Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Herpetic Whitlow – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482379/

  Herpetic whitlow is typically a clinical diagnosis. […] The diagnosis of herpetic whitlow is typically made by the appearance of lesions and the patients history. […] If the diagnosis is unclear, there are multiple tests available for HSV. […] A Tzank test consists of scraping the floor of a herpetic vesicle, staining the specimen, and looking for multinucleated „balloon” giant cells with as high as approximately 70% sensitivity and high specificity for the disease. […] The diagnosis of a herpetic infection can be made by performing a microscopic examination of the margin of the vesicles in a Tzanck test. […] HIV testing should be considered in patients with atypical presentations and recurrent infections. […] The natural course of the infection in an immunocompetent patient is a spontaneous resolution of symptoms in 2 to 4 weeks.

• #1 Herpetic whitlow (whitlow finger)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/herpetic-whitlow/

  Herpetic whitlow (whitlow finger) is a painful infection of the finger caused by the herpes virus. It’s easily treated but can come back. […] Symptoms of herpetic whitlow include: swelling and pain in your finger, blisters or sores on your finger, skin becoming red or darker than your usual skin tone, feeling generally unwell and having a high temperature. […] Treatment is more effective if started early and will help stop the infection spreading. […] You may be prescribed antiviral tablets if you see a GP within 48 hours of your symptoms showing. Antiviral tablets can help your finger to heal more quickly. […] Herpetic whitlow is caused by a virus called herpes simplex. You can get it if you touch a cold sore or blister of another infected person. […] Once you have the herpes virus, it stays in your body for the rest of your life, so if you get herpetic whitlow once you can get it again.

• #1 Herpetic whitlow: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317701

  Herpetic whitlow, or whitlow finger, is a painful infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It forms when a type of HSV enters the skin around the finger, leading to redness, soreness, and fluid-filled blisters. […] This article explores the symptoms, causes, and treatment of herpetic whitlow, as well as the chances of reoccurrence. […] Herpetic whitlow develops when HSV enters a finger, particularly the fingertip, often through a small cut in the skin. […] A person may feel a burning or tingling sensation or pain before the finger, or fingertip, swells. […] Next, one or more blisters appear and fill with liquid or pus. […] A person with herpetic whitlow may also have swollen lymph nodes in the armpit or elbow area, a fever, and red streaks surrounding or leading away from the affected finger or toe.

• #1 Herpetic Whitlow Workup: Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article//788056-workup

  Diagnosis of herpetic whitlow usually is clinical, based on presentation of the affected digit with characteristic lesions and a typical history. […] In adults, the presence of occupational risk factors or finding of concurrent oral or genital herpes lesions should strongly suggest the diagnosis. […] Definitive diagnostic testing includes the Tzanck test, viral cultures, serum antibody titers, fluorescent antibody testing, or DNA hybridization. […] Viral culture of the aspirated vesicle fluid is the most specific assay and represents the diagnostic criterion standard. […] Recurrent infections, atypical presentations, or unusual locations should suggest an immunodeficient state. HIV testing should be considered in patients with such presentations.

• #1 Swollen, purple, blistered thumb leads to diagnosis of herpetic whitlow

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/swollen-purple-blistered-thumb-leads-to-diagnosis-of-herpetic-whitlow

  Swollen, purple, blistered thumb leads to diagnosis of herpetic whitlow. […] Diagnosis: Herpetic whitlow. […] Herpetic whitlow refers to a superficial skin infection due to HSV, traditionally located on the fingers. […] The initial presentation of herpetic whitlow is 1 or more vesicles that may be clear or yellow in color with surrounding erythema. […] Laboratory testing for herpetic whitlow does not necessarily need to be performed but can be helpful in confirming the diagnosis. […] The gold standard for this is PCR testing from an unroofed vesicle, which is the most sensitive diagnostic test and also allows for HSV typing. […] Treatment of herpetic whitlow varies with presentation and clinical judgment. […] The infection is typically self-limited and most cases resolve in 2 to 4 weeks. […] Oral antiviral medications such as acyclovir or valacyclovir have been utilized for decades with significant success. […] PCR testing was performed on the patients finger on an unroofed vesicle, which was positive for HSV-1.

