Haemophilus influenzae typu b (hib)
Epidemiologia

Haemophilus influenzae typu b (Hib) był przed wprowadzeniem szczepionek główną przyczyną inwazyjnych zakażeń u dzieci poniżej 5. roku życia, w tym bakteryjnego zapalenia opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych, zapalenia nagłośni, zapalenia płuc i posocznicy. Przed szczepieniami w USA odnotowywano około 20 000 ciężkich przypadków rocznie i około 1000 zgonów, głównie wśród najmłodszych dzieci. Globalnie w 2000 roku Hib odpowiadał za około 8,13 miliona poważnych zachorowań i 371 000 zgonów u dzieci w wieku 1-59 miesięcy. Wprowadzenie skoniugowanych szczepionek od lat 90. XX wieku spowodowało dramatyczny spadek zapadalności na inwazyjną chorobę Hib – w USA liczba przypadków u dzieci poniżej 5 lat zmniejszyła się o 99%, a w innych krajach, takich jak Kanada, Australia czy Wielka Brytania, odnotowano podobne znaczące redukcje. Mimo to, w ostatnich latach obserwuje się wzrost zachorowań na inwazyjną chorobę H. influenzae, zwłaszcza wywołaną przez nietypowe szczepy i serotypy non-b, z zapadalnością 1,70/100 000 w USA (2009-2015), najwyższą wśród niemowląt poniżej 1 roku życia (8,45/100 000) oraz osób powyżej 65 lat (6,30/100 000). Śmiertelność ogólna wynosi 14,5%, a w grupie seniorów sięga 20%.

  1. Epidemiologia Haemophilus influenzae typu b (Hib)
    1. Epidemiologia światowa inwazyjnej choroby Hib
    2. Wpływ wprowadzenia szczepień przeciwko Hib
    3. Aktualne trendy epidemiologiczne
    4. Grupy podwyższonego ryzyka
  2. Systemy nadzoru nad chorobą Hib
    1. Nadzór w Stanach Zjednoczonych
    2. Międzynarodowe systemy nadzoru
    3. Wyzwania w nadzorze nad chorobą Hib
  3. Zapobieganie i kontrola choroby Hib
    1. Strategie szczepień przeciwko Hib
    2. Profilaktyka wtórna i środki kontroli
  4. Wnioski dotyczące epidemiologii i nadzoru nad Hib
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia Haemophilus influenzae typu b (Hib)

Haemophilus influenzae typu b (Hib) jest bakterią odpowiedzialną za poważne choroby inwazyjne, które dotykają przede wszystkim małe dzieci. Przed wprowadzeniem szczepionki przeciwko Hib, bakteria ta była główną przyczyną bakteryjnego zapalenia opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych u dzieci poniżej 5. roku życia na całym świecie, a także powodowała inne poważne infekcje, takie jak zapalenie nagłośni, zapalenie płuc, posocznica/” title=”posocznica” class=”to-tag” data-termid=”17993″>posocznica, zapalenie stawów, zapalenie tkanki łącznej oraz infekcje kości.12 Szacuje się, że przed wprowadzeniem szczepionek przeciwko Hib, bakteria ta powodowała około 20 000 przypadków ciężkich zachorowań rocznie w Stanach Zjednoczonych i około 1000 zgonów, głównie wśród dzieci poniżej 5. roku życia.34

Epidemiologia światowa inwazyjnej choroby Hib

Na skalę światową, Hib był odpowiedzialny za znaczącą liczbę zachorowań i zgonów przed wprowadzeniem powszechnych szczepień. Według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), w 2000 roku, przed szerokim wprowadzeniem szczepionek w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie, Hib był odpowiedzialny za co najmniej 8,13 miliona przypadków poważnych chorób (przedział niepewności [UI] 7,33-13,2 miliona) u dzieci w wieku 1-59 miesięcy i 371 000 zgonów (UI 247 000-527 000) globalnie.5 W 2008 roku szacowano, że około 199 000 dzieci poniżej 5. roku życia, które były HIV-negatywne, zmarło z powodu choroby wywołanej przez H. influenzae.6

W 2015 roku na świecie odnotowano szacunkowo 934 000 przypadków (UI 852 000-1 530 000) zapalenia płuc wywołanego przez Hib u dzieci w wieku 1-59 miesięcy i 31 400 przypadków (UI 13 400-50 800) zapalenia opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych, co skutkowało odpowiednio 22 600 (UI 15 900-29 700) i 7300 (UI 2700-11 300) zgonami. W regionie Ameryki, 5300 przypadków (UI 4900-8700) odpowiadało zapaleniu płuc wywołanym przez Hib, z 2% śmiertelnością, oraz odnotowano 200 przypadków (UI 100-300) zapalenia opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych, z 30% śmiertelnością.7

Wpływ wprowadzenia szczepień przeciwko Hib

Wprowadzenie skoniugowanych szczepionek przeciwko Hib doprowadziło do dramatycznego spadku zachorowań na inwazyjną chorobę Hib na całym świecie. W Stanach Zjednoczonych, szczepienia przeciwko Hib rozpoczęto w 1987 roku dla dzieci i w 1990 roku dla niemowląt. Od tego czasu roczna zapadalność na inwazyjną chorobę u dzieci poniżej 5. roku życia zmieniła się – zaobserwowano zmniejszenie przypadków typu b o 99%.8 Do 2006 roku liczba zgłoszonych przypadków Hib w USA spadła do zaledwie 29 rocznie.9

Podobne pozytywne efekty zaobserwowano w innych krajach, które wprowadziły powszechne szczepienia przeciwko Hib. Na przykład w Kanadzie liczba zgłoszonych przypadków inwazyjnej choroby Hib zmniejszyła się o 95% po wprowadzeniu szczepionek, z przeciętnej 1,76 przypadków na 100 000 populacji w erze przed szczepionkowej (1979-1988) do 0,08 przypadków na 100 000 populacji w latach 2006-2012.10 W Australii od wprowadzenia szczepionki do Narodowego Programu Szczepień w 1993 roku zapadalność na wszystkie typy Hib zmniejszyła się o połowę z 0,13 na 100 000 populacji w 2000 roku do 0,06 na 100 000 w 2017 roku.11

W Wielkiej Brytanii, po wprowadzeniu skoniugowanej szczepionki Hib do krajowego programu szczepień dla dzieci w 1992 roku, liczba przypadków inwazyjnej choroby Hib dramatycznie spadła we wszystkich grupach wiekowych. W latach 2012-2016 roczna zapadalność na chorobę Hib pozostawała poniżej jednego przypadku na milion populacji, z tylko 67 z 3523 (2,5%) laboratoryjnie potwierdzonych przypadków H. influenzae i jednym przypadkiem zapalenia opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych Hib w ciągu tego pięcioletniego okresu.12

Aktualne trendy epidemiologiczne

Mimo ogromnych sukcesów programów szczepień przeciwko Hib, w ostatnich latach zaobserwowano pewne niepokojące trendy. W 2022 roku odnotowano znaczący wzrost potwierdzonych przypadków inwazyjnej choroby H. influenzae, łącznie 3967 przypadków. Nieznaczny wzrost zaobserwowano szczególnie w przypadkach Haemophilus influenzae typu b (Hib) w 2022 roku, które stanowiły 9,1% (211 przypadków) wszystkich przypadków, w porównaniu do 7% (153 przypadków) w 2018 roku.13

