Grypa świńska (h1n1)
Etiologia i przyczyny

Grypa świńska (H1N1) jest chorobą układu oddechowego wywołaną przez wirusa grypy typu A, szczep H1N1, który powstał w wyniku reassortacji genetycznej czterech różnych wirusów grypy: północnoamerykańskiej grypy świńskiej, ptasiej, ludzkiej oraz euroazjatyckiego wirusa świńskiego. Wirus ten, RNA o negatywnej polarności, posiada 8 segmentów genomu kodujących 11 białek, w tym kluczowe glikoproteiny powierzchniowe hemaglutyninę (H) i neuraminidazę (N), które determinują jego zdolność do infekcji i rozprzestrzeniania. Transmisja wirusa odbywa się głównie drogą kropelkową oraz przez kontakt z zakażonymi powierzchniami, a okres zakaźności obejmuje około 1 dzień przed i do 4 dni po wystąpieniu objawów, z wydłużonym czasem u dzieci i osób immunoniekompetentnych. Świnie pełnią rolę rezerwuaru i „mieszalnika” wirusów grypy, co sprzyja powstawaniu nowych wariantów, jednak zakażenie H1N1 nie następuje przez spożycie mięsa wieprzowego, gdyż wirus ulega inaktywacji podczas gotowania.

Etiologia grypy świńskiej (H1N1)

Grypa świńska (H1N1) jest chorobą układu oddechowego wywołaną przez specyficzny szczep wirusa grypy typu A – wirus H1N1. Nazwa „grypa świńska” wywodzi się stąd, że wirus ten początkowo występował głównie u świń, jednak z czasem jego struktura genetyczna uległa mutacji, umożliwiając zakażanie ludzi12. Wirus H1N1 został po raz pierwszy wykryty u ludzi w 2009 roku i szybko rozprzestrzenił się na całym świecie, co doprowadziło do ogłoszenia przez Światową Organizację Zdrowia (WHO) pandemii34.

Charakterystyka wirusa H1N1

Wirus grypy świńskiej H1N1 należy do rodziny Orthomyxoviridae i jest wirusem RNA o negatywnej polarności5. Genom wirusa H1N1 składa się z 8 różnych segmentów, które kodują 11 różnych białek6. Wirus można identyfikować dzięki powierzchniowym glikoproteinom – hemaglutynienie (H) i neuraminidazie (N), które wykazują synergię metaboliczną i stanowią podstawę klasyfikacji wirusów grypy typu A7.

Funkcja hemaglutyniny polega na powodowaniu skupiania się czerwonych krwinek oraz przyłączaniu wirusa do zainfekowanej komórki. Natomiast neuraminidaza pomaga cząsteczkom wirusa w poruszaniu się przez zainfekowaną komórkę i wspomaga pączkowanie z komórek gospodarza8. Te powierzchniowe struktury białkowe są kluczowe dla zdolności wirusa do infekowania komórek i jego rozprzestrzeniania się w organizmie.

Pochodzenie wirusa H1N1

Szczep H1N1, który wywołał pandemię w 2009 roku, był nową kombinacją wirusów grypy zakażających świnie, ptaki i ludzi9. Wirus ten powstał w wyniku rekombinacji genetycznej (reassortacji) czterech różnych wirusów grypy10:

  • Północnoamerykańskiej grypy świńskiej
  • Północnoamerykańskiej grypy ptasiej
  • Ludzkiego szczepu wirusa grypy
  • Euroazjatyckiego wirusa grypy świńskiej

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Ta wyjątkowa kombinacja genetyczna umożliwiła wirusowi zarówno zakażanie ludzi, jak i efektywne przenoszenie się z człowieka na człowieka, co przyczyniło się do jego szybkiego rozprzestrzeniania się na skalę globalną13. Warto podkreślić, że wirus pandemiczny H1N1 z 2009 roku był genetycznie odmienny od sezonowych wirusów H1N1, które krążyły wśród ludzi od 1977 roku14.

Mechanizm zakażenia i transmisji

Wirusy grypy typu A, takie jak H1N1, infekują komórki wyściełające nos, gardło i płuca15. Proces zakażenia rozpoczyna się, gdy wirus przedostaje się do górnych dróg oddechowych.

