Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Haemophilus influenzae Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562176/

  Haemophilus influenzae is a bacteria characterized as a small, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, and capnophilic gram-negative coccobacillus of the family Pasteurellaceae. It is a common cause of a variety of invasive and non-invasive bacterial infections. […] The most familiar and predominant form is H. influenzae type b (Hib), which infects mostly children and immunocompromised individuals. Other types such as type a, e and f are also isolated but less commonly than type b. Only rarely type c and d are identified. All of the serotypes, particularly type b, are common etiological agents in lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia. […] H. influenzae type b (Hib) is noteworthy because of its polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule, which accounts for 95% of invasive disease in children and 50% of invasive disease in adults.

• #2 Haemophilus Influenzae (Including Hib) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/vaccine-preventable-diseases/vaccine-preventable-disease-conditions/haemophilus-influenzae-including-hib

  Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease can be caused by six identifiable types of H. influenzae bacteria (types a through f) or non-typeable H. influenzae bacteria. H. influenzae, type b (Hib) usually causes the most severe disease and is the only type that is preventable by vaccine. […] Invasive Hib disease is preventable by giving the Hib vaccine to kids 2-18 months of age. […] Hib disease is rare in Texas. Since 2000, there have been an average of 9 (range of 2-15) Hib cases reported each year in Texas with 5 reported in 2018 and 9 in 2019.

• #3 Haemophilus influenzae – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae

  H. influenzaewas first described in 1893 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic when he incorrectly identified it as the causative microbe, which is why the bacteria was given the name „influenzae”. […] H. influenzaeis responsible for a wide range of localized and invasive infections, typically in infants and children, including pneumonia, meningitis, or bloodstream infections. […] Serotype BH. influenzaehave been a major cause of meningitis in infants and small children, frequently causing deafness and mental retardation. However, the development in the 1980s of a vaccine effective in this age group (the Hib vaccine) has almost eliminated this in developed countries. […] The pathogenesis of H. influenzaeinfections is not completely understood, although the presence of the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence.

• #4 Vaccine profiles: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)verifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/routine-vaccines/extraordinary-impact-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Before immunisation for Hib became routine, it was one of the biggest killers of children under five and the main cause of meningitis. High vaccine coverage is essential to keep that threat at bay, especially given rising antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics used to treat Hib infection. […] Despite its name, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has nothing to do with influenza. The bacterium was discovered in a group of patients during an 1892 influenza outbreak, and was mistakenly believed to be the cause of influenza. It was only in 1933 that scientists discovered that the flu was caused by a virus, and that Hib caused a secondary infection. […] Before there was a vaccine, Hib was highly dangerous to children under the age of five because the bacterium can cause a deadly array of conditions from pneumonia to meningitis to sepsis. In 2000, there were about 2.1 million severe infections and 299,000 child deaths from the bacterium.

• #5 Haemophilus influenzae Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562176/

  Haemophilus influenzae is a bacteria characterized as a small, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, and capnophilic gram-negative coccobacillus of the family Pasteurellaceae. It is a common cause of a variety of invasive and non-invasive bacterial infections. […] The most familiar and predominant form is H. influenzae type b (Hib), which infects mostly children and immunocompromised individuals. Other types such as type a, e and f are also isolated but less commonly than type b. Only rarely type c and d are identified. All of the serotypes, particularly type b, are common etiological agents in lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia. […] H. influenzae type b (Hib) is noteworthy because of its polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule, which accounts for 95% of invasive disease in children and 50% of invasive disease in adults.

• #6 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-overview

  Haemophilus influenzae is a small (1 m 0.3 m), pleomorphic, gram-negative coccobacillus. Some strains of H influenzae possess a polysaccharide capsule, and these strains are serotyped into 6 different types (a-f) based on their biochemically different capsules. The most virulent strain is H influenzae type b (Hib). Some H influenzae strains have no capsule and are termed nonencapsulated H influenzae or nontypeable H influenzae (NTHi). The incidence of invasive Hib diseases has greatly decreased because of widespread use of the Hib conjugate vaccine, whereas NTHi strains have become the most common cause of invasive disease in all age groups in countries with routine Hib vaccination. […] The most virulent strain is H influenzae type b (Hib), with its polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule. It accounts for more than 95% of H influenzae invasive diseases in children and half of invasive diseases in adults, including bacteremia, meningitis, cellulitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, pneumonia, and empyema.

• #7 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Causes severe bacterial infection, particularly among infants […] Leading cause of bacterial meningitis during prevaccine era […] In the prevaccine era, Hib could be isolated from the nasopharynx of 0.5% to 3% of healthy infants and children, but was uncommon in adults. […] In the prevaccine era, most children acquired immunity by age 5 or 6 years through asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Hib bacteria. […] Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. […] Meningitis accounted for 50% to 65% of cases with a fatality ratio of 3% to 6% (prevaccine era) […] Hib disease occurs worldwide. […] Humans are the only known reservoir. […] H. influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans and is transmitted person-to-person by inhalation of respiratory droplets or by direct contact with respiratory tract secretions.

• #8 Haemophilus influenzae Type B – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease-haemophilus-b/

  Haemophilus influenzae is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the nose and throat. Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib), can invade the body and cause serious infections. Hib may cause different types of infection including: Meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the spinal column and brain), Bloodstream infection, Pneumonia (a lung infection), Arthritis (swelling of the joint), Infections in other parts of the body. […] Hib disease can occur at any age. Hib was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among young children. However, there are few childhood cases now due to widespread use of Hib vaccination. Hib disease is more common in unimmunized or incompletely immunized children, especially those less than five years of age. It also occurs in people with weakened immune systems.

• #9 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-overview

  Haemophilus influenzae is a small (1 m 0.3 m), pleomorphic, gram-negative coccobacillus. Some strains of H influenzae possess a polysaccharide capsule, and these strains are serotyped into 6 different types (a-f) based on their biochemically different capsules. The most virulent strain is H influenzae type b (Hib). Some H influenzae strains have no capsule and are termed nonencapsulated H influenzae or nontypeable H influenzae (NTHi). The incidence of invasive Hib diseases has greatly decreased because of widespread use of the Hib conjugate vaccine, whereas NTHi strains have become the most common cause of invasive disease in all age groups in countries with routine Hib vaccination. […] The most virulent strain is H influenzae type b (Hib), with its polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule. It accounts for more than 95% of H influenzae invasive diseases in children and half of invasive diseases in adults, including bacteremia, meningitis, cellulitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, pneumonia, and empyema.

• #10 Haemophilus influenzae – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae

  H. influenzaewas first described in 1893 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic when he incorrectly identified it as the causative microbe, which is why the bacteria was given the name „influenzae”. […] H. influenzaeis responsible for a wide range of localized and invasive infections, typically in infants and children, including pneumonia, meningitis, or bloodstream infections. […] Serotype BH. influenzaehave been a major cause of meningitis in infants and small children, frequently causing deafness and mental retardation. However, the development in the 1980s of a vaccine effective in this age group (the Hib vaccine) has almost eliminated this in developed countries. […] The pathogenesis of H. influenzaeinfections is not completely understood, although the presence of the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence.

• #11

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3209133/

  Infection caused by encapsulated strains (including type b and other serotypes) involves invasion of the bloodstream and hematogenous dissemination. Capsular polysaccharide is the critical virulence factor that mediates invasion. […] Nontypeable strains that cause invasive infection are genetically diverse. […] The spectacular progress in preventing Hib infections over the past 2 decades has resulted in changes in colonization and disease patterns of H. influenzae. In particular, the distribution of capsular serotypes in invasive disease has shifted from predominantly serotype b strains to predominantly nontypeable strains. There is no convincing evidence of an increased incidence of invasive disease by non-serotype b strains of H. influenzae, i.e., no strain replacement. However, this issue requires continued surveillance.

• #12 Haemophilus influenzae Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562176/

  Human beings are the sole natural host for this bacteria, and some NTHi strains are considered to be part of the normal flora of the upper and lower respiratory tract, the conjunctivae, and the genital tract. […] The Hib conjugate vaccine is effective for protection against capsular polysaccharide type b and has decreased the rate of Hib infections to a greater extent. Currently, non-encapsulated H. influenzae, also called non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi), is responsible for the majority of cases of otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia in patients that have already been immunized with the vaccine.

