Materiały źródłowe

• #1 H1N1 flu (swine flu) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378106

  Your health care provider may do a physical exam to look for symptoms of influenza, including H1N1 flu, often called swine flu. Or the provider may review your symptoms with you over the phone. […] The provider may order a test that finds influenza viruses such as H1N1. […] There are many tests used to diagnose influenza. But not everyone who has the flu needs to be tested. In most cases, knowing that someone has the flu doesn’t change the treatment plan. […] Care providers are more likely to use a test to diagnose flu if: […] Your care provider may use a test to find out whether a flu virus is the cause of your symptoms. […] A test called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used to see if you have the flu. It is more sensitive than other types of tests and may be able to find the flu strain.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-swine-flu.aspx

  Swine flu, caused by the influenza virus H1N1 2009 strain, is usually a mild illness. Diagnosis may be made based on the signs and symptoms of the disease. Swine flu manifests in most people as a usual flu infection with similar symptoms and thus may be confused with other viral illnesses. […] According to the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) guidelines, swine flu is diagnosed in presence of the following features: Acute fever and airways infection within 7 days of close contact with a person who has been confirmed to be a case of H1N1 influenza A infection. Acute fever and airways infection within 7 days of travel to a community (within or outside the country) where there have been one or more confirmed cases of H1N1 influenza A infection. Acute fever and airways infection seen in a person living in a community where there is at least one confirmed case of H1N1 influenza A infection.

• #1 Detection methods for influenza A H1N1 virus with special reference to biosensors: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7000365/

  H1N1 (Swine flu) is caused by influenza A virus, which is a member of Orthomyxoviridae family. […] Currently, WHO recommended methods for the detection of swine flu include real-time PCR in specific testing centres that take 34 h. More recently, a number of methods such as AntigenAntibody or RT-LAMP and DNA biosensors have also been developed that are rapid and more sensitive. […] This review describes the various challenges in the diagnosis of H1N1, and merits and demerits of conventional vis- -vis latest methods with special emphasis on biosensors. […] A number of changes have been performed recently to increase effectiveness of immune system of body, and to speed up antibody production in case of a seasonal and pandemic emergence. Importantly, universal influenza virus vaccine development is currently in its preclinical and clinical phase.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-swine-flu.aspx

  To confirm the diagnosis, specific laboratory tests are needed that can also detect the strain causing the condition. […] To test for swine flu a nose or throat swab is taken. Within 15 minutes, the laboratory may tell if influenza type A or B is present. […] The specimen of the infected material from the patients throat or nose is collected within the first 4 to 5 days of illness. This is the most infectious period of the disease and the infected person is most likely to be shedding the virus. […] Most state health departments, after the pandemic, are now equipped with tests for non-human influenza virus strains. However, if a variant influenza virus is suspected, it is sent to CDC for further testing. […] The CDC developed a new kit to diagnose seasonal flu as well as the flu viruses that could become pandemic. This was approved by the FDA (Food and Drugs Administration, USA) in September 2011.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/

  H1N1 influenza, a subtype of influenza A virus, is an infectious viral illness that causes both upper and, in some cases, lower respiratory tract infections in its host. […] Diagnostic confirmation necessitates respiratory samples, emphasizing the importance of an interprofessional team approach for optimal patient care, particularly for high-risk individuals. […] Diagnostic confirmation of influenza A (H1N1) virus infection necessitates obtaining a respiratory sample, such as a nasopharyngeal swab, aspirate, or wash. Various tests can be conducted on these samples, including reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), viral isolation by culture, complement fixation testing, haemagglutination assays, and antibody detection via immunofluorescence. […] An indication of a novel swine influenza virus may arise if an influenza A virus is detected lacking specific proteins typically found in human influenza viruses, such as hemagglutinins.

• #1 H1N1 Test in Hyderabad, Swine Flu RT-PCR Test | Cost & Home Collection PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Co

  https://www.pacehospital.com/h1n1-test

  The PCR test for H1N1 is a standard laboratory method for detecting the H1N1 virus by multiplying a segment of DNA to several times. […] In the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), as the polymerase detects only DNA molecules, the RNA of the virus will be converted into DNA, a process called reverse transcription (RT). With the help of the PCR technique, the single viral DNA will be amplified and will produce several copies (polymers) of viral DNA, leading to the accurate detection of viral presence.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Workup: Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-workup

