Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/hib-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b/

  Hib bacteria can cause many types of invasive disease, including meningitis, pneumonia, cellulitis (skin infection), septic arthritis (joint infection) and epiglottitis (infection of the epiglottis, causing obstruction or closing of the windpipe). […] The vaccine protects against the diseases caused by Hib, which are numerous and can be severe. Collectively, these Hib-caused infections are generally referred to as Hib disease. […] Before Hib vaccination, about 20,000 children younger than five developed severe Hib disease each year in the United States, and about 1,000 died. […] The first vaccine to protect against Hib diseases was introduced in 1985 in the United States; an improved vaccine was licensed two years later. […] Vaccination against Hib disease is included in the U.S. childhood immunization schedule. Either three or four doses are recommended, depending on which Hib vaccine is being used. For all Hib vaccines, however, the first dose is recommended at two months of age, and is not generally recommended beyond five years of age. […] Globally, 98% of World Health Organization member countries had adopted the Hib vaccine in their immunization programs. Coverage of infants worldwide was estimated at 52% in 2013.

• #2 Hib Disease – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/hib/

  The best way to help prevent Hib disease is to get vaccinated. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends Hib vaccination for all children younger than age 5 years and older children and adults who are at increased risk. […] The first dose of Hib vaccine is given at age 2 months. Infants will usually complete the series by the time they are 12- to 15-months old. Depending on which Hib vaccine is used, 3 or 4 doses are recommended. […] CDC recommends DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB (Vaxelis) should be included with PRP-OMP (PedvaxHIB) in the preferential recommendation for American Indian and Alaska Native infants based on the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) component. […] According to CDC, before Hib vaccine, Hib disease was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children under age 5 years in the US.

• #3 Hib vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hib_vaccine

  The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, also known as Hib vaccine, is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection. In countries that include it as a routine vaccine, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90%. It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis. […] It is recommended by both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Two or three doses should be given before six months of age. In the United States a fourth dose is recommended between 12 and 15 months of age. The first dose is recommended around six weeks of age with at least four weeks between doses. If only two doses are used, another dose later in life is recommended. It is given by injection into a muscle. […] The CDC and the WHO recommend that all infants be vaccinated using a polysaccharide-protein conjugate Hib vaccine, starting after the age of six weeks. The vaccination is also indicated in people without a spleen.

• #4 Immunizations: Haemophilus Influenzae | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/immunization/hib.htm

  A vaccine can prevent H. influenzae infections from the type b strain. […] The Hib vaccine can’t protect you against other types of H. influenzae infections. […] Since the Hib vaccine became available in 1988, Hib cases have declined by 99 percent in infants and young children. […] The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends Hib vaccines for: All children younger than 5 years old. […] Older children and adults who aren’t vaccinated and have certain medical conditions that put them at higher risk. […] People who receive a bone marrow transplant. […] Children younger than 5 years old need three or four doses of the vaccine for best protection. […] If a child doesn’t get the full Hib series by 5 years old, they don’t need additional doses at an older age, unless they have certain medical conditions.

• #5 Haemophilus influenzae type b – Institute for Vaccine Safety

  https://www.vaccinesafety.edu/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b/

  Hib vaccines are not routinely recommended during pregnancy. […] Hib vaccines are very immunogenic in infants. Over 95% of primary series recipients develop immunity, and clinical efficacy has been estimated at 95-100%. […] The good news about Hib is that there are effective vaccines. Hib vaccines are more than 95% efficacious. […] You have the power to protect yourself and your family from Hib through vaccination. […] I strongly recommend Hib vaccine to my patients, my family, and my friends.

