Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK482500/

  Tinea versicolor is caused by Malassezia, a dimorphic lipophilic fungus previously known as Pityrosporum. Malassezia is a component of the normal skin flora. Clinical disease develops when Malassezia transforms from yeast into its mycelial form. Researchers have identified 14 species of Malassezia to date. The primary species responsible for tinea versicolor are Malassezia furfur, Malassezia globosa, and Malassezia sympodialis, with M. globosa being the most prevalent. […] Poor hygiene is not a causative factor. Environmental factors like heat and humidity, pregnancy, oily skin, and applying oily lotions and creams increase the risk of tinea versicolor. Genetic predisposition and a hereditary component may play a role. A survey found that 21% of patients with tinea versicolor reported a positive family history. Immunocompromised individuals are at an increased risk of developing tinea versicolor, suggesting that an altered immune response in the host may play a role in the condition’s etiology. Malnutrition and the use of oral contraceptives may also act as risk factors.

• #1 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK482500/

  The word „versicolor” was coined to describe the condition because of the potential for alterations in cutaneous pigmentation. While the specific causes of pigmentary variation remain unknown, several hypotheses exist. The symptoms of hypopigmented tinea versicolor, in which the skin does not darken in response to sun exposure, are generally most noticeable in the summer. Azelaic acid, a dicarboxylic acid generated by Malassezia, may have a role in the etiology of hypopigmentation due to its inhibitory or harmful actions on melanocytes. An inflammatory response to the yeast could cause hyperpigmented and erythematous lesions.

• #2 Tinea Versicolor: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-overview

  Tinea versicolor is caused by the dimorphic, lipophilic organisms in the genus Malassezia, formerly known as Pityrosporum. Fourteen species are recognized within this classification of yeasts, of which Malassezia globosa, Malassezia sympodialis, and Malassezia furfur are the predominant species isolated in tinea versicolor. […] Most cases of tinea versicolor occur in healthy individuals with no immunologic deficiencies. Nevertheless, several factors predispose some people to develop this condition. These factors include genetic predisposition; warm, humid environments; immunosuppression; malnutrition; application of oily preparations; corticosteroid usage; and Cushing disease. […] The reason why this organism causes tinea versicolor in some individuals while remains as normal flora in others is not entirely known. Several factors, such as the organism’s nutritional requirements and the host’s immune response to the organism, are significant.

• #2 Tinea Versicolor: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-overview

  Another significant causative factor is the patient’s immune system. Although sensitization against M furfur antigens is routinely present in the general population (as proven by lymphocyte transformation studies), lymphocyte function on stimulation with the organism has been shown to be impaired in patients who are affected. […] A study from 2020 found a statistically significant relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and tinea versicolor, proposing H pylori infection as an etiologic factor for this fungal infection, although this has not been verified in larger studies and the controls population with telogen effluvium was not clearly demographically matched.

• #3 Pediatric Tinea Versicolor: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911138-overview

  With the advent of DNA sequencing, numerous pathogenic and nonpathogenic species were found. […] The genus Malassezia was revised to include the following seven species: Malassezia globosa, Malassezia sympodialis, M furfur, Malassezia slooffiae, Malassezia pachydermatis, Malassezia restricta, Malassezia obtusa. […] A study of the epidemiology of Malassezia yeasts associated with pityriasis (tinea) versicolor in Canada found that the most frequently isolated species were M sympodialis, M globosa, and M furfur. […] One study found M globosa in 97% of patients with tinea versicolor; it was found alone in 60% of cases, was associated with M sympodialis in 29% of cases, and was associated with M slooffiae in 7% of cases. […] Accordingly, some authors have suggested that M globosa in its mycelial phase is the causative agent of tinea versicolor.

• #3 Pediatric Tinea Versicolor: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911138-overview

  Tinea versicolor (or pityriasis versicolor) is a common superficial cutaneous fungal infection characterized by pityriasiform desquamation and hypopigmented or hyperpigmented macule formation, primarily located on the chest and back with a tendency to spread. […] Tinea versicolor results from an overgrowth of Malassezia, which is part of normal skin flora and produces pigmentation changes when it flourishes beyond normal levels. […] M furfur is a dimorphic lipophilic organism that is cultured only in media enriched with C12-sized or C14-sized fatty acids. […] Historically, the name M furfur was used to designate the fungal pathogen of tinea versicolor before it is grown in culture. […] M furfur is not a dermatophyte, does not grow on dermatophyte test media (DTM), and does not respond to griseofulvin therapy.