  Outbreaks of H1N1 influenza (swine flu) are common in pigs year-round. […] Clinicians should consider the possibility of H1N1 influenza virus infections in patients who present with febrile respiratory illness. The CDC criteria for suspected H1N1 influenza are as follows: Onset of acute febrile respiratory illness within 7 days of close contact with a person who has a confirmed case of H1N1 influenza A virus infection, or Onset of acute febrile respiratory illness within 7 days of travel to a community (within the United States or internationally) where one or more H1N1 influenza A cases have been confirmed, or Acute febrile respiratory illness in a person who resides in a community where at least one H1N1 influenza case has been confirmed. […] In September 2011 the FDA approved a new CDC-developed test to diagnose seasonal flu as well as the influenza viruses that could become pandemic. The Human Influenza Virus Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and Characterization Panel (rRT-PCR Flu Panel) is an in vitro laboratory diagnostic test that can provide results within 4 hours.

• #1

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/press-releases?item=94602

  Quest Diagnostics Introduces First Commercial Laboratory Test for Identifying the H1N1 Swine Flu Virus […] Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, the world’s leading provider of diagnostic testing, information and services, today announced that its Focus Diagnostics infectious disease reference laboratory has introduced a laboratory-developed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to aid in identifying Influenza A H1N1 Swine-origin (H1N1) flu virus („S-OIV” or „novel H1N1”), also known as the Swine Flu. […] „Our new laboratory test will be an important tool to help health care professionals and public health authorities identify infected patients more quickly, promoting earlier diagnosis and treatment,” said Jon R. Cohen, M.D., senior vice president and chief medical officer, Quest Diagnostics.

• #1 Overview of Influenza Testing Methods | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/testing-methods/index.html

  Rapid molecular assays are a kind of molecular influenza diagnostic test to detect influenza virus nucleic acids in upper respiratory tract specimens with high sensitivity (90-95%) and specificity. […] Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and other molecular assays can identify the presence of influenza viral RNA or nucleic acids in respiratory specimens with very high sensitivity and specificity. […] Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) are antigen detection assays that can detect influenza viral antigens in 10-15 minutes with moderate sensitivity (50-70%) and high specificity. […] Detection of influenza virus antigen does not necessarily indicate detection of viable infectious virus or on-going influenza viral replication. […] Tests with low to moderate sensitivity and high specificity can produce false negative results more commonly than false positive results, especially during peak influenza activity in the community.

• #1 Overview of Influenza Testing Methods | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/testing-methods/index.html

  Because of the lower sensitivity of the rapid influenza diagnostic tests, clinicians should consider confirming negative test results with molecular assays, especially during periods of peak community influenza activity and/or during suspected institutional influenza outbreaks because of the possibility of false-negative RIDT results. […] If human infection with a novel influenza A virus of animal origin (e.g. avian influenza A virus or swine influenza A virus) is suspected, the local and state health department should be contacted to perform RT-PCR for seasonal influenza viruses and novel influenza A viruses. […] Commercially available influenza diagnostic tests do not specifically detect novel influenza A viruses and a positive result for influenza A virus cannot distinguish seasonal influenza A virus from avian or swine influenza A virus infections.

• #1 Detection methods for influenza A H1N1 virus with special reference to biosensors: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7000365/

  A viral infection stimulates the immune system in the body that further results in the production of antibodies, and the level of antibodies is reported to increase between 8th and 14th day of viral infection. […] There are several tests are based on serological analysis, complement fixation, double immunodiffusion, hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) test and enzyme immunoassay test (EIA). […] ELISA is a very specific and sensitive method for influenza detection. […] Hemagglutinin inhibition is an assay that was used to check the virus antigenic type, subtype classification specificity of antibodies for hemagglutinin subtypes and to confirm the infection of influenza. […] RIDT is fast but its sensitivity is not good in comparison with others. […] New methods are user friendly, cost effective and specific, which provides an easy point of care assay. […] There are a number of biosensors specific for A (H1N1) pdm09 detection that are reported.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Workup: Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-workup

  Since the outbreak, multiple methods of diagnosing influenza have been reported. Influenza tests may include the following: Molecular tests: These may include conventional reverse-transcriptase PCR, office-based rapid molecular testing, and multiplex molecular platforms that can detect influenza in addition to several other common respiratory pathogens. RT-PCR yields the best performance based on sensitivity and specificity data. […] Serologic testing is not recommended for diagnosis because paired sera (acute and convalescent) are required, thereby limiting the timeliness of these tests in patient care. They may be more useful in epidemiologic studies.