• #6 Hib vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hib_vaccine

  The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, also known as Hib vaccine, is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection. In countries that include it as a routine vaccine, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90%. It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis. […] It is recommended by both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Two or three doses should be given before six months of age. In the United States a fourth dose is recommended between 12 and 15 months of age. The first dose is recommended around six weeks of age with at least four weeks between doses. If only two doses are used, another dose later in life is recommended. It is given by injection into a muscle. […] The CDC and the WHO recommend that all infants be vaccinated using a polysaccharide-protein conjugate Hib vaccine, starting after the age of six weeks. The vaccination is also indicated in people without a spleen.

• #7 Haemophilus influenzae Prevention | maidenlab

  https://maidenlab.zoo.ox.ac.uk/ihaemophilus-influenzaei-prevention

  Vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are the most effective means of preventing Hib related diseases. […] The introduction of Hib vaccines dramatically changed the epidemiology of Hib disease, such that the disease is considered as being rare in developed countries where the vaccines were first introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s. […] As Hib disease mainly affects infants aged between 4 months to 18 months, it is important that children get vaccinated early. Hib vaccines provides 98% protection against Hib diseases especially in children below 5 years. […] The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that the Hib vaccine is given in 3 to 4 doses depending on the vaccine formulation and age when first doe is administered, however it is recommended that the first dose is given as early once 6 weeks of age is reached and not before.

• #8 Prevention and control of haemophilus influenzae type b disease: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP)

  https://academicworks.medicine.hofstra.edu/publications/2674/

  This report compiles and summarizes all recommendations from CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding prevention and control of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the United States. […] ACIP recommends routine vaccination with a licensed conjugate Hib vaccine for infants aged 2 through 6 months (2 or 3 doses, depending on vaccine product) with a booster dose at age 12 through 15 months. […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for certain persons at increased risk for Hib disease (i.e., persons who have early component complement deficiencies, immunoglobulin deficiency, anatomic or functional asplenia, or HIV infection; recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplant; and recipients of chemotherapy or radiation therapy for malignant neoplasms). […] Guidelines for antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis of contacts of persons with Hib disease also are provided.

• #9 Haemophilus influenzae type b – Institute for Vaccine Safety

  https://www.vaccinesafety.edu/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b/

  All infants without contraindications should receive the conjugate Hib vaccine series; either as 3 doses of PRP-OMP (trade name: PedvaxHIB), or as 4 doses of PRP-T (trade names: ActHIB, Hiberix; also included in the DTaP-Hib-IPV combination vaccine Pentacel). […] Doses of Hib vaccine should be given at least 4 weeks apart, with the first dose administered at a minimum of 6 weeks of age. […] A booster dose should then be given a minimum of 8 weeks after the previous dose, generally between 12-15 months of age. […] Although Hib vaccine is generally not recommended for those at least 59 months of age, there are exceptions for certain persons at increased risk; for example, previously unimmunized asplenic patients should receive one dose of Hib vaccine, and recipients of a hematopoietic cell transplant should be given the full three-dose series beginning 6-12 months after the transplant regardless of their vaccination history.

• #10

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Haemophilus-Influenzae-TypeB-Hib-Vaccine-What-You-Need-to-Know.aspx

  Hib vaccine can prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. […] Hib vaccine is usually given as 3 or 4 doses (depending on brand). […] Infants will usually get their first dose of Hib vaccine at 2 months of age, and will usually complete the series at 12-15 months of age. […] Children between 12-15 months and 5 years of age who have not previously been completely vaccinated against Hib may need 1 or more doses of Hib vaccine. […] Children over 5 years old and adults usually do not receive Hib vaccine, but it might be recommended for older children or adults with asplenia or sickle cell disease, before surgery to remove the spleen, or following a bone marrow transplant. […] Hib vaccine may also be recommended for people 5 to 18 years old with HIV. […] Hib vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines.

• #11 Haemophilus influenzae, type b (Hib) Basics – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/hflu/hib/basics.html

  The Hib vaccine protects young children from the haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria, which can cause severe swelling in the throat that makes it hard to breathe, a serious form of pneumonia, and a disease called bacterial meningitis. […] Children should get 3 to 4 doses (depending upon product used) of the Hib Vaccine, at: […] 2 months, […] 4 months, […] 6 months (depending upon product used), and […] 12-15 months.

