individuals (prediabetic, diabetic, previous history of COVID-19 disease) must be identified and continuously monitored for the incidence of postvaccination hyperglycemia while encouraging postvaccination self-monitoring and reporting abnormal fasting and random blood glucose levels, among others.

• #35 Diabetes – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/diabetes

  Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. […] The burden of disease associated with diabetes is enormous and growing: in just 20 years, diabetes mortality has increased by over 50% worldwide. In the Region of the Americas, it is the sixth leading cause of death and the fifth cause of years of life lost prematurely. […] Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body’s systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels. […] The expansive increase in the diabetes epidemic goes hand in hand with the increase in its risk factors. […] PAHO/WHO aims to stimulate and support the adoption of effective measures for the surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

• #36 The epidemiology of tuberculosis-associated hyperglycemia in individuals newly screened for type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05512-7

  Although the WHO recommends screening for DM at the onset of TB treatment, it is unknown which patients will be at risk for developing DM and would thus benefit from a more regular follow-up. […] Our review suggested that although in more than half of all patients the newly detected hyperglycemia when initiating TB treatment is unresolved, the total burden of patients who exhibited unresolved hyperglycemia after a follow-up period of 3 to 6 months is small. […] Studies are warranted to assess whether TB patients with unresolved hyperglycemia having certain baseline characteristics such as HIV positivity, smoking, and MDR-TB require longer follow up and are at heightened risk of developing T2DM at a later stage in life.

• #37 Adolescent Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance Drive Early Cardiac Structural Changes, Novel Cohort Study Finds

  https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/adolescent-hyperglycemia-insulin-resistance-drive-early-cardiac-structural-changes-in-novel-cohort-study

  Agbaje et al reported that adolescents with FBG at the prediabetes level faced substantially greater heart risks as they transitioned into adulthood. […] Persistent insulin resistance was associated with a 10% increased risk of premature and worsening heart damage. […] The rapid rise in prediabetes rates and the accompanying cardiovascular changes highlight the urgent need for early prevention strategies focused on lifestyle and diet, particularly as adolescents gain independence from family structures that may have previously supported healthier habits.

• #38 Childhood High Blood Sugar Can Cause Heart Problems In Young Adults | | norfolkdailynews.com

  https://norfolkdailynews.com/childhood-high-blood-sugar-can-cause-heart-problems-in-young-adults/article_e453e691-77da-5051-b33d-8866efb680a0.html

  The five-fold increase in the prevalence of prediabetes within 7 years of growth from adolescence to young adulthood underscores the critical importance of lifestyle behavior and dietary habits, especially after adolescents have become independent from their family. […] Children with high blood sugar must take steps to control their blood sugar levels, either through lifestyle changes or medication.

• #39 Hyperglycemia and outcomes in patients with sepsis – Nugent – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/7744/html

  Hyperglycemia occurs frequently in patients with sepsis. This may have a beneficial effect in some patients because high levels increase the diffusion gradient in tissues that may have an abnormal microvasculature related to sepsis. However, the main concern in most clinical studies is adverse effects secondary to hyperglycemia. […] Hyperglycemia is closely associated with high lactate levels, and these lactate levels need to be considered in any analysis of the importance of hyperglycemia.

• #40 Prevalence and factors associated with hyperglycemia in a rural population of Tanvè and Dékanmey in Benin in 2019 | PLOS Global Public Health

  https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000471

  People with relatively high incomes tend in a given society to adopt eating habits or lifestyle habits in general, similar to a life of ease. Our study found that the prevalence of hyperglycemia was significantly higher among participants with a monthly income above 105,000 FCFA, compared to those with a monthly income below the Beninese minimum wage (40,000 FCFA). […] The prevalence of hyperglycemia was not negligible in the rural populations of Tanv and Dkanmey in Benin. Advanced age, males, abdominal obesity, obesity and high income were significantly associated with its occurrence. Effective action against this health problem requires concerted political and health action at a much more multi-sectoral level considering the diverse origins of its risk factors.

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