• #1 Overview of Influenza Testing Methods | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/testing-methods/index.html

  Influenza virus testing is not required to make a clinical diagnosis of influenza in outpatients with suspected influenza. […] Influenza virus testing is recommended for all patients with suspected influenza who are being admitted to hospital. […] Clinicians should understand the limitations of influenza virus tests and how to properly interpret the results, particularly negative results. […] Diagnostic tests available for detection of influenza viruses in respiratory specimens include molecular assays and antigen detection tests. […] The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommends use of rapid influenza molecular assays over rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) for detection of influenza viruses in respiratory specimens of outpatients. […] IDSA recommends use of RT-PCR or other molecular assays for detection of influenza viruses in respiratory specimens of hospitalized patients.

• #1 Diagnosis and management of Swine Flu | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/diagnosis-and-management-of-swine-flu-72650231/72650231

  This document discusses the diagnosis, management, and prevention of swine flu. It covers diagnostic tests including specific RT-PCR tests and viral cultures as well as non-specific findings from bloodwork and imaging. […] Diagnosis and management of Swine Flu: DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR SWINE FLU: NON SPECIFIC FINDINGS: 1- COMPLETE HEMOGRAM: Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia. 2- LIVER FUNCTION TEST:- Raised liver enzymes and elevated bilirubin. 3- OTHERS: Increased CPK and LDH. 4- X-RAY: Bilateral infiltrates(lower lobe predominance). 5- CT CHEST: Patchy consolidation or ground glass opacities. SPECIFIC FINDINGS: 1- RT-PCR: Highly sensitive and very high specific. Usually recommended for clinical diagnosis faster turnaround time. Specimens usually taken from nasopharyngeal swab or throat swab, sometimes tracheal aspirates in intubated patients. 2- VIRAL CULTURE: Moderately sensitive and has highest specificity, usually recommended for public health surveillance and not useful in clinical situations due to long turnaround time. 3- RAPID ANTIGEN TEST: Not recommended nowadays.

• #1 Detection methods for influenza A H1N1 virus with special reference to biosensors: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7000365/

  The severity of infection increases with time therefore, there is a need for early detection of infection. RT-PCR is a method of choice for confirmation of disease but it is labour intensive and costly. […] Biosensors hold good capability to convert todays diagnostic methods into fast analytical powers by reconstituting their sensing behaviours for the detection of any nano-sized objects, like antibody, biomolecules and pathogens. […] Currently, nanotechnology based sensors are used for rapid, sensitive and cost-effective diagnostics of pathogens. […] It is challenging to diagnose pathogen in case of influenza, because it shows similar symptoms like rhinoviruses, parainfluenza, adenoviruses and respiratory syncytial virus. […] All available detection methods for detection of A (H1N1) pdm09 with their analytic characteristics, merits and demerits are mentioned in Tables 1 and 2.

• #1 H1N1 flu (swine flu) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20378103

  The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. […] The symptoms of flu caused by H1N1, commonly called the swine flu, are similar to those of other flu viruses. […] Flu symptoms develop about 1 to 4 days after you’re exposed to the virus. […] If you’re generally healthy and develop flu symptoms, most people may not need to see a health care provider. […] Call your care provider if you have flu symptoms and you’re pregnant or have a chronic disease. […] If you have emergency symptoms of the flu, get medical care right away. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start.

• #1 Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/testing-methods/clinician_guidance_ridt.html

  RIDTs are not recommended for hospitalized patients with suspected influenza; molecular influenza assays such as RT-PCR are recommended for testing hospitalized patients. […] Antiviral treatment should not be stopped based on negative RIDT results given the limited sensitivities of RIDTs. […] If RIDTs are used in these settings, clinical specimens should also be sent for influenza testing by viral culture and RT-PCR to provide detailed information on specific influenza A virus subtypes and strains, and antiviral susceptibility data and to verify RIDT test results.

• #1 H1N1 Flu Virus (Swine Flu): Symptoms, Causes, Tests, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/h1n1-flu-virus-swine-flu

  Are There Tests for Swine Flu? […] Yes. Without one it’s hard to tell whether you have swine flu or seasonal flu, because most symptoms are the same. If you have swine flu, you may be more likely to feel sick and your stomach and throw up than with regular flu. But a lab test is the only way to know. Even a rapid flu test you can get in your doctor’s office won’t tell you for sure. […] To test for swine flu, your doctor runs a swab — a bigger version of the ones in your bathroom — up the inside of your nose around the back of your throat. But the test isnt as common or widespread as those for regular flu. So the only people who really need to be tested are those in the hospital or those at high risk for life-threatening problems from swine flu, such as: […] Some of the same antiviral drugs that are used to treat seasonal flu also work against H1N1 swine flu. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), peramivir (Rapivab), and zanamivir (Relenza) seem to work best, although some kinds of swine flu dont respond to oseltamivir. […] The same flu vaccine that protects against seasonal flu also protects against the H1N1 swine flu strain. You can get it as a shot or as a nasal spray. Either way, it „teaches” your immune system to attack the real virus.