• #12 Haemophilus Influenzae: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23106-haemophilus-influenzae

  The Hib vaccine can help protect against Haemophilus influenzae type b infections. […] You can protect your child from Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections with the Hib vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends all children younger than 2 years old receive the vaccine. […] Your child’s healthcare provider will typically give the Hib vaccine in three or four doses. Your infant will get their first dose at 2 months of age. They’ll get their second dose at 4 months old. They’ll get a dose at 6 months old if they’re getting four doses. Then, they’ll complete the series with a booster dose between 12 months old and 15 months old. Approximately 95% to 100% of children develop protective antibody levels of Hib after the primary series. […] The Hib vaccine prevents infections from Haemophilus influenzae type b. But it doesn’t prevent infections caused by other types of H. influenzae. To prevent other H. influenzae infections, you should keep your child’s hands clean and keep them away from people who are sick. Teach your child how to wash their hands at a young age. […] The best way to prevent these types of infections is through vaccination. The CDC recommends vaccinating your child against the most common type of H. influenzae, type b.

• #13 Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Vaccine – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/immunization/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-vaccine

  Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine helps prevent Haemophilus infections but not infections caused by other strains of H. influenzae bacteria. H. influenzae causes many childhood infections, including bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, and epiglottitis. […] The Hib vaccine is a routine childhood vaccination. […] This vaccine is also recommended for certain adults including adults with anatomic or functional asplenia and those scheduled for elective splenectomy. […] People who have had a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation regardless of their vaccination history. […] The main contraindication for Hib vaccines is a severe allergic reaction (eg, anaphylaxis) after previous dose or to a vaccine component. […] The main precaution with Hib vaccines is moderate or severe illness with or without a fever (vaccination is postponed until the illness resolves).

• #14 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  A single dose of Hib vaccine is also recommended for anyone who does not have a spleen or has a poorly functioning spleen and has not been previously immunised for Hib. […] People who have had a stem cell transplant should also be immunised against Hib and are recommended to receive three doses of vaccine.

• #15 Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Vaccine – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/immunization/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-vaccine

  The Hib vaccine dose is 0.5 mL IM. A primary childhood series is given in 3 doses at age 2, 4, and 6 months or in 2 doses at age 2 and 4 months, depending on the formulation. […] In either case, a booster is recommended at age 12 to 15 months. […] One dose is given to older children, adolescents, and adults who have asplenia or who are scheduled for an elective splenectomy if they are unimmunized. […] Some experts suggest giving a dose before elective splenectomy regardless of vaccination history. […] The dose is given 14 days before elective splenectomy if possible. […] A 3-dose regimen is given 6 to 12 months after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; doses are separated by 4 weeks.

• #16

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-cases/revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease

  All confirmed cases of invasive Hib disease and all their household contacts should now be offered antibiotic chemoprophylaxis. […] The 2024 revision of the 2013 guidance reflects this low risk, with recommendations to offer chemoprophylaxis to the index case and all close contacts of a confirmed case of invasive Hib disease, similar to current recommendations for close contacts of invasive meningococcal disease cases. […] In addition, if there is a vulnerable individual (child 10 years or an immunosuppressed or asplenic individual of any age) among the household contacts of the index case, all members of that household, including the index case, should receive chemoprophylaxis as soon as possible. […] Chemoprophylaxis aims to reduce the risk of secondary disease in the index case and among close contacts by eliminating carriage.