Drogi zakażenia

Wirus grypy świńskiej H1N1 rozprzestrzenia się w sposób podobny do sezonowej grypy, głównie drogą kropelkową16. Do głównych sposobów transmisji należą:

  • Kontakt bezpośredni: Wirus przenosi się przez powietrze w kropelkach wydzielanych podczas kaszlu, kichania, mówienia lub oddychania przez osobę zakażoną17
  • Kontakt pośredni: Zakażenie może nastąpić poprzez dotknięcie skażonej powierzchni, a następnie dotknięcie oczu, nosa lub ust18

19

Istotnym czynnikiem epidemiologicznym jest fakt, że osoby zakażone wirusem H1N1 mogą być zakaźne od około jednego dnia przed wystąpieniem objawów do około czterech dni po ich pojawieniu się. Dzieci i osoby z osłabionym układem odpornościowym mogą być zakaźne przez nieco dłuższy czas20.

Rola świń w epidemiologii H1N1

Świnie odgrywają szczególną rolę w epidemiologii grypy, ponieważ mogą być zakażane wirusami grypy pochodzącymi od ptaków, ludzi i innych ssaków21. Ta unikalna cecha czyni je potencjalnym „naczyniowym mieszalnikiem” dla różnych szczepów wirusa grypy, umożliwiając reassortację genetyczną i powstanie nowych wariantów wirusa22.

Świnie mogą pełnić funkcję rezerwuaru wirusów grypy – szczepy, które zniknęły z populacji ludzkiej, mogą przetrwać u świń, a następnie ponownie pojawić się u ludzi, gdy ich odporność na te szczepy osłabnie23. Chociaż transmisja wirusów grypy między świniami a ludźmi zdarza się stosunkowo często, przenoszenie między ludźmi wariantów pochodzących bezpośrednio od świń jest rzadkie24.

Warto podkreślić, że nie można zarazić się grypą świńską poprzez spożywanie wieprzowiny lub produktów wieprzowych2526. Wirusy grypy typu A są wrażliwe na wysoką temperaturę i ulegają inaktywacji podczas prawidłowego gotowania mięsa27.

Zmiany genetyczne wirusa H1N1

Zdolność wirusa grypy H1N1 do wywoływania pandemii wynika z jego szczególnych właściwości genetycznych oraz zdolności do szybkich zmian i adaptacji.

Mutacje i reassortacja

Wirusy grypy, w tym H1N1, charakteryzują się dużą zmiennością genetyczną wynikającą z dwóch głównych mechanizmów28:

  • Przesunięcie antygenowe (antigenic shift) – znaczące zmiany w białkach powierzchniowych wirusa, które mogą prowadzić do powstania nowych szczepów grypy zdolnych do omijania odpowiedzi immunologicznej gospodarza i ułatwiania transmisji między ludźmi w populacjach wcześniej podatnych29
  • Mutacje punktowe – drobne zmiany w materiale genetycznym wirusa, które mogą stopniowo modyfikować jego właściwości30

Pandemia H1N1 z 2009 roku była wynikiem znaczącego przesunięcia antygenowego – nowy wirus zawierał geny pochodzące z wirusów grypy świńskiej, ptasiej i ludzkiej31. Ten unikatowy skład genetyczny sprawił, że większość ludzi nie posiadała odporności na nowy wariant wirusa, co umożliwiło jego szybkie rozprzestrzenianie się32.

Związek z innymi pandemiami

Wirus H1N1, który wywołał pandemię w 2009 roku, jest potomkiem szczepu, który spowodował pandemię grypy w 1918 roku, znaną jako „hiszpanka”33. Pandemia z 1918 roku była jedną z najbardziej śmiertelnych pandemii w historii, infekując około 500 milionów ludzi na całym świecie i powodując śmierć od 50 do 100 milionów osób34.