• #13 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-overview

  Haemophilus influenzae is a small (1 m 0.3 m), pleomorphic, gram-negative coccobacillus. Some strains of H influenzae possess a polysaccharide capsule, and these strains are serotyped into 6 different types (a-f) based on their biochemically different capsules. The most virulent strain is H influenzae type b (Hib). Some H influenzae strains have no capsule and are termed nonencapsulated H influenzae or nontypeable H influenzae (NTHi). The incidence of invasive Hib diseases has greatly decreased because of widespread use of the Hib conjugate vaccine, whereas NTHi strains have become the most common cause of invasive disease in all age groups in countries with routine Hib vaccination. […] The most virulent strain is H influenzae type b (Hib), with its polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule. It accounts for more than 95% of H influenzae invasive diseases in children and half of invasive diseases in adults, including bacteremia, meningitis, cellulitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, pneumonia, and empyema.

• #14 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Causes severe bacterial infection, particularly among infants […] Leading cause of bacterial meningitis during prevaccine era […] In the prevaccine era, Hib could be isolated from the nasopharynx of 0.5% to 3% of healthy infants and children, but was uncommon in adults. […] In the prevaccine era, most children acquired immunity by age 5 or 6 years through asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Hib bacteria. […] Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. […] Meningitis accounted for 50% to 65% of cases with a fatality ratio of 3% to 6% (prevaccine era) […] Hib disease occurs worldwide. […] Humans are the only known reservoir. […] H. influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans and is transmitted person-to-person by inhalation of respiratory droplets or by direct contact with respiratory tract secretions.

• #15 About Haemophilus influenzae Disease | H. influenzae | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/about/index.html

  Bacteria called Haemophilus influenzae can cause many types of infections. […] H. influenzae disease is a name for any infection caused by H. influenzae bacteria. […] H. influenzae can cause many different types of infections. […] The most common serious infections caused by H. influenzae are: pneumonia (a lung infection), bloodstream infection, meningitis (swelling of the lining of the brain and spinal cord), epiglottitis (swelling of the throat), cellulitis (skin infection), infectious arthritis (swelling of the joint). […] H. influenzae are a common cause of ear infections in children and bronchitis (chest cold) in adults. […] H. influenzae are bacteria that live in people’s nose and throat. Usually, these bacteria cause no harm. However, they can move to other parts of the body and cause infection.

• #16 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hib/

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a type of bacteria that can cause life-threatening infections. […] Hib is spread by sneezing and coughing, the same as how colds and flu spread. […] Hib bacteria can live in the nose and throat of many healthy people without causing any problems. But healthy people can still pass it on and cause others to get ill. […] Some people are more at risk of getting seriously ill from a Hib infection including: babies and young children, people with a weakened immune system, including people who have had their spleen removed, older people.

• #17 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Causes severe bacterial infection, particularly among infants […] Leading cause of bacterial meningitis during prevaccine era […] In the prevaccine era, Hib could be isolated from the nasopharynx of 0.5% to 3% of healthy infants and children, but was uncommon in adults. […] In the prevaccine era, most children acquired immunity by age 5 or 6 years through asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Hib bacteria. […] Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. […] Meningitis accounted for 50% to 65% of cases with a fatality ratio of 3% to 6% (prevaccine era) […] Hib disease occurs worldwide. […] Humans are the only known reservoir. […] H. influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans and is transmitted person-to-person by inhalation of respiratory droplets or by direct contact with respiratory tract secretions.

• #18 Haemophilus Influenzae: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23106-haemophilus-influenzae

  Haemophilus influenzae is a type of bacteria that can cause several different kinds of infections. These bacterial infections can range from mild, such as ear infections, to severe, such as bloodstream infections. The most common type of H. influenzae is Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). […] Type b, or Hib, causes 95% of all severe invasive infections. […] Haemophilus influenzae is a type of bacteria that causes certain infections and diseases. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets in coughs and sneezes. […] The Hib vaccine can help protect against Haemophilus influenzae type b infections.

• #19 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/haemophilus-influenzae-infections

  Haemophilus influenzae, or H. influenzae, is a group of bacteria that cause different types of infections in infants and children. […] In rare cases, your child may develop a more serious strain of the bacteria, called H. influenzae type b (Hib) infections. […] H. influenzae infections spread from child to child by direct contact or through the air. […] The H. influenzae bacteria live in the upper respiratory tract and are usually transmitted by close contact with an infected individual. […] Droplets in the air from a sneeze, cough, or close conversation can be inhaled and may also cause infection. […] Immunization with the Hib vaccine can help prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b disease and meningitis.

• #20 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Causes severe bacterial infection, particularly among infants […] Leading cause of bacterial meningitis during prevaccine era […] In the prevaccine era, Hib could be isolated from the nasopharynx of 0.5% to 3% of healthy infants and children, but was uncommon in adults. […] In the prevaccine era, most children acquired immunity by age 5 or 6 years through asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Hib bacteria. […] Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. […] Meningitis accounted for 50% to 65% of cases with a fatality ratio of 3% to 6% (prevaccine era) […] Hib disease occurs worldwide. […] Humans are the only known reservoir. […] H. influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans and is transmitted person-to-person by inhalation of respiratory droplets or by direct contact with respiratory tract secretions.

• #21 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/haemophilus-influenzae-infections

  Haemophilus influenzae, or H. influenzae, is a group of bacteria that cause different types of infections in infants and children. […] In rare cases, your child may develop a more serious strain of the bacteria, called H. influenzae type b (Hib) infections. […] H. influenzae infections spread from child to child by direct contact or through the air. […] The H. influenzae bacteria live in the upper respiratory tract and are usually transmitted by close contact with an infected individual. […] Droplets in the air from a sneeze, cough, or close conversation can be inhaled and may also cause infection. […] Immunization with the Hib vaccine can help prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b disease and meningitis.

• #22 Hib Disease (Haemophilus Influenzae Type b) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hib.html

  Hib is short for Haemophilus influenzae type b, a type of bacteria. It can cause serious illnesses, some of which can be life-threatening. […] Often, Hib bacteria live in a person’s nose and throat without causing any problems. But sometimes they spread to other body parts and cause illness. […] Someone who has Hib in their nose and throat can also spread it to other people. This can happen when they are sick with Hib illness or even when they have no symptoms at all. It spreads when they sneeze or cough saliva (spit) out of their mouth or nose.

• #23 Haemophilus influenzae Type B – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease-haemophilus-b/

  People spread Hib disease to others by coughing or sneezing, which creates small respiratory droplets that contain the bacteria. People who arent sick but have the bacteria in their nose and throat can still spread the bacteria. […] Symptoms depend on the part of the body thats infected. Serious infections causing meningitis, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections can result in long-term health problems and death. […] The best way to prevent Hib disease is to get vaccinated. All children younger than five years old are recommended to receive the Hib vaccine. Multiple doses are needed to ensure protection. Some older children and adults with weakened immune systems are at increased risk for infection and may be recommended to get the Hib vaccine.

• #24 How Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Affects the Body

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-overview-4589876

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a disease that can cause complications, including meningitis, pneumonia, or a bloodstream infection. […] There are multiple types of Haemophilus influenzae, but type b (commonly referred to as Hib), has historically been the most severe. […] Before the development of an effective vaccine, Hib caused the overwhelming majority—roughly 95%—of serious Haemophilus influenzae infections. […] Its uncertain exactly how Hib bacteria spread, but scientists think they pass from one person to the next through respiratory droplets (through coughing or sneezing). […] Hib is spread through contact with an infected person or through droplets in the air from the nose and throat of an infected person. […] New infections start in the nose and throat, where they can be quickly fought off by the immune system or hang out for months without causing any symptoms. Invasive diseases happen when the bacteria get into the bloodstream and go on to infect other parts of the body.