• #1 Swine Flu Test – Purpose, Results, Normal Range, and more

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diagnostics-investigations/swine-flu-test

  Swine flu, also known as H1N1 influenza, is a respiratory infection caused by the H1N1 strain of the influenza virus. The Swine Flu Test is a diagnostic tool used to detect the presence of the H1N1 virus in individuals displaying flu-like symptoms. Early and accurate detection of the virus is critical for timely treatment and preventing the spread of the infection. […] The Swine Flu Test identifies the presence of the H1N1 virus in respiratory samples. This test helps confirm or rule out H1N1 influenza, especially during flu season or in individuals at high risk of complications. […] Positive Result: Confirms the presence of H1N1 virus, warranting immediate treatment and isolation to prevent transmission. […] The Swine Flu Test is used for: Diagnosing H1N1 Influenza: Confirming the cause of flu-like symptoms.

• #1 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/

  The treatment of infected patients depends on the severity of symptoms of H1N1 influenza. Mild-to-moderate influenza is usually self-limiting and can be treated at home with rest and oral hydration. […] Clinicians managing this condition should be aware that early antiviral treatment within 72 hours of symptom onset may decrease severe disease and mortality. Additionally, they should understand which antiviral treatments are effective in this window. […] The antiviral medications, oral oseltamivir, IV zanamivir, and IV peramivir, have each been documented to help reduce, or possibly prevent, the effects of H1N1 influenza if the medication is taken within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.

• #1 Swine flu- Diagnosis, management & prevention by Dr. Dilip | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/swine-flu-diagnosis-management-prevention/63404951

  This document provides information on swine flu, including its diagnosis, management, and prevention. It defines swine flu as a respiratory disease caused by the H1N1 virus. […] Management involves testing, antiviral treatment, supportive care, and hospitalization for severe or complicated cases. […] Diagnosis requires lab testing of respiratory samples collected within 5 days of symptoms. […] Laboratory diagnosis Specimens- Nasal swab Nasopharyngeal swab Throat or bronchial alveolar aspirate Combination of nasal/ nasopharyngeal and throat swab is advised. […] Influenza Diagnostic Tests real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is recommended, 6-8 hrs required to perform test. […] Under no circumstances should influenza diagnostic testing delay initiation of infection control practices or antiviral treatment, if disease is suspected clinically. […] The document outlines symptoms and transmission of H1N1, as well as laboratory diagnosis via PCR or culture of respiratory samples. Proper collection and transport of samples is emphasized for accurate testing and reporting of results within 48 hours.

• #1 Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/testing-methods/clinician_guidance_ridt.html

  RIDTs can be useful to identify influenza virus infection as a cause of respiratory outbreaks in any setting, but especially in institutions (i.e., nursing homes, chronic care facilities, and hospitals), cruise ships, summer camps, schools, etc. […] However, negative RIDT results do not exclude influenza virus infection as a cause of a respiratory outbreak because of the limited sensitivity of these tests. […] Testing respiratory specimens from several persons with suspected influenza will increase the likelihood of detecting influenza virus infection if influenza virus is the cause of the outbreak, and use of molecular influenza assays such as RT-PCR is recommended if the cause of the outbreak is not determined and influenza is suspected. […] Negative results of RIDTs do not exclude influenza virus infection and influenza should still be considered in a patient if clinical suspicion is high based upon history, signs, symptoms and clinical examination.

• #2 Swine Flu (H1N1): What Is It, Causes, Treatments & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23928-swine-flu-h1n1

  Swine flu (H1N1) is an infection that a type of flu (influenza) virus causes. […] Your healthcare provider can diagnose swine flu (H1N1). They may perform a physical exam and ask you about your symptoms. Your provider may order a rapid flu test. A rapid flu test checks for several different flu viruses. It may take a few days to get the H1N1 test results back. […] Most people with swine flu (H1N1) who are otherwise healthy dont need special drugs or treatments. If you have swine flu, you should: […] If youre very ill, your healthcare provider may prescribe an antiviral medicine. Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza) can kill the virus. […] Ways to prevent getting and spreading swine flu (H1N1) include: […] Call your healthcare provider if your symptoms last longer or worsen. Theyll let you know if you should come into the office.