Zarówno pandemia z 1918 roku, jak i z 2009 roku, były spowodowane przez wirusy H1N1, chociaż szczepy te różniły się pod względem wirulencji i śmiertelności35. Wirus H1N1 z 2009 roku wykazywał szereg podobnych cech do wirusa z 1918 roku, jednak współczesna opieka medyczna i lepsze zrozumienie mechanizmów przenoszenia chorób zakaźnych przyczyniły się do znacznie niższej śmiertelności podczas pandemii w 2009 roku36.

Patofizjologia zakażenia H1N1

Zakażenie wirusem grypy świńskiej H1N1 prowadzi do szeregu zmian patofizjologicznych w organizmie, szczególnie w układzie oddechowym.

Mechanizm patogenezy

Wirus H1N1 dostaje się do organizmu drogą nosa lub gardła i infekuje komórki nabłonka dróg oddechowych37. Po wniknięciu do komórek gospodarza, wirus wykorzystuje ich maszynerię komórkową do replikacji swojego materiału genetycznego i produkcji nowych cząstek wirusa.

Infekcja powoduje stan zapalny z rozległą degeneracją i martwicą komórek wyściełających oskrzela i oskrzeliki38. Reakcja immunologiczna organizmu na wirusa i odpowiedź interferonowa są przyczyną zespołu wirusowego, który obejmuje wysoką gorączkę, nieżyt nosa i bóle mięśniowe39.

Powikłania zakażenia

Większość przypadków grypy świńskiej H1N1 ma przebieg łagodny do umiarkowanego, z objawami podobnymi do sezonowej grypy. Jednak w niektórych przypadkach mogą wystąpić poważne powikłania, szczególnie u osób z grup ryzyka40. Do najczęstszych powikłań należą:

  • Zapalenie płuc – zarówno pierwotne wirusowe, jak i wtórne bakteryjne (stwierdzane w 30% przypadków śmiertelnych)41
  • Niewydolność oddechowa – będąca najczęstszą przyczyną zgonów42
  • Odwodnienie – spowodowane gorączką, wymiotami lub brakiem wystarczającej ilości płynów43
  • Zaostrzenie przewlekłych chorób – takich jak astma, cukrzyca i choroby serca44

Grypa świńska H1N1 może również prowadzić do poważniejszych konsekwencji u kobiet w ciąży, powodując poronienia z powodu ostrej choroby u matek oraz czasami małe, słabe mioty45.

Warto zauważyć, że większość zgonów związanych z grypą świńską jest wynikiem wtórnych zakażeń bakteryjnych lub współistniejących zakażeń innymi czynnikami wywołującymi zapalenie płuc46.

Czynniki ryzyka i grupy szczególnie narażone

Chociaż grypa świńska H1N1 może zainfekować każdego, niektóre osoby są bardziej narażone na rozwój ciężkiej postaci choroby i powikłań.

Grupy wysokiego ryzyka

Do grup szczególnie narażonych na ciężki przebieg grypy świńskiej H1N1 należą4748:

  • Dzieci – szczególnie poniżej 5 roku życia
  • Osoby starsze – zwłaszcza powyżej 65 roku życia
  • Kobiety w ciąży – u których ryzyko powikłań jest zwiększone
  • Osoby z obniżoną odpornością – z powodu wieku, stanów chorobowych lub stosowanych leków
  • Osoby z chorobami przewlekłymi – takimi jak astma, cukrzyca, choroby serca czy choroby układu oddechowego

4950

Wirus H1N1 z pandemii 2009 roku był szczególnie niebezpieczny dla osób młodych i w średnim wieku, w przeciwieństwie do sezonowej grypy, która zazwyczaj stanowi największe zagrożenie dla osób starszych51. Ten nietypowy wzorzec śmiertelności był jedną z charakterystycznych cech pandemii H1N1 z 2009 roku.

