Materiały źródłowe

• #1 H1N1 flu (swine flu) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/h1n1-flu-swine-flu?content_id=CON-20378087

  Most people with flu, including H1N1 flu, need only symptom relief. Supportive care such as drinking liquids, taking pain relievers for fever and headache, and resting may be helpful. […] Health care providers may prescribe antiviral drugs within the first day or two of symptoms. They can reduce the severity of symptoms and may lower the risk of complications. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved these four antiviral drugs to treat flu: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Zanamivir (Relenza), Peramivir (Rapivab), Baloxavir (Xofluza). […] But flu viruses can develop resistance to these drugs. So health care providers reserve antivirals for certain groups. This includes people at high risk of complications and those who are in close contact with people who have a high risk of complications. […] Using antivirals carefully makes development of resistance less likely and keeps supplies of these drugs for those who need them most.

• #1 Swine Flu (H1N1): What Is It, Causes, Treatments & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23928-swine-flu-h1n1

  Swine flu (H1N1) is a type of viral infection. You can treat it with rest, fluids and antiviral medications. […] Most people with swine flu (H1N1) who are otherwise healthy dont need special drugs or treatments. If you have swine flu, you should: Get plenty of rest. Drink fluids. Eat a light diet. Stay home. Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) to reduce fever and relieve aches and pains. […] If youre very ill, your healthcare provider may prescribe an antiviral medicine. Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza) can kill the virus. These drugs can shorten the time youre sick and help ease your symptoms. Antiviral drugs work best if you start taking them when your symptoms begin.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-treatment

  Treatment is largely supportive and consists of bedrest, increased fluid consumption, cough suppressants, and antipyretics and analgesics (eg, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) for fever and myalgias. Severe cases may require intravenous hydration and other supportive measures. Antiviral agents may also be considered for treatment or prophylaxis (see Medication). […] Antiviral therapy may be indicated. Available medications are discussed in the Medication section.

• #1 2009 swine flu pandemic – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic

  A number of methods have been recommended to help ease symptoms, including adequate liquid intake and rest. Over-the-counter pain medications such as paracetamol and ibuprofen do not kill the virus; however, they may be useful to reduce symptoms. Aspirin and other salicylate products should not be used by people under 16 with any flu-type symptoms because of the risk of developing Reye syndrome. […] If the fever is mild and there are no other complications, fever medication is not recommended. Most people recover without medical attention, although ones with pre-existing or underlying medical conditions are more prone to complications and may benefit from further treatments. […] People in at-risk groups should be treated with antivirals (oseltamivir or zanamivir) as soon as possible when they first experience flu symptoms. The at-risk groups include pregnant and post partum women, children under two years old, and people with underlying conditions such as respiratory problems. People who are not in an at-risk group who have persistent or rapidly worsening symptoms should also be treated with antivirals. People who have developed pneumonia should be given both antivirals and antibiotics, as in many severe cases of H1N1-caused illness, bacterial infection develops. Antivirals are most useful if given within 48 hours of the start of symptoms and may improve outcomes in hospitalised patients. In those beyond 48 hours who are moderately or severely ill, antivirals may still be beneficial. If oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is unavailable or cannot be used, zanamivir (Relenza) is recommended as a substitute. Peramivir is an experimental antiviral drug approved for hospitalised patients in cases where the other available methods of treatment are ineffective or unavailable.

• #1 WHO EMRO | Clinical management guidelines for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in the Eastern Mediterranean | Volume 17, issue 4 | EMHJ volume 17, 2011

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-17/issue-4/article13.html

  ABSTRACT: During the spring of 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus of swine origin caused human infection and acute respiratory illness in Mexico. […] The consultation resulted in developing an interim guidance and algorithm for clinical management of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in health-care settings. […] The majority of individuals infected with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus were treated with simple supportive care at home using antipyretics (e.g. acetaminophen or ibuprofen). […] Early empirical treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors in patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection has been shown to have reduced the duration of hospitalization and the risk of progression to severe disease requiring ICU admission or resulting in death. […] Empiric antiviral therapy needs to be started for persons with suspected, probable or confirmed cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection for: Illness requiring hospitalization, Progressive, severe or complicated illness regardless of previous health status and/or High risk groups for severe disease.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Medication: Antiviral Agent, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-medication