• #25 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  The contagious potential of invasive Hib disease is considered to be limited. […] Risk factors for Hib disease include both exposure factors and host factors. […] The incidence of invasive Hib disease began to decline dramatically in the late 1980s, coinciding with licensure of Hib conjugate vaccines, and has declined by more than 99% since the prevaccine era. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are highly immunogenic. More than 95% of infants develop protective antibody levels after a primary series. […] Hib vaccine is also immunogenic in patients at increased risk for invasive disease, such as those with sickle-cell disease, leukemia, or those who have had a splenectomy. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are contraindicated for children younger than age 6 weeks because of the potential for development of immunologic tolerance.

• #26 Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib) | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib/

  Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is a type of bacteria that can cause many different kinds of infections. […] There is a vaccine that can prevent disease cause by Haemophilus influenzae type b, also known as Hib. […] Before the Hib vaccine was introduced in the United States, type b organisms (Hib) accounted for 95% of all strains that caused invasive disease: […] Due to the use of Hib vaccine, less than 50 cases of Hib disease occur each year in young children in the U.S. […] Babies and children younger than 5 years old are most at risk for H. influenzae disease. […] Adults 65 years or older, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and persons with certain medical conditions are also at increased risk for getting sick with invasive H. influenzae disease. […] There is a vaccine that can prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. […] Hib vaccine is recommended for all children younger than 5 years old. […] Studies show Hib vaccination protects nearly all (between 93 and 100 in 100) children from serious invasive Hib disease.

• #27 Haemophilus influenzae type b – Immunisation Advisory Centre

  https://www.immune.org.nz/diseases/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b

  Hib disease is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b. […] Infants and children less than five years of age are most vulnerable to Hib infections. […] Hib disease was the most common cause of life-threatening bacterial infection in children under five years of age prior to introduction of the Hib vaccine in 1994. […] Infants and children younger than five years of age have an increased risk of Hib disease. […] Those aged 4 to 18 months and Mori or Pacific children aged under two years are have the greatest risk of Hib meningitis. […] Children aged two to four years have an increased risk of Hib epiglottitis. […] Some people with certain medical conditions have an increased risk of infection, for example, those without a functioning spleen, and those who are immune compromised from a disease or treatment of a disease.

• #28 Haemophilus influenzae type b – Immunisation Advisory Centre

  https://www.immune.org.nz/diseases/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b

  Hib disease is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b. […] Infants and children less than five years of age are most vulnerable to Hib infections. […] Hib disease was the most common cause of life-threatening bacterial infection in children under five years of age prior to introduction of the Hib vaccine in 1994. […] Infants and children younger than five years of age have an increased risk of Hib disease. […] Those aged 4 to 18 months and Mori or Pacific children aged under two years are have the greatest risk of Hib meningitis. […] Children aged two to four years have an increased risk of Hib epiglottitis. […] Some people with certain medical conditions have an increased risk of infection, for example, those without a functioning spleen, and those who are immune compromised from a disease or treatment of a disease.

• #29 Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Haemophilus influenzae type B (called “Hib”) is a serious disease caused by bacteria. It usually affects young children under the age of 5 years. Hib meningitis can cause permanent brain damage and can cause swelling in the airway and lead to suffocation. Hib can also infect the lungs, blood, joints, bones and the thin membrane that covers the heart. Before Hib vaccine, Hib disease was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children. […] Yes. Before Hib vaccine, each year about 20,000 children in the United States under 5 years old got severe Hib disease and nearly 1,000 of them died. Since 1988 when Hib vaccine was introduced, Hib disease in infants and young children has decreased by 99% to fewer than 1 case per 100, 000 children younger than 5 years of age. […] Hib is most likely spread through droplets, by coughing and sneezing. Your child can get Hib disease by being around other children or adults who may have the bacteria in their throats and not know it. The germs are spread from person to person. If the germs stay in the nose and throat, children probably won’t get sick. But sometimes the germs spread into a child’s lungs or bloodstream and then Hib can cause serious disease.

• #30 Haemophilus influenzae type b – Immunisation Advisory Centre

  https://www.immune.org.nz/diseases/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b

  Hib disease is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b. […] Infants and children less than five years of age are most vulnerable to Hib infections. […] Hib disease was the most common cause of life-threatening bacterial infection in children under five years of age prior to introduction of the Hib vaccine in 1994. […] Infants and children younger than five years of age have an increased risk of Hib disease. […] Those aged 4 to 18 months and Mori or Pacific children aged under two years are have the greatest risk of Hib meningitis. […] Children aged two to four years have an increased risk of Hib epiglottitis. […] Some people with certain medical conditions have an increased risk of infection, for example, those without a functioning spleen, and those who are immune compromised from a disease or treatment of a disease.

• #31 Disease information about Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/invasive-haemophilus-influenzae-disease/facts

  Haemophilus influenzae serotype b being the most pathogenic for humans, responsible for respiratory infections, ocular infection, sepsis and meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is an obligate human pathogen and an important cause of invasive bacterial infections in both children and adults, with the highest incidence among young children. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b is responsible for 95% of all invasive H. influenzae infections in unimmunised populations and it is an important cause of severe and sometimes fatal infections, particularly in young children. […] The World Health Organization estimates that Hib causes three million episodes of serious disease and 400,000 deaths annually worldwide. […] Medical conditions resulting in immunosuppression increase the risk of Hib infection. […] There is no evidence that non type b strains have replaced Hib as a cause of invasive infections following mass Hib conjugate vaccination.

• #32 Haemophilus Influenzae b

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/immunisation/pubinfo/pcischedule/vpds/hib/

  Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) is a bacterium that can cause serious infection in humans especially in children, It can also cause serious infection in people with a weakened immune system or those who have no spleen or where the spleen is damaged by disease. […] Haemophilus influenzae b infection is caused by a contagious bacteria. It is spread through the air by coughing and sneezing or even breathing. The bacteria can live in the nose and throat – causing no harm. Sometimes the bacteria can enter the blood stream and spread to the brain or to the bone. This is called invasive Hib infection. […] Hib disease is most common in children less than 4 years of age. Babies under one year of age are especially at risk. […] Hib disease can be prevented by vaccination. […] The Hib vaccine contains extracts from the Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria. The vaccine works by making the body’s immune system respond if the vaccinated person comes in contact with Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria, without causing disease. […] Between 95% and 100% of children become immune to Haemophilus Influenzae b (Hib) when they have completed the recommended vaccine schedule.

• #33 Haemophilus Influenzae: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilus-influenzae

  Haemophilus influenzae is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. H. influenzae can cause serious invasive disease especially in young children. Invasive disease is usually caused by encapsulated strains of the organism. Six typeable capsular serotypes (a-f) are known to cause disease. Prior to routine immunisation, H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) accounted for more than 80% of invasive H. influenzae disease. […] Hib is spread through coughing, sneezing or close contact with a carrier or an infected person. Individuals can carry Hib bacteria in their nose and throat without showing signs of the disease. Before Hib vaccine was introduced, about 4 in every 100 pre-school children carried the Hib organism. After the vaccine was introduced, carriage rates fell below the level of detection. […] Hib infections are uncommon in patients older than 6 years. However, the frequency of Hib infections is increased in patients with asplenia, splenectomy, sickle cell disease, malignancies and congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies.

• #34 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  The contagious potential of invasive Hib disease is considered to be limited. […] Risk factors for Hib disease include both exposure factors and host factors. […] The incidence of invasive Hib disease began to decline dramatically in the late 1980s, coinciding with licensure of Hib conjugate vaccines, and has declined by more than 99% since the prevaccine era. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are highly immunogenic. More than 95% of infants develop protective antibody levels after a primary series. […] Hib vaccine is also immunogenic in patients at increased risk for invasive disease, such as those with sickle-cell disease, leukemia, or those who have had a splenectomy. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are contraindicated for children younger than age 6 weeks because of the potential for development of immunologic tolerance.

• #35 Haemophilus Influenzae: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilus-influenzae

  Haemophilus influenzae is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. H. influenzae can cause serious invasive disease especially in young children. Invasive disease is usually caused by encapsulated strains of the organism. Six typeable capsular serotypes (a-f) are known to cause disease. Prior to routine immunisation, H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) accounted for more than 80% of invasive H. influenzae disease. […] Hib is spread through coughing, sneezing or close contact with a carrier or an infected person. Individuals can carry Hib bacteria in their nose and throat without showing signs of the disease. Before Hib vaccine was introduced, about 4 in every 100 pre-school children carried the Hib organism. After the vaccine was introduced, carriage rates fell below the level of detection. […] Hib infections are uncommon in patients older than 6 years. However, the frequency of Hib infections is increased in patients with asplenia, splenectomy, sickle cell disease, malignancies and congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies.