W Stanach Zjednoczonych, w latach 2009-2015, szacowana średnia roczna zapadalność na inwazyjną chorobę H. influenzae wynosiła 1,70 przypadków na 100 000 populacji. Zapadalność była najwyższa wśród dorosłych w wieku 65 lat i starszych (6,30) oraz dzieci w wieku poniżej 1 roku życia (8,45); wiele przypadków u niemowląt poniżej 1 roku życia występowało w pierwszym miesiącu życia u wcześniaków lub niemowląt z niską masą urodzeniową.14

Wśród dzieci poniżej 5. roku życia (zapadalność: 2,84), zapadalność była znacznie wyższa wśród Amerykańskich Indian i rdzennych mieszkańców Alaski (AI/AN) (15,19) niż we wszystkich innych rasach (2,62). Ogólnie, 14,5% przypadków kończyło się śmiercią; śmiertelność była najwyższa wśród dorosłych w wieku 65 lat i starszych (20%). Nietypowalny H. influenzae miał najwyższą zapadalność (1,22) i śmiertelność (16%), w porównaniu z Hib (0,03; 4%) i innymi typowalnymi serotypami non-b (0,45; 11%).15

W porównaniu z latami 2002-2008, szacowana zapadalność na inwazyjną chorobę H. influenzae wzrosła o 16%, głównie z powodu wzrostu zachorowań wywołanych przez serotyp a i szczepy nietype.16 Większość (92,8%) pacjentów wymagała hospitalizacji; mediana czasu hospitalizacji wynosiła 6 dni (zakres 0-170 dni).17

Grupy podwyższonego ryzyka

Dzieci poniżej 1. roku życia i dorośli powyżej 65. roku życia mają najwyższą zapadalność na chorobę H. influenzae.18 We wszystkich grupach wiekowych, nietype bakterie powodują najwyższą zapadalność na chorobę H. influenzae.19

Szczególnie narażone na inwazyjną chorobę Hib są następujące grupy:

Obciążenie chorobą H. influenzae wśród rdzennych Amerykan i rdzennych mieszkańców Alaski (AI/AN) jest znacznie większe niż w ogólnej populacji USA, z szacowaną zapadalnością 15,19 na 100 000 wśród dzieci AI/AN w wieku poniżej 5 lat (5,8 razy zapadalność wśród wszystkich innych ras łącznie) i 34,36 wśród niemowląt AI/AN w wieku poniżej 1 roku (4,3 razy zapadalność wśród wszystkich innych ras łącznie).30

Systemy nadzoru nad chorobą Hib

Skuteczny nadzór nad inwazyjną chorobą Hib jest kluczowy dla monitorowania trendów epidemiologicznych, oceny skuteczności programów szczepień i identyfikacji potencjalnych ognisk epidemicznych. Na całym świecie istnieje kilka systemów nadzoru nad chorobą Hib.

Nadzór w Stanach Zjednoczonych

W Stanach Zjednoczonych CDC śledzi inwazyjną chorobę Haemophilus influenzae za pomocą dwóch systemów nadzoru:

  • National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) – system, przez który CDC zbiera ogólnokrajowe informacje o inwazyjnej chorobie H. influenzae.31
  • Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) – system, przez który CDC zbiera informacje z laboratoriów w 10 obszarach kraju.32

Inwazyjna choroba Hib stała się chorobą podlegającą obowiązkowemu zgłaszaniu na poziomie krajowym w USA w 1991 roku, chociaż zgłaszanie informacji o serotypie nadal jest niepełne.33

Międzynarodowe systemy nadzoru

Na arenie międzynarodowej istnieje kilka systemów nadzoru nad chorobą Hib:

  • Regionalna Sieć Nadzoru PAHO – Od 2007 roku Panamerykańska Organizacja Zdrowia (PAHO) koordynuje sieć nadzoru nad zapaleniem płuc i bakteryjnym zapaleniem opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych w regionie Ameryki. Od 2014 roku sieć ta jest częścią Globalnej Sieci Nadzoru, kierowanej przez Światową Organizację Zdrowia. Obecnie w sieci tej uczestniczy dziewięć krajów i 20 szpitali.34
  • Sieć SIREVA – Od 1993 roku region Ameryki posiada sieć laboratoriów do regionalnego nadzoru nad inwazyjną chorobą bakteryjną, początkowo znaną jako sieć SIREVA (Regionalny System Szczepionek), a obecnie jako SIREVA II, obejmującą 19 krajów. Jest to oparta na laboratoriach pasywna sieć nadzoru, która identyfikuje dystrybucję serotypów/serogrup i wzorce wrażliwości na leki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe dla Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae i Neisseria meningitidis.35
  • Międzynarodowy Nadzór Okołobiegunowy (ICS) – W Kanadzie, oprócz krajowych systemów nadzoru, nie-nominalne dane epidemiologiczne i laboratoryjne są zbierane za pośrednictwem Międzynarodowego Nadzoru Okołobiegunowego (ICS) nad inwazyjnymi chorobami bakteryjnymi.36

Wyzwania w nadzorze nad chorobą Hib

Nadzór nad chorobą Hib napotyka na wiele wyzwań, szczególnie w krajach o ograniczonych zasobach. Zmienność obserwowanej zapadalności na zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych wywołane przez Hib może odzwierciedlać prawdziwe różnice w epidemiologii choroby Hib i bakteryjnego zapalenia opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych między populacjami, ale może też wynikać z różnic w metodach nadzoru.37

Wskaźniki wydajności mogą być przydatne w ocenie czułości systemów nadzoru. Bez wskaźników, które można wykorzystać do oceny czułości ustalania przypadków, trudno jest wyciągnąć wnioski na temat różnic w lokalnej epidemiologii na podstawie zgłaszanych wskaźników zapadalności na zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych wywołane przez Hib.38

Istotne jest stosowanie standardowych metod nadzoru i definicji przypadków, takich jak te określone w ogólnym protokole Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia, aby ułatwić porównania obciążenia chorobą Hib między krajami.39

Zapobieganie i kontrola choroby Hib

Najskuteczniejszym sposobem zapobiegania inwazyjnej chorobie Hib jest szczepienie. Skoniugowane szczepionki przeciwko Hib są stosowane od wczesnych lat 90. XX wieku i są uważane za niezwykle skuteczną interwencję zdrowotną.40

Strategie szczepień przeciwko Hib

Do 2017 roku 191 krajów (98% państw członkowskich WHO) włączyło szczepionki przeciwko Hib do swoich programów szczepień.41 W regionie Ameryki wszystkie kraje stosują tę szczepionkę. Wraz z wprowadzeniem szczepionki Hib w krajach regionu nastąpił dramatyczny spadek inwazyjnych chorób wywołanych przez bakterie.42

Różne kraje przyjęły różne schematy szczepień przeciwko Hib. Na przykład:

  • We Francji szczepionka skoniugowana Hib została wprowadzona w 1992 roku jako schemat 3+1 w 2., 3. i 4. miesiącu życia (szczepienie podstawowe) z dawką przypominającą w wieku 16-18 miesięcy. Szczepienie zostało uproszczone w 2013 roku do schematu 2+1 w 2. i 4. miesiącu życia (szczepienie podstawowe) i dawką przypominającą w wieku 11 miesięcy. Pokrycie szczepieniami wynosiło 95,4% we Francji w wieku 24 miesięcy w 2017 roku.43
  • W Stanach Zjednoczonych szczepienie przeciwko Hib jest zalecane dla wszystkich dzieci w ramach rutynowego harmonogramu szczepień dziecięcych. Otrzymują one albo 3, albo 4 dawki, w zależności od marki szczepionki przeciwko Hib.44

