Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Answer: Can you identify this condition?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2592331/

  Tinea versicolor is caused by dimorphic, lipophilic Malassezia organisms (Malassezia furfur being the most common), which are part of the normal skin flora. […] Diagnosis of tinea versicolor is made clinically and is confirmed by direct microscopic examination of scale prepared with 10% potassium hydroxide solution. The presence of both hyphae and spores in the characteristic spaghetti and meatballs pattern is diagnostic. […] A Wood lamp examination can also be useful, as affected areas might fluoresce a bright yellow to coppery orange colour. This finding, however, only occurs in around one-third of cases. […] Skin biopsy and culture are not generally required to confirm diagnosis.

• #2 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482500/

  Tinea versicolor, or pityriasis versicolor, is a common, benign, superficial fungal skin infection. […] The diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor is typically clinical. When the diagnosis is uncertain, a Wood’s lamp and microscopic examination of scales soaked in potassium hydroxide may be helpful. […] The diagnosis of tinea versicolor can be made based on its characteristic clinical presentation of hyperpigmented or hypopigmented, finely scaling patches or plaques. […] If the symptoms are unclear diagnostically, dermoscopy and Wood’s lamp examinations may be helpful. A Wood’s lamp examination may help to demonstrate the gold-yellow, yellow-green, or coppery-orange fluorescence of tinea versicolor. […] A microscopic examination of scales soaked in potassium hydroxide (KOH) provides a definitive diagnosis. The classic findings are grape-like clusters of yeast cells and long hyphae.

• #3 Tinea Versicolor – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/fungal-skin-infections/tinea-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor is skin infection with Malassezia furfur that manifests as multiple asymptomatic scaly patches varying in color from white to tan to brown to pink. Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance and potassium hydroxide wet mount of skin scrapings. […] Diagnosis of tinea versicolor is based on clinical appearance and by identification of hyphae and budding cells (spaghetti and meatballs) on potassium hydroxide wet mount of fine scale scrapings. A Wood light examination reveals golden-white fluorescence. […] Try to confirm the diagnosis by finding hyphae and budding cells on potassium hydroxide wet mount of fine scale scrapings.

• #4 Tinea Versicolor Workup: Laboratory Studies, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-workup

  The clinical presentation of tinea versicolor is distinctive, and the diagnosis is often made without any laboratory documentation. […] The diagnosis is usually confirmed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination, which demonstrates the characteristic short, cigar-butt hyphae that are present in the diseased state. […] Special media are required for culture. Because the diagnosis is usually clinically suspected and can be confirmed with a KOH preparation, cultures are rarely obtained. […] Although these tests do not suggest an immunologic disorder, they do suggest a reduced body response to the specific fungal elements that produce tinea versicolor. Further assessment is warranted. […] M furfur can be detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) alone, although periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or methenamine silver staining are more confirmatory.

• #5 Tinea versicolor – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinea-versicolor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378390

  Your doctor can diagnose tinea versicolor by looking at it. If there’s any doubt, he or she may take skin scrapings from the infected area and view them under a microscope. […] Do I need any tests? […] Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as: How long have you had these discolored areas on your skin?

• #6 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482500/

  Tinea versicolor, or pityriasis versicolor, is a common, benign, superficial fungal skin infection. […] The diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor is typically clinical. When the diagnosis is uncertain, a Wood’s lamp and microscopic examination of scales soaked in potassium hydroxide may be helpful. […] The diagnosis of tinea versicolor can be made based on its characteristic clinical presentation of hyperpigmented or hypopigmented, finely scaling patches or plaques. […] If the symptoms are unclear diagnostically, dermoscopy and Wood’s lamp examinations may be helpful. A Wood’s lamp examination may help to demonstrate the gold-yellow, yellow-green, or coppery-orange fluorescence of tinea versicolor. […] A microscopic examination of scales soaked in potassium hydroxide (KOH) provides a definitive diagnosis. The classic findings are grape-like clusters of yeast cells and long hyphae.

• #7 Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tinea-versicolor-pityriasis-versicolor/print

  Tinea versicolor should be considered when a patient presents with multiple coalescing, hypopigmented or hyperpigmented macules, patches, or thin plaques on the upper trunk, proximal extremities, neck, or face. […] Although the diagnosis may be strongly suspected based upon the physical examination, confirmation of the diagnosis with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation should be performed when the diagnosis is uncertain. […] The potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation is a simple and reliable way to distinguish tinea versicolor from other conditions. […] The KOH preparation findings in tinea versicolor are considered diagnostic. The preparation demonstrates both short hyphae and yeast cells in a pattern that is often described as „spaghetti and meatballs”. […] A full skin examination should be performed. Performance of a full skin examination allows for the recognition of the degree of skin involvement as well as clinical findings that are inconsistent with tinea versicolor.