• #36 Haemophilus Influenzae: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilus-influenzae

  Haemophilus influenzae is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. H. influenzae can cause serious invasive disease especially in young children. Invasive disease is usually caused by encapsulated strains of the organism. Six typeable capsular serotypes (a-f) are known to cause disease. Prior to routine immunisation, H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) accounted for more than 80% of invasive H. influenzae disease. […] Hib is spread through coughing, sneezing or close contact with a carrier or an infected person. Individuals can carry Hib bacteria in their nose and throat without showing signs of the disease. Before Hib vaccine was introduced, about 4 in every 100 pre-school children carried the Hib organism. After the vaccine was introduced, carriage rates fell below the level of detection. […] Hib infections are uncommon in patients older than 6 years. However, the frequency of Hib infections is increased in patients with asplenia, splenectomy, sickle cell disease, malignancies and congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies.

• #37 Haemophilus Influenzae: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilus-influenzae

  Haemophilus influenzae is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. H. influenzae can cause serious invasive disease especially in young children. Invasive disease is usually caused by encapsulated strains of the organism. Six typeable capsular serotypes (a-f) are known to cause disease. Prior to routine immunisation, H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) accounted for more than 80% of invasive H. influenzae disease. […] Hib is spread through coughing, sneezing or close contact with a carrier or an infected person. Individuals can carry Hib bacteria in their nose and throat without showing signs of the disease. Before Hib vaccine was introduced, about 4 in every 100 pre-school children carried the Hib organism. After the vaccine was introduced, carriage rates fell below the level of detection. […] Hib infections are uncommon in patients older than 6 years. However, the frequency of Hib infections is increased in patients with asplenia, splenectomy, sickle cell disease, malignancies and congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies.

• #38 Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib)

  https://valleychildrensib.staywellsolutionsonline.com/RelatedItems/90,P02227

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a bacterium that causes serious disease. Hib usually occurs in children younger than age 5. It’s spread from person to person by coughing and sneezing. If the germs spread into tissues like the lungs or to the bloodstream, Hib can cause serious illness. This includes: […] Illness caused by Hib has been nearly abolished in the U.S. since 1987. That’s because of a vaccine. In rare cases, children and adults may still develop Hib infections. This can occur if the person has not completed their series of vaccines. Or it can happen in older children and adults who didn’t get the vaccine earlier in life. Or if they have lost their immunity from the vaccine from certain illnesses or medicines. […] The risk of Hib causing serious harm or death is very small. Its benefits well outweigh this risk.

• #39 Haemophilus influenzae Type B – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease-haemophilus-b/

  Haemophilus influenzae is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the nose and throat. Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib), can invade the body and cause serious infections. Hib may cause different types of infection including: Meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the spinal column and brain), Bloodstream infection, Pneumonia (a lung infection), Arthritis (swelling of the joint), Infections in other parts of the body. […] Hib disease can occur at any age. Hib was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among young children. However, there are few childhood cases now due to widespread use of Hib vaccination. Hib disease is more common in unimmunized or incompletely immunized children, especially those less than five years of age. It also occurs in people with weakened immune systems.

• #40 Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib)

  https://valleychildrensib.staywellsolutionsonline.com/RelatedItems/90,P02227

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a bacterium that causes serious disease. Hib usually occurs in children younger than age 5. It’s spread from person to person by coughing and sneezing. If the germs spread into tissues like the lungs or to the bloodstream, Hib can cause serious illness. This includes: […] Illness caused by Hib has been nearly abolished in the U.S. since 1987. That’s because of a vaccine. In rare cases, children and adults may still develop Hib infections. This can occur if the person has not completed their series of vaccines. Or it can happen in older children and adults who didn’t get the vaccine earlier in life. Or if they have lost their immunity from the vaccine from certain illnesses or medicines. […] The risk of Hib causing serious harm or death is very small. Its benefits well outweigh this risk.

• #41 How Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Affects the Body

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-overview-4589876

  While its not exactly clear what causes some cases to jump from a mild infection to an invasive one, its possible that other respiratory diseases play a role. For example, if someone is already trying to fight off a virus like influenza, the Hib bacteria might have an easier time spreading in the body.

• #42 Haemophilus influenzae disease type b (Hib)

  https://info.health.nz/conditions-treatments/infectious-diseases/haemophilus-influenzae-disease-type-b-hib

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a bacteria that causes serious illness in young tamariki. Hib was once the most common cause of life-threatening bacterial infection in tamariki under 5 years old. It is now less common because of immunisation. […] Illness only develops when the bacteria spread and create an infection in your body. This can happen when you are sick with another virus or if you have an ongoing disease such as chronic bronchitis. […] Hib is one of the most common causes of severe infections around the eye (periorbital cellulitis). […] People who are treated and live after Hib meningitis infections can still have long-term complications, including: deafness, brain damage. […] Meningitis and epiglottitis can both cause death. Those who live can have permanent brain or nerve damage. […] Hib infection is treated with antibiotics. […] It is important to protect ppi from Hib by getting them immunised on time.

• #43 Haemophilus influenzae disease type b (Hib)

  https://info.health.nz/conditions-treatments/infectious-diseases/haemophilus-influenzae-disease-type-b-hib

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a bacteria that causes serious illness in young tamariki. Hib was once the most common cause of life-threatening bacterial infection in tamariki under 5 years old. It is now less common because of immunisation. […] Illness only develops when the bacteria spread and create an infection in your body. This can happen when you are sick with another virus or if you have an ongoing disease such as chronic bronchitis. […] Hib is one of the most common causes of severe infections around the eye (periorbital cellulitis). […] People who are treated and live after Hib meningitis infections can still have long-term complications, including: deafness, brain damage. […] Meningitis and epiglottitis can both cause death. Those who live can have permanent brain or nerve damage. […] Hib infection is treated with antibiotics. […] It is important to protect ppi from Hib by getting them immunised on time.

• #44 Haemophilus influenzae type b – Immunisation Advisory Centre

  https://www.immune.org.nz/diseases/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b

  Hib disease is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b. […] Infants and children less than five years of age are most vulnerable to Hib infections. […] Hib disease was the most common cause of life-threatening bacterial infection in children under five years of age prior to introduction of the Hib vaccine in 1994. […] Infants and children younger than five years of age have an increased risk of Hib disease. […] Those aged 4 to 18 months and Mori or Pacific children aged under two years are have the greatest risk of Hib meningitis. […] Children aged two to four years have an increased risk of Hib epiglottitis. […] Some people with certain medical conditions have an increased risk of infection, for example, those without a functioning spleen, and those who are immune compromised from a disease or treatment of a disease.

• #45 Haemophilus influenzae – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae

  H. influenzaewas first described in 1893 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic when he incorrectly identified it as the causative microbe, which is why the bacteria was given the name „influenzae”. […] H. influenzaeis responsible for a wide range of localized and invasive infections, typically in infants and children, including pneumonia, meningitis, or bloodstream infections. […] Serotype BH. influenzaehave been a major cause of meningitis in infants and small children, frequently causing deafness and mental retardation. However, the development in the 1980s of a vaccine effective in this age group (the Hib vaccine) has almost eliminated this in developed countries. […] The pathogenesis of H. influenzaeinfections is not completely understood, although the presence of the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence.

• #46 About Haemophilus influenzae Disease | H. influenzae | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/about/index.html

  Bacteria called Haemophilus influenzae can cause many types of infections. […] H. influenzae disease is a name for any infection caused by H. influenzae bacteria. […] H. influenzae can cause many different types of infections. […] The most common serious infections caused by H. influenzae are: pneumonia (a lung infection), bloodstream infection, meningitis (swelling of the lining of the brain and spinal cord), epiglottitis (swelling of the throat), cellulitis (skin infection), infectious arthritis (swelling of the joint). […] H. influenzae are a common cause of ear infections in children and bronchitis (chest cold) in adults. […] H. influenzae are bacteria that live in people’s nose and throat. Usually, these bacteria cause no harm. However, they can move to other parts of the body and cause infection.