  Prompt initiation of antiviral agents within 48 hours of symptom onset is imperative for providing treatment efficacy against influenza virus. In studies of seasonal influenza, evidence for benefits of treatment is strongest when treatment is started within 48 hours of illness onset. […] The recommended duration of treatment is 5 days. […] Prophylaxis with antiviral agents should also be considered in the following individuals (pre-exposure or postexposure): Close household contacts of a confirmed or suspected case who are at high risk for complications (eg, chronic medical conditions, persons 65 y or 5 y, pregnant women). […] Oseltamivir and zanamivir are „Pregnancy Category C” medications, indicating that no clinical studies have been conducted to assess the safety of these medications in pregnant women.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Medication: Antiviral Agent, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-medication

  For patients who initially present with severe illness or whose condition begins to deteriorate, initiate oseltamivir as soon as possible. For patients with severe or deteriorating illness, treatment should be provided even if started later. Where oseltamivir is unavailable or cannot be used for any reason, zanamivir may be given. This recommendation applies to all patient groups, including pregnant women, and all age groups, including young children and infants. […] For patients with underlying medical conditions that increase the risk of more severe disease, WHO recommends treatment with either oseltamivir or zanamivir. These patients should also receive treatment as soon as possible after symptom onset, without waiting for the results of laboratory tests. Pregnant women are included among groups at increased risk, and WHO recommends that pregnant women receive antiviral treatment as soon as possible after symptom onset.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/

  Peramivir, developed in 2010, is another IV neuraminidase inhibitor alternative to oseltamivir in high-risk patients with influenza, demonstrating fever alleviation comparable to oseltamivir. […] Pregnant women who contract the H1N1 are at a greater risk of complications because of hormonal and inflammatory response dysregulation, as well as systemic changes to their cell-mediated immunity to accommodate the growing fetus. […] Oseltamivir has been used frequently in pregnancy and has shown efficacy in reducing severe illness with H1N1 influenza in pregnant women within 48 hours of symptom onset.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Medication: Antiviral Agent, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-medication

  Prompt use of antiviral drugs during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic improved survival among severely ill pregnant women. […] This analysis reaffirms the importance of prevention (ie, vaccination of pregnant women regardless of trimester) and prompt treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (ie, within 2 d of symptom onset) if influenza occurs during pregnancy. […] Pregnancy should not be considered a contraindication to oseltamivir or zanamivir use.

• #1 Influenza A (H1N1) in Children

  https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/influenzaa_h1n1_nuh

  Treating H1N1 in children is similar to treatment methods for other influenza viruses. The doctor will likely prescribe plenty of rest and fluids for a speedy recovery. The doctor may also offer symptomatic treatment for a fever, sore throat, runny nose and cough to alleviate your child’s discomfort. The doctor will decide if your child needs antiviral drugs such as Tamiflu (oseltamivir) or Relenza (zanamivir) to fight the flu and prevent it from spreading. These medicines may enable your child to feel better faster and reduce the severity of symptoms. […] Oseltamivir and zanamivir can be used on children, but they are now not routinely prescribed as most younger patients recover without the use of any medications. Children who have a high risk of complications from influenza, including those with chronic lung and heart disease, compromised immune systems or presenting with more complicated and severe symptoms, will be given these antiviral drugs. These medicines work best when they are taken within two days after they start presenting symptoms. Antiviral treatment usually lasts for a period of five days. […] The common side effects of influenza antiviral drugs are nausea and vomiting. There have been reports of unusual behaviour in children and adolescents, like self-injury and confusion after taking oseltamivir. In rare cases, severe allergic skin reactions may occur.