Czynniki zawodowe i środowiskowe

Pewne zawody i warunki środowiskowe mogą zwiększać ryzyko zakażenia wirusem H1N152:

  • Pracownicy służby zdrowia – ze względu na częsty kontakt z osobami zakażonymi53
  • Osoby pracujące ze świniami – hodowcy, pracownicy rzeźni czy weterynarze, którzy mają bezpośredni kontakt ze zwierzętami54
  • Osoby przebywające w zatłoczonych miejscach – takich jak szkoły, więzienia czy koszary wojskowe, gdzie wirus może łatwo się rozprzestrzeniać55

Zakażenia wirusem grypy świńskiej u ludzi występują częściej u osób, które są w bliskim kontakcie z zakażonymi świniami lub skażonym środowiskiem56. Dotyczy to kontaktu z śliną, moczem, kałem, krwią lub innymi płynami ustrojowymi od świń, zadrapaniami i ugryzieniami świń, lub poprzez spożywanie lub picie skażonej żywności lub wody57.

Aktualny status wirusa H1N1

Po pandemii w 2009 roku, wirus H1N1 nie zniknął całkowicie, ale jego status i charakter uległy zmianie.

H1N1 jako element sezonowej grypy

Obecnie wirus H1N1 jest uznawany za jeden z regularnych wirusów grypy sezonowej58. Po pandemii z 2009 roku, wirus H1N1 nadal krąży wśród ludzi, ale dzięki szeroko rozpowszechnionej odporności populacyjnej (nabytej w wyniku przebytej infekcji lub szczepień) oraz dostępności szczepionek, nie powoduje już tak rozległych i ciężkich epidemii59.

Wirus H1N1 jest obecnie jednym z trzech wirusów uwzględnianych w regularnej (sezonowej) szczepionce przeciw grypie6061. Oznacza to, że osoby otrzymujące coroczną szczepionkę przeciw grypie są chronione również przed zakażeniem wirusem H1N1.

Znaczenie epidemiologiczne

Chociaż wirus H1N1 nie stanowi już tak poważnego zagrożenia jak podczas pandemii w 2009 roku, nadal ma istotne znaczenie epidemiologiczne62. Wirus ten może nadal powodować zachorowania i wywoływać lokalne epidemie, szczególnie wśród osób niezaszczepionych lub z obniżoną odpornością.

Znaczenie epidemiologiczne wirusa H1N1 wynika również z jego potencjału do dalszych mutacji i reassortacji genetycznej, co może prowadzić do powstania nowych, potencjalnie bardziej niebezpiecznych wariantów wirusa63. Z tego powodu ciągłe monitorowanie krążących szczepów wirusa grypy, w tym H1N1, jest kluczowym elementem globalnego nadzoru nad grypą64.

Świadomość istnienia wirusa H1N1 i jego potencjalnego zagrożenia pozostaje ważna zarówno dla personelu medycznego, jak i ogółu społeczeństwa, szczególnie w kontekście sezonowych epidemii grypy i potrzeby corocznych szczepień65.

Podsumowanie etiologii grypy świńskiej H1N1

Grypa świńska H1N1 jest chorobą wywoływaną przez wirus grypy typu A – H1N1, który charakteryzuje się unikatową kombinacją genetyczną pochodzącą od wirusów grypy świńskiej, ptasiej i ludzkiej6667. Wirus ten zyskał zdolność do efektywnego zakażania ludzi i transmisji między nimi, co doprowadziło do pandemii w 2009 roku.

Główne mechanizmy przenoszenia wirusa obejmują drogę kropelkową oraz kontakt z zakażonymi powierzchniami68. Świnie odgrywają istotną rolę jako rezerwuar i „mieszalnik” dla różnych szczepów wirusa grypy, umożliwiając powstawanie nowych wariantów genetycznych69.

Zdolność wirusa H1N1 do szybkich zmian genetycznych poprzez mutacje i reassortację stanowi kluczowy czynnik jego potencjału pandemicznego70. Zakażenie wirusem H1N1 może prowadzić do szeregu powikłań, w tym zapalenia płuc i niewydolności oddechowej, szczególnie u osób z grup ryzyka71.

Obecnie wirus H1N1 jest uznawany za regularny wirus grypy sezonowej i jest uwzględniany w corocznych szczepionkach przeciw grypie72. Jednak ze względu na jego potencjał do dalszych mutacji i reassortacji, wirus ten pozostaje pod ciągłym nadzorem epidemiologicznym73.