• #47 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/h/haemophilus-influenzae-infections-in-children.html

  Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is a group of bacteria that can cause different types of infections in babies and children. […] A strain of the bacteria that causes more serious disease is called H. influenzae type b (Hib). […] The type b strain caused many cases of infection of the membranes that surround the brain (meningitis). […] Most cases of H. influenzae that occur today are due to the non-type b strains of the bacteria. […] The H. influenzae bacteria live in the nose, sinuses, and throat. […] They are often spread by close contact with an infected person. […] A more serious strain of the bacteria, called H. influenzae type b (Hib), is rare in the U.S. because of the Hib vaccine. […] The H. influenzae bacteria are often spread by close contact with an infected person. Droplets in the air from a sneeze or cough can be breathed in and may also cause infection. […] Vaccines against Hib are routinely given to children.

• #48 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Causes severe bacterial infection, particularly among infants […] Leading cause of bacterial meningitis during prevaccine era […] In the prevaccine era, Hib could be isolated from the nasopharynx of 0.5% to 3% of healthy infants and children, but was uncommon in adults. […] In the prevaccine era, most children acquired immunity by age 5 or 6 years through asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Hib bacteria. […] Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. […] Meningitis accounted for 50% to 65% of cases with a fatality ratio of 3% to 6% (prevaccine era) […] Hib disease occurs worldwide. […] Humans are the only known reservoir. […] H. influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans and is transmitted person-to-person by inhalation of respiratory droplets or by direct contact with respiratory tract secretions.

• #49 H influenzae meningitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000612.htm

  Bacteria are one type of germ that can cause meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae type b is one kind of bacteria that causes meningitis. […] H influenzae meningitis is caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria. This illness is not the same as the flu (influenza), which is caused by a virus. […] Before the Hib vaccine, H influenzae was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children under age 5. Since the vaccine became available in the United States, this type of meningitis occurs much less often in children in the United States. […] H influenzae meningitis may occur after an upper respiratory infection. The infection usually spreads from the lungs and airways to the blood, then to the brain area.

• #50

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3209133/

  Infection caused by encapsulated strains (including type b and other serotypes) involves invasion of the bloodstream and hematogenous dissemination. Capsular polysaccharide is the critical virulence factor that mediates invasion. […] Nontypeable strains that cause invasive infection are genetically diverse. […] The spectacular progress in preventing Hib infections over the past 2 decades has resulted in changes in colonization and disease patterns of H. influenzae. In particular, the distribution of capsular serotypes in invasive disease has shifted from predominantly serotype b strains to predominantly nontypeable strains. There is no convincing evidence of an increased incidence of invasive disease by non-serotype b strains of H. influenzae, i.e., no strain replacement. However, this issue requires continued surveillance.

• #51 Haemophilus influenzae – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae

  H. influenzaewas first described in 1893 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic when he incorrectly identified it as the causative microbe, which is why the bacteria was given the name „influenzae”. […] H. influenzaeis responsible for a wide range of localized and invasive infections, typically in infants and children, including pneumonia, meningitis, or bloodstream infections. […] Serotype BH. influenzaehave been a major cause of meningitis in infants and small children, frequently causing deafness and mental retardation. However, the development in the 1980s of a vaccine effective in this age group (the Hib vaccine) has almost eliminated this in developed countries. […] The pathogenesis of H. influenzaeinfections is not completely understood, although the presence of the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence.

• #52

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3209133/

  Infection caused by encapsulated strains (including type b and other serotypes) involves invasion of the bloodstream and hematogenous dissemination. Capsular polysaccharide is the critical virulence factor that mediates invasion. […] Nontypeable strains that cause invasive infection are genetically diverse. […] The spectacular progress in preventing Hib infections over the past 2 decades has resulted in changes in colonization and disease patterns of H. influenzae. In particular, the distribution of capsular serotypes in invasive disease has shifted from predominantly serotype b strains to predominantly nontypeable strains. There is no convincing evidence of an increased incidence of invasive disease by non-serotype b strains of H. influenzae, i.e., no strain replacement. However, this issue requires continued surveillance.

• #53

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3209133/

  Infection caused by encapsulated strains (including type b and other serotypes) involves invasion of the bloodstream and hematogenous dissemination. Capsular polysaccharide is the critical virulence factor that mediates invasion. […] Nontypeable strains that cause invasive infection are genetically diverse. […] The spectacular progress in preventing Hib infections over the past 2 decades has resulted in changes in colonization and disease patterns of H. influenzae. In particular, the distribution of capsular serotypes in invasive disease has shifted from predominantly serotype b strains to predominantly nontypeable strains. There is no convincing evidence of an increased incidence of invasive disease by non-serotype b strains of H. influenzae, i.e., no strain replacement. However, this issue requires continued surveillance.

• #54 Haemophilus Meningitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164916-overview

  Throughout the modern era of bacteriology, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has been identified as one of the three most common causes of bacterial meningitis in adolescents. It is an uncommon cause of adult bacterial meningitis, mainly causing disease in those with predisposing factors. […] In the prevaccination era, Hib accounted for more than 95% of all cases of H influenzae meningitis. Most human diseases are caused by a limited clone complex of Hib strains that appear to have achieved worldwide distribution as the result of historical migrations of human hosts. These clones express in their capsules a repeating polymer of PRP that has been shown to be a particularly important virulence factor. […] Of the encapsulated H influenzae strains, serotype b is the most virulent. Most invasive Haemophilus infections are caused by encapsulated strains, in particular Hib. Unencapsulated strains rarely cause bacteremia; these species are more likely to produce noninvasive infections (eg, sinusitis, otitis media).

• #55 Haemophilus Meningitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164916-overview

  Throughout the modern era of bacteriology, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has been identified as one of the three most common causes of bacterial meningitis in adolescents. It is an uncommon cause of adult bacterial meningitis, mainly causing disease in those with predisposing factors. […] In the prevaccination era, Hib accounted for more than 95% of all cases of H influenzae meningitis. Most human diseases are caused by a limited clone complex of Hib strains that appear to have achieved worldwide distribution as the result of historical migrations of human hosts. These clones express in their capsules a repeating polymer of PRP that has been shown to be a particularly important virulence factor. […] Of the encapsulated H influenzae strains, serotype b is the most virulent. Most invasive Haemophilus infections are caused by encapsulated strains, in particular Hib. Unencapsulated strains rarely cause bacteremia; these species are more likely to produce noninvasive infections (eg, sinusitis, otitis media).

• #56

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/bacterial-meningitis/haemophilus-influenzae-meningitis

  Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) meningitis is a potentially deadly form of bacterial meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the most virulent. […] The most virulent strain is Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) which causes meningitis in 50-65% of infections. […] Haemophilus influenzae meningitis is caused by a type of bacteria called Haemophilus influenzae. […] The most virulent strain is Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and causes meningitis in 50-65% of infections. […] Yes, many cases of meningitis caused by the most virulent type of Haemophilus influenzae, Hib, can be prevented with a vaccine. […] The vaccine not only protects the child who gets vaccinated, but also stops the bacteria from living in their nose and throat. […] It’s estimated that cases of Hib meningitis have fallen by over 60% globally since the vaccine has been introduced. […] Unfortunately, in countries that have not introduced the vaccine, Hib is still a major cause of serious disease in children.

• #57 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Causes severe bacterial infection, particularly among infants […] Leading cause of bacterial meningitis during prevaccine era […] In the prevaccine era, Hib could be isolated from the nasopharynx of 0.5% to 3% of healthy infants and children, but was uncommon in adults. […] In the prevaccine era, most children acquired immunity by age 5 or 6 years through asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Hib bacteria. […] Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. […] Meningitis accounted for 50% to 65% of cases with a fatality ratio of 3% to 6% (prevaccine era) […] Hib disease occurs worldwide. […] Humans are the only known reservoir. […] H. influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans and is transmitted person-to-person by inhalation of respiratory droplets or by direct contact with respiratory tract secretions.

