Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Haemophilus lnfluenzae Type B (Hib, Haemophilus b)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/haemophilus_influenzae/fact_sheet.htm

  Hib is a bacterial illness that can lead to a potentially deadly brain infection in young children. Hib may cause diseases such as meningitis (inflammation of the coverings of the brain and spinal column), bloodstream infections, pneumonia, arthritis and infections of other parts of the body. […] Antibiotics, such as cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or ampicillin with chloramphenicol, are generally used to treat serious infections. Rifampin is used in some circumstances as preventive treatment for persons who have been exposed to Hib disease. […] The single most important preventive measure is to maintain a high level of immunization in the community. Rifampin, an antibiotic, is used in some circumstances as preventive treatment for persons who have been exposed to Hib disease.

• #2 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a life-threatening infection that can lead to serious illness, especially in children. […] Seek urgent medical attention if you think your child has any symptoms. […] Treatment for Hib infection may include admission to hospital and a course of the appropriate antibiotics. […] A child with epiglottitis may be cared for in an intensive care unit and a breathing tube may be inserted to help them breathe.

• #3

  http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a severe bacterial infection which occurs mostly in infants and children under 5. […] Since the introduction of Hib-containing vaccines, rates of Hib disease have dropped dramatically. […] Hib infection is caused by a germ (or bacteria) called Haemophilus influenzae type b. It usually infects children under 5 years of age. Before Hib vaccine became available, Hib used to be the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children aged 2 months to 5 years of age. Hib disease is now rare in BC because of routine childhood vaccination programs. […] The majority of cases in children now occur in unvaccinated children or in children who are too young to have received their Hib vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. […] Antibiotics are given to the case. In order to prevent infection in close contacts of the case, certain contacts should also receive antibiotics to kill the Hib bacteria they may be carrying in their upper noses and throats. […] The infection is prevented through vaccination that is offered at 2, 4, 6 and 18 months of age.

• #4 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a life-threatening infection that can lead to serious illness, especially in children. […] Seek urgent medical attention if you think your child has any symptoms. […] Treatment for Hib infection may include admission to hospital and a course of the appropriate antibiotics. […] A child with epiglottitis may be cared for in an intensive care unit and a breathing tube may be inserted to help them breathe.

• #5 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hib/

  The main treatment for a Hib infection is antibiotics. You’ll usually need to be treated in hospital. […] You may be given oxygen and other medicines such as steroids, depending on your symptoms. Other treatments, including surgery, may also be needed. […] If you have a Hib infection, your close contacts, such as anyone you live with, may be offered antibiotics to stop them getting ill.

• #6 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  Antibiotics and supportive care are the mainstays of treatment for Haemophilus influenza infections. […] Initially, invasive and serious H influenzae type b (Hib) infections are best treated with an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin until antibiotic sensitivities become available. […] It is important to monitor the resistance rates of H influenzae to different antibiotics to guide empiric antimicrobial choices while awaiting susceptibility results. […] The site of infection and the clinical response determine the length of antibiotic treatment. […] Administer parenteral antibiotics (eg, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin) to patients with meningitis for 7 days. Third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) are the initial drugs of choice for suspected Hib meningitis.

• #7 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hib/

  The main treatment for a Hib infection is antibiotics. You’ll usually need to be treated in hospital. […] You may be given oxygen and other medicines such as steroids, depending on your symptoms. Other treatments, including surgery, may also be needed. […] If you have a Hib infection, your close contacts, such as anyone you live with, may be offered antibiotics to stop them getting ill.

• #8 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  Antibiotics and supportive care are the mainstays of treatment for Haemophilus influenza infections. […] Initially, invasive and serious H influenzae type b (Hib) infections are best treated with an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin until antibiotic sensitivities become available. […] It is important to monitor the resistance rates of H influenzae to different antibiotics to guide empiric antimicrobial choices while awaiting susceptibility results. […] The site of infection and the clinical response determine the length of antibiotic treatment. […] Administer parenteral antibiotics (eg, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin) to patients with meningitis for 7 days. Third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) are the initial drugs of choice for suspected Hib meningitis.

• #9 Haemophilus influenzae Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562176/

  The Hib conjugate vaccine is effective for protection against capsular polysaccharide type b and has decreased the rate of Hib infections to a greater extent. […] The approach to treating H. influenzae infections mainly involves antibiotics and conservative measures. The initial antibiotic choice is a third-generation cephalosporin while waiting for the culture and sensitivity results. […] In cases of suspected Hib meningitis, antibiotic choices include ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, fluoroquinolones, and azithromycin given via parenteral route for one week. […] Dexamethasone is an important adjunctive treatment as it reduces the cerebral edema associated with inflammation of the meninges and also reduces complications such as hearing loss and other neurological sequelae.

• #10 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  Antibiotics and supportive care are the mainstays of treatment for Haemophilus influenza infections. […] Initially, invasive and serious H influenzae type b (Hib) infections are best treated with an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin until antibiotic sensitivities become available. […] It is important to monitor the resistance rates of H influenzae to different antibiotics to guide empiric antimicrobial choices while awaiting susceptibility results. […] The site of infection and the clinical response determine the length of antibiotic treatment. […] Administer parenteral antibiotics (eg, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin) to patients with meningitis for 7 days. Third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) are the initial drugs of choice for suspected Hib meningitis.

• #11 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. Antimicrobial therapy with an effective, third-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) should be started immediately. Chloramphenicol in combination with ampicillin could be used as an alternative. The treatment course is usually 10 days. Ampicillin-resistant strains of Hib are now common throughout the United States. Children with life-threatening illness in which Hib may be the etiologic agent should not receive ampicillin alone as initial therapy. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are highly immunogenic. More than 95% of infants develop protective antibody levels after a primary series. Clinical efficacy has been estimated at 95% to 100%. Invasive Hib disease is uncommon in children who are fully vaccinated. […] Hib vaccines should be given at the same visit as other recommended vaccines. Limited data suggest Hib conjugate vaccines administered before age 6 weeks can induce immunologic tolerance, reducing the response to subsequent doses of Hib vaccine. Therefore, Hib vaccines, including combination vaccines containing Hib conjugate vaccine, should never be administered to a child younger than age 6 weeks.