Badania z Francji wykazały, że uproszczenie schematu szczepień do 2+1 może zmniejszyć poziom przeciwciał przeciwko Hib. Przeciwciała przeciwko Hib szybko zanikają po dawce przypominającej podanej w 11. miesiącu życia i mogą nie wystarczyć do zapewnienia długotrwałej ochrony. Nadzór nad przypadkami i monitorowanie mian przeciwciał muszą być kontynuowane, aby informować o przyszłej polityce szczepień.45

Profilaktyka wtórna i środki kontroli

Oprócz szczepień, ważne są także inne strategie zapobiegania i kontroli choroby Hib:

  • Chemoprofilaktyka antybiotykowa – Zgodnie z najnowszymi zaleceniami, wszystkim potwierdzonym przypadkom inwazyjnej choroby Hib i wszystkim ich domownikom należy teraz oferować chemoprofilaktykę antybiotykową.46 Chemoprofilaktyka ma na celu zmniejszenie ryzyka wtórnej choroby u przypadku indeksu i wśród bliskich kontaktów poprzez eliminację nosicielstwa.47
  • Środki kontroli ognisk epidemicznych – Gdy w placówce opieki nad dziećmi wystąpiły 2 lub więcej przypadków choroby inwazyjnej w ciągu 60 dni i uczęszczają do niej dzieci niezaszczepione lub nie w pełni zaszczepione, wskazane jest podanie rifampicyny wszystkim uczestnikom i personelowi nadzorującemu.48
  • Nadzór nad kontaktami – Istotna jest staranna obserwacja osób, które miały kontakt z chorym, zwłaszcza dzieci poniżej 4. roku życia. U tych, u których rozwinie się gorączkowa choroba, należy zapewnić szybką pomoc medyczną, niezależnie od statusu szczepienia przeciwko Hib.49
  • Higiena osobista – Dobra higiena osobista (która obejmuje właściwe mycie rąk, usuwanie zużytych chusteczek, nieudostępnianie sztućców do jedzenia itp.) jest również ważna w zapobieganiu rozprzestrzenianiu się choroby Hib.50

Wnioski dotyczące epidemiologii i nadzoru nad Hib

Epidemiologia inwazyjnej choroby H. influenzae uległa znaczącej zmianie od czasu wprowadzenia szczepionki przeciwko Hib. Choroba inwazyjna Hib pozostaje na niskim poziomie, podczas gdy choroba wywołana przez non-b i nietypy bakterii wzrastała do 2020 roku.51 Obciążenie chorobą H. influenzae jest nadal znaczne w najmłodszych i najstarszych grupach wiekowych, szczególnie wśród dzieci rdzennych Amerykan i rdzennych mieszkańców Alaski.52

Pomimo dramatycznego spadku przypadków inwazyjnej choroby Hib od wprowadzenia skoniugowanych szczepionek Hib, nadal istnieje potrzeba silnego nadzoru. Nadzór jest niezbędny do monitorowania obciążenia i zmian w inwazyjnej chorobie H. influenzae oraz opracowywania ukierunkowanych strategii profilaktyki zdrowia publicznego.53

Dane te mogą informować o strategiach zapobiegania, w tym o rozwoju szczepionek. Wyzwaniem pozostaje rozwój szczepionek przeciwko nontypowym szczepom H. influenzae, które obecnie powodują większość inwazyjnych zakażeń H. influenzae.54 Ciągłe monitorowanie jest niezbędne do informowania o przyszłej polityce szczepień i zapewnienia, że kontrola chorób Hib pozostanie skuteczna.55