• #8 Pityriasis versicolor – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/861

  Pityriasis versicolor is a superficial fungal infection of the stratum corneum, due to dimorphic yeasts of the genus Malassezia, leading to hypo- or hyperpigmented macular lesions on seborrheic areas of the trunk. […] Primarily a clinical diagnosis that is confirmed by a KOH preparation demonstrating fungal elements with a characteristic spaghetti-and-meatballs appearance indicating the presence of both yeast and short hyphae. […] Key diagnostic factors include adolescent and young adult age, history of living in area of high temperature and humidity, susceptible skin characteristics, positive drug history, lack of pruritus or pain, dyspigmentation, macules or patches, seborrheic distribution, and fine overlying scale. […] 1st tests to order include microscopic exam with potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation.

• #9 Pityriasis versicolor – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/861

  Pityriasis versicolor is a superficial fungal infection of the stratum corneum, due to dimorphic yeasts of the genus Malassezia, leading to hypo- or hyperpigmented macular lesions on seborrhoeic areas of the trunk. […] Primarily a clinical diagnosis that is confirmed by a KOH preparation demonstrating fungal elements with a characteristic spaghetti-and-meatballs appearance indicating the presence of both yeast and short hyphae. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, lack of pruritus or pain, dyspigmentation, macules or patches, seborrhoeic distribution, and fine overlying scale. […] Other diagnostic factors include yellow fluorescence under Wood lamp examination. […] 1st investigations to order include microscopical examination with potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation. […] Investigations to consider include skin biopsy, culture, and Gram stain.

• #10 Tinea Versicolor – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/fungal-skin-infections/tinea-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor is skin infection with Malassezia furfur that manifests as multiple asymptomatic scaly patches varying in color from white to tan to brown to pink. Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance and potassium hydroxide wet mount of skin scrapings. […] Diagnosis of tinea versicolor is based on clinical appearance and by identification of hyphae and budding cells (spaghetti and meatballs) on potassium hydroxide wet mount of fine scale scrapings. A Wood light examination reveals golden-white fluorescence. […] Try to confirm the diagnosis by finding hyphae and budding cells on potassium hydroxide wet mount of fine scale scrapings.

• #11 Tinea Versicolor Clinical Presentation: Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-clinical

  Although tinea versicolor is often diagnosed by the observation of the classic hypopigmented-to-hyperpigmented, centrally coalescing, oval-to-round patches with mild scale, it can occasionally be difficult to distinguish from other dermatoses. […] A dermatoscope is also a useful diagnostic tool in examining affected skin. Studies have shown that the most common dermoscopic feature in tinea versicolor lesions are nonuniform pigmentation, scaling, perilesional hyperpigmentation or a contrast halo ring, and folliculocentric lesions. […] Differences in scaling patterns were observed in hypopigmented and hyperpigmented lesions. […] In hypopigmented lesions, dermoscopy shows a well-demarcated white area with patchy and diffuse scaling found largely in skin furrows. […] Hyperpigmented lesions under dermoscopy show fine scale in skin furrows overlying brown pigmentation. […] Hyperpigmented lesions were found to have more prominent scaling, and the amount of scaling was proposed to correlate with disease activity.

• #12 Pityriasis versicolor – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/861

  Pityriasis versicolor is a superficial fungal infection of the stratum corneum, due to dimorphic yeasts of the genus Malassezia, leading to hypo- or hyperpigmented macular lesions on seborrheic areas of the trunk. […] Primarily a clinical diagnosis that is confirmed by a KOH preparation demonstrating fungal elements with a characteristic spaghetti-and-meatballs appearance indicating the presence of both yeast and short hyphae. […] Key diagnostic factors include adolescent and young adult age, history of living in area of high temperature and humidity, susceptible skin characteristics, positive drug history, lack of pruritus or pain, dyspigmentation, macules or patches, seborrheic distribution, and fine overlying scale. […] 1st tests to order include microscopic exam with potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation.

• #13 Diagnosis of Pityriasis Versicolor | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50798

  Wood’s light is an ultraviolet light (UV) emitter (wavelength range: 320–450 nm; peak wavelength: 365 nm). […] The device can be of aid in PV, as UV light may be used to determine the extent of M. furfur infection. […] PV is usually diagnosed based on clinical features related to the characteristic appearance and distribution of skin lesions. […] Ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy (UVFD) is a novel dermatoscopic method utilising UV light. […] The aforementioned observations require confirmation with a larger study group, optimally in an international study representing different ethnic groups.

• #14 Tinea Versicolor: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17719-tinea-versicolor

  Healthcare providers can diagnose tinea versicolor with simple skin tests. In one type of test, your healthcare provider scrapes off loose skin cells they believe are infected with tinea versicolor. This skin sample is examined under a microscope for yeast cells. […] Your healthcare provider may also examine your skin using a Wood lamp. This device uses ultraviolet (UV) light to illuminate your skin. Areas of skin where tinea versicolor is present look yellow-green under the UV light.