• #2 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Workup: Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-workup

  Outbreaks of H1N1 influenza (swine flu) are common in pigs year-round. […] Clinicians should consider the possibility of H1N1 influenza virus infections in patients who present with febrile respiratory illness. The CDC criteria for suspected H1N1 influenza are as follows: Onset of acute febrile respiratory illness within 7 days of close contact with a person who has a confirmed case of H1N1 influenza A virus infection, or Onset of acute febrile respiratory illness within 7 days of travel to a community (within the United States or internationally) where one or more H1N1 influenza A cases have been confirmed, or Acute febrile respiratory illness in a person who resides in a community where at least one H1N1 influenza case has been confirmed. […] In September 2011 the FDA approved a new CDC-developed test to diagnose seasonal flu as well as the influenza viruses that could become pandemic. The Human Influenza Virus Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and Characterization Panel (rRT-PCR Flu Panel) is an in vitro laboratory diagnostic test that can provide results within 4 hours.

• #2 H1N1 flu (swine flu) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20378103

  The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. […] The symptoms of flu caused by H1N1, commonly called the swine flu, are similar to those of other flu viruses. […] Flu symptoms develop about 1 to 4 days after you’re exposed to the virus. […] If you’re generally healthy and develop flu symptoms, most people may not need to see a health care provider. […] Call your care provider if you have flu symptoms and you’re pregnant or have a chronic disease. […] If you have emergency symptoms of the flu, get medical care right away. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start.

• #2 Overview of Influenza Testing Methods | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/testing-methods/index.html

  Influenza virus testing is not required to make a clinical diagnosis of influenza in outpatients with suspected influenza. […] Influenza virus testing is recommended for all patients with suspected influenza who are being admitted to hospital. […] Clinicians should understand the limitations of influenza virus tests and how to properly interpret the results, particularly negative results. […] Diagnostic tests available for detection of influenza viruses in respiratory specimens include molecular assays and antigen detection tests. […] The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommends use of rapid influenza molecular assays over rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) for detection of influenza viruses in respiratory specimens of outpatients. […] IDSA recommends use of RT-PCR or other molecular assays for detection of influenza viruses in respiratory specimens of hospitalized patients.

• #2 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/

  H1N1 influenza, a subtype of influenza A virus, is an infectious viral illness that causes both upper and, in some cases, lower respiratory tract infections in its host. […] Diagnostic confirmation necessitates respiratory samples, emphasizing the importance of an interprofessional team approach for optimal patient care, particularly for high-risk individuals. […] Diagnostic confirmation of influenza A (H1N1) virus infection necessitates obtaining a respiratory sample, such as a nasopharyngeal swab, aspirate, or wash. Various tests can be conducted on these samples, including reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), viral isolation by culture, complement fixation testing, haemagglutination assays, and antibody detection via immunofluorescence. […] An indication of a novel swine influenza virus may arise if an influenza A virus is detected lacking specific proteins typically found in human influenza viruses, such as hemagglutinins.

• #2 H1N1 Test in Hyderabad, Swine Flu RT-PCR Test | Cost & Home Collection PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Co

  https://www.pacehospital.com/h1n1-test

  How is H1N1 PCR test done? […] Nasal and throat swabs are used to collect samples for the H1N1 swine flu test, which are subsequently analysed for the presence of the influenza A or B virus. It is recommended that the test must be performed within the first few days of the ailment to ensure an accurate diagnosis. […] H1N1 test process […] The H1N1 test process includes the detection of H1N1 virus. The diagnosis of h1n1 flu (influenza A) can be difficult because the virus’s symptoms (H1N1) are similar to those of other respiratory viruses, such as rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytial virus. The incubation period for Influenza is 2 to 3 days, and a viral sample from a patient’s nose and throat swabs will be collected. […] The H1N1 swab test procedure includes the insertion of a dry swab into the nostril and back of the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat behind the nose), where the technician leaves the swab for a few seconds. Slowly remove the swab while slightly rotating. Another new swab will be used for the adjacent nostril, and the same process will be repeated. The tip of the swab will be placed into a Viral Transport Medium (VTM) filled vial by breaking the applicator stick.

• #2 Diagnostic Testing for H1N1 Flu: When and How

  https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/diagnostic-testing-h1n1-flu-when-and-how

  Confirming the presence of the H1N1 influenza virus in patients with suspected infection is critical to public health efforts to track, study, and contain the disease-and to the ability of clinicians to provide optimal management. Appropriate diagnostic testing is key to this process. […] Diagnosis of H1N1 influenza is best made by real-time polymerase chain reaction. […] Therefore, it is important to use the proper type of swab when obtaining specimens for H1N1 testing. Use swabs with synthetic tips (Dacron or polyester) and with either an aluminum or plastic shaft. Other types of swabs (swabs with cotton tips, calcium alginate swabs, swabs with wooden shafts) are not acceptable because they will interfere with molecular tests. […] For further information about available testing for H1N1 influenza virus in your area, contact your local hospital laboratory, hospital infection control staff, or local health department.