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 WHO EMRO | Disease and epidemiology | Haemophilus influenzae type B | Health topics
    https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b/disease-and-epidemiology.html
    Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is bacteria that commonly cause bacterial meningitis and pneumonia and the leading cause of other invasive diseases as septic arthritis (joint infection), epiglottitis (infection and swelling of the epiglottis) and cellulites (rapidly progressing skin infection which usually involves face, head, or neck). pericardiatis (infection of the sac covering the heart) and Osteomyelitis (bone infection) are less common forms of invasive disease. […] Hib diseases mainly affect children under five years. Elderly, unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated children and people with a weakened immune system are at increased risk of acquiring the Hib infection. […] Recurrent infection with Hib is likely among children less than 24 months; however, immunity against the disease is likely to be developed among those become infected with Hib at 24 months of age or older.
  • #2 Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Haemophilus influenzae – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-haemophilus-influenzae
    Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Haemophilus influenzae […] Among typeable strains, H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) is the most virulent. In areas of the world where Hib vaccination is not widespread, Hib is a leading of cause of meningitis and epiglottitis in children and pneumonia in adults. By contrast, in areas where vaccination is routine, the prevalence of Hib has declined, while the prevalence of nontypeable H. influenzae has increased. […] The bacteriology, epidemiology, and treatment of H. influenzae are reviewed here. […] Type b is the most prominent strain, historically accounting for the majority of cases of invasive disease.
  • #3
    https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/hib-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b/
    Before Hib vaccination, about 20,000 children younger than five developed severe Hib disease each year in the United States, and about 1,000 died. […] By 2006, the number of reported Hib cases was only 29 for the year. […] Now, while most fatalities from Hib disease are reported in developing countries where the Hib vaccine is not widely used, fatalities still occur in developed nations when vaccination rates drop. […] Seven cases of invasive Hib disease were reported in Pennsylvania during a six-month period, starting in October 2008. […] The first vaccine to protect against Hib diseases was introduced in 1985 in the United States; an improved vaccine was licensed two years later. […] Vaccination against Hib disease is included in the U.S. childhood immunization schedule. […] Globally, 98% of World Health Organization member countries had adopted the Hib vaccine in their immunization programs.
  • #4 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html
    Before the availability of national reporting data, several areas conducted active surveillance for H. influenzae disease, which allowed national estimates of disease. In the early 1980s, it was estimated that about 20,000 cases occurred annually in the United States, primarily among children younger than age 5 years (40 to 50 cases per 100,000 population). The incidence of invasive Hib disease began to decline dramatically in the late 1980s, coinciding with licensure of Hib conjugate vaccines, and has declined by more than 99% since the prevaccine era. […] Reporting of H. influenzae varies by state. Invasive H. influenzae infections became nationally notifiable in 1991. Reporting of serotype information continues to be incomplete.
  • #5 Haemophilus influenzae – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
    https://www.paho.org/en/topics/haemophilus-influenzae
    Key facts: In 2000, prior to widespread introduction of the vaccine in low- and middle-income countries, Hib was responsible for at least 8.13 million cases of serious illness (uncertainty interval [UI] 7.33-13.2 million) in children aged 1-59 months and 371,000 deaths (UI 247,000-527,000) globally. […] Worldwide in 2015, there were an estimated 934,000 cases (UI 852,000-1,530,000) of Hib pneumonia in children aged 1-59 months and 31,400 cases (UI 13,400-50,800) of meningitis, resulting in 22,600 (UI 15,900-29,700) and 7,300 (RI 2,700-11,300) deaths respectively. In the Region of the Americas, 5,300 cases (UI 4,900-8,700) corresponded to Hib pneumonia, with 2% lethality; and there were 200 cases (UI 100-300) of meningitis, with 30% lethality. […] An approximately 90% decrease in Hib cases and deaths followed the introduction of conjugated vaccines.
  • #6
    https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-preventable-diseases-surveillance-standards-haemophilus-influenzae
    The bacteria Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the leading cause of non-epidemic bacterial meningitis worldwide in children prior to the introduction of Hib vaccine. […] Over 90% of invasive H. influenzae disease occurs in children 5 years of age, the majority in infants; children in less developed settings tend to be infected earlier in infancy. […] It is estimated that in 2008, 199 000 HIV-negative children 5 years of age died from H. influenzae disease (1). […] HIV-infected infants are at a several-fold increased risk of invasive H. influenzae disease.
  • #7 Haemophilus influenzae – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
    https://www.paho.org/en/topics/haemophilus-influenzae
    Key facts: In 2000, prior to widespread introduction of the vaccine in low- and middle-income countries, Hib was responsible for at least 8.13 million cases of serious illness (uncertainty interval [UI] 7.33-13.2 million) in children aged 1-59 months and 371,000 deaths (UI 247,000-527,000) globally. […] Worldwide in 2015, there were an estimated 934,000 cases (UI 852,000-1,530,000) of Hib pneumonia in children aged 1-59 months and 31,400 cases (UI 13,400-50,800) of meningitis, resulting in 22,600 (UI 15,900-29,700) and 7,300 (RI 2,700-11,300) deaths respectively. In the Region of the Americas, 5,300 cases (UI 4,900-8,700) corresponded to Hib pneumonia, with 2% lethality; and there were 200 cases (UI 100-300) of meningitis, with 30% lethality. […] An approximately 90% decrease in Hib cases and deaths followed the introduction of conjugated vaccines.
  • #8 Haemophilus influenzae Disease Surveillance and Trends | H. influenzae | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/php/surveillance/index.html
    CDC tracks invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about invasive H. influenzae disease through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] CDC also collects information from laboratories in 10 areas of the country through Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs). […] The epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease has changed since the United States began using Hib vaccines. Hib vaccination began for children in 1987 and for infants in 1990. […] Since then, the annual incidence of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old has changed: Type b: Decreased by 99%. […] Invasive Hib disease remains low, while disease caused by non-b and nontypeable bacteria were increasing until 2020. […] Children younger than 1 year old and adults older than 65 years old have the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease. […] Across age groups, nontypeable bacteria cause the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease.
  • #9
    https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/hib-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b/
    Before Hib vaccination, about 20,000 children younger than five developed severe Hib disease each year in the United States, and about 1,000 died. […] By 2006, the number of reported Hib cases was only 29 for the year. […] Now, while most fatalities from Hib disease are reported in developing countries where the Hib vaccine is not widely used, fatalities still occur in developed nations when vaccination rates drop. […] Seven cases of invasive Hib disease were reported in Pennsylvania during a six-month period, starting in October 2008. […] The first vaccine to protect against Hib diseases was introduced in 1985 in the United States; an improved vaccine was licensed two years later. […] Vaccination against Hib disease is included in the U.S. childhood immunization schedule. […] Globally, 98% of World Health Organization member countries had adopted the Hib vaccine in their immunization programs.
  • #10 Haemophilus influenzae disease – Canada.ca
    https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization/vaccine-preventable-diseases/haemophilus-influenzae-disease/health-professionals.html
    Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is a bacterium which can cause serious invasive disease primarily in young children. Before the vaccine was developed in 1988, Hi serotype b (Hib) was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in Canada. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommends immunization against Hib disease. […] Figure 1 demonstrates the decrease in annual incidence of reported invasive Hib disease in Canada since the introduction of Hib vaccines. Reported cases have decreased by 95% from an average of 1.76 cases per 100,000 population (range 0.92 to 2.98) in pre-vaccine era (1979-1988). The average in recent years (2006-2012) is 0.08 cases per 100,000 population (range 0.05 to 0.14). […] Incidence of invasive Hib disease is age-dependent. Between 2006 and 2012, 38% of reported invasive Hib cases occurred among children younger than 5. Of these cases, 64% of children were younger than a year old. Most reported paediatric cases occurred in unimmunized children, children too young to have received their primary series, children with an immunodeficiency illness, or children with other chronic illnesses.
  • #11 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook
    https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib
    Australia has one of the lowest incidence rates of invasive Hib disease worldwide. Invasive Hib disease is rare in Australia following vaccine inclusion in the NIP schedule from 1993. […] In 1992 alone, before introduction of the vaccine, there were 549 Hib notifications in Australia. In contrast, between 2000 and 2017, there were 345 notifications of Hib. The all-age national incidence halved from 0.13 per 100,000 population in 2000 to 0.06 per 100,000 in 2017. […] The reduction in Hib incidence after routine vaccination was introduced has been particularly marked in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. However, absolute rates in these children remain substantially higher than in the non-Indigenous population. […] Septicaemia and meningitis are the most commonly reported clinical presentations of Hib disease in Australia, followed by pneumonia and epiglottis. Between 2000 and 2017, there was a higher proportion of meningitis presentations in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cases (49%) than in non-Indigenous cases (28%).