• #15 Tinea versicolor: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315779

  Diagnosing tinea versicolor is often very straightforward. A doctor can diagnose it simply by looking at it. […] If an adequate determination cannot be made with a simple exam, the dermatologist may try either scraping off a bit of infected skin to examine under a microscope or looking at the skin under a special lamp known as a Woods lamp. […] When a dermatologist suspects tinea versicolor and examines the skin under a Woods lamp, they are looking for a distinct greenish skin color. It is this greenish color that confirms the infection.

• #16 Tinea versicolor: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/tinea-versicolor-treatment

  A dermatologist can often look at the skin and tell whether a patient has tinea versicolor. If there is any doubt, the dermatologist will do one of the following to make an accurate diagnosis: […] Scrape off a bit of the skin. This will be examined under a microscope. […] Look at the skin with a special device called a Wood’s lamp. The dermatologist will hold the Wood’s lamp about 4 or 5 inches from the affected skin. If the patient has tinea versicolor, the affected skin appears yellowish green in color when looked at with this lamp.

• #17 Pityriasis versicolor. Tinea versicolor

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pityriasis-versicolor

  Pityriasis versicolor is usually diagnosed clinically. The following tests may be useful. […] Wood lamp (black light) examination yellow-green fluorescence may be observed in affected areas. […] Dermoscopy of pityriasis versicolor pallor, background faint pigment network, and scale. […] Microscopy of a skin scraping (using potassium hydroxide (KOH) to remove skin cells) hyphae and yeast cells that resemble spaghetti and meatballs. […] Fungal culture this is usually reported to be negative, as it is quite difficult to persuade the yeasts to grow in a laboratory. […] Skin biopsy fungal elements may be seen within the outer cells of the skin (stratum corneum) on histopathology. Special stains may be required.

• #18 Answer: Can you identify this condition?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2592331/

  Tinea versicolor is caused by dimorphic, lipophilic Malassezia organisms (Malassezia furfur being the most common), which are part of the normal skin flora. […] Diagnosis of tinea versicolor is made clinically and is confirmed by direct microscopic examination of scale prepared with 10% potassium hydroxide solution. The presence of both hyphae and spores in the characteristic spaghetti and meatballs pattern is diagnostic. […] A Wood lamp examination can also be useful, as affected areas might fluoresce a bright yellow to coppery orange colour. This finding, however, only occurs in around one-third of cases. […] Skin biopsy and culture are not generally required to confirm diagnosis.

• #19 Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tinea-versicolor-pityriasis-versicolor/print

  Dermoscopy and Wood’s lamp examination may exhibit features suggestive of tinea versicolor but do not confirm the diagnosis. Frequent dermoscopic findings appear to be nonuniform pigmentation within lesions, fine scale, and perilesional hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation. […] Examination with a Wood’s lamp reveals yellow to yellow-green fluorescence in some patients. It is estimated that fluorescence is present in less than 50 percent of patients.

• #20 Answer: Can you identify this condition?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2592331/

  Tinea versicolor is caused by dimorphic, lipophilic Malassezia organisms (Malassezia furfur being the most common), which are part of the normal skin flora. […] Diagnosis of tinea versicolor is made clinically and is confirmed by direct microscopic examination of scale prepared with 10% potassium hydroxide solution. The presence of both hyphae and spores in the characteristic spaghetti and meatballs pattern is diagnostic. […] A Wood lamp examination can also be useful, as affected areas might fluoresce a bright yellow to coppery orange colour. This finding, however, only occurs in around one-third of cases. […] Skin biopsy and culture are not generally required to confirm diagnosis.

• #21 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482500/

  Tinea versicolor, or pityriasis versicolor, is a common, benign, superficial fungal skin infection. […] The diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor is typically clinical. When the diagnosis is uncertain, a Wood’s lamp and microscopic examination of scales soaked in potassium hydroxide may be helpful. […] The diagnosis of tinea versicolor can be made based on its characteristic clinical presentation of hyperpigmented or hypopigmented, finely scaling patches or plaques. […] If the symptoms are unclear diagnostically, dermoscopy and Wood’s lamp examinations may be helpful. A Wood’s lamp examination may help to demonstrate the gold-yellow, yellow-green, or coppery-orange fluorescence of tinea versicolor. […] A microscopic examination of scales soaked in potassium hydroxide (KOH) provides a definitive diagnosis. The classic findings are grape-like clusters of yeast cells and long hyphae.

• #22 Tinea Versicolor – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/fungal-skin-infections/tinea-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor is skin infection with Malassezia furfur that manifests as multiple asymptomatic scaly patches varying in color from white to tan to brown to pink. Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance and potassium hydroxide wet mount of skin scrapings. […] Diagnosis of tinea versicolor is based on clinical appearance and by identification of hyphae and budding cells (spaghetti and meatballs) on potassium hydroxide wet mount of fine scale scrapings. A Wood light examination reveals golden-white fluorescence. […] Try to confirm the diagnosis by finding hyphae and budding cells on potassium hydroxide wet mount of fine scale scrapings.