• #2 Overview of Influenza Testing Methods | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/testing-methods/index.html

  Rapid molecular assays are a kind of molecular influenza diagnostic test to detect influenza virus nucleic acids in upper respiratory tract specimens with high sensitivity (90-95%) and specificity. […] Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and other molecular assays can identify the presence of influenza viral RNA or nucleic acids in respiratory specimens with very high sensitivity and specificity. […] Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) are antigen detection assays that can detect influenza viral antigens in 10-15 minutes with moderate sensitivity (50-70%) and high specificity. […] Detection of influenza virus antigen does not necessarily indicate detection of viable infectious virus or on-going influenza viral replication. […] Tests with low to moderate sensitivity and high specificity can produce false negative results more commonly than false positive results, especially during peak influenza activity in the community.

• #2

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/press-releases?item=94602

  Quest Diagnostics Introduces First Commercial Laboratory Test for Identifying the H1N1 Swine Flu Virus […] Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, the world’s leading provider of diagnostic testing, information and services, today announced that its Focus Diagnostics infectious disease reference laboratory has introduced a laboratory-developed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to aid in identifying Influenza A H1N1 Swine-origin (H1N1) flu virus („S-OIV” or „novel H1N1”), also known as the Swine Flu. […] „Our new laboratory test will be an important tool to help health care professionals and public health authorities identify infected patients more quickly, promoting earlier diagnosis and treatment,” said Jon R. Cohen, M.D., senior vice president and chief medical officer, Quest Diagnostics.

• #2

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/press-releases?item=94602

  Focus Diagnostics validated its new Influenza A H1N1 (Swine Flu) RNA Real-Time RT-PCR Test using clinical specimens submitted to its reference laboratory confirmed as positive for the novel H1N1 influenza virus by public health authorities. […] The new Focus Diagnostics test simultaneously detects the presence of Influenza A virus RNA and specifically identifies the presence of the novel H1N1 virus. […] With the availability of the Focus Diagnostics Influenza A H1N1 (Swine Flu) RNA Real-Time RT-PCR Test, physicians will be able to submit patient specimens that are found to be positive for Influenza virus type A through testing performed by a Quest Diagnostics’ regional laboratory or other private clinical laboratory to Focus Diagnostics’ reference laboratory for novel H1N1 laboratory testing. […] „The availability of the new Focus Diagnostics laboratory test will enable physicians and hospitals to quickly identify patients infected with S-OIV and differentiate them from patients infected with other Influenza A strains,” said Jay M. Lieberman, M.D., medical director, Focus Diagnostics.

• #2 Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/testing-methods/clinician_guidance_ridt.html

  Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) are immunoassays that can identify the presence of influenza A and B viral nucleoprotein antigens in respiratory specimens and display the result in a qualitative way (positive vs. negative). […] However, RIDTs have limited sensitivity to detect influenza viruses in respiratory specimens compared to RT-PCR or viral culture and negative RIDT test results should be interpreted with caution given the potential for false negative results, especially during peak influenza activity in a community. […] RIDTs may be used to help with diagnostic and treatment decisions for patients in clinical settings, such as whether to prescribe antiviral medications. […] Therefore, if clinically indicated, antiviral treatment should not be withheld from patients with suspected influenza, even if they test negative by RIDT, and further influenza testing of respiratory specimens by molecular influenza assays may be indicated.

• #2 Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/testing-methods/clinician_guidance_ridt.html

  RIDTs can be useful to identify influenza virus infection as a cause of respiratory outbreaks in any setting, but especially in institutions (i.e., nursing homes, chronic care facilities, and hospitals), cruise ships, summer camps, schools, etc. […] However, negative RIDT results do not exclude influenza virus infection as a cause of a respiratory outbreak because of the limited sensitivity of these tests. […] Testing respiratory specimens from several persons with suspected influenza will increase the likelihood of detecting influenza virus infection if influenza virus is the cause of the outbreak, and use of molecular influenza assays such as RT-PCR is recommended if the cause of the outbreak is not determined and influenza is suspected. […] Negative results of RIDTs do not exclude influenza virus infection and influenza should still be considered in a patient if clinical suspicion is high based upon history, signs, symptoms and clinical examination.