Zrozumienie etiologii grypy świńskiej H1N1, w tym jej pochodzenia, mechanizmów transmisji i patogenezy, jest kluczowe dla skutecznego zapobiegania, diagnozowania i leczenia tej choroby, a także dla przygotowania się na potencjalne przyszłe epidemie wywołane przez nowe warianty wirusa grypy.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 H1N1 flu (swine flu) | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/influenza-flu/
    The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. It also can enter your body if you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth. […] You can’t catch swine flu from eating pork. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the virus for a slightly longer time.
  • #2 H1N1 influenza (Swine flu): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007421.htm
    The H1N1 virus (swine flu) is an infection of the nose, throat, and lungs. It is caused by the H1N1 influenza virus. […] Earlier forms of the H1N1 virus were found in pigs (swine). Over time, the virus changed (mutated) and infected humans. H1N1 is a new virus first detected in humans in 2009. It spread quickly around the world. […] The H1N1 virus is now considered a regular flu virus. It is one of the three viruses included in the regular (seasonal) flu vaccine.
  • #3 H1N1 Flu Virus (Swine Flu): Symptoms, Causes, Tests, and Treatments
    https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/h1n1-flu-virus-swine-flu
    H1N1 flu is also known as swine flu. It’s called swine flu because in the past, the people who caught it had direct contact with pigs. That changed several years ago, when a new virus emerged that spread among people who hadn’t been near pigs. […] In 2009, H1N1 was spreading fast around the world, so the World Health Organization called it a pandemic. […] Swine flu is one of the viruses included in the vaccine. […] Despite the name, you can’t catch swine flu from eating bacon, ham, or any other pork product. […] Some of the same antiviral drugs that are used to treat seasonal flu also work against H1N1 swine flu. […] That’s because flu is caused by a virus, not bacteria. […] The same flu vaccine that protects against seasonal flu also protects against the H1N1 swine flu strain.
  • #4 Swine Flu (H1N1): Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Max Hospital
    https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/swine-flu-symptoms-causes-and-treatment
    H1N1 flu, commonly called swine flu, first gained global attention during the 2009 pandemic, when it started as a local outbreak and quickly escalated to a major health crisis, signifying how fast the H1N1 virus spreads. […] Swine flu is caused by the H1N1 virus, a type of influenza A virus, which was first discovered in pigs, but over time, it has mutated and adapted to infect humans. […] Swine flu is caused by the H1N1 virus, a type of influenza A virus, which was first discovered in pigs, but over time, it has mutated and adapted to infect humans.
  • #5 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/
    H1N1 influenza, a subtype of influenza A virus, is an infectious viral illness that causes both upper and, in some cases, lower respiratory tract infections in its host. […] A pandemic variant of H1N1, known as „swine flu,” emerged from the recombination of various prior swine, avian, and human influenza strains, causing a global pandemic affecting millions of people and impacting industries, including food and tourism. […] Swine influenza viruses can potentially infect humans if the antigenic characteristics of the virus change through the reassortment of different influenza strains. […] The H1N1 influenza virus belongs to the orthomyxovirus family and has a single-stranded negative-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome. […] The H1N1 strain of influenza A is distinguished from other strains, such as H1N2, based on the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which exhibit metabolic synergy.
  • #6 H1N1 Influenza (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/nurse-article-22472/
    The 1918 deadly influenza pandemic caused by H1N1 influenza virus, infected approximately 500 million people around the world and caused the death of roughly fifty to a hundred million people. […] The H1N1 variant of swine flu is the progeny of the strain that caused the 1918 swine flu pandemic. […] The potential retention of influenza virus strains in swine after these strains have disappeared in the human population, essentially make pigs a reservoir where swine influenza viruses could persist, and later emerge to reinfect humans once their immunity to these strains has waned. […] H1N1 influenza virus is an orthomyxovirus and produces virions that are 80 to 120 nm in diameter, with an RNA genome size of approximately 13.5 kb. […] The swine influenza genome has 8 different regions which are segmented and encode 11 different proteins.
  • #7 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/