• #23 Tinea Versicolor Treatment | St. Louis | Mid-County Dermatology

  https://www.midcountyderm.com/tinea-versicolor

  To diagnose tinea versicolor, our dermatologists employ various methods to determine the presence of this fungal infection on the skin. These techniques help identify the characteristic signs and symptoms associated with the condition. […] One way to diagnose tinea versicolor is through a visual examination conducted by a dermatologist. During our exams, we carefully inspect the affected area, looking for specific characteristics that indicate the presence of this fungal infection. […] In some cases, we may use a special ultraviolet light called a Wood’s lamp during the diagnosis process. This lamp emits ultraviolet (UV) light that can reveal yellowish-green fluorescence to help confirm the diagnosis. […] Another method used to diagnose tinea versicolor involves taking a skin scraping from the affected area and analyzing it under a microscope. Our dermatologist will gently scrape off some scales from the skin surface using a blunt edge or scalpel blade. He or she will then prepare a potassium hydroxide wet mount slide with these collected samples.

• #24 Tinea Versicolor | Treatment and Causes | Pictures

  https://www.skymd.com/conditions/tinea-versicolor

  If oddly colored spots appear on your skin and you are unable to treat them at home, see your doctor. Your doctor will inspect your skin and may be able to detect Tinea Versicolor just by looking at the patches. Based on the condition, the dermatologist will suggest Tinea Versicolor treatment. Generally, any of the following methods are used to diagnose Tinea Versicolor. […] Skin scraping: Your doctor may opt for skin scraping if a diagnosis cannot be made by simple clinical examination of the skin. By gently scraping the skin, the superficial scales from the patches are removed for testing. Under a microscope, the scales are examined to check if they contain the yeast that causes this condition. A potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy may be performed by your doctor who will take a skin sample, place it on a microscope slide with a 20 percent KOH solution, and examine it under a microscope for yeast or hyphae fungi.

• #25 Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tinea-versicolor-pityriasis-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor should be considered when a patient presents with multiple coalescing, hypopigmented or hyperpigmented macules, patches, or thin plaques on the upper trunk, proximal extremities, neck, or face. […] Although the diagnosis may be strongly suspected based upon the physical examination, confirmation of the diagnosis with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation should be performed when the diagnosis is uncertain. […] The potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation is a simple and reliable way to distinguish tinea versicolor from other conditions. […] A diagnosis of tinea versicolor may be strongly suspected based on the physical examination; however, a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation demonstrating short hyphae and yeast cells is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. […] The KOH preparation findings in tinea versicolor are considered diagnostic. The preparation demonstrates both short hyphae and yeast cells in a pattern that is often described as „spaghetti and meatballs”.

• #26 Tinea Versicolor Workup: Laboratory Studies, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-workup

  The clinical presentation of tinea versicolor is distinctive, and the diagnosis is often made without any laboratory documentation. […] The diagnosis is usually confirmed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination, which demonstrates the characteristic short, cigar-butt hyphae that are present in the diseased state. […] Special media are required for culture. Because the diagnosis is usually clinically suspected and can be confirmed with a KOH preparation, cultures are rarely obtained. […] Although these tests do not suggest an immunologic disorder, they do suggest a reduced body response to the specific fungal elements that produce tinea versicolor. Further assessment is warranted. […] M furfur can be detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) alone, although periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or methenamine silver staining are more confirmatory.

• #27 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482500/

  Tinea versicolor, or pityriasis versicolor, is a common, benign, superficial fungal skin infection. […] The diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor is typically clinical. When the diagnosis is uncertain, a Wood’s lamp and microscopic examination of scales soaked in potassium hydroxide may be helpful. […] The diagnosis of tinea versicolor can be made based on its characteristic clinical presentation of hyperpigmented or hypopigmented, finely scaling patches or plaques. […] If the symptoms are unclear diagnostically, dermoscopy and Wood’s lamp examinations may be helpful. A Wood’s lamp examination may help to demonstrate the gold-yellow, yellow-green, or coppery-orange fluorescence of tinea versicolor. […] A microscopic examination of scales soaked in potassium hydroxide (KOH) provides a definitive diagnosis. The classic findings are grape-like clusters of yeast cells and long hyphae.

• #28 Answer: Can you identify this condition?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2592331/

  Tinea versicolor is caused by dimorphic, lipophilic Malassezia organisms (Malassezia furfur being the most common), which are part of the normal skin flora. […] Diagnosis of tinea versicolor is made clinically and is confirmed by direct microscopic examination of scale prepared with 10% potassium hydroxide solution. The presence of both hyphae and spores in the characteristic spaghetti and meatballs pattern is diagnostic. […] A Wood lamp examination can also be useful, as affected areas might fluoresce a bright yellow to coppery orange colour. This finding, however, only occurs in around one-third of cases. […] Skin biopsy and culture are not generally required to confirm diagnosis.