• #4 Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tinea-versicolor-pityriasis-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor (ie, pityriasis versicolor) is a common superficial fungal infection that typically presents with hypopigmented, hyperpigmented, or erythematous macules on the trunk and proximal upper extremities. […] The causative organisms are in the genus Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum). […] The causative organisms are saprophytic yeasts in the genus Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum). […] Malassezia globosa appears to be the predominant causal species. […] Transformation of Malassezia from yeast cells to a pathogenic, mycelial form is associated with the development of clinical disease. […] External factors suspected of contributing to the transformation of Malassezia from yeast cells to a pathogenic, mycelial form include exposure to hot and humid weather, hyperhidrosis, and the use of topical skin oils. […] A genetic predisposition may be involved. […] Tinea versicolor is caused by saprophytic, lipid-dependent yeasts in the genus Malassezia, components of normal skin flora. It is not a dermatophyte infection.

• #5 Tinea Versicolor – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/fungal-skin-infections/tinea-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor is skin infection with Malassezia furfur that manifests as multiple asymptomatic scaly patches varying in color from white to tan to brown to pink. […] It is normally a harmless component of normal skin flora but in some people causes tinea versicolor. […] Factors that may predispose to tinea versicolor include heat and humidity and immunosuppression due to corticosteroids, pregnancy, undernutrition, diabetes, or other disorders. […] Hypopigmentation in tinea versicolor is due to the inhibition of tyrosinase caused by M. furfur production of azelaic acid. […] Recurrence is almost universal after treatment because the causative organism is a normal skin inhabitant.

• #6 Tinea versicolor – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinea-versicolor/symptoms-causes/syc-20378385

  Tinea versicolor is a common fungal infection of the skin. The fungus interferes with the normal pigmentation of the skin, resulting in small, discolored patches. […] The overgrowth of fungus that causes tinea versicolor interferes with the normal pigment production of the skin. This creates an uneven skin pigment. […] The fungus that causes tinea versicolor can be found on healthy skin. It only starts causing problems when the fungus overgrows. A number of factors may trigger this growth, including: Hot, humid weather, Oily skin, Hormonal changes, Weakened immune system.

• #7 Tinea versicolor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinea_versicolor

  Tinea versicolor is a condition characterized by a skin eruption on the trunk and proximal extremities. The majority of tinea versicolor is caused by the fungus Malassezia globosa, although Malassezia furfur is responsible for a small number of cases. These yeasts are normally found on the human skin and become troublesome only under certain conditions, such as a warm and humid environment, although the exact conditions that cause initiation of the disease process are poorly understood. […] In cases of tinea versicolor caused by the fungus Malassezia furfur, lightening of the skin occurs due to the fungus’s production of azelaic acid, which has a slight bleaching effect. […] This skin disease commonly affects adolescents and young adults, especially in warm and humid climates. The yeast is thought to feed on skin oils (lipids), as well as dead skin cells. Infections are more common in people who have seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, and hyperhidrosis.

• #8 Pityriasis versicolor. Tinea versicolor

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pityriasis-versicolor

  Pityriasis versicolor is caused by mycelial growth of fungi of the genus Malassezia. […] Fourteen different species of malassezia have been identified. The most common species cultured from pityriasis versicolor are M globosa, M restricta and M sympodialis. […] It is not known why they sometimes grow more actively on the skin surface to form pityriasis versicolor. One theory implicates a tryptophan-dependent metabolic pathway. […] The white or hypopigmented type of pityriasis versicolor is thought to be due to a chemical produced by malassezia that diffuses into the epidermis and impairs the function of the melanocytes. […] The pink type of pityriasis versicolor is mildly inflamed, due to dermatitis induced by malassezia or its metabolites.

• #9 Tinea Versicolor: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/tinea-versicolor-8576648

  Tinea versicolor, also known as pityriasis versicolor, is a fungal infection of the skin caused by yeast of the Malassezia family. While Malassezia normally resides on the skin, causing no harm, it can overgrow and establish an infection. […] Tinea versicolor is a common skin infection affecting 1% of the general population and up to 40% of people who live in tropical climates. The majority of cases involve the fungal species Malassezia globosa, while a small proportion is attributed to Malassezia furfur, Malassezia sympodialis, and other minor species. […] Under normal circumstances, Malassezia is well controlled by the immune system and lives in balance with other yeast and bacteria on the skin (referred to as the cutaneous flora). However, when the balance is disrupted, Malassezia can overgrow and cause an outbreak of superficial skin lesions.