  • #12 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) seroprevalence and current epidemiology in England and Wales. – SORA
    https://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/id/eprint/109605/
    Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) seroprevalence and current epidemiology in England and Wales. […] The introduction of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the United Kingdom resulted in a rapid decline in invasive Hib disease across all age groups. […] Current epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease in England and Wales is also reported. […] During 2012-2016, annual Hib disease incidence remained below one case per million population, with only 67 of 3523 (2.5%) laboratory-confirmed H. influenzae cases and one case of Hib meningitis during the 5-year period. […] Hib control in England and Wales is currently the best achieved since the vaccine was introduced more than two decades ago. […] Ongoing monitoring is essential to inform future vaccination policy.
  • #13 Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease: 2022 annual report shows increased number of cases
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/invasive-haemophilus-influenzae-disease-2022-annual-report-shows-increased-number-cases
    In 2022 a significant rise in confirmed cases of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease has been observed, totalling 3,967 cases. […] A slight increase was specifically observed in cases of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in 2022, which constituted 9.1% (211 cases) of the total cases, compared to 7% (153 cases) in 2018. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is an obligate human pathogen and an important cause of invasive bacterial infections in both children and adults, with the highest incidence among young children. […] Surveillance information on cases, threats and outbreaks for invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease.
  • #14 Current Epidemiology and Trends in Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease—United States, 2009–2015
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6181225/
    Following Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) conjugate vaccine introduction in the 1980s, Hib disease in young children dramatically decreased, and epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae changed. […] Active surveillance for invasive H. influenzae disease was conducted through Active Bacterial Core surveillance sites. Incidence rates were directly standardized to the age and race distribution of the US population. […] During 2009-2015, the estimated mean annual incidence of invasive H. influenzae disease was 1.70 cases per 100,000 population. Incidence was highest among adults aged 65 years (6.30) and children aged 1 year (8.45); many cases in infants aged 1 year occurred during the first month of life in preterm or low-birth-weight infants. […] Among children aged 5 years (incidence: 2.84), incidence was substantially higher in American Indian and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) (15.19) than in all other races (2.62).
  • #15 Current Epidemiology and Trends in Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease—United States, 2009–2015
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6181225/
    Overall, 14.5% of cases were fatal; case fatality was highest among adults aged 65 years (20%). Nontypeable H. influenzae had the highest incidence (1.22) and case fatality (16%), as compared with Hib (0.03; 4%) and non-b encapsulated serotypes (0.45; 11%). […] Compared with 2002-2008, the estimated incidence of invasive H. influenzae disease increased by 16%, driven by increases in disease caused by serotype a and nontypeable strains. […] Invasive H. influenzae disease has increased, particularly due to nontypeable strains and serotype a. A considerable burden of invasive H. influenzae disease affects the oldest and youngest age groups, particularly AI/AN children. These data can inform prevention strategies, including vaccine development. […] Surveillance is essential to monitor the burden and shifts in invasive H. influenzae disease and develop targeted public health prevention strategies.
  • #16 Current Epidemiology and Trends in Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease—United States, 2009–2015
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6181225/
    Overall, 14.5% of cases were fatal; case fatality was highest among adults aged 65 years (20%). Nontypeable H. influenzae had the highest incidence (1.22) and case fatality (16%), as compared with Hib (0.03; 4%) and non-b encapsulated serotypes (0.45; 11%). […] Compared with 2002-2008, the estimated incidence of invasive H. influenzae disease increased by 16%, driven by increases in disease caused by serotype a and nontypeable strains. […] Invasive H. influenzae disease has increased, particularly due to nontypeable strains and serotype a. A considerable burden of invasive H. influenzae disease affects the oldest and youngest age groups, particularly AI/AN children. These data can inform prevention strategies, including vaccine development. […] Surveillance is essential to monitor the burden and shifts in invasive H. influenzae disease and develop targeted public health prevention strategies.
  • #17 Current Epidemiology and Trends in Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease—United States, 2009–2015
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6181225/
    The majority (92.8%) of patients were hospitalized; median duration of hospitalization was 6 days (range, 0-170 d). […] Nontypeable H. influenzae had the highest incidence (1.22) and case-fatality ratio (16.1%), as compared with Hib and non-b encapsulated serotypes. […] The burden of H. influenzae disease among AI/AN children is much greater than among the general US population, with an estimated incidence of 15.19 per 100,000 among AI/AN children aged 5 years (5.8 times the incidence among all other races combined) and 34.36 among AI/AN infants aged 1 year (4.3 times the incidence among all other races combined). […] Following the introduction of Hib vaccines, invasive H. influenzae disease incidence dramatically decreased from an estimated 100 cases per 100,000 children aged 5 years in the prevaccine era to 2.84 cases per 100,000 in the present report. However, a substantial burden of non-b and nontypeable disease in the youngest and oldest age groups remains and is increasing, with mortality similar to or higher than that historically seen with Hib disease.
  • #18 Haemophilus influenzae Disease Surveillance and Trends | H. influenzae | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/php/surveillance/index.html
    CDC tracks invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about invasive H. influenzae disease through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] CDC also collects information from laboratories in 10 areas of the country through Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs). […] The epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease has changed since the United States began using Hib vaccines. Hib vaccination began for children in 1987 and for infants in 1990. […] Since then, the annual incidence of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old has changed: Type b: Decreased by 99%. […] Invasive Hib disease remains low, while disease caused by non-b and nontypeable bacteria were increasing until 2020. […] Children younger than 1 year old and adults older than 65 years old have the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease. […] Across age groups, nontypeable bacteria cause the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease.
  • #19 Haemophilus influenzae Disease Surveillance and Trends | H. influenzae | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/php/surveillance/index.html
    CDC tracks invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about invasive H. influenzae disease through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] CDC also collects information from laboratories in 10 areas of the country through Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs). […] The epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease has changed since the United States began using Hib vaccines. Hib vaccination began for children in 1987 and for infants in 1990. […] Since then, the annual incidence of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old has changed: Type b: Decreased by 99%. […] Invasive Hib disease remains low, while disease caused by non-b and nontypeable bacteria were increasing until 2020. […] Children younger than 1 year old and adults older than 65 years old have the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease. […] Across age groups, nontypeable bacteria cause the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease.
  • #20
    https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-preventable-diseases-surveillance-standards-haemophilus-influenzae
    The bacteria Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the leading cause of non-epidemic bacterial meningitis worldwide in children prior to the introduction of Hib vaccine. […] Over 90% of invasive H. influenzae disease occurs in children 5 years of age, the majority in infants; children in less developed settings tend to be infected earlier in infancy. […] It is estimated that in 2008, 199 000 HIV-negative children 5 years of age died from H. influenzae disease (1). […] HIV-infected infants are at a several-fold increased risk of invasive H. influenzae disease.
  • #21 Hib disease | Health & Human Services
    https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease
    Haemophilus influenzae type b is transmitted person-to-person by droplet or direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions of an infected person. The most common portal of entry is the nasopharynx. Newborns can become infected by inhaling amniotic fluid or genital tract secretions containing the organism. […] Hib occurs worldwide. Invasive Hib is most prevalent among children 2 months to 3 years old and is unusual in healthy individuals over the age of 5 years (though can occur in adults with chronic conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). In the United States, peak incidence is in children 6 – 12 months of age. Secondary cases may occur in households, child care centers, and other institutional settings. […] Before the widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccines, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States among children less than 5 years old and a major cause of other life-threatening invasive bacterial diseases in this age group. Meningitis occurred in approximately two-thirds of children with invasive Hib disease, resulting in hearing impairment or severe permanent neurologic sequelae (mental retardation, seizure disorder, cognitive and developmental delays,) and paralysis in 15-30% of survivors. Approximately 5% of all cases were fatal. Invasive Hib disease now occurs in unvaccinated or under vaccinated children and adults. Type f is the most common other serotype causing invasive infections in the U.S. Iowa had approximately 64 cases of Hib per year prior to the vaccine. In the last 10 years Iowa has averaged 0.7 cases per year in persons less than 5 years of age.