    H1N1 influenza, a subtype of influenza A virus, is an infectious viral illness that causes both upper and, in some cases, lower respiratory tract infections in its host. […] A pandemic variant of H1N1, known as „swine flu,” emerged from the recombination of various prior swine, avian, and human influenza strains, causing a global pandemic affecting millions of people and impacting industries, including food and tourism. […] Swine influenza viruses can potentially infect humans if the antigenic characteristics of the virus change through the reassortment of different influenza strains. […] The H1N1 influenza virus belongs to the orthomyxovirus family and has a single-stranded negative-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome. […] The H1N1 strain of influenza A is distinguished from other strains, such as H1N2, based on the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which exhibit metabolic synergy.
  • #8 H1N1 Influenza (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/nurse-article-22472/
    The surface glycoproteins HA and NA are how the H1N1-strain is differentiated from other strains of influenza A (H1N1, H1N2) depending on the type of HA or NA antigens expressed with metabolic synergy. […] The function of hemagglutinin is to cause red blood cells to cluster together, and it attaches the virus to the infected cell. […] Neuraminidase helps move the virus particles through the infected cell and assists in budding from host cells. […] The 2009 swine flu strain displayed a combination of segments of 4 different influenza viruses (quadruple genetic reassortment): pig-origin flu north American avian, bird-origin flu of the human influenza strain, North American swine, and Eurasian swine. […] Due to this coinfection with influenza virus from diverse animal species, the viruses were able to interact, mutate, and form new strains that had variable immunity.
  • #9 H1N1 flu (swine flu) | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/influenza-flu/
    The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. It also can enter your body if you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth. […] You can’t catch swine flu from eating pork. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the virus for a slightly longer time.
  • #10 H1N1 Influenza (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/nurse-article-22472/
    The surface glycoproteins HA and NA are how the H1N1-strain is differentiated from other strains of influenza A (H1N1, H1N2) depending on the type of HA or NA antigens expressed with metabolic synergy. […] The function of hemagglutinin is to cause red blood cells to cluster together, and it attaches the virus to the infected cell. […] Neuraminidase helps move the virus particles through the infected cell and assists in budding from host cells. […] The 2009 swine flu strain displayed a combination of segments of 4 different influenza viruses (quadruple genetic reassortment): pig-origin flu north American avian, bird-origin flu of the human influenza strain, North American swine, and Eurasian swine. […] Due to this coinfection with influenza virus from diverse animal species, the viruses were able to interact, mutate, and form new strains that had variable immunity.
  • #11 Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1
    If transmission does cause human influenza, it is called zoonotic swine flu or a variant virus. […] In the 2009 flu pandemic, the virus isolated from patients in the United States was found to be made up of genetic elements from four different flu viruses North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe „an unusually mongrelised mix of genetic sequences.” […] This new strain appears to be a result of reassortment of human influenza and swine influenza viruses, in all four different strains of subtype H1N1.
  • #12 H1N1 Influenza (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/nurse-article-22472/
    The surface glycoproteins HA and NA are how the H1N1-strain is differentiated from other strains of influenza A (H1N1, H1N2) depending on the type of HA or NA antigens expressed with metabolic synergy. […] The function of hemagglutinin is to cause red blood cells to cluster together, and it attaches the virus to the infected cell. […] Neuraminidase helps move the virus particles through the infected cell and assists in budding from host cells. […] The 2009 swine flu strain displayed a combination of segments of 4 different influenza viruses (quadruple genetic reassortment): pig-origin flu north American avian, bird-origin flu of the human influenza strain, North American swine, and Eurasian swine. […] Due to this coinfection with influenza virus from diverse animal species, the viruses were able to interact, mutate, and form new strains that had variable immunity.
  • #13
    https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/influenza-a-(h1n1)-outbreak
    Before the H1N1 pandemic in 2009, the influenza A(H1N1) virus had never been identified as a cause of infections in people. […] Genetic analyses of this virus have shown that it originated from animal influenza viruses and is unrelated to the human seasonal H1N1 viruses that have been in general circulation among people since 1977. […] The new virus also led to patterns of death and illness not normally seen in influenza infections.
  • #14
    https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/influenza-a-(h1n1)-outbreak