• #2 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management of Seasonal Influenza: 2018 Update by IDSA

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/influenza/

  Clinicians should test for influenza on admission in all patients requiring hospitalization with acute respiratory illness, including pneumonia, with or without fever. […] Clinicians should use rapid molecular assays (ie, nucleic acid amplification tests) over rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) in outpatients to improve detection of influenza virus infection. […] Clinicians should use reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or other molecular assays over other influenza tests in hospitalized patients to improve detection of influenza virus infection. […] Clinicians should start antiviral treatment as soon as possible for adults and children with documented or suspected influenza, irrespective of influenza vaccination history, who meet the following criteria: Persons of any age who are hospitalized with influenza, regardless of illness duration prior to hospitalization. […] Clinicians should administer antiviral chemoprophylaxis for 14 days and continue for at least 7 days after the onset of symptoms in the last case identified during an institutional influenza outbreak.

• #2 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Workup: Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-workup

  Since the outbreak, multiple methods of diagnosing influenza have been reported. Influenza tests may include the following: Molecular tests: These may include conventional reverse-transcriptase PCR, office-based rapid molecular testing, and multiplex molecular platforms that can detect influenza in addition to several other common respiratory pathogens. RT-PCR yields the best performance based on sensitivity and specificity data. […] Serologic testing is not recommended for diagnosis because paired sera (acute and convalescent) are required, thereby limiting the timeliness of these tests in patient care. They may be more useful in epidemiologic studies.

• #2 H1N1 Flu Virus (Swine Flu): Symptoms, Causes, Tests, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/h1n1-flu-virus-swine-flu

  Are There Tests for Swine Flu? […] Yes. Without one it’s hard to tell whether you have swine flu or seasonal flu, because most symptoms are the same. If you have swine flu, you may be more likely to feel sick and your stomach and throw up than with regular flu. But a lab test is the only way to know. Even a rapid flu test you can get in your doctor’s office won’t tell you for sure. […] To test for swine flu, your doctor runs a swab — a bigger version of the ones in your bathroom — up the inside of your nose around the back of your throat. But the test isnt as common or widespread as those for regular flu. So the only people who really need to be tested are those in the hospital or those at high risk for life-threatening problems from swine flu, such as: […] Some of the same antiviral drugs that are used to treat seasonal flu also work against H1N1 swine flu. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), peramivir (Rapivab), and zanamivir (Relenza) seem to work best, although some kinds of swine flu dont respond to oseltamivir. […] The same flu vaccine that protects against seasonal flu also protects against the H1N1 swine flu strain. You can get it as a shot or as a nasal spray. Either way, it „teaches” your immune system to attack the real virus.

• #2 H1N1 flu (swine flu) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20378103

  Factors that may increase your risk of developing H1N1 or other influenza viruses or their complications include: […] Influenza complications include: […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone age 6 months or older. […] The H1N1 virus is included in the seasonal flu vaccine. […] The flu vaccine can lower your risk of getting the flu. […] Flu vaccination is especially important because the flu and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cause similar symptoms. […] Vaccination also helps lower the number of people with severe flu and complications.

• #2 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/

  The treatment of infected patients depends on the severity of symptoms of H1N1 influenza. Mild-to-moderate influenza is usually self-limiting and can be treated at home with rest and oral hydration. […] Clinicians managing this condition should be aware that early antiviral treatment within 72 hours of symptom onset may decrease severe disease and mortality. Additionally, they should understand which antiviral treatments are effective in this window. […] The antiviral medications, oral oseltamivir, IV zanamivir, and IV peramivir, have each been documented to help reduce, or possibly prevent, the effects of H1N1 influenza if the medication is taken within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.

• #2 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management of Seasonal Influenza: 2018 Update by IDSA

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/influenza/

  These clinical practice guidelines are an update of the guidelines published by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) in 2009, prior to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. This document addresses new information regarding diagnostic testing, treatment and chemoprophylaxis with antiviral medications, and issues related to institutional outbreak management for seasonal influenza. It is intended for use by primary care clinicians, obstetricians, emergency medicine providers, hospitalists, laboratorians, and infectious disease specialists, as well as other clinicians managing patients with suspected or laboratory-confirmed influenza. […] Use of available diagnostic modalities and proper interpretation of results can accurately identify patients presenting with influenza. Timely diagnosis may decrease unnecessary laboratory testing for other etiologies and use of antibiotics, improve the effectiveness of infection prevention and control measures, and increase appropriate use of antiviral medications.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-swine-flu.aspx

  Swine flu, caused by the influenza virus H1N1 2009 strain, is usually a mild illness. Diagnosis may be made based on the signs and symptoms of the disease. Swine flu manifests in most people as a usual flu infection with similar symptoms and thus may be confused with other viral illnesses. […] According to the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) guidelines, swine flu is diagnosed in presence of the following features: Acute fever and airways infection within 7 days of close contact with a person who has been confirmed to be a case of H1N1 influenza A infection. Acute fever and airways infection within 7 days of travel to a community (within or outside the country) where there have been one or more confirmed cases of H1N1 influenza A infection. Acute fever and airways infection seen in a person living in a community where there is at least one confirmed case of H1N1 influenza A infection.