• #1 Herpetic Whitlow – Presentation and Management

  https://pedemmorsels.com/herpetic-whitlow-dont-cut-it/

  But before you numb that digit and perform a incision extending across the entire width of the digit, first consider one thing: is this a Herpetic Whitlow? […] Herpetic Whitlows do not have purulence, so not really a whitlow but lets not quibble over semantics. […] Easily mistaken for a bacterial felon, which can lead, unfortunately, to unnecessary and potentially harmful I+D […] Herpetic Whitlow usually will not have tense pulp space like Felon. […] Consider Tzack smear (should be rapid, culture takes too long). […] If your lab does not perform Tzank smears, you can also order a viral DFA (which is super quick) in the pink viral transport media to look for HSV 1,2, varicella. […] Acyclovir/valacyclovir can be used but not studies about this specific use but reasonable if it has only been 1-2 days of symptoms.

• #1 Herpetic Whitlow Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/herpetic-whitlow-overview-4584881

  Sometimes, instead of a viral culturelike if your sore cannot be properly swabbed or you are concerned you were exposed to herpes (but have no symptoms)your practitioner may opt for a blood test to look for antibodies to the herpes virus. […] Another test, called a Tzanck smear, is not specific for the herpes virus, but it is inexpensive and rapid. During this test, a healthcare provider will use a small blade to open and scrape the sore, smearing a cell sample onto a glass slide. […] Herpetic whitlow can mimic other infectious conditions, like bacterial cellulitis. Be sure to see a healthcare provider to ensure the proper diagnosis and treatment for your condition.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2004/07000/getting_the_lowdown_on_herpetic_whitlow.16.aspx

  A PAINFUL, VESICULAR inflammation of the tip of the finger or toe, herpetic whitlow is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or 2. […] The health care provider will base her diagnosis on signs and symptoms and confirm it with lab testing. Options include isolating the virus from a sample of vesicular fluid, a Tzanck test (a stain histology test), and serum immunoglobulin antibody testing for HSV IgM (to detect acute HSV) and IgG (to detect a history of HSV).

• #1 Herpetic Whitlow – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482379/

  While there are few studies specific to herpetic whitlow, antivirals have been shown to shorten the duration of symptoms by up to 4 days in one study and decreased days of positive viral culture. […] For recurrent herpetic whitlow, suppressive therapy with an antiviral agent may be helpful. […] Herpetic whitlow is most commonly mistaken for paronychia (a localized bacterial abscess in the nail fold) or bacterial felon (digital pulp abscess). […] The diagnosis and management of herpetic whitlow are best accomplished with an interprofessional team that consists of a nurse practitioner, primary care physician, pediatrician, dermatologist, and an infectious disease expert.

• #1 Herpetic whitlow. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6613951/

  Herpetic whitlow is a herpes simplex virus infection of a distal phalanx. It is characterized by pain, swelling, erythema, and nonpurulent vesicle formation. […] The diagnosis of herpetic whitlow is readily confirmed by Tzanck test and culture. […] It is important to distinguish herpetic whitlow from bacterial felon or paronychia, as herpetic whitlow is a self-limited infection for which surgical incision is not indicated.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Herpetic whitlow in a child with AIDS: the importance of Tzanck test in the diagnosis Herpetic whitlow in a child with AIDS: the importance of Tzanck test in the diagnosis

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/Cv5tmMz9ntqMyCgxwvXxHSH/

  Herpetic whitlow is a viral infection of the fingers caused by the herpes simplex virus. […] The Tzanck test allows a quick and low-cost diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infection. […] The Tzanck tests or the antigen detection are indicated for a rapid diagnosis. […] The Tzanck test provides a fast and low-cost diagnosis. […] Aiming to rapidly confirm the diagnosis, a sample was obtained by scraping the ulcer base and the Tzanck test was performed, because RT-PCR was not available in the hospital where the study was done. […] The Tzanck test, or smear, is a fast, easy to perform, low-cost test that showed to be very useful in the present case, especially in a child, because it does not require anesthesia. […] In conclusion, the authors of this present study highlight that in the presence of chronic painful ulcerations in the fingers of children with AIDS, the diagnosis of HW should be considered and the Tzanck test should be performed as a useful method to confirm the diagnosis.