• #12 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  Antibiotics and supportive care are the mainstays of treatment for Haemophilus influenza infections. […] Initially, invasive and serious H influenzae type b (Hib) infections are best treated with an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin until antibiotic sensitivities become available. […] It is important to monitor the resistance rates of H influenzae to different antibiotics to guide empiric antimicrobial choices while awaiting susceptibility results. […] The site of infection and the clinical response determine the length of antibiotic treatment. […] Administer parenteral antibiotics (eg, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin) to patients with meningitis for 7 days. Third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) are the initial drugs of choice for suspected Hib meningitis.

• #13 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  Antibiotics and supportive care are the mainstays of treatment for Haemophilus influenza infections. […] Initially, invasive and serious H influenzae type b (Hib) infections are best treated with an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin until antibiotic sensitivities become available. […] It is important to monitor the resistance rates of H influenzae to different antibiotics to guide empiric antimicrobial choices while awaiting susceptibility results. […] The site of infection and the clinical response determine the length of antibiotic treatment. […] Administer parenteral antibiotics (eg, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin) to patients with meningitis for 7 days. Third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) are the initial drugs of choice for suspected Hib meningitis.

• #14 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  For beta-lactamase positive H influenzae meningitis, the recommended standard antibiotic is a third-generation cephalosporin. […] Dexamethasone is an important adjunctive treatment in patients with meningitis who are older than 2 months because it has been shown to decrease the inflammatory response and the rate of hearing loss and other neurologic complications. […] The 2004 Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend that dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg/d q6h for 2-4 days be administered to children (but not adults) with H influenzae meningitis. […] In patients with Hib cellulitis, administer parenteral antibiotics until the patient shows defervescence and the cellulitis subsides. […] Maintenance of a patent airway via intubation or tracheostomy is the mainstay of treatment for epiglottitis.

• #15 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. Antimicrobial therapy with an effective, third-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) should be started immediately. Chloramphenicol in combination with ampicillin could be used as an alternative. The treatment course is usually 10 days. Ampicillin-resistant strains of Hib are now common throughout the United States. Children with life-threatening illness in which Hib may be the etiologic agent should not receive ampicillin alone as initial therapy. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are highly immunogenic. More than 95% of infants develop protective antibody levels after a primary series. Clinical efficacy has been estimated at 95% to 100%. Invasive Hib disease is uncommon in children who are fully vaccinated. […] Hib vaccines should be given at the same visit as other recommended vaccines. Limited data suggest Hib conjugate vaccines administered before age 6 weeks can induce immunologic tolerance, reducing the response to subsequent doses of Hib vaccine. Therefore, Hib vaccines, including combination vaccines containing Hib conjugate vaccine, should never be administered to a child younger than age 6 weeks.

• #16 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  Antibiotics and supportive care are the mainstays of treatment for Haemophilus influenza infections. […] Initially, invasive and serious H influenzae type b (Hib) infections are best treated with an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin until antibiotic sensitivities become available. […] It is important to monitor the resistance rates of H influenzae to different antibiotics to guide empiric antimicrobial choices while awaiting susceptibility results. […] The site of infection and the clinical response determine the length of antibiotic treatment. […] Administer parenteral antibiotics (eg, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin) to patients with meningitis for 7 days. Third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) are the initial drugs of choice for suspected Hib meningitis.

• #17 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  Antibiotics and supportive care are the mainstays of treatment for Haemophilus influenza infections. […] Initially, invasive and serious H influenzae type b (Hib) infections are best treated with an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin until antibiotic sensitivities become available. […] It is important to monitor the resistance rates of H influenzae to different antibiotics to guide empiric antimicrobial choices while awaiting susceptibility results. […] The site of infection and the clinical response determine the length of antibiotic treatment. […] Administer parenteral antibiotics (eg, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin) to patients with meningitis for 7 days. Third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) are the initial drugs of choice for suspected Hib meningitis.

• #18 Haemophilus Meningitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Empiric Antibiotic Therapy, Adjunctive Corticosteroid Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164916-treatment

  Once started, these cephalosporins are generally administered for a total 10-day course, although emerging evidence suggests that 7 days may be adequate for uncomplicated Hib meningitis. […] Meropenem may be considered a good alternative to the third-generation cephalosporins for the treatment of HiB meningitis. […] Previously, ampicillin and chloramphenicol were recommended for the treatment of Hib meningitis. However, resistance to both these antibiotics has emerged. […] Alarmingly, some of these strains are also demonstrating resistance to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. […] Most clinical studies, including a meta-analysis, show that early use of dexamethasone improves outcomes of treatment, chiefly in preventing hearing loss. […] The recommended dose is 0.15 mg/kg every 6 hours for the first 2 days after initial diagnosis and treatment.

• #19 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  For beta-lactamase positive H influenzae meningitis, the recommended standard antibiotic is a third-generation cephalosporin. […] Dexamethasone is an important adjunctive treatment in patients with meningitis who are older than 2 months because it has been shown to decrease the inflammatory response and the rate of hearing loss and other neurologic complications. […] The 2004 Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend that dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg/d q6h for 2-4 days be administered to children (but not adults) with H influenzae meningitis. […] In patients with Hib cellulitis, administer parenteral antibiotics until the patient shows defervescence and the cellulitis subsides. […] Maintenance of a patent airway via intubation or tracheostomy is the mainstay of treatment for epiglottitis.

• #20 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  Administer intravenous ceftriaxone 2 g once daily (after blood culture specimens have been drawn) is recommended until the patient is clinically well and able to swallow; afterward, it can be switched to an oral equivalent. […] A short course of intravenous antibacterial therapy followed by an oral agent for 2-3 weeks is considered safe and effective in uncomplicated cases. […] Administer parenteral antibiotics for at least 2-5 days and guide subsequent therapy based on the focus of infection. […] Administer rifampin to all household contacts, including adults, children, and the index patient, if a close household contact is immunocompromised, regardless of immunization status. […] Administer H influenzae conjugate vaccine to patients younger than 24 months with invasive Hib disease during convalescence regardless of prior immunization.