• #29 Tinea Versicolor – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/fungal-skin-infections/tinea-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor is skin infection with Malassezia furfur that manifests as multiple asymptomatic scaly patches varying in color from white to tan to brown to pink. Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance and potassium hydroxide wet mount of skin scrapings. […] Diagnosis of tinea versicolor is based on clinical appearance and by identification of hyphae and budding cells (spaghetti and meatballs) on potassium hydroxide wet mount of fine scale scrapings. A Wood light examination reveals golden-white fluorescence. […] Try to confirm the diagnosis by finding hyphae and budding cells on potassium hydroxide wet mount of fine scale scrapings.

• #30 Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tinea-versicolor-pityriasis-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor should be considered when a patient presents with multiple coalescing, hypopigmented or hyperpigmented macules, patches, or thin plaques on the upper trunk, proximal extremities, neck, or face. […] Although the diagnosis may be strongly suspected based upon the physical examination, confirmation of the diagnosis with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation should be performed when the diagnosis is uncertain. […] The potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation is a simple and reliable way to distinguish tinea versicolor from other conditions. […] A diagnosis of tinea versicolor may be strongly suspected based on the physical examination; however, a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation demonstrating short hyphae and yeast cells is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. […] The KOH preparation findings in tinea versicolor are considered diagnostic. The preparation demonstrates both short hyphae and yeast cells in a pattern that is often described as „spaghetti and meatballs”.

• #31 Diagnosis and Management of Tinea Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/1115/p702.html

  Many physicians treat tinea capitis without a confirmatory culture or KOH preparation if the presentation is typical. […] A culture, which is more sensitive than the KOH preparation, can be performed by moistening a cotton applicator or toothbrush with tap water and rubbing it over the involved scalp. […] The sensitivity of the KOH preparation varies widely in different settings, ranging from 12% in a study of 27 Flemish general practitioners to 88% in a Nova Scotia tertiary care center. […] Don’t prescribe oral antifungal therapy for suspected nail fungus without confirmation of fungal infection.

• #32 Tinea Versicolor Clinical Presentation: Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-clinical

  Although tinea versicolor is often diagnosed by the observation of the classic hypopigmented-to-hyperpigmented, centrally coalescing, oval-to-round patches with mild scale, it can occasionally be difficult to distinguish from other dermatoses. […] A dermatoscope is also a useful diagnostic tool in examining affected skin. Studies have shown that the most common dermoscopic feature in tinea versicolor lesions are nonuniform pigmentation, scaling, perilesional hyperpigmentation or a contrast halo ring, and folliculocentric lesions. […] Differences in scaling patterns were observed in hypopigmented and hyperpigmented lesions. […] In hypopigmented lesions, dermoscopy shows a well-demarcated white area with patchy and diffuse scaling found largely in skin furrows. […] Hyperpigmented lesions under dermoscopy show fine scale in skin furrows overlying brown pigmentation. […] Hyperpigmented lesions were found to have more prominent scaling, and the amount of scaling was proposed to correlate with disease activity.

• #33 Diagnosis of Pityriasis Versicolor | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50798

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is a mild, non-contagious chronic, superficial fungal skin infection caused by lipid-dependent yeast-like fungus Malassezia. […] The diagnosis of PV is often simple. It solely relies on the clinical appearance and hardly ever requires biopsy. However, in clinically ambiguous cases, additional non-invasive work-up (e.g., dermatoscopy, ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy, Wood’s light examination or direct microscopy) may facilitate the diagnostic process. […] Direct microscopic examination is particularly used when the patient presents a typical clinical appearance of PV, but in Wood’s lamp examination, there is no characteristic fluorescence (e.g., after using shampoos with ketoconazole). […] In the vast majority of PV cases, skin biopsy remains unnecessary and does not play a role in a daily practice other than for ruling out any of the differential diagnosis.

• #34 Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tinea-versicolor-pityriasis-versicolor/print

  Dermoscopy and Wood’s lamp examination may exhibit features suggestive of tinea versicolor but do not confirm the diagnosis. Frequent dermoscopic findings appear to be nonuniform pigmentation within lesions, fine scale, and perilesional hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation. […] Examination with a Wood’s lamp reveals yellow to yellow-green fluorescence in some patients. It is estimated that fluorescence is present in less than 50 percent of patients.

• #35 Tinea Versicolor Clinical Presentation: Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-clinical

  Although tinea versicolor is often diagnosed by the observation of the classic hypopigmented-to-hyperpigmented, centrally coalescing, oval-to-round patches with mild scale, it can occasionally be difficult to distinguish from other dermatoses. […] A dermatoscope is also a useful diagnostic tool in examining affected skin. Studies have shown that the most common dermoscopic feature in tinea versicolor lesions are nonuniform pigmentation, scaling, perilesional hyperpigmentation or a contrast halo ring, and folliculocentric lesions. […] Differences in scaling patterns were observed in hypopigmented and hyperpigmented lesions. […] In hypopigmented lesions, dermoscopy shows a well-demarcated white area with patchy and diffuse scaling found largely in skin furrows. […] Hyperpigmented lesions under dermoscopy show fine scale in skin furrows overlying brown pigmentation. […] Hyperpigmented lesions were found to have more prominent scaling, and the amount of scaling was proposed to correlate with disease activity.