• #58 How Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Affects the Body

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-overview-4589876

  While its not exactly clear what causes some cases to jump from a mild infection to an invasive one, its possible that other respiratory diseases play a role. For example, if someone is already trying to fight off a virus like influenza, the Hib bacteria might have an easier time spreading in the body.

• #59

  https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-(hib)

  Haemophilus influenza are bacteria commonly found in the upper respiratory tract, which are transmitted by droplets from people who are infected (but not necessarily symptomatic) to those who are susceptible. The time between infection with Hib and the appearance of symptoms is 2 to 10 days. If these bacteria enter the blood stream, becoming invasive, they can cause pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, or other serious diseases. […] Although Hib diseases may occur in any age group, over 90% of cases of invasive Hib disease occur in children 5 years of age. Hib meningitis can lead to complications such as blindness, deafness, and learning disabilities and sometimes can lead to death. […] Vaccination remains the only effective means of preventing Hib disease and is becoming increasingly important as Hib antibiotic resistance grows.

• #60 Hib (H. influenzae Type B) Vaccine Schedule and Side Effects

  https://www.webmd.com/children/vaccines/hib-h-influenzae-type-b-vaccine

  And even when children survive, many of them are left with serious nerve and brain damage that can range from blindness to paralysis to intellectual disability. […] In addition to meningitis, Hib can cause pneumonia; epiglottitis, which is an infection in the throat that can cause breathing difficulties; blood infection; bone infection; and joint infection leading to arthritis.

• #61 Haemophilus influenzae Type B – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease-haemophilus-b/

  Haemophilus influenzae is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the nose and throat. Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib), can invade the body and cause serious infections. Hib may cause different types of infection including: Meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the spinal column and brain), Bloodstream infection, Pneumonia (a lung infection), Arthritis (swelling of the joint), Infections in other parts of the body. […] Hib disease can occur at any age. Hib was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among young children. However, there are few childhood cases now due to widespread use of Hib vaccination. Hib disease is more common in unimmunized or incompletely immunized children, especially those less than five years of age. It also occurs in people with weakened immune systems.

• #62 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Causes severe bacterial infection, particularly among infants […] Leading cause of bacterial meningitis during prevaccine era […] In the prevaccine era, Hib could be isolated from the nasopharynx of 0.5% to 3% of healthy infants and children, but was uncommon in adults. […] In the prevaccine era, most children acquired immunity by age 5 or 6 years through asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Hib bacteria. […] Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. […] Meningitis accounted for 50% to 65% of cases with a fatality ratio of 3% to 6% (prevaccine era) […] Hib disease occurs worldwide. […] Humans are the only known reservoir. […] H. influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans and is transmitted person-to-person by inhalation of respiratory droplets or by direct contact with respiratory tract secretions.

• #63 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Causes severe bacterial infection, particularly among infants […] Leading cause of bacterial meningitis during prevaccine era […] In the prevaccine era, Hib could be isolated from the nasopharynx of 0.5% to 3% of healthy infants and children, but was uncommon in adults. […] In the prevaccine era, most children acquired immunity by age 5 or 6 years through asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Hib bacteria. […] Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. […] Meningitis accounted for 50% to 65% of cases with a fatality ratio of 3% to 6% (prevaccine era) […] Hib disease occurs worldwide. […] Humans are the only known reservoir. […] H. influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans and is transmitted person-to-person by inhalation of respiratory droplets or by direct contact with respiratory tract secretions.

• #64

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/hib-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b/

  Haemophilus Influenzae type b, commonly known as Hib, is a bacterium that can cause severe infections, particularly in young children. […] Hib bacteria can cause many types of invasive disease, including meningitis, pneumonia, cellulitis (skin infection), septic arthritis (joint infection) and epiglottitis (infection of the epiglottis, causing obstruction or closing of the windpipe). […] Before the Hib vaccine was introduced, meningitis infection of the membranes that cover the brain was the most common Hib-induced invasive disease. […] Because the spectrum of Hib disease ranges from meningitis to pneumonia, the types of complications vary depending on the type of Hib infection. […] For Hib meningitis (the most common form of invasive Hib disease), the case fatality rate is 2-5%. […] Before Hib vaccination, about 20,000 children younger than five developed severe Hib disease each year in the United States, and about 1,000 died.

• #65 Hib Disease – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/hib/

  Hib disease is a serious illness caused by the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae type b. […] According to CDC, before Hib vaccine, Hib disease was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children under age 5 years in the US.

• #66 H influenzae meningitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000612.htm

  Bacteria are one type of germ that can cause meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae type b is one kind of bacteria that causes meningitis. […] H influenzae meningitis is caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria. This illness is not the same as the flu (influenza), which is caused by a virus. […] Before the Hib vaccine, H influenzae was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children under age 5. Since the vaccine became available in the United States, this type of meningitis occurs much less often in children in the United States. […] H influenzae meningitis may occur after an upper respiratory infection. The infection usually spreads from the lungs and airways to the blood, then to the brain area.

• #67 Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Haemophilus influenzae type B (called “Hib”) is a serious disease caused by bacteria. It usually affects young children under the age of 5 years. Hib meningitis can cause permanent brain damage and can cause swelling in the airway and lead to suffocation. Hib can also infect the lungs, blood, joints, bones and the thin membrane that covers the heart. Before Hib vaccine, Hib disease was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children. […] Yes. Before Hib vaccine, each year about 20,000 children in the United States under 5 years old got severe Hib disease and nearly 1,000 of them died. Since 1988 when Hib vaccine was introduced, Hib disease in infants and young children has decreased by 99% to fewer than 1 case per 100, 000 children younger than 5 years of age. […] Hib is most likely spread through droplets, by coughing and sneezing. Your child can get Hib disease by being around other children or adults who may have the bacteria in their throats and not know it. The germs are spread from person to person. If the germs stay in the nose and throat, children probably won’t get sick. But sometimes the germs spread into a child’s lungs or bloodstream and then Hib can cause serious disease.

• #68

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/hib-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b/

  Haemophilus Influenzae type b, commonly known as Hib, is a bacterium that can cause severe infections, particularly in young children. […] Hib bacteria can cause many types of invasive disease, including meningitis, pneumonia, cellulitis (skin infection), septic arthritis (joint infection) and epiglottitis (infection of the epiglottis, causing obstruction or closing of the windpipe). […] Before the Hib vaccine was introduced, meningitis infection of the membranes that cover the brain was the most common Hib-induced invasive disease. […] Because the spectrum of Hib disease ranges from meningitis to pneumonia, the types of complications vary depending on the type of Hib infection. […] For Hib meningitis (the most common form of invasive Hib disease), the case fatality rate is 2-5%. […] Before Hib vaccination, about 20,000 children younger than five developed severe Hib disease each year in the United States, and about 1,000 died.

• #69 Disease information about Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/invasive-haemophilus-influenzae-disease/facts

  Haemophilus influenzae serotype b being the most pathogenic for humans, responsible for respiratory infections, ocular infection, sepsis and meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is an obligate human pathogen and an important cause of invasive bacterial infections in both children and adults, with the highest incidence among young children. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b is responsible for 95% of all invasive H. influenzae infections in unimmunised populations and it is an important cause of severe and sometimes fatal infections, particularly in young children. […] The World Health Organization estimates that Hib causes three million episodes of serious disease and 400,000 deaths annually worldwide. […] Medical conditions resulting in immunosuppression increase the risk of Hib infection. […] There is no evidence that non type b strains have replaced Hib as a cause of invasive infections following mass Hib conjugate vaccination.

• #70 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  The contagious potential of invasive Hib disease is considered to be limited. […] Risk factors for Hib disease include both exposure factors and host factors. […] The incidence of invasive Hib disease began to decline dramatically in the late 1980s, coinciding with licensure of Hib conjugate vaccines, and has declined by more than 99% since the prevaccine era. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are highly immunogenic. More than 95% of infants develop protective antibody levels after a primary series. […] Hib vaccine is also immunogenic in patients at increased risk for invasive disease, such as those with sickle-cell disease, leukemia, or those who have had a splenectomy. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are contraindicated for children younger than age 6 weeks because of the potential for development of immunologic tolerance.