• #1 Herpetic Whitlow – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/herpetic-whitlow/

  Treating herpetic whitlow primarily involves managing the symptoms and preventing a secondary bacterial infection. […] The infection usually resolves on its own within 2 to 4 weeks if the patient has a healthy immune system. […] Antiviral medications can reduce the duration of symptoms and decrease the number of days the virus can be found in cultures, especially if treatment is started within 48 hours from when symptoms begin. […] If a secondary bacterial infection develops, antibiotics may be necessary.

• #1 Inflammatory Lesions on Every Finger | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0715/p317.html

  A 25-year-old man presented with aching, swollen, scarlet lesions on the tips of all 10 fingers following a three-day prodrome of worsening sharp pain in his thumbs, little fingers, and lips. […] The answer is C: herpetic whitlow. Herpetic whitlow is in the differential diagnosis of any patient with a fingertip infection. […] Positive results from direct fluorescent antibody tests and viral cultures from the patients oral and digital lesions confirmed type 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. […] Herpetic whitlow is an HSV infection of the fingers and toes and may represent a primary infection or a secondary recurrence of type 1 or 2 HSV infection. […] The virus is transmitted via saliva, semen, cervical fluid, and active lesions, and often is introduced through direct contact. […] Following a short incubation period, painful, coalescing vesicles with surrounding erythema develop. […] Treatment involves inhibition of viral replication with acyclovir (Zovirax), valacyclovir (Valtrex), or famciclovir (Famvir); symptomatic pain relief; and treatment of bacterial superinfection. […] Herpetic whitlow occurs primarily in medical personnel and in patients with herpetic stomatitis.

• #1 Herpetic whitlow: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317701

  To reduce the duration of the symptoms, a person can try antiviral medications. […] Antiviral medications also prevent the virus from spreading to other parts of the body. […] A key part of treatment involves easing symptoms. […] If a secondary bacterial infection develops in the area of a whitlow infection, antibiotics may also be necessary. […] If whitlow reappears, a doctor may prescribe suppressive antiviral medications, which a person takes daily. […] It is worth noting that while antiviral drugs can reduce the frequency and severity of symptoms, there is no cure for an HSV infection. […] The HSV can stay inactive in the nerve cells for some time. […] Some with whitlow only have symptoms once, but the infection recurs in 30-50% of people who develop it. […] It is best to discuss symptoms and treatment options with a healthcare professional.

• #1 Herpetic Whitlow: Signs and Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24681-herpetic-whitlow

  Herpetic whitlow is an infection of the skin around your fingernail. […] Your provider will diagnose herpetic whitlow based on the appearance of the signs and symptoms localized on your finger. The condition has a unique look on your skin. To confirm the diagnosis, your provider will provide a PCR test or a culture test. […] Treatment for herpetic whitlow focuses on the infection. It could include compresses two to three times per day, coupled with an oral or topical antiviral medication (acyclovir). An over-the-counter pain reliever (analgesic) treats pain. […] If your situation suggests a herpetic whitlow diagnosis, a healthcare provider will complete an evaluation. After your evaluation, your provider will offer treatment, like a prescription to help the condition resolve.

• #1 Herpetic Whitlow vs. Dyshidrotic Eczema: Know the Differences

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eczema/herpetic-whitlow-vs-dyshidrotic-eczema

  To treat herpetic whitlow, a doctor may recommend: oral antiviral medication, especially if symptoms began very recently (within 48 hours); pain medications like ibuprofen and acetaminophen; a cool compress. […] Since herpetic whitlow is a viral (not bacterial) infection, antibiotics wont help. Still, youll want to keep any HSV lesions covered and avoid picking at them. During an active outbreak, the virus can spread to other parts of your body through skin contact. […] In healthy people, herpetic whitlow will usually heal on its own within 2 to 4 weeks. Early oral antiviral medication can help reduce the period of active symptoms and viral shedding. […] As in other forms of HSV infection, there is a 30% to 50% chance of a recurrence. But recurrences are usually milder and short-lived. You can use prophylactic antiviral medication to reduce the frequency of recurrences if needed. […] Herpetic whitlow is contagious. Taking proper precautions can help prevent its spread. Although it often self-resolves, oral antiviral medication may also be helpful if doctors identify the HSV infection early.

