Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Lichen Planus – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/psoriasis-and-scaling-diseases/lichen-planus

  Lichen planus (LP) is thought to be caused by a T cell-mediated autoimmune reaction against basal epithelial keratinocytes in people with genetic predisposition. […] Medications (especially beta-blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, sulfonylureas, gold, antimalarials, penicillamine, and thiazides) can cause LP; drug-induced LP (sometimes called lichenoid drug eruption) may be indistinguishable from nondrug-induced LP or may have a pattern that is more eczematous. […] Associations of oral lichen planus with hepatitis (hepatitis B infection, hepatitis B vaccine, and, particularly, hepatitis C-induced liver insufficiency) and primary biliary cholangitis (formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis) have been reported. […] Lichen planus (LP) is thought to be an autoimmune disorder in patients with a genetic predisposition but may be caused by medications or be associated with disorders such as hepatitis C.

• #1 Lichen Planus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526126/

  Lichen planus is an inflammatory condition of unknown etiology affecting the skin and mucous membranes. […] Lichen planus is an idiopathic disease whose pathogenesis is not fully understood; however, it appears to represent a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. The prevailing theory is that exposure to an exogenous agent such as a virus, drug, or contact allergen alters epidermal self-antigens, leading to the activation of cytotoxic T cells. […] Various agents have been linked to the development of lichen planus, with particular emphasis on the association with viruses, especially the hepatitis C virus (HCV). […] Recently, lichen planus has also been linked with the COVID-19 virus and its vaccine. […] A large number of drugs are associated with lichen planus; however, the recurrence of lesions after re-exposure to the drug is rare. More commonly associated drugs include antimalarials, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, quinidine, beta-blockers, tumor necrosis factor- inhibitors, and gold.

• #1 Lichen Planus – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/lichen-planus/

  The etiology of LP is unknown. It is believed to be an autoimmune disorder involving the activation of T-lymphocytes against basal keratinocytes. Both CD4- and CD8-positive lymphocytes have been implicated. Increased keratinocyte expression of ICAM-4, an adhesion molecule, may play a role in the interaction between T-lymphocytes and basal keratinocytes. This interaction leads to apoptosis of basal keratinocytes. The bullous forms of LP have been shown to have anti-BP180 antigen antibodies. Mechanical factors such as previous trauma and repetitive friction due to dentures or biting may contribute to the pathogenesis of LP. […] The reciprocal association between LP and HCV has been well documented and debated. Globally, there is a statistically significant association between HCV and LP. This association is not statistically significant in South Asia, Africa, or North America. Japan and the Mediterranean region have the highest association.

• #1 Lichen Planus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123213-overview

  Lichen planus (LP; see the image below) is a cell-mediated immune response of unknown origin. […] The exact cause of LP has not been established, though the condition is known to be immunologically mediated. The initiating antigen is unclear; however, Langerhans cells process the antigen to T lymphocytes, resulting in an epidermotropic infiltrate. Histologically, the inflammation is described as a lichenoid infiltrate, effacing the dermoepidermal junction. […] Some patients with LP have a positive family history. It has been noted that affected families have an increased frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B7. Others have found an association between idiopathic LP and HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR10; thus, LP may be influenced by a genetic predisposition.

• #1 Lichen planus: Symptoms, Types, and Treatment with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lichen-planus

  Lichen planus is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disorder in which inflammatory cells attack an unknown protein within the skin and mucosal keratinocytes. […] Contributing factors to lichen planus may include: Genetic predisposition, Physical and emotional stress, Injury to the skin; lichen planus often appears where the skin has been scratched or after surgery (koebnerisation), Localised skin disease such as herpes zoster, Systemic viral infection, such as hepatitis C (which might modify self-antigens on the surface of basal keratinocytes), Contact allergy, such as to metal fillings in oral lichen planus (rare) and colour photographic developers, Drugs; gold, quinine, quinidine, and others can cause a lichenoid rash. […] Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with oral lichen planus. Its association with other types of LP remains unexplored.

• #1 Comprehensive Insight into Lichen Planus Immunopathogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/3038

  Lichen planus is a chronic disease affecting the skin, appendages, and mucous membranes. […] The etiology of lichen planus is not entirely understood. Yet, immune-mediated mechanisms have been recognized since environmental factors such as hepatitis virus infection, mechanical trauma, psychological stress, or microbiome changes can trigger the disease in genetically susceptible individuals. […] The cause of LP has not been fully determined; however, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a significant role in the onset of the disease. […] Genetic predisposition to disease was first suspected after noticing the LP presence in identical twins and 10% of the patients’ first relatives. […] The association of LP with hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is up to thirteen times more common in LP patients, is best studied and verified by the results of several reports and meta-analyses conducted during the last decades.