• #71 Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Haemophilus influenzae type B (called “Hib”) is a serious disease caused by bacteria. It usually affects young children under the age of 5 years. Hib meningitis can cause permanent brain damage and can cause swelling in the airway and lead to suffocation. Hib can also infect the lungs, blood, joints, bones and the thin membrane that covers the heart. Before Hib vaccine, Hib disease was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children. […] Yes. Before Hib vaccine, each year about 20,000 children in the United States under 5 years old got severe Hib disease and nearly 1,000 of them died. Since 1988 when Hib vaccine was introduced, Hib disease in infants and young children has decreased by 99% to fewer than 1 case per 100, 000 children younger than 5 years of age. […] Hib is most likely spread through droplets, by coughing and sneezing. Your child can get Hib disease by being around other children or adults who may have the bacteria in their throats and not know it. The germs are spread from person to person. If the germs stay in the nose and throat, children probably won’t get sick. But sometimes the germs spread into a child’s lungs or bloodstream and then Hib can cause serious disease.

• #72 Haemophilus influenzae – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae

  Naturally acquired disease caused by H. influenzaeseems to occur in humans only. In healthy children under the age of 5,H. influenzaetype b was responsible for more than 80% of aggressive infections, before the introduction of the [Hib] vaccine. […] In infants and young children,H. influenzaetype b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, epiglottitis and acute bacterial meningitis. […] Due to routine use of the Hib vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. […] However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where the vaccine is not widely used.

• #73 Haemophilus influenzae – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae

  Naturally acquired disease caused by H. influenzaeseems to occur in humans only. In healthy children under the age of 5,H. influenzaetype b was responsible for more than 80% of aggressive infections, before the introduction of the [Hib] vaccine. […] In infants and young children,H. influenzaetype b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, epiglottitis and acute bacterial meningitis. […] Due to routine use of the Hib vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. […] However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where the vaccine is not widely used.

• #74 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-overview

  Currently, the incidence of Hib invasive diseases has greatly decreased in the United States because of the wide spread of the Hib conjugate vaccine, whereas NTHi strains have become the most common cause of invasive disease in all age groups. […] In many developing countries where Hib vaccination is not routine, invasive Hib disease is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.

• #75 Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) | The Immunization Well-Child Toolkit | ontario.ca

  http://www.ontario.ca/document/immunization-well-child-toolkit/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Type b (known as Hib) can cause serious and life-threatening infections by affecting parts of the body that are normally free from germs (such as blood and spinal fluid). […] Hib is serious and still common around the world in countries without Hib vaccination programs. Unvaccinated children under 5 years old are at the highest risk of invasive disease. […] Before the introduction of Hib vaccines, Hib was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis and a leading cause of other serious invasive infections in young children.

• #76

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3209133/

  The widespread use of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines has nearly eradicated invasive Hib disease where the vaccines are used. […] H. influenzae causes predominantly mucosal infections. […] A shift in the distribution of capsular serotypes of invasive H. influenzae disease has occurred, with nontypeable strains replacing type b strains as the most common bloodstream isolates. Strains of H. influenzae that cause invasive infection in the vaccine era are predominantly nontypeable. […] Selected studies suggest an increasing incidence of invasive H. influenzae infection, particularly by nontypeable strains. However, there is no convincing evidence that a substantial or sustained increase in the incidence of non-serotype b infections has occurred as a result of widespread immunization with Hib conjugate vaccines.

• #77 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Immunization/Haemophilus-Influenzae-type-B.aspx

  Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) disease is a bacterial infection which can cause: […] Before the Hib vaccine was introduced, Hib disease was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children under 5 years old in the United States. About 20,000 children in the United States under 5 years old got severe Hib disease each year nearly 1,000 people died. Hib disease is now rare in the United States; the majority of invasive H. Influenzae cases reported in children in recent years have been caused by non-type b strains.

• #78

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3209133/

  The widespread use of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines has nearly eradicated invasive Hib disease where the vaccines are used. […] H. influenzae causes predominantly mucosal infections. […] A shift in the distribution of capsular serotypes of invasive H. influenzae disease has occurred, with nontypeable strains replacing type b strains as the most common bloodstream isolates. Strains of H. influenzae that cause invasive infection in the vaccine era are predominantly nontypeable. […] Selected studies suggest an increasing incidence of invasive H. influenzae infection, particularly by nontypeable strains. However, there is no convincing evidence that a substantial or sustained increase in the incidence of non-serotype b infections has occurred as a result of widespread immunization with Hib conjugate vaccines.

• #79

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3209133/

  Infection caused by encapsulated strains (including type b and other serotypes) involves invasion of the bloodstream and hematogenous dissemination. Capsular polysaccharide is the critical virulence factor that mediates invasion. […] Nontypeable strains that cause invasive infection are genetically diverse. […] The spectacular progress in preventing Hib infections over the past 2 decades has resulted in changes in colonization and disease patterns of H. influenzae. In particular, the distribution of capsular serotypes in invasive disease has shifted from predominantly serotype b strains to predominantly nontypeable strains. There is no convincing evidence of an increased incidence of invasive disease by non-serotype b strains of H. influenzae, i.e., no strain replacement. However, this issue requires continued surveillance.

• #80 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

  https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards/vaccine-standardization/hib

  Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that commonly infects the upper respiratory tract of children through the transfer of nasal secretions. […] Of the 6 capsular types of H influenzae, type b (Hib) is responsible for more than 90% of systemic infections. […] This organism causes primarily pneumonia and meningitis in young children and it is a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, with as many as 3 million cases of serious disease occurring every year. […] The increasing resistance of Hib to antibiotic agents has been reported from many parts of the world, and vaccination is the only public health tool that can rapidly reduce the incidence of Hib disease globally.

• #81 Vaccine profiles: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)verifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/routine-vaccines/extraordinary-impact-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Although different bacteria can cause meningitis, before a vaccine was available, Hib was the most common cause of meningitis. Hib can also cause sepsis, an infection of the bloodstream, pneumonia and epiglottitis. In epiglottitis, the epiglottis – which prevents food from entering the windpipe when swallowing – is infected; it then blocks the windpipe, leading children to suffocate and potentially die. […] In 2015, despite there being a highly effective vaccine, there were still an estimated 340,000 episodes of severe Hib disease in children globally. […] In 2015, 42% of children were still not immunised with Hib vaccine, indicating we have a long way to go in getting this life-saving immunisation out to children who need it most. Vaccine hesitancy is playing a role, with some parents wrongly believing misinformation suggesting five antigens in one vaccine is too much for their children. […] Boosting immunisation coverage is becoming urgent: although antibiotics exist to treat Hib infection, antimicrobial resistance has been reported worldwide for Hib strains, which makes it even more critical to increase vaccine uptake around the world.

• #82 Haemophilus Influenzae Type B

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b.page

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) may cause a variety of diseases such as meningitis (inflammation of the coverings of the spinal column and brain), blood stream infections, pneumonia, and arthritis. […] Hib disease is most common in children 3 months to 3 years of age. […] Hib may be transmitted through contact with mucus or droplets from the nose and throat of an infected person. […] Hib disease is diagnosed by isolating the bacteria from blood, spinal fluid, or other tissue. […] Antibiotics such as ampicillin or chloramphenicol are generally used to treat serious infections. […] Hib disease manifests itself in a variety of ways, most commonly meningitis.

• #83 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Disease Fact Sheet

  https://health.maryland.gov/phpa/pages/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b.aspx

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a bacterium that causes serious infections. […] Before the advent of effective vaccines, Hib was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children in the United States as well as in many other countries. […] Hib is spread from person-to-person by airborne droplets and direct contact with infected respiratory secretions. […] Laboratory testing is available to confirm a Hib infection. […] Hib disease can be prevented with Hib vaccine.

• #84 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Causes severe bacterial infection, particularly among infants […] Leading cause of bacterial meningitis during prevaccine era […] In the prevaccine era, Hib could be isolated from the nasopharynx of 0.5% to 3% of healthy infants and children, but was uncommon in adults. […] In the prevaccine era, most children acquired immunity by age 5 or 6 years through asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Hib bacteria. […] Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. […] Meningitis accounted for 50% to 65% of cases with a fatality ratio of 3% to 6% (prevaccine era) […] Hib disease occurs worldwide. […] Humans are the only known reservoir. […] H. influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans and is transmitted person-to-person by inhalation of respiratory droplets or by direct contact with respiratory tract secretions.