• #1 Herpetic Whitlow: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788056-overview

  Herpetic whitlow is an intensely painful infection of the hand involving 1 or more fingers that typically affects the terminal phalanx. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is the cause in approximately 60% of cases of herpetic whitlow, and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is the cause in the remaining 40%. […] Morbidity is related primarily to bacterial superinfection or to iatrogenic complications due to a misguided incision and drainage resulting from incorrect diagnosis of the infection as a bacterial paronychia. […] Patients should be advised that their prognosis for recovery is excellent and resolution should occur in 2-4 weeks. […] Viral shedding will continue until the lesions have cleared and patients should be advised to utilize gloves or other barriers to prevent exposure and potential spread to other anatomic locations or to other persons. […] Patients should be advised that antiviral treatment during the initial outbreak may shorten the clinical course and may also lessen the possibility of recurrence which may be as high as 30-50%.

• #1 Herpetic whitlow (whitlow finger) | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/herpetic-whitlow-whitlow-finger

  Herpetic whitlow (whitlow finger) is a painful infection of the finger. It is caused by the herpes virus. You should see your GP if you think you have herpetic whitlow. Treatment is more effective if started early and will help stop the infection spreading. You may be prescribed antiviral tablets if you see a GP within 48 hours of your symptoms showing. Antiviral tablets can help your finger to heal more quickly. Herpetic whitlow is caused by a virus called herpes simplex. You can get it if you touch a cold sore or blister of another infected person. You’re more likely to get herpetic whitlow if you’ve had cold sores or genital herpes. The first time you have herpetic whitlow will usually be the most severe. Once you have the virus, it stays in your body for the rest of your life. The condition is rare, but if you get it once you can get it again. For example, it might come back if you have a cut or sore on your finger, or if you’re feeling stressed or unwell. […] But it can be treated in the same way if it comes back.

• #1 A man with an infected finger: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-015-0589-5

  Whitlow is an infection of a finger or around the fingernails, generally caused by bacterium. However, in rare cases, it may also be caused by the herpes simplex virus. […] Delayed recognition and/or treatment puts patients at risk of complications ranging from superinfection to herpetic encephalitis. […] He had multiple vesicles on the finger, which led to the diagnosis of herpetic whitlow, which we confirmed by polymerase chain reaction testing. […] This case serves to emphasise that not all whitlow is caused by a bacterial infection, and that it is important to differentiate between herpetic and bacterial whitlow, as these diseases require a different treatment. […] Herpetic whitlow is an infrequently seen cause of infection of a finger. […] As herpetic whitlow is rare, it may go under-recognised or be mistaken for a different kind of infection of the finger.

• #1 Case report: palmar herpetic whitlow and forearm lymphangitis in a 10-year-old female | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-019-1828-5

  Confirming the diagnosis of herpetic whitlow allowed us to provide adequate anticipatory guidance to the patient regarding the recurrence of these lesions and awareness of the prodromal phase during which treatment can be initiated. […] Our report aims to document a case in which palmar lesions in combination with lymphangitis broadened the initial differential, but was ultimately an atypical presentation of HSV type 1 herpetic whitlow to be considered for future cases.

• #2 Herpetic Whitlow: Signs and Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24681-herpetic-whitlow

  Herpetic whitlow is an infection of the skin around your fingernail. […] Your provider will diagnose herpetic whitlow based on the appearance of the signs and symptoms localized on your finger. The condition has a unique look on your skin. To confirm the diagnosis, your provider will provide a PCR test or a culture test. […] Treatment for herpetic whitlow focuses on the infection. It could include compresses two to three times per day, coupled with an oral or topical antiviral medication (acyclovir). An over-the-counter pain reliever (analgesic) treats pain. […] If your situation suggests a herpetic whitlow diagnosis, a healthcare provider will complete an evaluation. After your evaluation, your provider will offer treatment, like a prescription to help the condition resolve.