• #1 Oral Lichen Planus: An Update on Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4458931/

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder of stratified squamous epithelium of uncertain etiology that affects oral and genital mucous membranes, skin, nails, and scalp. […] Etiology of lichen planus as such is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder. […] Although the exact etiology of this disease is still unknown, but some factors are associated with it. […] An association has been observed with HLA-A3, A11, A26, A28, B3, B5, B7, B8, DR1, and DRW9. […] A great many materials commonly used in restoration treatments in the oral cavity have been identified as triggering elements for OLP, including silver amalgam, gold, cobalt, palladium, chromium and even non-metals such as epoxy resins (composite) and prolonged use of denture wear.

• #1 Lichen planus: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/lichen-planus-causes

  We still dont know the exact cause. Its thought that lichen planus develops when a persons immune system mistakes a part of their body as foreign. When this happens, the persons immune system attacks healthy cells in their body. […] Its not clear why the immune system attacks. When someone has lichen planus, it may be that an infection, which people often dont know they have, provokes the immune system. This, in turn, causes the immune system to attack. More research is needed to know for sure. […] Lichen planus can run in families. Some people may be more likely to develop this condition because its in their genes. There have been several reports of lichen planus running in families. We know that a rare type of lichen planus, called familial bullous lichen planus, runs in families. If blood relatives have lichen planus, it doesnt guarantee that youll develop it. It means you have a greater likelihood of developing it.

• #1

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/oral-lichen-planus

  Lichen planus is a chronic disorder which can affect the skin, genitalia and/or the oral tissues. […] Oral lichen planus is an allergy type disease that relates to our immune system. Although the exact caus or trigger is still not known, the disease has sometimes been associated with the use of certain medications, reactions to some types of dental filling materials, food substances or having certain medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, liver disease and auto-immune disorders. Stress is also known to be linked to this condition. […] There is little evidence to indicate that the disease runs in families. […] Oral lichen planus itself is not a cancerous condition. However, it is important to have a biopsy done to confirm its diagnosis and to be periodically examined by the dental surgeon or physician. Additional biopsies may be necessary from time to time to check for any tissue changes as there is a 1% risk of cancer change.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Lichen Planus | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0701/p53.html

  Lichen planus is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease that affects the skin, oral mucosa, genital mucosa, scalp, and nails. […] Although the exact etiology of lichen planus is unknown, an immune-mediated pathogenesis is recognized. […] A meta-analysis of primarily case-control studies conducted in multiple countries found a statistically significant association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and lichen planus, although there is no known explanation for this association. […] Compared with the control group, patients with lichen planus had a greater prevalence of HCV exposure (odds ratio = 5.4; 95% confidence interval, 3.5 to 8.3), and patients with HCV infection had an increased prevalence of lichen planus (odds ratio = 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.0 to 3.1). […] It is appropriate to screen all patients with lichen planus for HCV infection.

• #1 Lichen planus – BAD Patient Hub

  https://www.skinhealthinfo.org.uk/condition/lichen-planus/

  Lichen planus is an uncommon inflammatory condition that can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mucous membranes (mouth, gums, vulva, vagina, penis), hair and nails. […] A precise cause of lichen planus is not well understood but it is thought to involve an abnormal immune response. The bodys immune system starts to attack cells in the skin and mucous membranes. We also know that several factors may trigger it, for example: […] Viruses such as hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human herpes virus and varicella zoster virus. […] Substances in contact with the skin such as mercury, copper, and gold, such as in tooth fillings (tooth amalgam). […] Medicines such as some tablets for high blood pressure, medicines to treat malaria, infections, and depression. […] Stress and anxiety. […] There is a low risk of skin cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) developing in areas of persisting, severe lichen planus, such as in hypertrophic lichen planus or affecting mucous surfaces (erosive lichen planus) such as in the mouth and gums, vulva and vagina, and penis.

• #1 Oral Lichen Planus: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17875-oral-lichen-planus

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a condition that causes inflammation inside your mouth. Normally, inflammation helps your body heal. But with OLP, it happens for unknown reasons and ends up damaging the thin tissue (mucosa) lining your cheeks, gums and tongue. […] Doctors dont know exactly why oral lichen planus occurs. But they do know that its related to your immune system. Typically, your immune system releases immune cells that attack harmful substances, like germs. In this way, your immune system keeps you from getting sick. But with OLP, the immune cells attack the tissue lining inside your mouth. […] OLP shows up more often in people who take certain medicines, like: Antifungals, Antiparasitics, Antiseizure medications, Beta-blockers, Diuretics, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] It also sometimes occurs with diseases, like Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Primary biliary cirrhosis. […] But more research is needed to understand the connection between these conditions and OLP.