• #21 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  Administer intravenous ceftriaxone 2 g once daily (after blood culture specimens have been drawn) is recommended until the patient is clinically well and able to swallow; afterward, it can be switched to an oral equivalent. […] A short course of intravenous antibacterial therapy followed by an oral agent for 2-3 weeks is considered safe and effective in uncomplicated cases. […] Administer parenteral antibiotics for at least 2-5 days and guide subsequent therapy based on the focus of infection. […] Administer rifampin to all household contacts, including adults, children, and the index patient, if a close household contact is immunocompromised, regardless of immunization status. […] Administer H influenzae conjugate vaccine to patients younger than 24 months with invasive Hib disease during convalescence regardless of prior immunization.

• #22 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  Administer intravenous ceftriaxone 2 g once daily (after blood culture specimens have been drawn) is recommended until the patient is clinically well and able to swallow; afterward, it can be switched to an oral equivalent. […] A short course of intravenous antibacterial therapy followed by an oral agent for 2-3 weeks is considered safe and effective in uncomplicated cases. […] Administer parenteral antibiotics for at least 2-5 days and guide subsequent therapy based on the focus of infection. […] Administer rifampin to all household contacts, including adults, children, and the index patient, if a close household contact is immunocompromised, regardless of immunization status. […] Administer H influenzae conjugate vaccine to patients younger than 24 months with invasive Hib disease during convalescence regardless of prior immunization.

• #23 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. Antimicrobial therapy with an effective, third-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) should be started immediately. Chloramphenicol in combination with ampicillin could be used as an alternative. The treatment course is usually 10 days. Ampicillin-resistant strains of Hib are now common throughout the United States. Children with life-threatening illness in which Hib may be the etiologic agent should not receive ampicillin alone as initial therapy. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are highly immunogenic. More than 95% of infants develop protective antibody levels after a primary series. Clinical efficacy has been estimated at 95% to 100%. Invasive Hib disease is uncommon in children who are fully vaccinated. […] Hib vaccines should be given at the same visit as other recommended vaccines. Limited data suggest Hib conjugate vaccines administered before age 6 weeks can induce immunologic tolerance, reducing the response to subsequent doses of Hib vaccine. Therefore, Hib vaccines, including combination vaccines containing Hib conjugate vaccine, should never be administered to a child younger than age 6 weeks.

• #24 Haemophilus Meningitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Empiric Antibiotic Therapy, Adjunctive Corticosteroid Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164916-treatment

  Once started, these cephalosporins are generally administered for a total 10-day course, although emerging evidence suggests that 7 days may be adequate for uncomplicated Hib meningitis. […] Meropenem may be considered a good alternative to the third-generation cephalosporins for the treatment of HiB meningitis. […] Previously, ampicillin and chloramphenicol were recommended for the treatment of Hib meningitis. However, resistance to both these antibiotics has emerged. […] Alarmingly, some of these strains are also demonstrating resistance to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. […] Most clinical studies, including a meta-analysis, show that early use of dexamethasone improves outcomes of treatment, chiefly in preventing hearing loss. […] The recommended dose is 0.15 mg/kg every 6 hours for the first 2 days after initial diagnosis and treatment.

• #25 Hib Disease – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/hib/

  Hib disease can be treated with antibiotics. Severe cases require hospitalization. Other treatments may include: […] For milder infections caused by Hib, such as bronchitis or ear infections, antibiotics may be given to prevent complications.

• #26 Haemophilus influenzae Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/haemophilus-influenzae-infections

  Infections are treated with antibiotics given by mouth or, for serious infections, intravenously. […] Haemophilus influenzae infections are treated with antibiotics. Which ones are used depends on the severity and location of the infection and results of susceptibility tests. […] If children have a serious Haemophilus influenzae infection, they are hospitalized and kept in isolation to prevent other people from being exposed to infected droplets in the air (called respiratory isolation) for 24 hours after antibiotics are started. […] Meningitis must be treated as soon as possible. An antibiotic usually, ceftriaxone or cefotaxime is given intravenously. Corticosteroids may help prevent brain damage. […] Epiglottitis must also be treated as soon as possible. People may need help breathing. An artificial airway, such as a breathing tube, may be inserted or, rarely, an opening may be made in the windpipe (a procedure called tracheostomy). An antibiotic, such as ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, or cefuroxime, is given. […] Other infections due to Haemophilus influenzae are treated with various antibiotics given by mouth. They include amoxicillin/clavulanate, azithromycin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, omadacycline, lefamulin, and clarithromycin.

• #27 Haemophilus influenzae Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562176/

  Mucosal infections by NTHi are treated with oral antibiotics. The drug of choice is amoxicillin, given in a high dose, i.e., 80-90 mg/kg/day two times a day, and the second line is amoxicillin/clavulanate. […] Invasive NTHi disease is treated similarly as invasive Hib by administering parenteral antibiotics. […] In cases of complications such as subdural and pleural effusion or empyema, surgical drainage is required.

• #28 Haemophilus Influenzae: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilus-influenzae

  Management includes treating all aspects of the infection, including fever, dehydration and any other specific interventions such as oxygen therapy in respiratory tract infections. Recommendations for antibiotic treatment include: […] Hib infections are uncommon in patients older than 6 years. However, the frequency of Hib infections is increased in patients with asplenia, splenectomy, sickle cell disease, malignancies and congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies. […] Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (treat if there is increased sputum production, purulent sputum or dyspnoea): treat for five days (longer in severely ill patients) with amoxicillin, tetracycline or clarithromycin. Some H. influenzae strains are tetracycline-resistant and 20% of H. influenzae strains are resistant to amoxicillin.

• #29 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hib/

  The main treatment for a Hib infection is antibiotics. You’ll usually need to be treated in hospital. […] You may be given oxygen and other medicines such as steroids, depending on your symptoms. Other treatments, including surgery, may also be needed. […] If you have a Hib infection, your close contacts, such as anyone you live with, may be offered antibiotics to stop them getting ill.

• #30 Haemophilus Meningitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Empiric Antibiotic Therapy, Adjunctive Corticosteroid Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164916-treatment

  Patients with Hib meningitis require careful attention to metabolic parameters, close attention to timely replacement and management of IV lines to prevent secondary infections, and management of pulmonary and cardiovascular function as necessary in light of the severity of illness. […] Surgical intervention may occasionally be required in infants or children who develop increased ICP. […] The first vaccines against Hib were produced from the polysaccharide capsule material and were licensed in 1985 for routine use in children older than 2 years. […] The failure rate of Hib conjugate vaccines is exceedingly low. […] Despite effective reduction in the incidence of disease, the case-fatality rate has remained about the same in the United States in the era of effective vaccination as it was prior to the availability of an effective vaccine.