• #1 H1N1 (Swine) – The Pediatric Clinic

  https://www.thepediatric.com/resources/helpful-articles/h1n1-swine

  Flu is sometimes treated with antiviral medicine, but there may be a limited supply of the medicine. Antiviral medicine is not routinely recommended for children with H1N1 flu, and it is not recommended that children who have been exposed to the flu. Children who are very sick or who are at higher risk for getting very sick with the flu may be treated with antiviral medicine. Antiviral medicines include Tamiflu pills (oseltamivir) and Relenza inhalers (zanamivir). These drugs fight the flu by keeping the virus from growing in the body. They work best if they are started within the first 2 days of symptoms. However, they may be given at any time to a child who is very sick or at risk. Some viruses become resistant to these medicines, which means the medicines are then less effective against these viruses.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/

  H1N1 influenza, a subtype of influenza A virus, is an infectious viral illness that causes both upper and, in some cases, lower respiratory tract infections in its host. […] Clinicians managing this condition should be aware that early antiviral treatment within 72 hours of symptom onset may decrease severe disease and mortality. Additionally, they should understand which antiviral treatments are effective in this window. […] The treatment of infected patients depends on the severity of symptoms of H1N1 influenza. Mild-to-moderate influenza is usually self-limiting and can be treated at home with rest and oral hydration. […] Patients experiencing progressive or severe symptoms should be managed in an inpatient setting to monitor for potential intensive care unit (ICU) intervention, especially if signs indicate impending respiratory failure, sepsis, or multiorgan dysfunction.

• #1 Swine Flu (H1N1): Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/swine-flu-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  For individuals with severe symptoms or those at higher risk such as young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with chronic health conditions doctors may recommend antiviral medications. These medications work by stopping the virus from multiplying in the body, which can: Reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, Lower the risk of complications like pneumonia, Help prevent the illness from worsening. […] Severe swine flu cases may require hospitalisation, especially if complications arise, such as pneumonia, respiratory failure, or organ dysfunction. Hospital care focuses on stabilising the patient, providing supportive treatment, and managing complications effectively.

• #1 H1N1 influenza | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/h1n1-influenza

  Antiviral therapy is most effective when started early in the course of the illness, but viral RNA has been detected in the lower respiratory tract for as long as two weeks, suggesting that antiviral therapy may be beneficial even in the later stages of the illness. […] Consequently, it is recommended by the CDC that any patient who is not improving receive antiviral therapy even if it is more than forty-eight hours after symptoms have begun. […] Complex care in an intensive care unit is necessary for severely ill patients. […] Secondary bacterial pneumonia occurs in some patients and staphylococci and streptococci have been found to be the most common invading pathogens. […] Antibacterial agents effective against these bacteria must be given in addition to the antiviral to successfully treat this complicated pneumonia.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu): View Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | 1mg

  https://www.1mg.com/diseases/h1n1-influenza-swine-flu-600?srsltid=AfmBOorjkDH2y3Ld2CwLoOYamDZrwzmEICGlTx2Hodoh4tfVYiAbEEG9

  Antiviral medicines can be used for prophylaxis (to prevent) contact with the patient with a high risk for complications and the healthcare personnel. Oseltamivir is given once a day until 10 days after the individuals last contact with the patient and can be given for a maximum of 6 weeks. […] Swine influenza isn’t deadly to pigs, little treatment beyond rest and supportive care may be required. Vaccination and animal management techniques with antibiotics are used to prevent bacterial pneumonia and different secondary infections in animals weakened by the influenza virus.

• #1 H1N1 influenza | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/h1n1-influenza

  Prevention of H1N1 disease can be accomplished by administration of the seasonal flu vaccine, which is available by shot or nasal spray. […] Since the protective immune response to H1N1 following vaccination takes two weeks to develop, oral antiviral therapy may be administered during this period to afford protection.

• #1 H1N1 flu (swine flu) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20378103

  Most people with the flu get better on their own. […] But flu and its complications can be deadly, especially for people at high risk. The seasonal flu vaccine can now help protect against the H1N1 flu and other seasonal flu viruses. […] If you’re generally healthy and develop flu symptoms, most people may not need to see a health care provider. But some people are at higher risk of flu complications. […] Call your care provider if you have flu symptoms and you’re pregnant or have a chronic disease. […] The flu vaccine can lower your risk of getting the flu. It also can lower the risk of having serious illness from the flu and needing to stay in the hospital. […] Flu vaccination is especially important because the flu and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cause similar symptoms. […] Vaccination also helps lower the number of people with severe flu and complications. And that may lower the number of people needing to stay in the hospital. […] The flu vaccine is available as an injection and as a nasal spray.