• #9 Tinea Versicolor: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/tinea-versicolor-8576648

  Because Malassezia feeds on fats found in skin oils (called sebum), outbreaks tend to occur where there is a high density of sebum-producing sebaceous glands (such as on the face, scalp, and upper body). […] Genetics are thought to play a part as tinea versicolor tends to run in families. Several genetic mutations associated with tinea versicolor have already been identified. […] Tinea versicolor has nothing to do with poor hygiene and is not contagious as the yeast already resides on the skin. […] Tinea versicolor is a harmless, painless, but potentially disruptive skin condition caused by a type of fungus called Malassezia. It commonly affects people who are immunocompromised, are taking antibiotics, or live in hot, humid climates.

• #10 Tinea Versicolor: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Explained – Nextcare

  https://nextcare.com/health-resources/tinea-versicolor-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-explained/

  Tinea versicolor is caused by an overgrowth of yeast that naturally lives on your skin. When this yeast gets a little too comfortable, it throws a party and invites its friends, leading to those telltale patches of discoloration. […] Tinea versicolor tends to thrive in hot and humid weather. It’s no surprise that this infection is more common in tropical countries. […] Sweating heavily can also contribute to the development of tinea versicolor. The warm, moist environment created by excessive sweating is like a paradise for the yeast that causes this skin condition. […] People with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to developing tinea versicolor. This includes individuals who are malnourished or have certain health conditions that compromise their immunity. […] Hormonal changes, such as those experienced during pregnancy or puberty, can also increase the risk of developing tinea versicolor. The fluctuations in hormone levels can disrupt the balance of yeast on the skin.

• #11 Tinea Versicolor: Cause, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tinea-versicolor-cause-symptoms-treatments

  Tinea versicolor is a fungal infection that causes small patches of discolored spots on your skin. […] The yeast that causes tinea versicolor, Malassezia, grows on normal, healthy skin. But the following things can trigger an overgrowth that causes the infection: Oily skin, Living in a hot climate, Sweating a lot, Hormonal changes, A weakened immune system. […] Because the yeast grows naturally on your skin, tinea versicolor isn’t contagious.

• #12 Tinea Versicolor: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/tinea-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor, or pityriasis versicolor, is a fungal skin infection caused by the Malassezia fungus. […] Tinea versicolor happens when something causes Malassezia to quickly grow on the skin. […] Tinea versicolor occurs when Malassezia grows rapidly on the surface of the skin. […] The fungus Malassezia is a type of yeast found on the surface of the skin. It is typically harmless, but sometimes it can grow out of control and affect the natural color or pigmentation of your skin. […] Doctors aren’t sure why this happens, but they have identified certain factors that may increase the likelihood of tinea versicolor. These include: hot and humid weather, oily skin, pregnancy, a weakened immune system, family history of tinea versicolor. […] While the exact cause is unclear, tinea versicolor is more likely to develop in hot, humid environments. People with a weakened immune system or a family history of the condition are also more likely to develop it.

• #13 Tinea Versicolor Condition, Treatments and Pictures for Adults – Skinsight

  https://skinsight.com/skin-conditions/tinea-versicolor/

  Tinea versicolor, also known as pityriasis versicolor, is a common skin condition caused by a surface (superficial) infection with a yeast called Malassezia that commonly lives on the skin. […] Some conditions make tinea versicolor more likely to occur: Living in a warm, humid climate, Having oily skin, Being pregnant, Sweating frequently or excessively. […] The yeast that causes the condition produces a substance that can temporarily bleach the underlying skin to a lighter color. […] Once a diagnosis of tinea versicolor has been confirmed, the medical professional may recommend one of the following treatments: Over-the-counter selenium sulfide, ketoconazole, or zinc pyrithione shampoo, if these have not yet been tried, Prescription-strength ketoconazole shampoo, Antifungal cream such as ketoconazole (Extina, Ketozole), econazole (Ecoza), or ciclopirox (Loprox), Antifungal pills such as fluconazole (Diflucan) or itraconazole (Sporanox).