  • #22 Haemophilus influenzae Type B – Epidemiology
    https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease-haemophilus-b/
    Hib was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among young children. […] However, there are few childhood cases now due to widespread use of Hib vaccination. […] Hib disease is more common in unimmunized or incompletely immunized children, especially those less than five years of age. […] The best way to prevent Hib disease is to get vaccinated. […] All children younger than five years old are recommended to receive the Hib vaccine. […] Some older children and adults with weakened immune systems are at increased risk for infection and may be recommended to get the Hib vaccine.
  • #23 Haemophilus lnfluenzae Type B (Hib, Haemophilus b)
    https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/haemophilus_influenzae/fact_sheet.htm
    Hib disease can occur at any age. […] Before the development of a vaccine, Hib was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children less than five years of age. […] Since the introduction in 1988 and the widespread use of the Hib vaccine, the number of new cases of Hib disease in infants and young children decreased by 99 percent to fewer that one case per 100,000 children younger than five years of age. […] Now, Hib is seen more commonly in the elderly, unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated children, and people with a weakened immune system. […] The single most important preventive measure is to maintain a high level of immunization in the community.
  • #24
    https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-preventable-diseases-surveillance-standards-haemophilus-influenzae
    The bacteria Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the leading cause of non-epidemic bacterial meningitis worldwide in children prior to the introduction of Hib vaccine. […] Over 90% of invasive H. influenzae disease occurs in children 5 years of age, the majority in infants; children in less developed settings tend to be infected earlier in infancy. […] It is estimated that in 2008, 199 000 HIV-negative children 5 years of age died from H. influenzae disease (1). […] HIV-infected infants are at a several-fold increased risk of invasive H. influenzae disease.
  • #25 Hib disease | Health & Human Services
    https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease
    Invasive disease has been more frequent in boys, African Americans, Alaskan Eskimos, Apache and Navajo Indians, child-care center attendees, children living in overcrowded conditions, and children who were not breastfed. Unimmunized children, particularly those younger than 4 years old, in prolonged close contact (such as in a household setting) with a child with invasive Hib disease, are at increased risk for invasive Hib disease. Other factors predisposing to invasive disease include sickle cell disease, asplenia, HIV infection, certain immunodeficiency syndromes, and malignant neoplasms.
  • #26 Hib disease | Health & Human Services
    https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease
    Invasive disease has been more frequent in boys, African Americans, Alaskan Eskimos, Apache and Navajo Indians, child-care center attendees, children living in overcrowded conditions, and children who were not breastfed. Unimmunized children, particularly those younger than 4 years old, in prolonged close contact (such as in a household setting) with a child with invasive Hib disease, are at increased risk for invasive Hib disease. Other factors predisposing to invasive disease include sickle cell disease, asplenia, HIV infection, certain immunodeficiency syndromes, and malignant neoplasms.
  • #27 Hib disease | Health & Human Services
    https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease
    Invasive disease has been more frequent in boys, African Americans, Alaskan Eskimos, Apache and Navajo Indians, child-care center attendees, children living in overcrowded conditions, and children who were not breastfed. Unimmunized children, particularly those younger than 4 years old, in prolonged close contact (such as in a household setting) with a child with invasive Hib disease, are at increased risk for invasive Hib disease. Other factors predisposing to invasive disease include sickle cell disease, asplenia, HIV infection, certain immunodeficiency syndromes, and malignant neoplasms.
  • #28 Hib disease | Health & Human Services
    https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease
    Invasive disease has been more frequent in boys, African Americans, Alaskan Eskimos, Apache and Navajo Indians, child-care center attendees, children living in overcrowded conditions, and children who were not breastfed. Unimmunized children, particularly those younger than 4 years old, in prolonged close contact (such as in a household setting) with a child with invasive Hib disease, are at increased risk for invasive Hib disease. Other factors predisposing to invasive disease include sickle cell disease, asplenia, HIV infection, certain immunodeficiency syndromes, and malignant neoplasms.
  • #29 Hib disease | Health & Human Services
    https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease
    Invasive disease has been more frequent in boys, African Americans, Alaskan Eskimos, Apache and Navajo Indians, child-care center attendees, children living in overcrowded conditions, and children who were not breastfed. Unimmunized children, particularly those younger than 4 years old, in prolonged close contact (such as in a household setting) with a child with invasive Hib disease, are at increased risk for invasive Hib disease. Other factors predisposing to invasive disease include sickle cell disease, asplenia, HIV infection, certain immunodeficiency syndromes, and malignant neoplasms.
  • #30 Current Epidemiology and Trends in Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease—United States, 2009–2015
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6181225/
    The majority (92.8%) of patients were hospitalized; median duration of hospitalization was 6 days (range, 0-170 d). […] Nontypeable H. influenzae had the highest incidence (1.22) and case-fatality ratio (16.1%), as compared with Hib and non-b encapsulated serotypes. […] The burden of H. influenzae disease among AI/AN children is much greater than among the general US population, with an estimated incidence of 15.19 per 100,000 among AI/AN children aged 5 years (5.8 times the incidence among all other races combined) and 34.36 among AI/AN infants aged 1 year (4.3 times the incidence among all other races combined). […] Following the introduction of Hib vaccines, invasive H. influenzae disease incidence dramatically decreased from an estimated 100 cases per 100,000 children aged 5 years in the prevaccine era to 2.84 cases per 100,000 in the present report. However, a substantial burden of non-b and nontypeable disease in the youngest and oldest age groups remains and is increasing, with mortality similar to or higher than that historically seen with Hib disease.
  • #31 Haemophilus influenzae Disease Surveillance and Trends | H. influenzae | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/php/surveillance/index.html
    CDC tracks invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about invasive H. influenzae disease through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] CDC also collects information from laboratories in 10 areas of the country through Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs). […] The epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease has changed since the United States began using Hib vaccines. Hib vaccination began for children in 1987 and for infants in 1990. […] Since then, the annual incidence of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old has changed: Type b: Decreased by 99%. […] Invasive Hib disease remains low, while disease caused by non-b and nontypeable bacteria were increasing until 2020. […] Children younger than 1 year old and adults older than 65 years old have the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease. […] Across age groups, nontypeable bacteria cause the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease.
  • #32 Haemophilus influenzae Disease Surveillance and Trends | H. influenzae | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/php/surveillance/index.html
    CDC tracks invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about invasive H. influenzae disease through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] CDC also collects information from laboratories in 10 areas of the country through Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs). […] The epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease has changed since the United States began using Hib vaccines. Hib vaccination began for children in 1987 and for infants in 1990. […] Since then, the annual incidence of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old has changed: Type b: Decreased by 99%. […] Invasive Hib disease remains low, while disease caused by non-b and nontypeable bacteria were increasing until 2020. […] Children younger than 1 year old and adults older than 65 years old have the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease. […] Across age groups, nontypeable bacteria cause the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease.
  • #33 Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae | Pink Book | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-8-haemophilus-influenzae.html
    Before the availability of national reporting data, several areas conducted active surveillance for H. influenzae disease, which allowed national estimates of disease. In the early 1980s, it was estimated that about 20,000 cases occurred annually in the United States, primarily among children younger than age 5 years (40 to 50 cases per 100,000 population). The incidence of invasive Hib disease began to decline dramatically in the late 1980s, coinciding with licensure of Hib conjugate vaccines, and has declined by more than 99% since the prevaccine era. […] Reporting of H. influenzae varies by state. Invasive H. influenzae infections became nationally notifiable in 1991. Reporting of serotype information continues to be incomplete.
  • #34 Haemophilus influenzae – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
    https://www.paho.org/en/topics/haemophilus-influenzae
    Nasopharyngeal colonization by Hib also declined significantly in populations with extensive immunization coverage against the bacteria, due in part to herd immunity conferred by the use of Hib conjugate vaccines. […] Hib conjugate vaccines have been used since the early 1990s and are considered an extremely effective health intervention. By 2017, 191 countries (98% of WHO Member States) had included these vaccines in their immunization programs. In the Region of the Americas, all countries use this vaccine. With the introduction of the Hib vaccine in the countries of the Region, there was a dramatic decline in invasive disease caused by the bacterium. […] PAHO has been coordinating a sentinel surveillance network for pneumonia and bacterial meningitis in the Region of the Americas since 2007. Since 2014, this network has been part of the Global Surveillance Network, led by the World Health Organization. Currently, nine countries and 20 hospitals participate in this network.