• #2 Herpetic Whitlow Workup: Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article//788056-workup

  Diagnosis of herpetic whitlow usually is clinical, based on presentation of the affected digit with characteristic lesions and a typical history. […] In adults, the presence of occupational risk factors or finding of concurrent oral or genital herpes lesions should strongly suggest the diagnosis. […] Definitive diagnostic testing includes the Tzanck test, viral cultures, serum antibody titers, fluorescent antibody testing, or DNA hybridization. […] Viral culture of the aspirated vesicle fluid is the most specific assay and represents the diagnostic criterion standard. […] Recurrent infections, atypical presentations, or unusual locations should suggest an immunodeficient state. HIV testing should be considered in patients with such presentations.

• #2 Herpetic whitlow: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317701

  It may be easy to mistake whitlow for paronychia, which is a bacterial or fungal infection around the nail, or another type of finger infection. […] The infection develops 220 days after exposure to the virus, and once the infection sets in, the fluid-filled blisters tend to form within 56 days. […] In 30-50% of people with herpetic whitlow, the infection reoccurs over time, often in the same place. […] A person can develop herpetic whitlow through direct contact with skin containing the virus, which might be on the genitals, face, or hands. […] People with certain jobs may have a higher risk of herpes and its complications, such as herpetic whitlow, including medical and dental professionals and anyone else who works closely with people who have herpes. […] Without treatment, herpetic whitlow tends to go away in 24 weeks.

• #2 Herpetic Whitlow Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/herpetic-whitlow-overview-4584881

  Herpetic whitlow is a rare complication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection that leads to a painful rash in the finger or hand. […] This article explains herpetic whitlow signs and symptoms, causes, and treatment to get rid of herpetic whitlow symptoms. It also lists a few conditions that herpetic whitlow can be mistaken for, and how a healthcare provider can correctly diagnose whitlow finger. […] The diagnosis of herpetic whitlow is made by visualization of the characteristic rash by a healthcare provider. To confirm the diagnosis (especially if the infection is severe or the patient is pregnant or has a weakened immune system), your provider may perform one of several tests. […] A viral culture entails opening the sore with a sterile scalpel blade or needle, rubbing the sore with a sterile swab to soak up the fluid from the vesicle base, placing the swab in a container, and sending it off to a laboratory.

• #2 Herpetic Whitlow – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/herpetic-whitlow/

  Herpetic whitlow is a condition usually diagnosed based on visible signs and symptoms. […] The diagnosis of herpetic whitlow, a skin infection usually involving a finger or thumb, is typically based on how the skin looks and the patients medical history. When the diagnosis isnt clear from these factors, there are a few tests for the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which is responsible for herpetic whitlow. […] One testing method involves taking a sample from the base of the blisters (vesicles) after removing the top layer. This method, known as a viral culture, can predict the presence of HSV about half the time overall. […] PCR testing, a method that allows for the detection of even small amounts of the HSV virus, is much more sensitive than a viral culture. […] The tests that may be ordered to diagnose Herpetic Whitlow include: – Viral culture: Taking a sample from the base of the blisters to detect the presence of HSV. – PCR testing: A more sensitive method that can detect even small amounts of the HSV virus.

• #2 SciELO Brazil – Herpetic whitlow in a child with AIDS: the importance of Tzanck test in the diagnosis Herpetic whitlow in a child with AIDS: the importance of Tzanck test in the diagnosis

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/Cv5tmMz9ntqMyCgxwvXxHSH/

  Herpetic whitlow is a viral infection of the fingers caused by the herpes simplex virus. […] The Tzanck test allows a quick and low-cost diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infection. […] The Tzanck tests or the antigen detection are indicated for a rapid diagnosis. […] The Tzanck test provides a fast and low-cost diagnosis. […] Aiming to rapidly confirm the diagnosis, a sample was obtained by scraping the ulcer base and the Tzanck test was performed, because RT-PCR was not available in the hospital where the study was done. […] The Tzanck test, or smear, is a fast, easy to perform, low-cost test that showed to be very useful in the present case, especially in a child, because it does not require anesthesia. […] In conclusion, the authors of this present study highlight that in the presence of chronic painful ulcerations in the fingers of children with AIDS, the diagnosis of HW should be considered and the Tzanck test should be performed as a useful method to confirm the diagnosis.