• #1 Does the H1N1 Virus Still Exist? Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/h1n1-7644754

  The H1N1 virus causes common flu symptoms in most people. […] An H1N1 vaccine was produced and available in large quantities in late November 2009. […] H1N1 continues to exist as a seasonal flu virus, causing illness, hospitalization, and deaths worldwide. The seasonal flu vaccine has included a component that protects against H1N1 every year since 2010. […] If you are in general good health and become infected with H1N1, you may not need to see a healthcare provider. Most people who become infected with swine flu can endure symptoms of H1N1 and recover without complications. […] While the H1N1 virus still exists today, it is under control. The annual vaccine protects against the H1N1 virus and other strains of the flu most common for the flu season it is given.

• #1 Influenza pandemic (H1N1) of 2009 – Vaccines, Antivirals, Hygiene | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/event/influenza-pandemic-H1N1-of-2009/Treatment-and-prevention

  Treatment for H1N1 infection consists of administration of the antiviral drugs oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza). […] In October 2009 an intravenously administered antiviral known as peramivir, though not formally approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), was given emergency-use authorization for the treatment of hospitalized H1N1 patients who had not responded to oral or inhaled antivirals or who had life-threatening illness. […] In late 2009 two types of H1N1 vaccines were made available: one that could be injected and one that could be inhaled. […] An example of an injectable vaccine that was used against H1N1 was Pandemrix, which was developed by GlaxoSmithKline and was approved for use in September 2009 by the European Commission. […] In the postpandemic period, which began on Aug. 10, 2010, vaccination remained an important means of protection against H1N1 infection for high-risk populations, which included young children, pregnant women, and persons affected by underlying respiratory diseases or chronic illness. […] Despite the link to narcolepsy, health officials maintained that the benefits of H1N1 vaccination outweighed the risks of possible side effects.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Medication: Antiviral Agent, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-medication

  Laboratory testing has found the H1N1 influenza A (swine flu) virus susceptible to the prescription antiviral drugs oseltamivir and zanamivir. Other antiviral agents (eg, amantadine, rimantadine) are not recommended because of recent resistance to other influenza strains documented over the past several years. Limited zanamivir resistance was reported for the H1N1 influenza strain in the 2007-2009 pandemic. Oseltamivir resistance was also noted. […] Basic supportive care (ie, hydration, analgesics, cough suppressants) should be prescribed. Empiric antiviral treatment should be considered for confirmed, probable, or suspected cases of H1N1 influenza. Treatment of hospitalized patients and patients at higher risk for influenza complications should be prioritized. […] WHO guidelines recommend treating serious cases immediately. The guidelines represent an international panel of experts who reviewed all available studies regarding antiviral agents (with emphasis on oseltamivir and zanamivir). Evidence indicates that oseltamivir, when properly prescribed, significantly decreases risk of pneumonia (a leading cause of death for both pandemic and seasonal influenza) and the need for hospitalization.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/apmd/fulltext/2018/15010/steroid_therapy_in_swine_flu__beneficial_or.2.aspx

  As per Kim et al. study, adjuvant corticosteroids significantly increased higher mortality in critically ill patients with H1N1 influenza. […] A study by Nedel et al. concluded that beneficial effects of corticosteroid therapy did not exist at all. It increased overall mortality. It might be associated with higher chances of development of hospital-acquired pneumonia, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, and intensive care unit stay. […] Corticosteroid should not be used routinely in patients with swine flu except in conditions like associated obstructive airway disease, adrenal insufficiency where the therapeutic effect of steroid has already been proven. The use of steroid in normal individuals developed swine flu may increase prolongation of mechanical ventilation, duration of intensive care unit stay, and mortality.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/apmd/fulltext/2018/15010/steroid_therapy_in_swine_flu__beneficial_or.2.aspx