• #17

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/haemflu.aspx

  Invasive Hib disease case management aims to protect those at greatest risk of disease by interrupting transmission via elimination of nasopharyngeal carriage in the case and also in contacts in defined settings. […] Rifampicin has been shown to eradicate pharyngeal carriage of Hib in 92 to 97% of contacts, and consequently may decrease the risk of secondary cases. […] Clearance antibiotics are no longer routinely indicated unless the household contains a vulnerable contact. […] In these cases, all contacts in a household in which a case of invasive Hib infection occurs should receive rifampicin. […] Because of the length of time necessary to develop antibodies, vaccination does not play a major role in the immediate management of patients with Hib disease or their contacts. […] Nevertheless, Hib vaccine is routinely recommended, according to the catch-up schedule in the current edition of the Australian Immunisation Handbook, for unvaccinated and inadequately vaccinated contacts less than 5 years old. […] Contacts receiving clearance antibiotics may continue to attend school, preschool or childcare.

• #18

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00022926.htm

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States. […] The purpose of this statement is to update these recommendations and to provide guidelines for the prevention of secondary cases of Hib disease. […] The main preventive measure presently available is rifampin administration. […] Currently available data from several studies indicate rifampin in a dosage of 20 mg/kg per dose once daily (maximum daily dose 600 mg) for 4 days eradicated Hib carriage in 95% or more of contacts of primary cases, including children in day-care facilities. […] In implementing chemoprophylaxis in day-care centers, it is important to ensure that all classroom contacts receive rifampin during the same period. […] The primary strategy for preventing Hib disease is immunization.

• #19

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-cases/revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease

  Rifampicin at a dose of 20 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day) for 4 days eradicated pharyngeal carriage of Hib in 92 to 97% of contacts. […] The 2024 guidance now recommends public health action for all confirmed cases of Hib. […] Therefore, the index cases and all household contacts of the index case with confirmed invasive Hib disease should receive chemoprophylaxis. […] Chemoprophylaxis should be given to household contacts as soon as the diagnosis of Hib is confirmed in the index case. […] In addition, unimmunised and partially immunised children younger than 10 years in the household should complete their immunisations according to the UKHSA guidance.

• #20 Ask The Experts About Vaccines: Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) | Chemoprophylaxis | Immunize.org

  https://www.immunize.org/ask-experts/topic/hib/chemoprophylaxis/

  Should close contacts of a patient with invasive Hib disease receive antibiotic prophylaxis? […] According to the MMWR, secondary cases of Hib disease (illness occurring within 60 days of contact with a patient) occur but are rare. […] Rifampin is recommended for chemoprophylaxis because it achieves high concentrations in respiratory secretions and eradicates nasopharyngeal carriage in more than 95% of carriers. […] Rifampin chemoprophylaxis is recommended for all household contacts in households with members younger than 4 years who are not fully vaccinated, households with a child younger than 12 months who has not completed the primary Hib series, or households with a contact who is an immunocompromised child regardless of that child’s vaccination status. […] Rifampin chemoprophylaxis is recommended in childcare settings when two or more cases of invasive Hib disease have occurred within 60 days and unimmunized or underimmunized children attend the facility.

• #21 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  The highly effective Hib conjugate vaccine, routinely administered to infants and children, has dramatically reduced the prevalence of invasive Hib disease. The vaccine elicits a protective antibody and prevents disease by reducing pharyngeal colonization with Hib. […] Administer routine immunization of the Hib conjugate vaccine in all infants and children. […] A 2017 stochastic modelling of Hib transmission dynamics aimed to compare the long-term effects of booster vaccination and various booster timings after receipt of the primary series and the subsequent incidence of disease and asymptomatic carriage. The findings highlight the importance of booster vaccination so that the incidence of Hib infections will continue to decrease. […] Begin chemoprophylaxis as soon as possible because the risk for secondary disease is greatest within a few days after disease onset in the index case. Rifampin is the drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis because it achieves high bactericidal concentrations intracellularly and in mucosal secretions, thereby eradicating 95% of Hib from the nasopharynx. […] Administer H influenzae conjugate vaccine to patients younger than 24 months with invasive Hib disease during convalescence regardless of prior immunization.