• #14 Tinea Versicolor: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.health.com/tinea-versicolor-8363463

  Tinea versicolor, also known as pityriasis versicolor, is a fungal infection of the skin that happens when you develop an overgrowth of a fungus called Malassezia. […] A fungus called Malassezia, which is a natural component of your normal skin flora, is responsible for causing tinea versicolor. The fungus is most commonly found in oily areas of your skin including the scalp, face, and back. Malassezia is not harmful under normal circumstances. But an overgrowth of the fungus can cause this fungal infection. […] Tinea versicolor tends to be more common among children and adolescents since they experience an increase in sebum (oil) production due to hormonal changes as they get older. This creates a more lipid-rich environment that supports the growth of the fungus. […] Having a vitamin D deficiency can sometimes increase your risk of tinea versicolor indirectly because the deficiency causes a weakened immune system—a common risk factor for this type of infection.

• #15 What Is Tinea Versicolor? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/tinea-versicolor/

  Tinea versicolor is a common skin disorder caused by the fungus Malassezia furfur, explains Yoram Harth, MD, a board-certified dermatologist and medical director of MDacne. […] One theory is that it depends on the composition of the sebum or skin oils in those people. An increase of sebum likely creates an environment for Malassezia to thrive. […] Other conditions may also contribute to tinea versicolor, explains Ife Rodney, MD, founding director of Eternal Dermatology and Aesthetics in Fulton, Maryland. When the skin is sweaty, warm, or moist, the yeast can overgrow, resulting in slightly scaly light or dark oval patches usually on the back, neck, or chest. […] The risk of infection is higher in those who have a weakened immune system. These conditions can trigger tinea versicolor: Diabetes, HIV infection, Cancer, Pregnancy, Malnutrition. […] Taking a corticosteroid also makes you susceptible to tinea versicolor, as does having an organ transplant.

• #16 Tinea Versicolor – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/fungal-skin-infections/tinea-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor is a fungal infection of the topmost layer of the skin that causes scaly, discolored patches. […] This infection is caused by a type of fungus. […] The infection is caused by Malassezia furfur. Malassezia furfur is a type of fungus that can exist as both a yeast and a mold. […] Malassezia furfur is typically harmless and normally lives on the skin but in some people causes tinea versicolor. […] Some people may be genetically predisposed to overgrowth of this fungus. […] Other risk factors for tinea versicolor include heat and humidity and an immune system weakened by corticosteroid use, pregnancy, undernutrition, diabetes, or other disorders.

• #17 Tinea Versicolor | Bryn Mawr Skin & Cancer Institute

  https://www.cirilloinstitute.com/medical-dermatology/dermatology-conditions/tinea-versicolor/

  Pityriasis versicolor, also known as tinea versicolor, is caused by Malassezia furfur, a form of yeast that grows naturally on the healthy skin of more than 90 percent of adults. This yeast usually doesnt cause any issues until it overgrows. […] Medical scientists do not fully understand why some patients experience this overgrowth of yeast and others do not. Risk factors for developing tinea versicolor include heat and humidity, genetic predisposition, a weakened immune system, malnutrition, and pregnancy.

• #18 Tinea Versicolor | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/kidshealth/a/pityriasis-versicolor

  Tinea versicolor is a fungal skin infection caused by a type of yeast. […] Tinea versicolor is caused by a type of yeast that normally lives on the skin. When the environment it lives in gets warm and moist, it can grow out of control and cause symptoms. […] Hot, humid weather and lots of sweating can create a warm, moist environment for the yeast to overgrow. That’s why the infection is more common in tropical countries. […] Sometimes tinea versicolor runs in families. It’s also more likely to affect people who have a weak immune system or who are malnourished.

• #19 FloridaHealthFinder | Tinea versicolor | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/001465

  Tinea versicolor is fairly common. It is caused by a type of fungus called Malassezia. This fungus is normally found on human skin. It only causes a problem in certain settings. […] The condition is most common in adolescents and young adults. It typically occurs in warm and humid climates. It does not spread person to person.