• #36 Tinea Versicolor Clinical Presentation: Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-clinical

  Although tinea versicolor is often diagnosed by the observation of the classic hypopigmented-to-hyperpigmented, centrally coalescing, oval-to-round patches with mild scale, it can occasionally be difficult to distinguish from other dermatoses. […] A dermatoscope is also a useful diagnostic tool in examining affected skin. Studies have shown that the most common dermoscopic feature in tinea versicolor lesions are nonuniform pigmentation, scaling, perilesional hyperpigmentation or a contrast halo ring, and folliculocentric lesions. […] Differences in scaling patterns were observed in hypopigmented and hyperpigmented lesions. […] In hypopigmented lesions, dermoscopy shows a well-demarcated white area with patchy and diffuse scaling found largely in skin furrows. […] Hyperpigmented lesions under dermoscopy show fine scale in skin furrows overlying brown pigmentation. […] Hyperpigmented lesions were found to have more prominent scaling, and the amount of scaling was proposed to correlate with disease activity.

• #37 Tinea Versicolor Clinical Presentation: Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-clinical

  Although tinea versicolor is often diagnosed by the observation of the classic hypopigmented-to-hyperpigmented, centrally coalescing, oval-to-round patches with mild scale, it can occasionally be difficult to distinguish from other dermatoses. […] A dermatoscope is also a useful diagnostic tool in examining affected skin. Studies have shown that the most common dermoscopic feature in tinea versicolor lesions are nonuniform pigmentation, scaling, perilesional hyperpigmentation or a contrast halo ring, and folliculocentric lesions. […] Differences in scaling patterns were observed in hypopigmented and hyperpigmented lesions. […] In hypopigmented lesions, dermoscopy shows a well-demarcated white area with patchy and diffuse scaling found largely in skin furrows. […] Hyperpigmented lesions under dermoscopy show fine scale in skin furrows overlying brown pigmentation. […] Hyperpigmented lesions were found to have more prominent scaling, and the amount of scaling was proposed to correlate with disease activity.

• #38 Tinea Versicolor Clinical Presentation: Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-clinical

  Although tinea versicolor is often diagnosed by the observation of the classic hypopigmented-to-hyperpigmented, centrally coalescing, oval-to-round patches with mild scale, it can occasionally be difficult to distinguish from other dermatoses. […] A dermatoscope is also a useful diagnostic tool in examining affected skin. Studies have shown that the most common dermoscopic feature in tinea versicolor lesions are nonuniform pigmentation, scaling, perilesional hyperpigmentation or a contrast halo ring, and folliculocentric lesions. […] Differences in scaling patterns were observed in hypopigmented and hyperpigmented lesions. […] In hypopigmented lesions, dermoscopy shows a well-demarcated white area with patchy and diffuse scaling found largely in skin furrows. […] Hyperpigmented lesions under dermoscopy show fine scale in skin furrows overlying brown pigmentation. […] Hyperpigmented lesions were found to have more prominent scaling, and the amount of scaling was proposed to correlate with disease activity.

• #39 Tinea Versicolor Clinical Presentation: Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-clinical

  Although tinea versicolor is often diagnosed by the observation of the classic hypopigmented-to-hyperpigmented, centrally coalescing, oval-to-round patches with mild scale, it can occasionally be difficult to distinguish from other dermatoses. […] A dermatoscope is also a useful diagnostic tool in examining affected skin. Studies have shown that the most common dermoscopic feature in tinea versicolor lesions are nonuniform pigmentation, scaling, perilesional hyperpigmentation or a contrast halo ring, and folliculocentric lesions. […] Differences in scaling patterns were observed in hypopigmented and hyperpigmented lesions. […] In hypopigmented lesions, dermoscopy shows a well-demarcated white area with patchy and diffuse scaling found largely in skin furrows. […] Hyperpigmented lesions under dermoscopy show fine scale in skin furrows overlying brown pigmentation. […] Hyperpigmented lesions were found to have more prominent scaling, and the amount of scaling was proposed to correlate with disease activity.