• #22

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00022926.htm

  Since rifampin prophylaxis is effective in preventing subsequent cases in this high-risk group, the ACIP recommends that: […] Chemoprophylaxis should be instituted as rapidly as possible. […] In day-care classrooms in which children are to receive chemoprophylaxis, children who have received the Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine should also receive rifampin. […] Children who have had invasive Hib disease when they were under 24 months of age should still receive the vaccine according to previous recommendations, since most children under 24 months of age fail to mount an immune response to the clinical disease.

• #23 Contact prophylaxis for invasive meningococcal or Hib disease

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Contact_prophylaxis_for_invasive_meningococcal_or_Hib_disease/

  Prophylaxis for invasive meningococcal or Hib disease […] Index case and all household contacts if household includes other children 4 years of age who are not fully immunised Index case and all household contacts in households with any infants 12 months of age, regardless of immunisation status Index case and all household contacts in households with a child 15 years of age who is inadequately immunised Index case and all room contacts, including staff, in a childcare group if index case attends 18 hours per week and any contacts 2 years of age who are inadequately immunised AND children who are not up to date with Hib should be immunised […] Prophylaxis must be given early to both the index case and contacts, especially for N. meningitidis disease, because of the rapidity with which secondary cases may develop.

• #24 Controlling Spread of Hib Disease | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease-0

  Prophylaxis of household contacts that begins more than or equal to 1 week after hospitalization of the case may still be of benefit, although initiation of prophylaxis beyond 4 weeks after that date is probably of limited utility. […] Prophylaxis is not recommended for pregnant women who are contacts because the effect of rifampin on the fetus has not been established. […] Routine childhood vaccination is the best preventive measure against Hib disease. Good personal hygiene (which consists of proper handwashing, disposal of used tissues, not sharing eating utensils, etc.) is also important. […] Please consult the chapter on Haemophilus influenzae in the Red Book of the American Academy of Pediatrics for a full discussion of vaccines, immunization schedules, and special circumstances.

• #25 Controlling Spread of Hib Disease | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease-0

  Control measures are for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) only. There are no control measures for other types. […] Prophylaxis is indicated to protect children less than 12 months old or a child of 1-3 years who is inadequately immunized. If this circumstance is found everyone around them, including household contacts of any age, should receive prophylaxis. […] Administration of rifampin to all attendees and supervisory personnel is indicated. […] Patients who are younger than 2 years of age or have susceptible household contacts, treated with ampicillin or chloramphenicol, must also receive rifampin prophylaxis to eliminate nasal carriage. […] Prophylaxis is needed for all household contacts (including adults) in households with any children less than 12 months old who have not received a primary vaccine series, or a child of 1-3 years who is inadequately immunized, or a household with an immunocompromised child regardless of that child’s Hib immunization status.

• #26 Haemophilus influenzae type b | Communicable Diseases Agency

  https://www.cda.gov.sg/professionals/diseases/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b

  Vaccination is the most important strategy for prevention of Hib infection. […] The recommended series of Hib conjugate vaccines consists of three primary doses given within the first 6 months of life with a booster dose given at 12 to 18 months of age. […] Chemoprophylaxis with rifampicin should be administered as soon as possible to all household contacts of invasive Hib cases when the household includes members that meet any of the following: Children under 2 years of age who are not immunised or incompletely immunised against Hib. […] Chemoprophylaxis is recommended in childcare settings when 2 or more cases of invasive Hib disease have occurred within 60 days, and unvaccinated or partially vaccinated children attend the facility. […] Healthcare workers without adequate personal protective equipment exposed to the index cases respiratory secretions prior to completion of 24 hours effective treatment should be offered chemoprophylaxis as well. […] All cases should be isolated with droplet precautions until 24 hours after starting effective antibiotic therapy.