• #31 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  For beta-lactamase positive H influenzae meningitis, the recommended standard antibiotic is a third-generation cephalosporin. […] Dexamethasone is an important adjunctive treatment in patients with meningitis who are older than 2 months because it has been shown to decrease the inflammatory response and the rate of hearing loss and other neurologic complications. […] The 2004 Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend that dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg/d q6h for 2-4 days be administered to children (but not adults) with H influenzae meningitis. […] In patients with Hib cellulitis, administer parenteral antibiotics until the patient shows defervescence and the cellulitis subsides. […] Maintenance of a patent airway via intubation or tracheostomy is the mainstay of treatment for epiglottitis.

• #32 Haemophilus influenzae Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562176/

  The Hib conjugate vaccine is effective for protection against capsular polysaccharide type b and has decreased the rate of Hib infections to a greater extent. […] The approach to treating H. influenzae infections mainly involves antibiotics and conservative measures. The initial antibiotic choice is a third-generation cephalosporin while waiting for the culture and sensitivity results. […] In cases of suspected Hib meningitis, antibiotic choices include ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, fluoroquinolones, and azithromycin given via parenteral route for one week. […] Dexamethasone is an important adjunctive treatment as it reduces the cerebral edema associated with inflammation of the meninges and also reduces complications such as hearing loss and other neurological sequelae.

• #33 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  For beta-lactamase positive H influenzae meningitis, the recommended standard antibiotic is a third-generation cephalosporin. […] Dexamethasone is an important adjunctive treatment in patients with meningitis who are older than 2 months because it has been shown to decrease the inflammatory response and the rate of hearing loss and other neurologic complications. […] The 2004 Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend that dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg/d q6h for 2-4 days be administered to children (but not adults) with H influenzae meningitis. […] In patients with Hib cellulitis, administer parenteral antibiotics until the patient shows defervescence and the cellulitis subsides. […] Maintenance of a patent airway via intubation or tracheostomy is the mainstay of treatment for epiglottitis.

• #34 Haemophilus Meningitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Empiric Antibiotic Therapy, Adjunctive Corticosteroid Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164916-treatment

  Once started, these cephalosporins are generally administered for a total 10-day course, although emerging evidence suggests that 7 days may be adequate for uncomplicated Hib meningitis. […] Meropenem may be considered a good alternative to the third-generation cephalosporins for the treatment of HiB meningitis. […] Previously, ampicillin and chloramphenicol were recommended for the treatment of Hib meningitis. However, resistance to both these antibiotics has emerged. […] Alarmingly, some of these strains are also demonstrating resistance to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. […] Most clinical studies, including a meta-analysis, show that early use of dexamethasone improves outcomes of treatment, chiefly in preventing hearing loss. […] The recommended dose is 0.15 mg/kg every 6 hours for the first 2 days after initial diagnosis and treatment.

• #35 Haemophilus Meningitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Empiric Antibiotic Therapy, Adjunctive Corticosteroid Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164916-treatment

  Patients with Hib meningitis require careful attention to metabolic parameters, close attention to timely replacement and management of IV lines to prevent secondary infections, and management of pulmonary and cardiovascular function as necessary in light of the severity of illness. […] Surgical intervention may occasionally be required in infants or children who develop increased ICP. […] The first vaccines against Hib were produced from the polysaccharide capsule material and were licensed in 1985 for routine use in children older than 2 years. […] The failure rate of Hib conjugate vaccines is exceedingly low. […] Despite effective reduction in the incidence of disease, the case-fatality rate has remained about the same in the United States in the era of effective vaccination as it was prior to the availability of an effective vaccine.

• #36 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  For beta-lactamase positive H influenzae meningitis, the recommended standard antibiotic is a third-generation cephalosporin. […] Dexamethasone is an important adjunctive treatment in patients with meningitis who are older than 2 months because it has been shown to decrease the inflammatory response and the rate of hearing loss and other neurologic complications. […] The 2004 Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend that dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg/d q6h for 2-4 days be administered to children (but not adults) with H influenzae meningitis. […] In patients with Hib cellulitis, administer parenteral antibiotics until the patient shows defervescence and the cellulitis subsides. […] Maintenance of a patent airway via intubation or tracheostomy is the mainstay of treatment for epiglottitis.

• #37 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib

  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a life-threatening infection that can lead to serious illness, especially in children. […] Seek urgent medical attention if you think your child has any symptoms. […] Treatment for Hib infection may include admission to hospital and a course of the appropriate antibiotics. […] A child with epiglottitis may be cared for in an intensive care unit and a breathing tube may be inserted to help them breathe.

• #38 Haemophilus influenzae Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/haemophilus-influenzae-infections

  Infections are treated with antibiotics given by mouth or, for serious infections, intravenously. […] Haemophilus influenzae infections are treated with antibiotics. Which ones are used depends on the severity and location of the infection and results of susceptibility tests. […] If children have a serious Haemophilus influenzae infection, they are hospitalized and kept in isolation to prevent other people from being exposed to infected droplets in the air (called respiratory isolation) for 24 hours after antibiotics are started. […] Meningitis must be treated as soon as possible. An antibiotic usually, ceftriaxone or cefotaxime is given intravenously. Corticosteroids may help prevent brain damage. […] Epiglottitis must also be treated as soon as possible. People may need help breathing. An artificial airway, such as a breathing tube, may be inserted or, rarely, an opening may be made in the windpipe (a procedure called tracheostomy). An antibiotic, such as ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, or cefuroxime, is given. […] Other infections due to Haemophilus influenzae are treated with various antibiotics given by mouth. They include amoxicillin/clavulanate, azithromycin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, omadacycline, lefamulin, and clarithromycin.

• #39 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hib/

  The main treatment for a Hib infection is antibiotics. You’ll usually need to be treated in hospital. […] You may be given oxygen and other medicines such as steroids, depending on your symptoms. Other treatments, including surgery, may also be needed. […] If you have a Hib infection, your close contacts, such as anyone you live with, may be offered antibiotics to stop them getting ill.