• #2 Herpetic whitlow – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Herpetic_whitlow

  HSV infection of distal finger […] Clinical diagnosis, based on history and physical exam […] Available laboratory studies (not required for diagnosis): Viral culture (gold standard) […] Direct immunofluorescence […] Tzanck smear (poor specificity)

• #2 Herpetic Whitlow – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/hand-disorders/herpetic-whitlow

  Herpetic whitlow is a viral infection of the fingertip. […] Doctors base the diagnosis of herpetic whitlow on the presence of blisters and lack of firmness. A herpetic whitlow may be mistaken for a felon or other viral infection of the hand.

• #2 Herpetic whitlow – Mediclinic

  https://www.mediclinicinfohub.co.za/herpetic-whitlow/

  Herpetic whitlow is a viral infection caused by the Herpes simplex virus. […] Herpetic whitlow is a common infection by the Herpes simplex virus, usually of the skin near the nail of the thumb or index finger. […] The doctor will usually make a diagnosis based on your symptoms. […] If there is any doubt as to the nature of the infection, definitive diagnostic testing may be carried out. […] Herpetic whitlow is most commonly confused with bacterial infections and felon. […] Correct diagnosis is essential before ruling out herpetic whitlow and proceeding with other treatments, as surgery carried out on an area infected with herpetic whitlow can spread the virus deeper into the body, causing serious complications. […] It is wise to consult a doctor before treating for herpetic whitlow, as misdiagnosis can lead to incorrect treatment.

• #2 Herpetic Whitlow: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788056-overview

  Herpetic whitlow is an intensely painful infection of the hand involving 1 or more fingers that typically affects the terminal phalanx. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is the cause in approximately 60% of cases of herpetic whitlow, and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is the cause in the remaining 40%. […] Morbidity is related primarily to bacterial superinfection or to iatrogenic complications due to a misguided incision and drainage resulting from incorrect diagnosis of the infection as a bacterial paronychia. […] Patients should be advised that their prognosis for recovery is excellent and resolution should occur in 2-4 weeks. […] Viral shedding will continue until the lesions have cleared and patients should be advised to utilize gloves or other barriers to prevent exposure and potential spread to other anatomic locations or to other persons. […] Patients should be advised that antiviral treatment during the initial outbreak may shorten the clinical course and may also lessen the possibility of recurrence which may be as high as 30-50%.

• #2 Herpetic Whitlow: Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/herpetic-whitlow

  Herpetic whitlow can occur due to an infection with the herpes simplex virus (HSV). […] Doctors can usually identify viral conditions based on the appearance of sores or lesions. If your doctor suspects a virus, a skin swab or blood test can confirm or rule out herpetic whitlow. […] Herpetic whitlow doesn’t require treatment. […] The condition usually heals within a few weeks without medication, but a prescription antiviral drug can shorten the duration of an outbreak. […] Antivirals are only effective when taken within 24 hours of developing symptoms.

• #2 Swollen, purple, blistered thumb leads to diagnosis of herpetic whitlow

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/swollen-purple-blistered-thumb-leads-to-diagnosis-of-herpetic-whitlow

  Swollen, purple, blistered thumb leads to diagnosis of herpetic whitlow. […] Diagnosis: Herpetic whitlow. […] Herpetic whitlow refers to a superficial skin infection due to HSV, traditionally located on the fingers. […] The initial presentation of herpetic whitlow is 1 or more vesicles that may be clear or yellow in color with surrounding erythema. […] Laboratory testing for herpetic whitlow does not necessarily need to be performed but can be helpful in confirming the diagnosis. […] The gold standard for this is PCR testing from an unroofed vesicle, which is the most sensitive diagnostic test and also allows for HSV typing. […] Treatment of herpetic whitlow varies with presentation and clinical judgment. […] The infection is typically self-limited and most cases resolve in 2 to 4 weeks. […] Oral antiviral medications such as acyclovir or valacyclovir have been utilized for decades with significant success. […] PCR testing was performed on the patients finger on an unroofed vesicle, which was positive for HSV-1.