• #1 Lichen Planus | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116351/all/Lichen_Planus

  LP is considered to be a T cellmediated autoimmune response to self-antigens on damaged keratinocytes. […] Exposure to certain drugs or chemicals. […] There is generally a latent period of months from drug introduction until lesions appear. […] Lesions resolve when the inciting agent is discontinued, often after a prolonged period.

• #1 Lichen planus: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/lichen-planus-causes

  There may be a link between lichen planus and the hepatitis C virus. Some people with hepatitis C also have lichen planus. For this reason, your dermatologist may check to see whether you have this virus. […] Some medications can cause a rash that looks like lichen planus. These medications include diuretics (treatment for high blood pressure and heart disease), pain relievers, and medication taken to prevent malaria. Thats why its so important to tell your dermatologist about every medication that you take. […] In the mouth, a metal filling may be the cause. This is due to an allergic reaction. Its rare, but it can happen. If this is the cause, replacing metal fillings with non-metal fillings may be an option. Be sure to discuss this option with your dermatologist and dentist.

• #1 Comprehensive Insight into Lichen Planus Immunopathogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/3038

  It has been proven that severe psychological stress can cause LP in hitherto healthy individuals, and anxiety and depression have the same effect on the onset or worsening of an existing illness. […] According to recent research, succinate accumulates in the tissues and cells, and upregulation of the mTOR glycolysis pathway indirectly causes apoptosis, meaning metabolic change may be a significant causative factor in LP.

• #1 Causes of Lichen Planus

  http://www.askdrshah.com/app/lichen-planus/lichenplanus-causes.aspx

  In our in-depth studies, we have observed that certain intense and prolonged emotional stress such as anxiety, shock, traumatic childhood, sadness, disappointment, failure, humiliation, etc. often initiate the process of Lichen Planus. Intense stress is likely to trigger some immunological processes that lead to the development of Lichen Planus. The exact mechanism is not yet understood. Stress has been found to be an important trigger in many cases, but not all. […] Hereditary tendency. We have observed Lichen Planus running in family. However, it is not a rule that if you have Lichen Planus, your children will necessarily have it. Also, it is not a rule that every patient having Lichen Planus must have their parents or relatives with the same disease. It is observed that there is some autoimmune disease such as Lichen Planus, eczema, cancer, psoriasis, etc. in the family, suggesting a genetic link.

• #1 Oral Lichen Planus: An Update on Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4458931/

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities.

• #1 Lichen Planus: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/lichen-planus-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoqWnoeUeb7vDByq0oc603F1yld9kyA5d9Wuw1b2JhKaRv4AH1gN

  Certain causative factors that increase the risk of lichen planus include: Age: This condition is very rare in children and young adults, but middle-aged people are likely to get this skin rash. […] Gender: Although the skin form is common in both men and women, the prevalence of the oral form is likely in women than the male counterpart. […] Hereditary: The risk of lichen planus increases if one or more of the family members also have this condition.

• #1 Lichen Planus

  https://www.lvscc.com/services/lichen-planus/

  Lichen planus often causes bumps that are shiny, firm, and reddish purple on the skin. […] What causes most cases of lichen planus remains unclear. […] Anyone can get lichen planus. It is most common in middle-aged adults. Women get lichen planus in their mouths more often than men do.

• #1 Lichen Planus – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/lichen-planus/

  The risk of developing malignancy in LP lesions has been debated. Current data indicates that risk of cutaneous malignancy is not elevated in cutaneous LP. There may be an elevated risk of developing SCC in erosive LP involving mucosal surfaces. The physician should be alert for other risk factors that would additionally elevate this risk such as cigarette and alcohol use. There is no association between LP and internal malignancies. Case studies of LP occurring in conjunction with thymoma, lupus erythematosus, lichen sclerosis, alopecia areata, and vitiligo have been reported.

• #1 Lichen planus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen_planus

  Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease that affects the skin, nails, hair, and mucous membranes. […] The cause is unknown, but it is thought to be the result of an autoimmune process with an unknown initial trigger. […] The etiology of oral LP are unknown. […] It is not clear whether the mechanisms causing isolated oral LP are different from those causing oral LP with cutaneous LP. An immune-mediated mechanism where basal keratinocytes are being targeted as foreign antigens by activated T cells, especially CD8+ T cells, has been proposed. […] Stress is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of oral LP. […] Autoimmune response to epithelial self-antigens remains a possibility. […] Several potential triggers of oral LP have been proposed over the years, mainly hypersensitivity reaction and viral infection.