• #27

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/haemflu.aspx

  Defined contacts should receive rifampicin or other clearance antibiotics. […] Contacts receiving clearance antibiotics may continue to attend school/preschool/childcare. […] Parents of contacts should be advised to watch for signs and symptoms of Hib disease in contacts and to seek medical attention early should these occur. […] Increase public health surveillance for cases among defined contacts for a period of 60 days. […] Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing invasive Hib disease. […] Hib vaccines are safe and effective and vaccination is recommended using a conjugated capsular polysaccharide antigen vaccine (PRP-T) as part of the Australian Standard Vaccination Schedule for all children at 6-8 weeks then at four, six and 18 months of age and for older persons with functional or anatomical asplenia.

• #28

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/haemflu.aspx

  Public health priority: Urgent. […] Case should not attend school/preschool/childcare until completion of treatment. […] Defined contacts should receive rifampicin or other appropriate antibiotics. Contacts receiving chemoprophylaxis may continue to attend school/preschool/childcare. […] Parents of contacts should be advised to watch for signs and symptoms of Hib disease in contacts and to seek medical attention early. […] Laboratory confirmation should be sought for patients suspected to have invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. […] The patient requires immediate hospitalisation and treatment. […] If treatment does not include an effective clearance antibiotic, the patient should also be given a course of rifampicin to eliminate nasopharyngeal carriage. […] Isolate the case using standard and droplet precautions for 48 hours after initiation of clearance antibiotic treatment.

• #29 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/haemophilus+influenzae+type+b+hib/haemophilus+influenzae+type+b+hib+-+including+symptoms%2C+treatment+and+prevention

  The bacterium Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) can cause serious infection in humans. […] Hib is a notifiable condition. […] A child who has serious Hib infection cannot return to childcare, preschool or school until he or she has taken at least 4 days of an appropriate antibiotic course. […] Under certain circumstances, Public Health authorities may recommend that an antibiotic such as rifampicin is given to members of a household where there is a serious Hib infection, or to staff and other children attending the same childcare centre. […] Immunisation is routinely given to all children through the National Immunisation Program. The first dose of Hib vaccine, in combination with other vaccines, is now recommended to be given at 6 weeks of age. The Hib vaccine is also recommended for any people who have no spleen or a non-functioning spleen or who receive stem cell transplants. […] While immunisation is highly effective in protecting young children against serious Hib infections, occasional cases still occur in vaccinated children.

• #30 7. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease – Health New Zealand | Te Whatu Ora

  https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-professionals/clinical-guidance/immunisation-handbook/7-haemophilus-inuenzae-type-b-hib-disease

  Children aged under 2 years with Hib disease do not reliably produce protective antibodies and need to receive a complete course of Hib-PRP. […] Hib-PRP is not routinely recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women. […] Anaphylaxis to a previous vaccine dose or any component of the vaccine is an absolute contraindication to further vaccination with that vaccine. […] Hib-PRP vaccines should not be administered to people with a history of an anaphylactic reaction to a prior dose of Hib vaccine or to a vaccine component.

• #31 Centre for Health Protection – Haemophilus influenzae type b infection

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/8870.html

  1. Effective vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b is available. For personal protection, please seek advice from the family doctor. […] Household members and people having close contact with the patient should be monitored closely for early signs and symptoms of infection. Children younger than 2 years or those with weakened immunity who come into close contact with the patient are at high risk of developing the disease. They should consult the doctor for advice and preventive medication. […] Maintain good personal hygiene. […] Maintain good environmental hygiene.

• #32 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

  https://vaccination-info.europa.eu/en/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing Hib infections. The Hib vaccine is part of the childhood vaccination schedule in all EU/EEA countries. Widespread vaccination has led to a dramatic decline in the number of cases of Hib infections, since its introduction in the 1980s. […] Good hygiene and avoiding contact with people who are unwell can help protect against Hib infections.