  H1N1 influenza virus is responsible for respiratory illness that may range from mild symptoms of common cold to severe disease on presentation that needs hospitalization and management in intensive care. […] It is found that result of corticosteroid use in the management of swine flu patients is unsatisfactory. Instead of benefit, it is potentially harmful. It causes to develop higher duration of hospital stay, prolonged mechanical ventilation and ultimately increased mortality. […] Corticosteroids favor spread of infections because of decreased capacity of defensive cells to kill microorganisms. […] Study by Rewar et al. reported that high dose corticosteroids, in particular, did not cause any benefit, rather it harmed patients. […] Rodrigo et al. found that adjunctive corticosteroid therapy increased mortality.

• #1 Oseltamivir resistance in swine influenza: a brief discussion

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3364646/

  Swine flu, an atypical H1N1 influenza virus infection, is a new emerging infectious disease starting from Mexico in 2009, and is presently pandemic around the world. For treatment of this infection, oseltamivir is recommended as drug of choice. […] Oseltamivir, an oral antiviral drug, is presently recommended for treatment of swine flu. […] Since the starting of the pandemic situation of swine flu, oseltamivir has been recommended and used as the first line antiviral drug. No doubt that oseltamivir has a good efficacy in treatment. […] The situation of oseltamivir resistance in swine flu is the present concern of medical society. The oseltamivir resistance of swine flu is expected to be possible due to etiologies. Surveillance on oseltamivir resistance in swine flu is useful. In management of possible case of emerging oseltamivir drug resistance, a good planning is required at present.

• #1 Swine Flu Treatment in Coimbatore | Fever Doctor- Dr. A. Murali

  https://www.drmuraliinfectiousdiseases.com/swine-flu-treatment-in-coimbatore/

  Swine flu treatment is tailored to every patients particular requirements, depending on their age, clinical history, and the seriousness of their symptoms. […] At Sun Speciality Clinic best hospital for Swine flu treatment, Dr. Murali offers personalized care for all patients affected by swine flu. […] Swine flu is principally dealt with antiviral drugs like Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or Zanamivir (Relenza), which assist with reducing symptoms and shorten recovery time. […] The best medicine for swine flu is antiviral drugs like Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza). […] For expert swine flu treatment in Coimbatore, trust Sun Speciality Clinics to provide compassionate care and the best outcomes. […] If you or a friend or family member is experiencing symptoms of swine flu, its critical to instantly look for clinical consideration. Early treatment can have a tremendous effect in the result.

• #1 Interim Guidance for Clinicians on Human Infections with Variant Influenza Viruses | Swine Flu | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swine-flu/php/guidance/human-infections-variant-influenza-viruses.html

  Clinical management of variant influenza A virus infection is similar to management of seasonal influenza virus infections. Patients with mild uncomplicated variant influenza A virus infection can be managed on an outpatient basis, with close monitoring for clinical progression and development of complications. Early initiation of antiviral treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir) or baloxavir is recommended for any outpatients at higher risk of severe illness with suspected or confirmed variant influenza A virus infection. […] Antiviral treatment with oral oseltamivir, inhaled zanamivir, intravenous peramivir, or oral baloxavir is recommended for outpatients with suspected influenza or confirmed influenza, including variant influenza A virus infection, if they are in a group considered to be at higher risk for serious complications from influenza.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/

  Clinicians managing this condition should be aware that early antiviral treatment within 72 hours of symptom onset may decrease severe disease and mortality. Additionally, they should understand which antiviral treatments are effective in this window. […] The antiviral medications, oral oseltamivir, IV zanamivir, and IV peramivir, have each been documented to help reduce, or possibly prevent, the effects of H1N1 influenza if the medication is taken within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. […] Oseltamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor, has effectively reduced inpatient readmission rates and mortality associated with influenza, making it a recommended chemoprophylaxis agent during H1N1 influenza outbreaks. […] Zanamivir is another neuraminidase inhibitor, administered via IV route, that has clinical efficacy in hospitalized influenza patients unable to tolerate oral oseltamivir.