• #40 Pityriasis Versicolor—A Narrative Review on the Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/10/2097

  In the vast majority of PV cases, skin biopsy remains unnecessary and does not play a role in a daily practice other than for ruling out any of the differential diagnosis. […] Wood’s light is an ultraviolet light (UV) emitter (wavelength range: 320–450 nm; peak wavelength: 365 nm). The examination requires a dark environment. UV radiation has the ability to induce excited fluorescence in various substances, called chromophores, including the ones that are present within/on the surface of the skin. […] PV is usually diagnosed based on clinical features related to the characteristic appearance and distribution of skin lesions. However, cases with atypical distribution or morphology may pose a diagnostic challenge and require differentiating with various pigmentation disorders. Non-contact polarised dermatoscopy is a gold standard in inflammoscopy. […] Ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy (UVFD) is a novel dermatoscopic method utilising UV light.

• #41 Tinea versicolor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinea_versicolor

  Tinea versicolor may be diagnosed by a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation and lesions may fluoresce copper-orange when exposed to Wood’s lamp (UV-A light). […] The differential diagnosis for tinea versicolor infection includes: Progressive macular hypomelanosis, Pityriasis alba, Pityriasis rosea, Seborrheic dermatitis, Erythrasma, Vitiligo, Leprosy, Syphilis, Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation.

• #42 Tinea Versicolor: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/tinea-versicolor

  A doctor may be able to diagnose tinea versicolor based on the appearance of the skin. […] If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may take a skin scraping. A skin scraping removes cells from your skin for testing by scraping the skin gently. Viewing the cells under a microscope can reveal whether they contain the yeast that causes this condition. […] Your doctor may a potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy. In this procedure, your doctor takes a skin sample, places it on a microscope slide soaked with KOH, and looks for yeast or hyphae fungi under a microscope. […] Your doctor might also take a biopsy, or tissue sample, of the affected skin and test for fungi on the outer skin layer. A sample of the fungus on the skin can also be tested in a fungal culture to see if you have the condition.

• #43 Pityriasis versicolor. Tinea versicolor

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pityriasis-versicolor

  Pityriasis versicolor is usually diagnosed clinically. The following tests may be useful. […] Wood lamp (black light) examination yellow-green fluorescence may be observed in affected areas. […] Dermoscopy of pityriasis versicolor pallor, background faint pigment network, and scale. […] Microscopy of a skin scraping (using potassium hydroxide (KOH) to remove skin cells) hyphae and yeast cells that resemble spaghetti and meatballs. […] Fungal culture this is usually reported to be negative, as it is quite difficult to persuade the yeasts to grow in a laboratory. […] Skin biopsy fungal elements may be seen within the outer cells of the skin (stratum corneum) on histopathology. Special stains may be required.

• #44 Tinea Versicolor Treatment, Causes, Pictures, Remedies & Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/tinea_versicolor/article_em.htm

  How Do Health-Care Professionals Diagnose Tinea Versicolor? The diagnosis of tinea versicolor is often made clinically (by appearance), but the best way to make the diagnosis is with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) scraping that shows a characteristic „spaghetti and meatballs” of hyphae (which resemble long branches) and spores (spheres). […] Culture on regular fungal culture media requires the addition of fatty acids such as olive oil and is rarely necessary for diagnosis. […] Biopsy may show the yeast hyphae and spores, but biopsies are generally only recommended for unusual cases and those not responding to therapy in the consideration of other diagnoses.

• #45 Diagnosis of Pityriasis Versicolor | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50798

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is a mild, non-contagious chronic, superficial fungal skin infection caused by lipid-dependent yeast-like fungus Malassezia. […] The diagnosis of PV is often simple. It solely relies on the clinical appearance and hardly ever requires biopsy. However, in clinically ambiguous cases, additional non-invasive work-up (e.g., dermatoscopy, ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy, Wood’s light examination or direct microscopy) may facilitate the diagnostic process. […] Direct microscopic examination is particularly used when the patient presents a typical clinical appearance of PV, but in Wood’s lamp examination, there is no characteristic fluorescence (e.g., after using shampoos with ketoconazole). […] In the vast majority of PV cases, skin biopsy remains unnecessary and does not play a role in a daily practice other than for ruling out any of the differential diagnosis.

• #46 Tinea Versicolor Treatment, Causes, Pictures, Remedies & Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/tinea_versicolor/article_em.htm

  How Do Health-Care Professionals Diagnose Tinea Versicolor? The diagnosis of tinea versicolor is often made clinically (by appearance), but the best way to make the diagnosis is with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) scraping that shows a characteristic „spaghetti and meatballs” of hyphae (which resemble long branches) and spores (spheres). […] Culture on regular fungal culture media requires the addition of fatty acids such as olive oil and is rarely necessary for diagnosis. […] Biopsy may show the yeast hyphae and spores, but biopsies are generally only recommended for unusual cases and those not responding to therapy in the consideration of other diagnoses.

• #47 Tinea Versicolor Workup: Laboratory Studies, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-workup

  The clinical presentation of tinea versicolor is distinctive, and the diagnosis is often made without any laboratory documentation. […] The diagnosis is usually confirmed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination, which demonstrates the characteristic short, cigar-butt hyphae that are present in the diseased state. […] Special media are required for culture. Because the diagnosis is usually clinically suspected and can be confirmed with a KOH preparation, cultures are rarely obtained. […] Although these tests do not suggest an immunologic disorder, they do suggest a reduced body response to the specific fungal elements that produce tinea versicolor. Further assessment is warranted. […] M furfur can be detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) alone, although periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or methenamine silver staining are more confirmatory.