• #33

  http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a severe bacterial infection which occurs mostly in infants and children under 5. […] Since the introduction of Hib-containing vaccines, rates of Hib disease have dropped dramatically. […] Hib infection is caused by a germ (or bacteria) called Haemophilus influenzae type b. It usually infects children under 5 years of age. Before Hib vaccine became available, Hib used to be the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children aged 2 months to 5 years of age. Hib disease is now rare in BC because of routine childhood vaccination programs. […] The majority of cases in children now occur in unvaccinated children or in children who are too young to have received their Hib vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. […] The infection is prevented through vaccination that is offered at 2, 4, 6 and 18 months of age. […] Wash hands well, especially after coughing and sneezing and before preparing foods or eating. […] Don’t share food, drinks, utensils, etc.

• #34 Vaccine profiles: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)verifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/routine-vaccines/extraordinary-impact-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Before immunisation for Hib became routine, it was one of the biggest killers of children under five and the main cause of meningitis. High vaccine coverage is essential to keep that threat at bay, especially given rising antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics used to treat Hib infection. […] The Hib vaccine is also given as part of the pentavalent vaccine that also protects against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and hepatitis B. […] The Hib vaccine was first licensed in 1985 in the USA and an improved conjugate vaccine was licensed in 1987. […] The Hib vaccine has brought cases of Hib disease down by 90%. […] In 2005, the Gavi Board allocated US$ 37 million grant to set up the Hib Initiative to catalyse the vaccine’s uptake. […] The Hib vaccine is also given as part of the pentavalent vaccine that also protects against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and hepatitis B.

• #35 Haemophilus influenzae Prevention | maidenlab

  https://maidenlab.zoo.ox.ac.uk/ihaemophilus-influenzaei-prevention

  Conjugate Hib vaccines have proven to be the most effective public health prevention strategy against Hib disease as studies have demonstrated high efficacy of over 90% in the first months of life following receipt of a primary series of 2 or 3 doses. […] Furthermore, Hib disease in a fully vaccinated infant or child is rare. […] Vaccination is highly effective in eradicating asymptomatic Hib carriage and, in countries that routinely immunise against Hib in infancy that have high vaccine uptake, vaccinated children rarely carry Hib, thereby providing reduced opportunities for transmission and therefore disease, leading to herd immunity. […] Parents and caregivers need to know the signs and symptoms of invasive disease caused by H. influenzae and ensure that children are vaccinated as early as possible.

• #36 Vaccine profiles: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)verifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/routine-vaccines/extraordinary-impact-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  In 2015, 42% of children were still not immunised with Hib vaccine, indicating we have a long way to go in getting this life-saving immunisation out to children who need it most. […] Boosting immunisation coverage is becoming urgent: although antibiotics exist to treat Hib infection, antimicrobial resistance has been reported worldwide for Hib strains, which makes it even more critical to increase vaccine uptake around the world.

• #37 7. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease – Health New Zealand | Te Whatu Ora

  https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-professionals/clinical-guidance/immunisation-handbook/7-haemophilus-inuenzae-type-b-hib-disease

  Hib disease has been almost eliminated in countries where Hib vaccine is used. […] All cases of Hib disease be notified immediately on suspicion. […] All child contacts should have their immunisation status assessed and updated as appropriate. […] Antimicrobial prophylaxis should be administered to contacts as appropriate. […] Immunisation reduces – but does not necessarily prevent – the acquisition and carriage of Hib. Therefore, immunised children still need antimicrobial prophylaxis, when indicated, to prevent them transmitting infection to their contacts. […] Hib vaccine is funded for all children aged under 5 years. […] Three doses of DTaP-IPV-HepB/Hib (Infanrix-hexa) vaccine are given as the primary course, with a booster of monovalent Hib-PRP at age 15 months. […] Because of an increased risk of infection, it is particularly important that the following groups of children receive the Hib vaccine as early as possible: children with anatomical or functional asplenia, or who are suffering from sickle cell disease.

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