• #40 How Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Affects the Body

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-overview-4589876

  Hib disease can be treated effectively with antibiotics, but additional care might be needed to help manage symptoms related to complications. People with invasive Hib disease (especially young children) are often hospitalized as a result of the infection. […] The most common medication used to treat Hib is a 10-day course of a third-generation cephalosporin (such as cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) or a combination of chloramphenicol and ampicillin. […] Depending on the severity of the infection, individuals with Hib disease might also need treatment to help with symptoms or subsequent complications. Additional support may include: breathing support, blood pressure medication, wound care (due to skin infections), amputations (due to bacteremia), long-term rehabilitation for brain damage or hearing loss (due to meningitis).

• #41 Haemophilus influenzae Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562176/

  Mucosal infections by NTHi are treated with oral antibiotics. The drug of choice is amoxicillin, given in a high dose, i.e., 80-90 mg/kg/day two times a day, and the second line is amoxicillin/clavulanate. […] Invasive NTHi disease is treated similarly as invasive Hib by administering parenteral antibiotics. […] In cases of complications such as subdural and pleural effusion or empyema, surgical drainage is required.

• #42 Haemophilus Meningitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Empiric Antibiotic Therapy, Adjunctive Corticosteroid Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164916-treatment

  Patients with Hib meningitis require careful attention to metabolic parameters, close attention to timely replacement and management of IV lines to prevent secondary infections, and management of pulmonary and cardiovascular function as necessary in light of the severity of illness. […] Surgical intervention may occasionally be required in infants or children who develop increased ICP. […] The first vaccines against Hib were produced from the polysaccharide capsule material and were licensed in 1985 for routine use in children older than 2 years. […] The failure rate of Hib conjugate vaccines is exceedingly low. […] Despite effective reduction in the incidence of disease, the case-fatality rate has remained about the same in the United States in the era of effective vaccination as it was prior to the availability of an effective vaccine.

• #43

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-cases/revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease

  All confirmed cases of invasive Hib disease and all their household contacts should now be offered antibiotic chemoprophylaxis. […] The 2024 revision of the 2013 guidance reflects this low risk, with recommendations to offer chemoprophylaxis to the index case and all close contacts of a confirmed case of invasive Hib disease, similar to current recommendations for close contacts of invasive meningococcal disease cases. […] In the 2009 guidance, we recommended that index cases aged 10 years should receive rifampicin chemoprophylaxis and the Hib vaccine after they recover from their infection. […] Currently, most NHS hospital laboratories do not routinely type invasive H. influenzae (Hi) isolates. […] Chemoprophylaxis aims to reduce the risk of secondary disease in the index case and among close contacts by eliminating carriage.

• #44 Haemophilus lnfluenzae Type B (Hib, Haemophilus b)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/haemophilus_influenzae/fact_sheet.htm

  Hib is a bacterial illness that can lead to a potentially deadly brain infection in young children. Hib may cause diseases such as meningitis (inflammation of the coverings of the brain and spinal column), bloodstream infections, pneumonia, arthritis and infections of other parts of the body. […] Antibiotics, such as cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or ampicillin with chloramphenicol, are generally used to treat serious infections. Rifampin is used in some circumstances as preventive treatment for persons who have been exposed to Hib disease. […] The single most important preventive measure is to maintain a high level of immunization in the community. Rifampin, an antibiotic, is used in some circumstances as preventive treatment for persons who have been exposed to Hib disease.

• #45

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-cases/revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease

  In randomised controlled trials, rifampicin at a dose of 20 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day) for 4 days eradicated pharyngeal carriage of Hib in 92 to 97% of contacts. […] Eradication of carriage does not always lead to prevention of infection. […] The interval between first and second episodes varied from 9 to 138 days, and the sites of infection were different in the first and second episodes. […] All clinical trials on the use of chemoprophylaxis to prevent secondary cases were performed in the pre-vaccine era. […] The protective efficacy of rifampicin was calculated using the formula: 1- (risk with rifampicin / risk with no rifampicin). […] In a UK day care centre outbreak, rifampicin chemoprophylaxis administered to all child (irrespective of vaccination status) and staff contacts of 2 index cases resulted in complete eradication of Hib pharyngeal carriage among contacts when re-tested a month later and no further cases of Hib disease.

• #46 Controlling Spread of Hib Disease | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease-0

  Control measures are for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) only. There are no control measures for other types. […] Isolate the case until 24 hours after initiating appropriate antimicrobial treatment to eliminate carriage. Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone or chloramphenicol is recommended for treatment concurrently or singly until antibiotic sensitivities are known. Rifampin should be given to eliminate nasal carriage of the organism. […] Currently, only the treatment drugs cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are known to eradicate Hib from the nasopharynx. Patients who are younger than 2 years of age or have susceptible household contacts, treated with ampicillin or chloramphenicol, must also receive rifampin prophylaxis to eliminate nasal carriage. […] Although several antibiotics are useful for treatment of invasive Hib disease and elimination of carriage in the case, rifampin is the appropriate drug to use for antibiotic prophylaxis of contacts. Several studies have shown that rifampin eradicated Hib carriage in greater than or equal to 95% of contacts of primary Hib cases, including children in child cares.

• #47 Controlling Spread of Hib Disease | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease-0

  Prophylaxis is needed for all household contacts (including adults) in households with any children less than 12 months old who have not received a primary vaccine series, or a child of 1-3 years who is inadequately immunized, or a household with an immunocompromised child regardless of that child’s Hib immunization status. […] The risk of secondary disease in children attending child-care centers appears to be lower than that observed for age-susceptible household contacts, and secondary disease in child-care contacts is rare when all contacts are older than 2 years. […] Rifampin prophylaxis is recommended in certain situations, as indicated in the table below. […] Ensure appropriate immunization of contacts. The number of doses required is determined by the current age of the child and the number, timing, and type of Hib vaccine doses previously received. Unvaccinated and incompletely vaccinated children less than 5 years old should be scheduled for completion of the recommended age-specific immunization schedule. […] Routine childhood vaccination is the best preventive measure against Hib disease. Good personal hygiene (which consists of proper handwashing, disposal of used tissues, not sharing eating utensils, etc.) is also important.