• #1 Lichen planus | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/lichen-planus/

  The exact cause of lichen planus is unknown. However, the condition isn’t infectious and doesn’t usually run in families. It can’t be passed on to other people, including sexual partners. […] The cause of lichen planus is unknown. It’s thought to be related to the immune system, or an abnormal response of the immune system to certain medicines. […] In people with lichen planus, it’s thought that the immune system becomes overactive, causing an excess amount of proteins to be produced, which inflame the skin. This is known as an autoimmune reaction and causes the symptoms of lichen planus. […] A reaction to certain medications is another possible cause of lichen planus.

• #1 Lichen Planus &nbsp|&nbsp American Skin Association

  https://www.americanskin.org/resource/lichen.php?printer=1

  Lichen planus is a relatively common inflammatory disease that affects the skin and/or inside the mouth, resulting in distinctive skin and/or oral lesions. […] The exact cause of the inflammation that leads to lichen planus is not yet fully understood. […] In most cases, the cause of lichen planus can’t be found. It is not caused by stress, but sometimes emotional stress makes it worse. This disorder has been known to occur after contact with certain chemicals, such as those used to develop color photographs. Some cases of lichen planus may be linked to chronic hepatitis C virus infection. […] In some people, certain drugs cause lichen planus. These drugs include medications for high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis and malaria, antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain killers, etc. […] Lichen planus has been reported as a complication of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. This virus can cause serious liver disease.

• #2 Lichen Planus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526126/

  Lichen planus is an inflammatory condition of unknown etiology affecting the skin and mucous membranes. […] Lichen planus is an idiopathic disease whose pathogenesis is not fully understood; however, it appears to represent a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. The prevailing theory is that exposure to an exogenous agent such as a virus, drug, or contact allergen alters epidermal self-antigens, leading to the activation of cytotoxic T cells. […] Various agents have been linked to the development of lichen planus, with particular emphasis on the association with viruses, especially the hepatitis C virus (HCV). […] Recently, lichen planus has also been linked with the COVID-19 virus and its vaccine. […] A large number of drugs are associated with lichen planus; however, the recurrence of lesions after re-exposure to the drug is rare. More commonly associated drugs include antimalarials, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, quinidine, beta-blockers, tumor necrosis factor- inhibitors, and gold.

• #2 Lichen Planus: What It Is, Causes, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17723-lichen-planus

  Lichen planus is a lichenoid dermatoses. Healthcare providers use the term used to characterize skin disorders according to the presence of firm, raised, discolored bumps on your skin. […] Lichen planus isnt an autoimmune condition, but it can cause a similar response. Its an idiopathic (meaning the cause is unknown) condition that causes inflammation in your skin. In lichen planus, your bodys immune system attacks parts of your body instead of protecting your body from foreign invaders like bacteria or viruses. […] No one knows why the T cells attack the protein. […] The following may cause lichen planus flare-ups: Hepatitis C, Vaccines, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Particular medications used to treat arthritis, heart disease or high blood pressure, Particular chemicals, metals or pigments.

• #2 Lichen Planus – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/psoriasis-and-scaling-diseases/lichen-planus

  Lichen planus (LP) is thought to be caused by a T cell-mediated autoimmune reaction against basal epithelial keratinocytes in people with genetic predisposition. […] Medications (especially beta-blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, sulfonylureas, gold, antimalarials, penicillamine, and thiazides) can cause LP; drug-induced LP (sometimes called lichenoid drug eruption) may be indistinguishable from nondrug-induced LP or may have a pattern that is more eczematous. […] Associations of oral lichen planus with hepatitis (hepatitis B infection, hepatitis B vaccine, and, particularly, hepatitis C-induced liver insufficiency) and primary biliary cholangitis (formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis) have been reported. […] Lichen planus (LP) is thought to be an autoimmune disorder in patients with a genetic predisposition but may be caused by medications or be associated with disorders such as hepatitis C.

• #2 Lichen Planus &nbsp|&nbsp American Skin Association

  https://www.americanskin.org/resource/lichen.php

  Lichen planus is a long standing, itchy skin disease of unknown cause. […] In most cases, the cause of lichen planus can’t be found. […] This disorder has been known to occur after contact with certain chemicals, such as those used to develop color photographs. […] Some cases of lichen planus may be linked to chronic hepatitis C virus infection. […] In some people, certain drugs may cause lichen planus.

• #2 Oral Lichen Planus: An Update on Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4458931/

  Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] LP has been observed on the skin and/or mucosae of patients affected by a range of different neoplasms such as with breast cancer and metastatic adenocarcinoma. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #2 Lichen Planus

  https://www.westdermatology.com/services/lichen-planus/

  Lichen planus is not contagious. You cannot get this disease from someone else, and you cannot give it to anyone. Lichen planus is not a type of cancer. […] What causes most cases of lichen planus remains unclear.

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