• #2 Herpetic Whitlow vs. Dyshidrotic Eczema: Know the Differences

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eczema/herpetic-whitlow-vs-dyshidrotic-eczema

  To treat herpetic whitlow, a doctor may recommend: oral antiviral medication, especially if symptoms began very recently (within 48 hours); pain medications like ibuprofen and acetaminophen; a cool compress. […] Since herpetic whitlow is a viral (not bacterial) infection, antibiotics wont help. Still, youll want to keep any HSV lesions covered and avoid picking at them. During an active outbreak, the virus can spread to other parts of your body through skin contact. […] In healthy people, herpetic whitlow will usually heal on its own within 2 to 4 weeks. Early oral antiviral medication can help reduce the period of active symptoms and viral shedding. […] As in other forms of HSV infection, there is a 30% to 50% chance of a recurrence. But recurrences are usually milder and short-lived. You can use prophylactic antiviral medication to reduce the frequency of recurrences if needed. […] Herpetic whitlow is contagious. Taking proper precautions can help prevent its spread. Although it often self-resolves, oral antiviral medication may also be helpful if doctors identify the HSV infection early.

• #2 Finger Infections & Swollen Fingers: 6 Possible Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/finger-infection

  Herpetic whitlow: A history of contact with body fluids that may contain the herpes virus will aid the diagnosis. The diagnosis can often be made from the history and the appearance of the lesions. The presence of a clear fluid from the wounds may indicate a viral infection rather than a bacterial infection. A sample of the fluid may be analyzed by a Tzank smear, which will identify certain cells, indicating a viral cause. […] Herpetic whitlow: Antiviral drugs such as acyclovir (Zovirax) may shorten the duration of illness. Pain medication is often needed. The wound must be properly protected to prevent a secondary bacterial infection and to prevent you from infecting other sites on your body or other people. Incision and drainage is not proper and, if done, may actually delay healing.

• #2 Acute Hand Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0215/p228.html

  Herpetic whitlow is caused by herpes simplex virus and typically resolves without intervention. […] The diagnosis of herpetic whitlow is clinical. In uncertain cases, Tzanck testing, viral culture, or polymerase chain reaction testing of fluid from an unroofed vesicle can confirm the diagnosis. […] Mainstays of therapy for herpetic whitlow include reducing the risk of transmission, pain control, and consideration of antiviral medications. […] However, off-label use of oral antivirals should be considered for patients with recurrent lesions or symptoms present for less than 48 hours, or for immunocompromised patients, who may develop disseminated disease requiring intravenous antiviral treatment and critical care.

• #2 A man with an infected finger: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-015-0589-5

  On the basis of the clinical appearance we considered herpetic whitlow with superinfection. […] A polymerase chain reaction on herpes simplex virus type 1 was positive on both the material from his genital vesicles and on material from his finger. […] Whitlow is rarely caused by the herpes simplex virus, but this disease requires swift recognition and treatment to prevent complications. […] As this treatment differs from that of a traditional whitlow, physicians should be aware of herpetic whitlow.

• #2 Herpetic whitlow (whitlow finger)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/herpetic-whitlow/

  Herpetic whitlow (whitlow finger) is a painful infection of the finger caused by the herpes virus. It’s easily treated but can come back. […] Symptoms of herpetic whitlow include: swelling and pain in your finger, blisters or sores on your finger, skin becoming red or darker than your usual skin tone, feeling generally unwell and having a high temperature. […] Treatment is more effective if started early and will help stop the infection spreading. […] You may be prescribed antiviral tablets if you see a GP within 48 hours of your symptoms showing. Antiviral tablets can help your finger to heal more quickly. […] Herpetic whitlow is caused by a virus called herpes simplex. You can get it if you touch a cold sore or blister of another infected person. […] Once you have the herpes virus, it stays in your body for the rest of your life, so if you get herpetic whitlow once you can get it again.

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