• #48 Haemophilus Influenzae: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilus-influenzae

  For confirmed or probable cases of invasive Hib disease in all children aged under 10 years, and in individuals of any age who have a vulnerable individual (any individual who is immunosuppressed or has asplenia, or any child aged under 10 years old) in their household, antibacterial prophylaxis should be given prior to hospital discharge. […] The first-line choice for antibacterial prophylaxis is rifampicin. If rifampicin is unsuitable, ceftriaxone, oral ciprofloxacin or azithromycin may be used, but effectiveness in healthy individuals has not been established.

• #49

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-cases/revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease

  All confirmed cases of invasive Hib disease and all their household contacts should now be offered antibiotic chemoprophylaxis. […] The 2024 revision of the 2013 guidance reflects this low risk, with recommendations to offer chemoprophylaxis to the index case and all close contacts of a confirmed case of invasive Hib disease, similar to current recommendations for close contacts of invasive meningococcal disease cases. […] In the 2009 guidance, we recommended that index cases aged 10 years should receive rifampicin chemoprophylaxis and the Hib vaccine after they recover from their infection. […] Currently, most NHS hospital laboratories do not routinely type invasive H. influenzae (Hi) isolates. […] Chemoprophylaxis aims to reduce the risk of secondary disease in the index case and among close contacts by eliminating carriage.

• #50 Haemophilus Influenzae: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilus-influenzae

  For confirmed or probable cases of invasive Hib disease in all children aged under 10 years, and in individuals of any age who have a vulnerable individual (any individual who is immunosuppressed or has asplenia, or any child aged under 10 years old) in their household, antibacterial prophylaxis should be given prior to hospital discharge. […] The first-line choice for antibacterial prophylaxis is rifampicin. If rifampicin is unsuitable, ceftriaxone, oral ciprofloxacin or azithromycin may be used, but effectiveness in healthy individuals has not been established.

• #51 Controlling Spread of Hib Disease | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease-0

  Control measures are for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) only. There are no control measures for other types. […] Isolate the case until 24 hours after initiating appropriate antimicrobial treatment to eliminate carriage. Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone or chloramphenicol is recommended for treatment concurrently or singly until antibiotic sensitivities are known. Rifampin should be given to eliminate nasal carriage of the organism. […] Currently, only the treatment drugs cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are known to eradicate Hib from the nasopharynx. Patients who are younger than 2 years of age or have susceptible household contacts, treated with ampicillin or chloramphenicol, must also receive rifampin prophylaxis to eliminate nasal carriage. […] Although several antibiotics are useful for treatment of invasive Hib disease and elimination of carriage in the case, rifampin is the appropriate drug to use for antibiotic prophylaxis of contacts. Several studies have shown that rifampin eradicated Hib carriage in greater than or equal to 95% of contacts of primary Hib cases, including children in child cares.

• #52 Controlling Spread of Hib Disease | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease-0

  Control measures are for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) only. There are no control measures for other types. […] Isolate the case until 24 hours after initiating appropriate antimicrobial treatment to eliminate carriage. Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone or chloramphenicol is recommended for treatment concurrently or singly until antibiotic sensitivities are known. Rifampin should be given to eliminate nasal carriage of the organism. […] Currently, only the treatment drugs cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are known to eradicate Hib from the nasopharynx. Patients who are younger than 2 years of age or have susceptible household contacts, treated with ampicillin or chloramphenicol, must also receive rifampin prophylaxis to eliminate nasal carriage. […] Although several antibiotics are useful for treatment of invasive Hib disease and elimination of carriage in the case, rifampin is the appropriate drug to use for antibiotic prophylaxis of contacts. Several studies have shown that rifampin eradicated Hib carriage in greater than or equal to 95% of contacts of primary Hib cases, including children in child cares.

• #53 Controlling Spread of Hib Disease | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease-0

  Control measures are for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) only. There are no control measures for other types. […] Isolate the case until 24 hours after initiating appropriate antimicrobial treatment to eliminate carriage. Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone or chloramphenicol is recommended for treatment concurrently or singly until antibiotic sensitivities are known. Rifampin should be given to eliminate nasal carriage of the organism. […] Currently, only the treatment drugs cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are known to eradicate Hib from the nasopharynx. Patients who are younger than 2 years of age or have susceptible household contacts, treated with ampicillin or chloramphenicol, must also receive rifampin prophylaxis to eliminate nasal carriage. […] Although several antibiotics are useful for treatment of invasive Hib disease and elimination of carriage in the case, rifampin is the appropriate drug to use for antibiotic prophylaxis of contacts. Several studies have shown that rifampin eradicated Hib carriage in greater than or equal to 95% of contacts of primary Hib cases, including children in child cares.

• #54

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/haemflu.aspx

  Public health priority: Urgent. […] Case should not attend school/preschool/childcare until completion of treatment. […] Laboratory confirmation should be sought for patients suspected to have invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. The patient requires immediate hospitalisation and treatment. If treatment does not include an effective clearance antibiotic, the patient should also be given a course of rifampicin to eliminate nasopharyngeal carriage. […] Defined contacts should receive rifampicin or other clearance antibiotics. […] Rifampicin should be given to cases prior to discharge from hospital to ensure clearance of the organism if ceftriaxone or cefotaxime has not been used for in hospital treatment. […] Patients suspected to have invasive Hib disease require immediate treatment.

• #55 Haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) | Health and wellbeing | Queensland Government

  https://www.qld.gov.au/health/condition/infections-and-parasites/bacterial-infections/haemophilus-influenza-type-b-hib

  A person with Hib is usually admitted to hospital and treated with appropriate antibiotics. […] The person with Hib is infectious for as long as the bacteria is present in the nose or throat. They require 48 72 hours of appropriate antibiotic treatment before they are no longer infectious. […] People with Hib should not attend child care or school until they have had at least 72 hours of an appropriate antibiotic. […] Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing invasive Hib disease. Vaccination is recommended as part of the National Immunisation Program Schedule for all children at six to eight weeks of age then at four, six and twelve months of age. […] Hib vaccine is also recommended for people who do not have a spleen or a working spleen and for stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients.