• #20 Tinea versicolor: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315779

  Tinea versicolor, now called pityriasis versicolor, is one of the most common skin infections in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It is a fungal infection where an overgrowth of yeast leads to discolored patches on the body. […] The infection is caused by the fungus Malassezia furfur. This fungus occurs naturally on the skin and can multiply in a yeast-like fashion, leading to tinea versicolor. […] In tinea versicolor, a fungus that lives on healthy skin grows too quickly and causes the discolored patches of skin. […] This overgrowth can be triggered by a combination of environmental and biological factors. These factors include the following: Oily skin, Living in a hot, humid climate, A weakened immune system, Hormonal fluctuations. […] Teenagers often experience hormonal fluctuations, so teens may be more at risk of developing tinea versicolor. However, this infection can happen to people of all ages, ethnicities, and genders.

• #21 Tinea Versicolor vs Vitiligo: Key Differences Explained

  https://metrobostoncp.com/blogs/difference-between-tinea-versicolor-and-vitiligo/

  Tinea versicolor is a common fungal infection caused by overgrowth of Malassezia. Thus, it is a yeast infection that naturally lives on the skin. If you encounter suitable conditions for the yeast to grow, like excessive heat, humidity, or a weakened immune system, under favorable conditions, this yeast can multiply rapidly. This rapid growth leads to rapid disruption of melanin production and leads to uneven skin tone. […] In tropical nations, tinea versicolor can be as common as 50%, whereas in cooler regions like Sweden, it can be as low as 1.1%. […] However, since this condition is caused by a fungus, it is not permanent, and proper treatment can restore normal skin pigmentation. […] Tinea versicolor is a fungal infection that can be treated with antifungal medications.

• #22 Pityriasis versicolor

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pityriasis-versicolor/

  Pityriasis versicolor is caused by a type of fungus that lives on the skin. […] Most people have this fungus on their skin without it causing any problems. But sometimes it can grow and spread more than usual, causing pityriasis versicolor. […] Its not always clear why this happens. Its not caused by not washing your skin and most people who have it are otherwise healthy. […] Pityriasis versicolor cannot spread from person to person.

• #23 Tinea Versicolor Treatment, Causes, Pictures, Remedies & Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/tinea_versicolor/article_em.htm

  Tinea versicolor is a fungal infection that causes discolored patches of skin. […] It is caused by a yeast (Malassezia furfur), which produces a substance that suppresses color production in the skin, leading to the pale spots. […] While most people are never bothered by this yeast, it is also felt to be responsible for dandruff (seborrhea), which explains why some of the treatments used for dandruff also help tinea versicolor. […] Tinea versicolor is more common in males than females. […] These risk factors likely have to do with age and hormonally related variations in the natural skin oils. […] The diagnosis of tinea versicolor is often made clinically (by appearance), but the best way to make the diagnosis is with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) scraping that shows a characteristic „spaghetti and meatballs” of hyphae (which resemble long branches) and spores (spheres).

• #23 Tinea Versicolor Treatment, Causes, Pictures, Remedies & Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/tinea_versicolor/article_em.htm

  The main complication of tinea versicolor is the skin discoloration that persists for weeks after treatment because the melanocytes (skin color-producing cells) require time to recover and properly pigment the skin. […] Tinea versicolor results from superficial infection by a yeast, Malassezia furfur.

• #24 Tinea Versicolor – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/tinea-versicolor-a-to-z

  If you have had more than one episode of tinea versicolor, skin treatment every two weeks with a shampoo that destroys yeast (such as anti-dandruff shampoos that contain selenium sulfide) can help to prevent the rash from recurring. […] Another option is to take antifungal medicines by mouth to prevent the rash from returning.

• #24 Tinea Versicolor – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/tinea-versicolor-a-to-z

  Many microorganisms normally live on our skin, including a group of yeast species called Malassezia. […] Under certain conditions, it can shift its form from a round or oval yeast shape to a string-like, branching shape. […] Sun exposure, use of oils on the skin, naturally oily skin and sweating are all suspected to be triggers that can cause the round or oval yeast to convert to its hyphae form, resulting in the rash. […] However, tinea versicolor is more likely to occur if you have a suppressed immune system, for instance, if you are taking a corticosteroid medication such as prednisone for another health problem. […] Tinea versicolor can be spread through skin-to-skin contact or by coming in contact with contaminated articles such as towels, clothing or bedding. […] The tinea versicolor rash continues to return in 40 percent to 60 percent of people.

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