• #2 H1N1 influenza (Swine flu)

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=142&isarticlelink=false&pid=1&gid=007421

  The H1N1 virus (swine flu) is an infection of the nose, throat, and lungs. It is caused by the H1N1 influenza virus. […] Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of H1N1 influenza are similar to that for the flu in general.

• #2 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-treatment

  Treatment is largely supportive and consists of bedrest, increased fluid consumption, cough suppressants, and antipyretics and analgesics (eg, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) for fever and myalgias. Severe cases may require intravenous hydration and other supportive measures. Antiviral agents may also be considered for treatment or prophylaxis (see Medication). […] Antiviral therapy may be indicated. Available medications are discussed in the Medication section.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-swine-flu.aspx

  Swine flu is caused by a variant strain of the influenza virus. In most cases, the manifestation of the disease is similar to a typical flu infection. Management is aimed at relieving the symptoms of the disease. However, some patients may need medications called antivirals – drugs that fight against viruses that invade and multiply within the body. […] The primary treatment of swine flu is home management. Patients need to rest, drink plenty of clear fluids and use home remedies such as cough syrups or vapor rubs and inhalations. […] Antivirals need to be taken as soon as the infection begins to take effect. In many cases, the course of the disease is similar with or without medication, but antiviral medication is needed in the high-risk population to reduce the risk of serious complications and death.

• #2 H1N1 Influenza – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/h1n1-influenza.html

  How is H1N1 influenza treated? […] Most people get better within a week. You may need any of the following: […] Acetaminophen decreases pain and fever. It is available without a doctor’s order. Ask how much to take and how often to take it. Follow directions. Read the labels of all other medicines you are using to see if they also contain acetaminophen, or ask your doctor or pharmacist. Acetaminophen can cause liver damage if not taken correctly. […] NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, help decrease swelling, pain, and fever. This medicine is available with or without a doctor’s order. NSAIDs can cause stomach bleeding or kidney problems in certain people. If you take blood thinner medicine, always ask your healthcare provider if NSAIDs are safe for you. Always read the medicine label and follow directions.

• #2 Treatment of Variant Influenza Virus | Swine Flu | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swine-flu/treatment/index.html

  Influenza antiviral drugs can be used to treat influenza infections, including human infections with influenza viruses that normally circulate in swine (variant influenza virus infections). There are four different antiviral drugs that are recommended for use in the U.S. for the treatment of influenza: oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir, and baloxavir. […] Your doctor may prescribe treatment with flu antiviral medications and may want a nose and throat specimen collected from you for testing at your state health department. Antiviral treatment for flu works best when started soon after symptoms begin. […] If you do get sick with variant influenza, there are prescription antiviral medications that can treat your illness. […] Your doctor may prescribe antiviral drugs that can treat flu, including variant influenza virus infection. These drugs work better for treatment the sooner they are started. If you are prescribed antiviral drugs by your doctor, you should finish all of the medication, according to your doctor’s instructions.

• #2 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Medication: Antiviral Agent, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-medication

  Prompt initiation of antiviral agents within 48 hours of symptom onset is imperative for providing treatment efficacy against influenza virus. In studies of seasonal influenza, evidence for benefits of treatment is strongest when treatment is started within 48 hours of illness onset. […] The recommended duration of treatment is 5 days. […] Prophylaxis with antiviral agents should also be considered in the following individuals (pre-exposure or postexposure): Close household contacts of a confirmed or suspected case who are at high risk for complications (eg, chronic medical conditions, persons 65 y or 5 y, pregnant women). […] Oseltamivir and zanamivir are „Pregnancy Category C” medications, indicating that no clinical studies have been conducted to assess the safety of these medications in pregnant women.

• #2 Interim Guidance for Clinicians on Human Infections with Variant Influenza Viruses | Swine Flu | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swine-flu/php/guidance/human-infections-variant-influenza-viruses.html

  Clinical management of variant influenza A virus infection is similar to management of seasonal influenza virus infections. Patients with mild uncomplicated variant influenza A virus infection can be managed on an outpatient basis, with close monitoring for clinical progression and development of complications. Early initiation of antiviral treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir) or baloxavir is recommended for any outpatients at higher risk of severe illness with suspected or confirmed variant influenza A virus infection. […] Antiviral treatment with oral oseltamivir, inhaled zanamivir, intravenous peramivir, or oral baloxavir is recommended for outpatients with suspected influenza or confirmed influenza, including variant influenza A virus infection, if they are in a group considered to be at higher risk for serious complications from influenza.