• #56 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. Antimicrobial therapy with an effective, third-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) should be started immediately. Chloramphenicol in combination with ampicillin could be used as an alternative. The treatment course is usually 10 days. Ampicillin-resistant strains of Hib are now common throughout the United States. Children with life-threatening illness in which Hib may be the etiologic agent should not receive ampicillin alone as initial therapy. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are highly immunogenic. More than 95% of infants develop protective antibody levels after a primary series. Clinical efficacy has been estimated at 95% to 100%. Invasive Hib disease is uncommon in children who are fully vaccinated. […] Hib vaccines should be given at the same visit as other recommended vaccines. Limited data suggest Hib conjugate vaccines administered before age 6 weeks can induce immunologic tolerance, reducing the response to subsequent doses of Hib vaccine. Therefore, Hib vaccines, including combination vaccines containing Hib conjugate vaccine, should never be administered to a child younger than age 6 weeks.

• #57 Haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) | Health and wellbeing | Queensland Government

  https://www.qld.gov.au/health/condition/infections-and-parasites/bacterial-infections/haemophilus-influenza-type-b-hib

  A person with Hib is usually admitted to hospital and treated with appropriate antibiotics. […] The person with Hib is infectious for as long as the bacteria is present in the nose or throat. They require 48 72 hours of appropriate antibiotic treatment before they are no longer infectious. […] People with Hib should not attend child care or school until they have had at least 72 hours of an appropriate antibiotic. […] Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing invasive Hib disease. Vaccination is recommended as part of the National Immunisation Program Schedule for all children at six to eight weeks of age then at four, six and twelve months of age. […] Hib vaccine is also recommended for people who do not have a spleen or a working spleen and for stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients.

• #58 Haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) | Health and wellbeing | Queensland Government

  https://www.qld.gov.au/health/condition/infections-and-parasites/bacterial-infections/haemophilus-influenza-type-b-hib

  A person with Hib is usually admitted to hospital and treated with appropriate antibiotics. […] The person with Hib is infectious for as long as the bacteria is present in the nose or throat. They require 48 72 hours of appropriate antibiotic treatment before they are no longer infectious. […] People with Hib should not attend child care or school until they have had at least 72 hours of an appropriate antibiotic. […] Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing invasive Hib disease. Vaccination is recommended as part of the National Immunisation Program Schedule for all children at six to eight weeks of age then at four, six and twelve months of age. […] Hib vaccine is also recommended for people who do not have a spleen or a working spleen and for stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients.

• #59 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. Antimicrobial therapy with an effective, third-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) should be started immediately. Chloramphenicol in combination with ampicillin could be used as an alternative. The treatment course is usually 10 days. Ampicillin-resistant strains of Hib are now common throughout the United States. Children with life-threatening illness in which Hib may be the etiologic agent should not receive ampicillin alone as initial therapy. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are highly immunogenic. More than 95% of infants develop protective antibody levels after a primary series. Clinical efficacy has been estimated at 95% to 100%. Invasive Hib disease is uncommon in children who are fully vaccinated. […] Hib vaccines should be given at the same visit as other recommended vaccines. Limited data suggest Hib conjugate vaccines administered before age 6 weeks can induce immunologic tolerance, reducing the response to subsequent doses of Hib vaccine. Therefore, Hib vaccines, including combination vaccines containing Hib conjugate vaccine, should never be administered to a child younger than age 6 weeks.

• #60

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/haemflu.aspx

  Contacts receiving clearance antibiotics may continue to attend school, preschool or childcare. […] When Hib is suspected, standard and droplet precautions should be practised for cases until 48 hours after initiation of clearance antibiotic therapy. […] Exclude cases from school, preschool, childcare or other settings where there are susceptible individuals, especially young children and infants until completion of treatment, including clearance antibiotics. […] Rifampicin has been shown to eradicate pharyngeal carriage of Hib in 92 to 97% of contacts, and consequently may decrease the risk of secondary cases. […] Because of the length of time necessary to develop antibodies, vaccination does not play a major role in the immediate management of patients with Hib disease or their contacts.

• #61

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-cases/revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease

  For index cases, current UK guidelines recommend that unimmunised children younger than 10 years should be fully immunised after recovering from infection, while vaccinated children should have convalescent antibody levels measured and a booster dose of vaccine given if levels are below recommended protective levels.

• #62 Haemophilus Influenzae: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilus-influenzae

  Management includes treating all aspects of the infection, including fever, dehydration and any other specific interventions such as oxygen therapy in respiratory tract infections. Recommendations for antibiotic treatment include: […] Hib infections are uncommon in patients older than 6 years. However, the frequency of Hib infections is increased in patients with asplenia, splenectomy, sickle cell disease, malignancies and congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies. […] Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (treat if there is increased sputum production, purulent sputum or dyspnoea): treat for five days (longer in severely ill patients) with amoxicillin, tetracycline or clarithromycin. Some H. influenzae strains are tetracycline-resistant and 20% of H. influenzae strains are resistant to amoxicillin.

• #63 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccine: MedlinePlus Drug InformationLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a607015.html

  Hib vaccine can prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. […] Severe Hib infection, also called „invasive Hib disease,” requires treatment in a hospital and can sometimes result in death. […] Hib vaccine is usually given in 3 or 4 doses (depending on brand). […] Children over 5 years old and adults usually do not receive Hib vaccine, but it may be recommended for older children or adults whose spleen is damaged or has been removed, including people with sickle cell disease, before surgery to remove the spleen, or following a bone marrow transplant. […] Hib vaccine may also be recommended for people 5 through 18 years old with HIV. […] In some cases, your health care provider may decide to postpone Hib vaccination until a future visit. […] People who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they recover before getting the Hib vaccine.

• #64 Your Child’s Vaccines: Hib Vaccine (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hib-vaccine.html

  The Hib vaccine protects against Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria (Hib). The bacteria had been the leading cause of meningitis in children younger than 5 years old until the Hib vaccine became available. […] The vaccine provides long-term protection from Haemophilus influenzae type b. Those who are vaccinated have protection against many different infections, including Hib meningitis; pneumonia; pericarditis (an infection of the membrane covering the heart); and infections of the blood, bones, and joints caused by the bacteria. […] Children ages 12 months through 5 years old may need more doses if their immune systems are weak due to things like asplenia (when the spleen is missing or not working properly), HIV infection, chemotherapy, or radiation treatment.