• #85 Haemophilus lnfluenzae Type B (Hib, Haemophilus b)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/haemophilus_influenzae/fact_sheet.htm

  Hib is a bacterial illness that can lead to a potentially deadly brain infection in young children. Hib may cause diseases such as meningitis (inflammation of the coverings of the brain and spinal column), bloodstream infections, pneumonia, arthritis and infections of other parts of the body. […] Before the development of a vaccine, Hib was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children less than five years of age. […] Hib disease may be transmitted through contact with mucus or droplets from the nose and throat of an infected person. […] If Hib meningitis occurs, death occurs in one out of 20 children and permanent brain damage in ten to 30 percent of the survivors. […] Antibiotics, such as cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or ampicillin with chloramphenicol, are generally used to treat serious infections. […] The single most important preventive measure is to maintain a high level of immunization in the community.

• #86 Vaccine profiles: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)verifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/routine-vaccines/extraordinary-impact-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Although different bacteria can cause meningitis, before a vaccine was available, Hib was the most common cause of meningitis. Hib can also cause sepsis, an infection of the bloodstream, pneumonia and epiglottitis. In epiglottitis, the epiglottis – which prevents food from entering the windpipe when swallowing – is infected; it then blocks the windpipe, leading children to suffocate and potentially die. […] In 2015, despite there being a highly effective vaccine, there were still an estimated 340,000 episodes of severe Hib disease in children globally. […] In 2015, 42% of children were still not immunised with Hib vaccine, indicating we have a long way to go in getting this life-saving immunisation out to children who need it most. Vaccine hesitancy is playing a role, with some parents wrongly believing misinformation suggesting five antigens in one vaccine is too much for their children. […] Boosting immunisation coverage is becoming urgent: although antibiotics exist to treat Hib infection, antimicrobial resistance has been reported worldwide for Hib strains, which makes it even more critical to increase vaccine uptake around the world.

• #87 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Causes severe bacterial infection, particularly among infants […] Leading cause of bacterial meningitis during prevaccine era […] In the prevaccine era, Hib could be isolated from the nasopharynx of 0.5% to 3% of healthy infants and children, but was uncommon in adults. […] In the prevaccine era, most children acquired immunity by age 5 or 6 years through asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Hib bacteria. […] Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. […] Meningitis accounted for 50% to 65% of cases with a fatality ratio of 3% to 6% (prevaccine era) […] Hib disease occurs worldwide. […] Humans are the only known reservoir. […] H. influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans and is transmitted person-to-person by inhalation of respiratory droplets or by direct contact with respiratory tract secretions.

• #88 Haemophilus influenzae Type B – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease-haemophilus-b/

  People spread Hib disease to others by coughing or sneezing, which creates small respiratory droplets that contain the bacteria. People who arent sick but have the bacteria in their nose and throat can still spread the bacteria. […] Symptoms depend on the part of the body thats infected. Serious infections causing meningitis, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections can result in long-term health problems and death. […] The best way to prevent Hib disease is to get vaccinated. All children younger than five years old are recommended to receive the Hib vaccine. Multiple doses are needed to ensure protection. Some older children and adults with weakened immune systems are at increased risk for infection and may be recommended to get the Hib vaccine.

• #89 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  The contagious potential of invasive Hib disease is considered to be limited. […] Risk factors for Hib disease include both exposure factors and host factors. […] The incidence of invasive Hib disease began to decline dramatically in the late 1980s, coinciding with licensure of Hib conjugate vaccines, and has declined by more than 99% since the prevaccine era. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are highly immunogenic. More than 95% of infants develop protective antibody levels after a primary series. […] Hib vaccine is also immunogenic in patients at increased risk for invasive disease, such as those with sickle-cell disease, leukemia, or those who have had a splenectomy. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are contraindicated for children younger than age 6 weeks because of the potential for development of immunologic tolerance.

• #90 Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib): The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-vaccine

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a bacterium that infects the lining of the brain, causing meningitis. Meningitis is caused by several different bacteria. However, before the Hib vaccine, Hib was by far the most common cause of meningitis. […] Before the vaccine, Hib caused about 20,000 cases of serious disease in the United States every year. […] Most, but not all, cases of bacterial meningitis can be prevented by vaccination. The bacteria most often associated with meningitis include meningococcus, pneumococcus, and Haemophilus influenzae type B (often referred to as Hib). […] The Hib vaccine has caused a dramatic decline in the incidence of meningitis, bloodstream infections, and pneumonia caused by Hib. However, Hib bacteria still circulate in the community and occasionally cause disease.

• #91

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/bacterial-meningitis/haemophilus-influenzae-meningitis

  Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) meningitis is a potentially deadly form of bacterial meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the most virulent. […] The most virulent strain is Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) which causes meningitis in 50-65% of infections. […] Haemophilus influenzae meningitis is caused by a type of bacteria called Haemophilus influenzae. […] The most virulent strain is Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and causes meningitis in 50-65% of infections. […] Yes, many cases of meningitis caused by the most virulent type of Haemophilus influenzae, Hib, can be prevented with a vaccine. […] The vaccine not only protects the child who gets vaccinated, but also stops the bacteria from living in their nose and throat. […] It’s estimated that cases of Hib meningitis have fallen by over 60% globally since the vaccine has been introduced. […] Unfortunately, in countries that have not introduced the vaccine, Hib is still a major cause of serious disease in children.

• #92 Hib disease (Haemophilus influenzae type b) | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/hib-disease

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a bacterium which can cause a range of very serious diseases, particularly in children under the age of 5. […] Before a vaccine was available, Hib disease was the main cause of meningitis in young children in the UK. It is now very rare in the UK, but worldwide it is still a major cause of death in children under 5. The World Health Organization estimates that Hib causes millions of cases of serious disease every year. About 200,000 young children died from Hib disease in 2008. […] Hib is spread through coughing, sneezing or close contact with someone who is infected or carrying the disease without knowing it. People (especially children under 4 years of age) can carry Hib bacteria in their nose and throat harmlessly, without showing signs of the disease. Before the Hib vaccine was introduced, about 4 in every 100 pre-school children carried the Hib bacteria in their throat. Since the vaccine was introduced in 1992, carriage rates have fallen below the level of detection in young children.

• #93 Haemophilus lnfluenzae Type B (Hib, Haemophilus b)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/haemophilus_influenzae/fact_sheet.htm

  Hib is a bacterial illness that can lead to a potentially deadly brain infection in young children. Hib may cause diseases such as meningitis (inflammation of the coverings of the brain and spinal column), bloodstream infections, pneumonia, arthritis and infections of other parts of the body. […] Before the development of a vaccine, Hib was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children less than five years of age. […] Hib disease may be transmitted through contact with mucus or droplets from the nose and throat of an infected person. […] If Hib meningitis occurs, death occurs in one out of 20 children and permanent brain damage in ten to 30 percent of the survivors. […] Antibiotics, such as cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or ampicillin with chloramphenicol, are generally used to treat serious infections. […] The single most important preventive measure is to maintain a high level of immunization in the community.

• #94

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/bacterial-meningitis/haemophilus-influenzae-meningitis

  Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) meningitis is a potentially deadly form of bacterial meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the most virulent. […] The most virulent strain is Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) which causes meningitis in 50-65% of infections. […] Haemophilus influenzae meningitis is caused by a type of bacteria called Haemophilus influenzae. […] The most virulent strain is Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and causes meningitis in 50-65% of infections. […] Yes, many cases of meningitis caused by the most virulent type of Haemophilus influenzae, Hib, can be prevented with a vaccine. […] The vaccine not only protects the child who gets vaccinated, but also stops the bacteria from living in their nose and throat. […] It’s estimated that cases of Hib meningitis have fallen by over 60% globally since the vaccine has been introduced. […] Unfortunately, in countries that have not introduced the vaccine, Hib is still a major cause of serious disease in children.

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