• #2 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/

  H1N1 influenza, a subtype of influenza A virus, is an infectious viral illness that causes both upper and, in some cases, lower respiratory tract infections in its host. […] Clinicians managing this condition should be aware that early antiviral treatment within 72 hours of symptom onset may decrease severe disease and mortality. Additionally, they should understand which antiviral treatments are effective in this window. […] The treatment of infected patients depends on the severity of symptoms of H1N1 influenza. Mild-to-moderate influenza is usually self-limiting and can be treated at home with rest and oral hydration. […] Patients experiencing progressive or severe symptoms should be managed in an inpatient setting to monitor for potential intensive care unit (ICU) intervention, especially if signs indicate impending respiratory failure, sepsis, or multiorgan dysfunction.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-swine-flu.aspx

  The World Health Organization recommends that these patients need to be given adequate supportive care to assist breathing and a course of oseltamivir should be started as soon as possible. Zanamavir is an alternative to oseltamivir. […] For patients with severe or rapidly deteriorating disease, therapy should be provided even if started later. This recommendation applies to all patient groups such as pregnant women, and all ages, even young children and infants. […] Some of these people need to be prescribed antiviral medications to prevent the infection. This includes those who are at high risk of complications like pregnant women, the elderly or those with suppressed immunity and long-term diseases.

• #2 H1N1 Influenza – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/h1n1-influenza/

  H1N1 influenza treatment Your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medicine to treat H1N1. This helps kill the virus so you can recover and aren’t contagious. If you have a fever, you can take medicine to reduce it. This includes acetaminophen (brand name: Tylenol), ibuprofen (brand names: Advil or Motrin), or naproxen (brand name: Aleve). These drugs also relieve aches and pains. Don’t give aspirin to children or teenagers 18 years of age or younger because of the risk of Reye’s syndrome. Reye’s syndrome is a serious illness that can lead to death. You also should drink fluids to stay hydrated and get plenty of rest. Rest helps your body fight infection. […] Your doctor may prescribe an anti-viral drug, such as oseltamivir or zanamivir. Anti-viral drugs decrease the flu virus’ ability to reproduce. They can shorten the time you’re sick, reduce your symptoms, and prevent problems caused by the flu. Anti-viral drugs work best if you start taking them when your symptoms begin. This form of treatment is more common if you’re at high risk of flu complications. This includes: Pregnant women. Children and young adults between 6 months and 24 years of age. Adults who are 65 years of age or older. People who have a severe illness or are in the hospital. People who have weak immune systems or chronic health problems, such as asthma or heart disease.

• #2 Swine Flu (H1N1): Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/swine-flu-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  For individuals with severe symptoms or those at higher risk such as young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with chronic health conditions doctors may recommend antiviral medications. These medications work by stopping the virus from multiplying in the body, which can: Reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, Lower the risk of complications like pneumonia, Help prevent the illness from worsening. […] Severe swine flu cases may require hospitalisation, especially if complications arise, such as pneumonia, respiratory failure, or organ dysfunction. Hospital care focuses on stabilising the patient, providing supportive treatment, and managing complications effectively.

• #2 WHO EMRO | Clinical management guidelines for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in the Eastern Mediterranean | Volume 17, issue 4 | EMHJ volume 17, 2011

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-17/issue-4/article13.html

  Clinicians should consider empiric treatment with antibacterial drugs if bacterial co-infections are suspected during or after influenza. […] The Interim Guidance recommends empirical antiviral therapy with a neuraminidase inhibitor in appropriate dose as soon as possible whenever the illness requires hospitalization; whenever the person shows signs of progressive illness; and/or whenever the person belongs to the high risk group for severe disease. […] The clinical algorithms for management of patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection, as presented in the Interim Guidance, can be applied to every patient diagnosed on the basis of clinical suspicion alone without waiting for laboratory confirmation. […] The uncertain evolution of the pandemic virus, however, highlights the importance that the treatment guidelines and the supplementary algorithms need to be revised and continuously updated as soon as new evidence on clinical manifestation of influenza in the post-pandemic period, antiviral resistance pattern, effectiveness of the currently available antivirals, and virulence of the circulating seasonal influenza virus become available in the post-pandemic period.