• #65 Haemophilus influenzae Type B – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease-haemophilus-b/

  People diagnosed with Hib take antibiotics to treat the infection. […] People with serious infections may need care in a hospital. […] Sometimes close contacts should receive antibiotics to prevent them from getting sick. […] Preventative antibiotics can reduce the risk of infection after an exposure. […] The best way to prevent Hib disease is to get vaccinated. […] All children younger than five years old are recommended to receive the Hib vaccine. […] Multiple doses are needed to ensure protection. […] Some older children and adults with weakened immune systems are at increased risk for infection and may be recommended to get the Hib vaccine.

• #66

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/hib-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b/

  Antibiotics may be used to treat Hib infections, but the bacteria has developed resistance to some antibiotics. Hospitalization is often required. […] Because the spectrum of Hib disease ranges from meningitis to pneumonia, the types of complications vary depending on the type of Hib infection. Many of these are forms of neurologic damage, including blindness, deafness, and mental retardation.

• #67 How Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Affects the Body

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-overview-4589876

  Hib disease can be treated effectively with antibiotics, but additional care might be needed to help manage symptoms related to complications. People with invasive Hib disease (especially young children) are often hospitalized as a result of the infection. […] The most common medication used to treat Hib is a 10-day course of a third-generation cephalosporin (such as cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) or a combination of chloramphenicol and ampicillin. […] Depending on the severity of the infection, individuals with Hib disease might also need treatment to help with symptoms or subsequent complications. Additional support may include: breathing support, blood pressure medication, wound care (due to skin infections), amputations (due to bacteremia), long-term rehabilitation for brain damage or hearing loss (due to meningitis).

• #68 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib/

  Many children who develop Hib infections become very ill and need treatment with antibiotics in hospital. […] Meningitis is the most severe illness caused by Hib. Even with treatment, 1 in every 20 children with Hib meningitis will die. […] The Hib vaccine is routinely offered to babies as part of the NHS childhood immunisation programme. […] Babies have 3 separate doses of Hib vaccine at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age as part of the combined 6-in-1 vaccine. Babies receive a booster dose of the Hib vaccine between 12 and 13 months of age as part of the combined Hib/MenC vaccine. This provides longer-term protection against Hib and helps protect against Meningococcal C (MenC) infections.

• #69

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/bacterial-meningitis/haemophilus-influenzae-meningitis

  Haemophilus influenzae meningitis must always be treated urgently with antibiotics. […] Prompt recognition and hospital treatment offer the best chance of a good recovery. […] When you get to hospital, the doctor may do a lumbar puncture (LP) to help diagnose meningitis. […] A lumbar puncture is important to confirm the diagnosis of meningitis. […] You may be given antibiotics intravenously (directly into the vein). […] Steroids may also be given to reduce swelling around the brain. […] If you’re very unwell, you might be transferred to a special ward in the hospital where you can be regularly monitored by hospital staff. […] Yes, many cases of meningitis caused by the most virulent type of Haemophilus influenzae, Hib, can be prevented with a vaccine. […] Vaccination is the best way to protect against Hib meningitis.

• #70 Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-treatment

  Antibiotics and supportive care are the mainstays of treatment for Haemophilus influenza infections. […] Initially, invasive and serious H influenzae type b (Hib) infections are best treated with an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin until antibiotic sensitivities become available. […] It is important to monitor the resistance rates of H influenzae to different antibiotics to guide empiric antimicrobial choices while awaiting susceptibility results. […] The site of infection and the clinical response determine the length of antibiotic treatment. […] Administer parenteral antibiotics (eg, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin) to patients with meningitis for 7 days. Third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) are the initial drugs of choice for suspected Hib meningitis.

• #71 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html

  Invasive Hib disease generally requires hospitalization. Antimicrobial therapy with an effective, third-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) should be started immediately. Chloramphenicol in combination with ampicillin could be used as an alternative. The treatment course is usually 10 days. Ampicillin-resistant strains of Hib are now common throughout the United States. Children with life-threatening illness in which Hib may be the etiologic agent should not receive ampicillin alone as initial therapy. […] Hib conjugate vaccines are highly immunogenic. More than 95% of infants develop protective antibody levels after a primary series. Clinical efficacy has been estimated at 95% to 100%. Invasive Hib disease is uncommon in children who are fully vaccinated. […] Hib vaccines should be given at the same visit as other recommended vaccines. Limited data suggest Hib conjugate vaccines administered before age 6 weeks can induce immunologic tolerance, reducing the response to subsequent doses of Hib vaccine. Therefore, Hib vaccines, including combination vaccines containing Hib conjugate vaccine, should never be administered to a child younger than age 6 weeks.

• #72 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hib/

  The main treatment for a Hib infection is antibiotics. You’ll usually need to be treated in hospital. […] You may be given oxygen and other medicines such as steroids, depending on your symptoms. Other treatments, including surgery, may also be needed. […] If you have a Hib infection, your close contacts, such as anyone you live with, may be offered antibiotics to stop them getting ill.

• #73 Haemophilus Influenzae: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23106-haemophilus-influenzae

  Haemophilus influenzae treatment depends on the type of infection or disease. Treatment usually includes the use of antibiotics to fight the infection. However, H. influenzae can be resistant to antibiotics. Depending on the severity of your condition, you may need additional treatment in the hospital. Treatment may include: […] The Hib vaccine can help protect against Haemophilus influenzae type b infections. […] You can protect your child from Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections with the Hib vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends all children younger than 2 years old receive the vaccine. […] The Hib vaccine prevents infections from Haemophilus influenzae type b. But it doesn’t prevent infections caused by other types of H. influenzae. To prevent other H. influenzae infections, you should keep your child’s hands clean and keep them away from people who are sick. Teach your child how to wash their hands at a young age.

• #74

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/bacterial-meningitis/haemophilus-influenzae-meningitis

  Haemophilus influenzae meningitis must always be treated urgently with antibiotics. […] Prompt recognition and hospital treatment offer the best chance of a good recovery. […] When you get to hospital, the doctor may do a lumbar puncture (LP) to help diagnose meningitis. […] A lumbar puncture is important to confirm the diagnosis of meningitis. […] You may be given antibiotics intravenously (directly into the vein). […] Steroids may also be given to reduce swelling around the brain. […] If you’re very unwell, you might be transferred to a special ward in the hospital where you can be regularly monitored by hospital staff. […] Yes, many cases of meningitis caused by the most virulent type of Haemophilus influenzae, Hib, can be prevented with a vaccine. […] Vaccination is the best way to protect against Hib meningitis.

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