• #3 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu): Practice Essentials, Background, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-overview

  H1N1 influenza, referred to as swine flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses, as recently reviewed. […] Transmission of swine influenza viruses to humans is uncommon. However, the swine influenza virus can be transmitted to humans via contact with infected pigs or environments contaminated with swine influenza viruses. […] The CDC criteria for suspected H1N1 influenza are as follows: Onset of acute febrile respiratory illness within 7 days of close contact with a person who has a confirmed case of H1N1 influenza A virus infection, or Onset of acute febrile respiratory illness within 7 days of travel to a community (within the United States or internationally) where one or more H1N1 influenza A cases have been confirmed, or Acute febrile respiratory illness in a person who resides in a community where at least one H1N1 influenza case has been confirmed.

• #3 What is Swine Flu (H1N1) Test and its Uses, Results, and Normal Range?

  https://www.yashodahospitals.com/diagnostics/swine-flu-test/

  The Swine Flu Test (H1N1) is a series of diagnostic tests that can help identify swine flu in your body. […] The Swine flu test (H1N1) is used for the diagnosis of swine flu, identifying the presence of the H1N1 virus in your body. […] The test results for swine flu are either positive or negative. […] You will need to undergo a swine flu test (H1N1) if you begin to exhibit any of the symptoms of this disease. […] During the test, a nose swab will be taken. […] The primary test performed to detect the presence of swine flu (H1N1) is the extraction of a respiratory sample. […] Swine flu is tested using a series of tests if the initial nasal or throat swab tests are inconclusive. […] A positive H1N1 test result indicates the presence of the H1N1 influenza virus in the tested sample.

• #3 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Workup: Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-workup

  Since the outbreak, multiple methods of diagnosing influenza have been reported. Influenza tests may include the following: Molecular tests: These may include conventional reverse-transcriptase PCR, office-based rapid molecular testing, and multiplex molecular platforms that can detect influenza in addition to several other common respiratory pathogens. RT-PCR yields the best performance based on sensitivity and specificity data. […] Serologic testing is not recommended for diagnosis because paired sera (acute and convalescent) are required, thereby limiting the timeliness of these tests in patient care. They may be more useful in epidemiologic studies.

• #3 Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/testing-methods/clinician_guidance_ridt.html

  Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) are immunoassays that can identify the presence of influenza A and B viral nucleoprotein antigens in respiratory specimens and display the result in a qualitative way (positive vs. negative). […] However, RIDTs have limited sensitivity to detect influenza viruses in respiratory specimens compared to RT-PCR or viral culture and negative RIDT test results should be interpreted with caution given the potential for false negative results, especially during peak influenza activity in a community. […] RIDTs may be used to help with diagnostic and treatment decisions for patients in clinical settings, such as whether to prescribe antiviral medications. […] Therefore, if clinically indicated, antiviral treatment should not be withheld from patients with suspected influenza, even if they test negative by RIDT, and further influenza testing of respiratory specimens by molecular influenza assays may be indicated.

• #3 H1N1 (Swine Flu Virus): Real-Time PCR Recommended Method for Confirmation of Infection

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/h1n1-swine-flu-virus-real-time-pcr-recommended-method-for-confirmation-of-infection

  H1N1 Diagnostic The two of the widest methods for H1N1 diagnosis are Rapid influenza A antigen diagnostic tests (RIDTs) and direct and indirect immunofluorescence tests for influenza A, but these tests are not confirmatory because of low sensitivity (10-70%) and non-specificity for detecting H1N1 influenza in clinical specimens. The real-time PCR method is the most reliable diagnostic test for H1N1. H1N1 Real-Time PCR is the recommended method for confirmation of infection with H1N1. […] H1N1 Real-Time PCR based on the Reverse transcription and TaqMan chemistry for detection of H1N1 virus in a patient sample. […] Result Analysis: The doctor will analyze the result, whether the H1N1 RNA is amplified or not, which concludes the positive or Negative result for H1N1 infection. Finally, the Report is authenticated and released.

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