• #2 Swine Flu (H1N!): Pandemic, Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Contagious

  https://www.medicinenet.com/swine_flu/article.htm

  The CDC recommends for the 2018-2019 flu season that everyone 6 months old and older should get a flu shot to prevent or reduce the chance of getting the flu. The best way to prevent novel H1N1 swine flu is vaccination. […] The CDC states, „for the most accurate health information, visit http://www.cdc.gov or call 1-800-CDC-INFO, 24/7.”

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/apmd/fulltext/2018/15010/steroid_therapy_in_swine_flu__beneficial_or.2.aspx

  A study by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine showed that corticosteroid use resulted in the development of high risk of hospital-acquired pneumonia. […] Delaney et al. found significant increased risk of death associated with corticosteroids in patients with H1N1 influenza. […] Yang et al. observed that management with corticosteroid for patients with influenza virus infection has no better outcomes and may increase mortality and nosocomial infections. It also prolongs the duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay. […] Brun-Buisson et al. study provided no evidence of a beneficial effect of steroids in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to influenza pneumonia. It also suggested the harmfulness of early corticosteroid therapy.

• #2 Oseltamivir resistance in swine influenza: a brief discussion

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3364646/

  Swine flu, an atypical H1N1 influenza virus infection, is a new emerging infectious disease starting from Mexico in 2009, and is presently pandemic around the world. For treatment of this infection, oseltamivir is recommended as drug of choice. […] Oseltamivir, an oral antiviral drug, is presently recommended for treatment of swine flu. […] Since the starting of the pandemic situation of swine flu, oseltamivir has been recommended and used as the first line antiviral drug. No doubt that oseltamivir has a good efficacy in treatment. […] The situation of oseltamivir resistance in swine flu is the present concern of medical society. The oseltamivir resistance of swine flu is expected to be possible due to etiologies. Surveillance on oseltamivir resistance in swine flu is useful. In management of possible case of emerging oseltamivir drug resistance, a good planning is required at present.

• #2 H1N1 Virus: Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment – Expert Insights

  https://drgooddeed.com/health-and-wellness/h1n1-virus/

  […] […] H1N1 is a preventable yet serious illness. Staying informed about symptoms, prevention, and treatment is key to protecting yourself and others. Annual flu vaccination, proper hygiene, and early medical intervention remain the most effective strategies to reduce H1N1 risks. […] If you experience flu symptoms, especially if you belong to a high-risk group, consult a healthcare provider immediately for guidance and treatment.

• #3 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Medication: Antiviral Agent, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-medication

  Laboratory testing has found the H1N1 influenza A (swine flu) virus susceptible to the prescription antiviral drugs oseltamivir and zanamivir. Other antiviral agents (eg, amantadine, rimantadine) are not recommended because of recent resistance to other influenza strains documented over the past several years. Limited zanamivir resistance was reported for the H1N1 influenza strain in the 2007-2009 pandemic. Oseltamivir resistance was also noted. […] Basic supportive care (ie, hydration, analgesics, cough suppressants) should be prescribed. Empiric antiviral treatment should be considered for confirmed, probable, or suspected cases of H1N1 influenza. Treatment of hospitalized patients and patients at higher risk for influenza complications should be prioritized. […] WHO guidelines recommend treating serious cases immediately. The guidelines represent an international panel of experts who reviewed all available studies regarding antiviral agents (with emphasis on oseltamivir and zanamivir). Evidence indicates that oseltamivir, when properly prescribed, significantly decreases risk of pneumonia (a leading cause of death for both pandemic and seasonal influenza) and the need for hospitalization.

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