• #48 Tinea versicolor: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001465.htm

  Tinea versicolor is a common fungal infection of the outer layer of the skin. […] Your health care provider will examine a skin scraping under a microscope to look for the fungus. A skin biopsy may also be performed with a special stain called PAS to identify fungus and yeast. […] Contact your provider if you develop symptoms of tinea versicolor.

• #49 Tinea versicolor treatment online | Diagnosis & prescriptions for tinea versicolor | Virtuwell

  https://www.virtuwell.com/condition/condition-tinea-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor is a non-contagious fungal infection of the skin. […] The good news is that Virtuwell we can help you get rid of tinea versicolor with an online diagnosis and treatment plan. […] You answer a few simple questions about your symptoms and medical history, upload a couple of pictures of your infection, then our certified nurse practitioners diagnose you, and send a personalized treatment plan. […] Board-certified nurse practitioners review your answers right away. They make the diagnosis, and recommend the care you’ll need. If prescriptions are in the plan, they’re sent to your favorite pharmacy.

• #50 Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tinea-versicolor-pityriasis-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor should be considered when a patient presents with multiple coalescing, hypopigmented or hyperpigmented macules, patches, or thin plaques on the upper trunk, proximal extremities, neck, or face. […] Although the diagnosis may be strongly suspected based upon the physical examination, confirmation of the diagnosis with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation should be performed when the diagnosis is uncertain. […] The potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation is a simple and reliable way to distinguish tinea versicolor from other conditions. […] A diagnosis of tinea versicolor may be strongly suspected based on the physical examination; however, a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation demonstrating short hyphae and yeast cells is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. […] The KOH preparation findings in tinea versicolor are considered diagnostic. The preparation demonstrates both short hyphae and yeast cells in a pattern that is often described as „spaghetti and meatballs”.

• #51 Tinea Versicolor – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/fungal-skin-infections/tinea-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor is skin infection with Malassezia furfur that manifests as multiple asymptomatic scaly patches varying in color from white to tan to brown to pink. Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance and potassium hydroxide wet mount of skin scrapings. […] Diagnosis of tinea versicolor is based on clinical appearance and by identification of hyphae and budding cells (spaghetti and meatballs) on potassium hydroxide wet mount of fine scale scrapings. A Wood light examination reveals golden-white fluorescence. […] Try to confirm the diagnosis by finding hyphae and budding cells on potassium hydroxide wet mount of fine scale scrapings.

• #52 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482500/

  Tinea versicolor, or pityriasis versicolor, is a common, benign, superficial fungal skin infection. […] The diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor is typically clinical. When the diagnosis is uncertain, a Wood’s lamp and microscopic examination of scales soaked in potassium hydroxide may be helpful. […] The diagnosis of tinea versicolor can be made based on its characteristic clinical presentation of hyperpigmented or hypopigmented, finely scaling patches or plaques. […] If the symptoms are unclear diagnostically, dermoscopy and Wood’s lamp examinations may be helpful. A Wood’s lamp examination may help to demonstrate the gold-yellow, yellow-green, or coppery-orange fluorescence of tinea versicolor. […] A microscopic examination of scales soaked in potassium hydroxide (KOH) provides a definitive diagnosis. The classic findings are grape-like clusters of yeast cells and long hyphae.

• #53 Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tinea-versicolor-pityriasis-versicolor/print

  Dermoscopy and Wood’s lamp examination may exhibit features suggestive of tinea versicolor but do not confirm the diagnosis. Frequent dermoscopic findings appear to be nonuniform pigmentation within lesions, fine scale, and perilesional hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation. […] Examination with a Wood’s lamp reveals yellow to yellow-green fluorescence in some patients. It is estimated that fluorescence is present in less than 50 percent of patients.

• #54 Pityriasis Versicolor: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pityriasis-versicolor-pro

  Investigations are not usually necessary, as the diagnosis is often made clinically. […] Where required, skin scrapings can be sent for microscopy. The spores and hyphae have a 'spaghetti and meatball’ appearance on potassium hydroxide wet-mount examination. Yellow to yellow-green fluorescence may be observed on examination of affected areas with a Wood’s light. There is no benefit of fungal culture, as the organism is part of the normal flora and isolation is therefore not necessarily relevant. […] Pityriasis versicolor should be treated initially with topical antifungals, especially topical imidazoles – eg, clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole and ketoconazole in various formulations (creams or shampoos). […] Patients should be advised that it can take several months for the skin colour to return to normal. […] Antifungal treatment should be repeated when the scaly component of pityriasis versicolor recurs. […] Recurrences of pityriasis versicolor are common.

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