  • #35 Haemophilus influenzae – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
    https://www.paho.org/en/topics/haemophilus-influenzae
    Since 1993, the Region of the Americas has had a network of laboratories for regional surveillance of invasive bacterial disease, initially known as the SIREVA (Regional Vaccine System) network and now as SIREVA II, involving 19 countries. This is a laboratory-based passive surveillance network that identifies the distribution of serotypes/serogroups and patterns of susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs for Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), the main bacterial agents associated with these invasive processes.
  • #36 Haemophilus influenzae disease – Canada.ca
    https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization/vaccine-preventable-diseases/haemophilus-influenzae-disease/surveillance.html
    Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease is a notifiable disease in all provinces and territories in Canada. Cases are reported to provincial and territorial departments of health. Beginning in 1986, all invasive forms of Hib disease also became nationally reportable. In 2010, the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System began collecting national data on invasive Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) non-type b disease. […] Invasive Hi cases that meet the national case definition are reported to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) through the following national surveillance systems. […] The Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (CNDSS) contains basic epidemiologic data, available at notifiable diseases online. […] The Immunization Monitoring Program, ACTive (IMPACT) is a paediatric hospital-based surveillance network that identifies and reports cases to PHAC. […] In addition, non-nominal epidemiologic and laboratory-linked data are collected through the International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) of invasive bacterial diseases. […] For more information on Hib epidemiology, transmission, prevention and control, see Health Professionals.
  • #37
    https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2006/10000/sensitivity_of_surveillance_for_haemophilus.28.aspx
    Population-based surveillance has been used to measure the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis in many countries. […] Variability in the observed incidence of Hib meningitis may reflect true differences in the epidemiology of Hib disease and bacterial meningitis between populations. […] Performance indicators can be useful in evaluating the sensitivity of surveillance systems. […] Without indicators that can be used to evaluate the sensitivity of case ascertainment, it is difficult to draw inferences about differences in local epidemiology based on reported Hib meningitis incidence rates. […] Moreover, this review highlights the importance of using standardized surveillance methods and case definitions such as those outlined in the World Health Organization generic protocol to facilitate between-country comparisons of Hib disease burden.
  • #38
    https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2006/10000/sensitivity_of_surveillance_for_haemophilus.28.aspx
    Population-based surveillance has been used to measure the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis in many countries. […] Variability in the observed incidence of Hib meningitis may reflect true differences in the epidemiology of Hib disease and bacterial meningitis between populations. […] Performance indicators can be useful in evaluating the sensitivity of surveillance systems. […] Without indicators that can be used to evaluate the sensitivity of case ascertainment, it is difficult to draw inferences about differences in local epidemiology based on reported Hib meningitis incidence rates. […] Moreover, this review highlights the importance of using standardized surveillance methods and case definitions such as those outlined in the World Health Organization generic protocol to facilitate between-country comparisons of Hib disease burden.
  • #39
    https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2006/10000/sensitivity_of_surveillance_for_haemophilus.28.aspx
    Population-based surveillance has been used to measure the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis in many countries. […] Variability in the observed incidence of Hib meningitis may reflect true differences in the epidemiology of Hib disease and bacterial meningitis between populations. […] Performance indicators can be useful in evaluating the sensitivity of surveillance systems. […] Without indicators that can be used to evaluate the sensitivity of case ascertainment, it is difficult to draw inferences about differences in local epidemiology based on reported Hib meningitis incidence rates. […] Moreover, this review highlights the importance of using standardized surveillance methods and case definitions such as those outlined in the World Health Organization generic protocol to facilitate between-country comparisons of Hib disease burden.
  • #40 Haemophilus influenzae – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
    https://www.paho.org/en/topics/haemophilus-influenzae
    Nasopharyngeal colonization by Hib also declined significantly in populations with extensive immunization coverage against the bacteria, due in part to herd immunity conferred by the use of Hib conjugate vaccines. […] Hib conjugate vaccines have been used since the early 1990s and are considered an extremely effective health intervention. By 2017, 191 countries (98% of WHO Member States) had included these vaccines in their immunization programs. In the Region of the Americas, all countries use this vaccine. With the introduction of the Hib vaccine in the countries of the Region, there was a dramatic decline in invasive disease caused by the bacterium. […] PAHO has been coordinating a sentinel surveillance network for pneumonia and bacterial meningitis in the Region of the Americas since 2007. Since 2014, this network has been part of the Global Surveillance Network, led by the World Health Organization. Currently, nine countries and 20 hospitals participate in this network.
  • #41 Haemophilus influenzae – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
    https://www.paho.org/en/topics/haemophilus-influenzae
    Nasopharyngeal colonization by Hib also declined significantly in populations with extensive immunization coverage against the bacteria, due in part to herd immunity conferred by the use of Hib conjugate vaccines. […] Hib conjugate vaccines have been used since the early 1990s and are considered an extremely effective health intervention. By 2017, 191 countries (98% of WHO Member States) had included these vaccines in their immunization programs. In the Region of the Americas, all countries use this vaccine. With the introduction of the Hib vaccine in the countries of the Region, there was a dramatic decline in invasive disease caused by the bacterium. […] PAHO has been coordinating a sentinel surveillance network for pneumonia and bacterial meningitis in the Region of the Americas since 2007. Since 2014, this network has been part of the Global Surveillance Network, led by the World Health Organization. Currently, nine countries and 20 hospitals participate in this network.
  • #42 Haemophilus influenzae – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
    https://www.paho.org/en/topics/haemophilus-influenzae
    Nasopharyngeal colonization by Hib also declined significantly in populations with extensive immunization coverage against the bacteria, due in part to herd immunity conferred by the use of Hib conjugate vaccines. […] Hib conjugate vaccines have been used since the early 1990s and are considered an extremely effective health intervention. By 2017, 191 countries (98% of WHO Member States) had included these vaccines in their immunization programs. In the Region of the Americas, all countries use this vaccine. With the introduction of the Hib vaccine in the countries of the Region, there was a dramatic decline in invasive disease caused by the bacterium. […] PAHO has been coordinating a sentinel surveillance network for pneumonia and bacterial meningitis in the Region of the Americas since 2007. Since 2014, this network has been part of the Global Surveillance Network, led by the World Health Organization. Currently, nine countries and 20 hospitals participate in this network.
  • #43 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) seroprevalence in France: impact of vaccination schedules | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text
    https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06440-w
    Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) conjugate vaccine was introduced in France in 1992 as a 3+1 scheme at 2, 3, and 4 months (primary vaccination) with a booster at the age of 16-18 months. The vaccination was simplified in 2013 to a 2+1 scheme at 2 and 4 months (primary immunization) and a booster at the age of 11 months. The coverage was 95.4% in France at 24 months in 2017. During the period 2017-2019 the number of Hib invasive infections increased with several cases of vaccine failure. […] The proportion of Hib cases among children 5 years prompted enhancing surveillance of Hib cases and conducting a seroprevalence study to measure Hib antibodies in population before and after changing the vaccination schedule. Enhancing surveillance was also warranted as waning of immune response was reported after vaccination schemes in infants 1 year with conjugate polysaccharide vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C as protective titres fell to 36% 18 months after vaccination.
  • #44 Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae Type B) | HHS.govLock
    https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/diseases/hib/index.html
    Hib disease used to be more common in the United States — about 20,000 children got serious Hib infections every year. Thanks to the vaccine, serious cases of Hib disease have dropped by more than 99% since 1991. […] In infants and young children, Hib disease can be very serious. It can cause infections in different parts of the body — including the brain and lungs. These infections can lead to serious complications, and can even be deadly. […] Hib disease is caused by a type of bacteria. It mostly affects children younger than 5 years, but adults with certain health conditions are also at increased risk for Hib disease. […] Hib bacteria spread through droplets in the air — like when someone who has the bacteria in their nose or throat coughs or sneezes. […] All infants and children need the Hib vaccine as part of their routine vaccine schedule. They need either 3 or 4 doses, depending on which brand of the Hib vaccine they get.
  • #45 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) seroprevalence in France: impact of vaccination schedules | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text
    https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06440-w
    The simplification of the vaccination to a 2+1 scheme seems to reduce the level of anti PRP IgG. Hib antibodies wane rapidly after the 11 months booster and may not be enough to ensure long term protection. Surveillance of cases and monitoring of titres need to be continued to inform future vaccination policy. […] The high number (n=37) and proportion (66.1%) of Hib cases among children under 5 years of age during the period 2017-2019 was unexpected. […] All the 24 vaccinated cases were vaccinated according to the new schedule 2+1 that was implemented in 2013 in France. […] Our data clearly showed that anti-PRP IgG titres did not peak after a complete 2+1 (2, 4 and 11 months) scheme that was launched in 2013 and declined thereafter. […] The simplification of anti-Hib vaccination in France in 2013 to a 2+1 scheme seems to be associated with lower levels of anti PRP IgG. Hib antibodies also wane rapidly after the 11 months booster and may not be enough to ensure long term protection. Seroprevalence studies as performed in this work are required to inform the decision making in choosing vaccination polices.
  • #46
    https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-cases/revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease
    All confirmed cases of invasive Hib disease and all their household contacts should now be offered antibiotic chemoprophylaxis. […] Based on the most recent data from calendar years 2020 to 2022, Hib is not a significant pathogen in any age group. Consequently, the 2024 guidance has been amended to protect those who remain at increased risk, namely the index case and household contacts. […] The epidemiology of invasive Hib disease continues to evolve, with very few cases confirmed in any age group over the past decade. The 2024 revision of the 2013 guidance reflects this low risk, with recommendations to offer chemoprophylaxis to the index case and all close contacts of a confirmed case of invasive Hib disease, similar to current recommendations for close contacts of invasive meningococcal disease cases.
  • #47
    https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-cases/revised-recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-secondary-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib-disease
    For both household and day care contacts, children younger than 2 years of age (particularly those under one year) were at greatest risk of developing secondary Hib disease, with a very low risk after the age of 4 years. […] Chemoprophylaxis aims to reduce the risk of secondary disease in the index case and among close contacts by eliminating carriage. […] The protective efficacy of rifampicin was calculated using the formula: 1- (risk with rifampicin / risk with no rifampicin). […] In a UK day care centre outbreak, rifampicin chemoprophylaxis administered to all child (irrespective of vaccination status) and staff contacts of 2 index cases resulted in complete eradication of Hib pharyngeal carriage among contacts when re-tested a month later and no further cases of Hib disease. […] The introduction of the Hib conjugate vaccine into national infant immunisation programmes has dramatically reduced the incidence of invasive Hib disease across all age groups.
  • #48 Controlling Spread of Hib Disease | Health & Human Services
    https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease-0
    Control measures are for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) only. There are no control measures for other types. […] Current recommendations are as follows: […] Prophylaxis is indicated to protect children less than 12 months old or a child of 1-3 years who is inadequately immunized. […] When 2 or more cases of invasive disease have occurred within 60 days and unimmunized or incompletely immunized children attend the child-care facility, administration of rifampin to all attendees and supervisory personnel is indicated. […] The risk of secondary disease in children attending child-care centers appears to be lower than that observed for age-susceptible household contacts, and secondary disease in child-care contacts is rare when all contacts are older than 2 years. […] Nevertheless, rifampin prophylaxis is recommended in certain situations, as indicated in the table below.
  • #49 Controlling Spread of Hib Disease | Health & Human Services
    https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease-0
    Careful observation of exposed contacts, especially children younger than 4 years, is essential. Those in whom a febrile illness develops should receive prompt medical attention, regardless of Hib vaccination status. […] Routine childhood vaccination is the best preventive measure against Hib disease. Good personal hygiene (which consists of proper handwashing, disposal of used tissues, not sharing eating utensils, etc.) is also important.
  • #50 Controlling Spread of Hib Disease | Health & Human Services
    https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hib-disease-0
    Careful observation of exposed contacts, especially children younger than 4 years, is essential. Those in whom a febrile illness develops should receive prompt medical attention, regardless of Hib vaccination status. […] Routine childhood vaccination is the best preventive measure against Hib disease. Good personal hygiene (which consists of proper handwashing, disposal of used tissues, not sharing eating utensils, etc.) is also important.
  • #51 Haemophilus influenzae Disease Surveillance and Trends | H. influenzae | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/php/surveillance/index.html
    CDC tracks invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about invasive H. influenzae disease through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] CDC also collects information from laboratories in 10 areas of the country through Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs). […] The epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease has changed since the United States began using Hib vaccines. Hib vaccination began for children in 1987 and for infants in 1990. […] Since then, the annual incidence of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old has changed: Type b: Decreased by 99%. […] Invasive Hib disease remains low, while disease caused by non-b and nontypeable bacteria were increasing until 2020. […] Children younger than 1 year old and adults older than 65 years old have the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease. […] Across age groups, nontypeable bacteria cause the highest incidence of H. influenzae disease.
  • #52 Current Epidemiology and Trends in Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease—United States, 2009–2015
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6181225/
    The majority (92.8%) of patients were hospitalized; median duration of hospitalization was 6 days (range, 0-170 d). […] Nontypeable H. influenzae had the highest incidence (1.22) and case-fatality ratio (16.1%), as compared with Hib and non-b encapsulated serotypes. […] The burden of H. influenzae disease among AI/AN children is much greater than among the general US population, with an estimated incidence of 15.19 per 100,000 among AI/AN children aged 5 years (5.8 times the incidence among all other races combined) and 34.36 among AI/AN infants aged 1 year (4.3 times the incidence among all other races combined). […] Following the introduction of Hib vaccines, invasive H. influenzae disease incidence dramatically decreased from an estimated 100 cases per 100,000 children aged 5 years in the prevaccine era to 2.84 cases per 100,000 in the present report. However, a substantial burden of non-b and nontypeable disease in the youngest and oldest age groups remains and is increasing, with mortality similar to or higher than that historically seen with Hib disease.
  • #53 Current Epidemiology and Trends in Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease—United States, 2009–2015
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6181225/
    Overall, 14.5% of cases were fatal; case fatality was highest among adults aged 65 years (20%). Nontypeable H. influenzae had the highest incidence (1.22) and case fatality (16%), as compared with Hib (0.03; 4%) and non-b encapsulated serotypes (0.45; 11%). […] Compared with 2002-2008, the estimated incidence of invasive H. influenzae disease increased by 16%, driven by increases in disease caused by serotype a and nontypeable strains. […] Invasive H. influenzae disease has increased, particularly due to nontypeable strains and serotype a. A considerable burden of invasive H. influenzae disease affects the oldest and youngest age groups, particularly AI/AN children. These data can inform prevention strategies, including vaccine development. […] Surveillance is essential to monitor the burden and shifts in invasive H. influenzae disease and develop targeted public health prevention strategies.
  • #54 Current Epidemiology and Trends in Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease—United States, 2009–2015
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6181225/
    Overall, 14.5% of cases were fatal; case fatality was highest among adults aged 65 years (20%). Nontypeable H. influenzae had the highest incidence (1.22) and case fatality (16%), as compared with Hib (0.03; 4%) and non-b encapsulated serotypes (0.45; 11%). […] Compared with 2002-2008, the estimated incidence of invasive H. influenzae disease increased by 16%, driven by increases in disease caused by serotype a and nontypeable strains. […] Invasive H. influenzae disease has increased, particularly due to nontypeable strains and serotype a. A considerable burden of invasive H. influenzae disease affects the oldest and youngest age groups, particularly AI/AN children. These data can inform prevention strategies, including vaccine development. […] Surveillance is essential to monitor the burden and shifts in invasive H. influenzae disease and develop targeted public health prevention strategies.
  • #55 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) seroprevalence and current epidemiology in England and Wales. – SORA
    https://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/id/eprint/109605/
    Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) seroprevalence and current epidemiology in England and Wales. […] The introduction of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the United Kingdom resulted in a rapid decline in invasive Hib disease across all age groups. […] Current epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease in England and Wales is also reported. […] During 2012-2016, annual Hib disease incidence remained below one case per million population, with only 67 of 3523 (2.5%) laboratory-confirmed H. influenzae cases and one case of Hib meningitis during the 5-year period. […] Hib control in England and Wales is currently the best achieved since the vaccine was introduced more than two decades ago. […] Ongoing monitoring is essential to inform future vaccination policy.

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obniżona odporność Haemophilus influenzae typu B serotyp nosicielstwo choroba nowotworowa bakteria ognisko epidemiczne chemoprofilaktyka antybiotykowa rifampicyna bakteryjne zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych zapalenie tkanki łącznej niska masa urodzeniowa zapalenie nagłośni inwazyjna choroba Hib choroba gorączkowa zapalenie stawów zakażenie HIV asplenia anemia sierpowata infekcja kości zapalenie płuc posocznica