    Before the H1N1 pandemic in 2009, the influenza A(H1N1) virus had never been identified as a cause of infections in people. […] Genetic analyses of this virus have shown that it originated from animal influenza viruses and is unrelated to the human seasonal H1N1 viruses that have been in general circulation among people since 1977. […] The new virus also led to patterns of death and illness not normally seen in influenza infections.
  • #15 H1N1 flu (swine flu) | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/influenza-flu/
    The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. It also can enter your body if you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth. […] You can’t catch swine flu from eating pork. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the virus for a slightly longer time.
  • #16 Swine Flu (H1N1): What Is It, Causes, Treatments & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23928-swine-flu-h1n1
    Swine flu (H1N1) is a type of viral infection. Its called swine flu because it resembles a respiratory infection that pigs can get. In 2009, an H1N1 pandemic infected millions of people worldwide. […] Swine flu (H1N1) is an infection that a type of flu (influenza) virus causes. Its called swine flu because its similar to a flu virus that affects pigs (swine). The virus leads to a lung (respiratory) disease in pigs. Swine flu (H1N1) is a respiratory infection in humans. […] A virus causes swine flu (H1N1). It spreads from person to person. When a person coughs or sneezes, droplets go into the air. You can get the infection when you breathe in (inhale) the virus. You can also get the infection when you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your mouth, nose or eyes. […] Yes. Swine flu (H1N1) is contagious. It can spread from person to person.
  • #17 H1N1 flu (swine flu) | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/influenza-flu/
    The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. It also can enter your body if you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth. […] You can’t catch swine flu from eating pork. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the virus for a slightly longer time.
  • #18 H1N1 flu (swine flu) | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/influenza-flu/
    The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. It also can enter your body if you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth. […] You can’t catch swine flu from eating pork. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the virus for a slightly longer time.
  • #19 Swine Flu: Risk Factors, Causes & Symptoms
    https://www.healthline.com/health/swine-flu
    Swine flu is caused by a strain of influenza virus that usually only infects pigs. Unlike typhus, which can be transmitted by lice or ticks, transmission usually occurs from person to person, not animal to person. […] Swine flu is very contagious. The disease is spread through saliva and mucus particles. People may spread it by sneezing, coughing, or touching a germ-covered surface and then touching their eyes or nose.
  • #20 H1N1 flu (swine flu) | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/influenza-flu/
    The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. It also can enter your body if you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth. […] You can’t catch swine flu from eating pork. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the virus for a slightly longer time.
  • #21 Influenza A Virus in Swine – Respiratory System – Merck Veterinary Manual
    https://www.merckvetmanual.com/respiratory-system/respiratory-diseases-of-pigs/influenza-a-virus-in-swine
    Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease that results from infection with influenza A virus (IAV). […] Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza A virus (IAV). […] Pigs play an important role in the overall epidemiology of influenza because they are able to replicate influenza viruses of avian and human origin, playing a possible role in the emergence of zoonotic strains with pandemic potential. […] In 2009, an H1N1 IAV strain of swine origin spread globally; it infected humans, swine, poultry and fewer dogs, cats, and other animals. […] Swine IAV is an enveloped, negative-stranded RNA virus with a segmented genome and belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family. […] There are three main subtypes responsible for influenza infections in pigs (H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2), with multiple strains within each subtype.
  • #22 Swine Flu (H1N!): Pandemic, Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Contagious
    https://www.medicinenet.com/swine_flu/article.htm
    First, the influenza viruses (types A, B, C) are enveloped RNA viruses with a segmented genome; this means the viral RNA genetic code is not a single strand of RNA but exists as eight different RNA segments in the influenza viruses. […] Second, pigs can play a unique role as an intermediary host to new flu types because pig respiratory cells can be infected directly with bird, human, and other mammalian flu viruses. […] The main swine flu viruses in pigs in recent years are swine triple reassortant (tr; it means a viral strain with genes from three different organisms) H1N1, trH3N2, and trH1N2. […] The newest swine flu virus that has caused swine flu is influenza A H3N2v (commonly termed H3N2v) which began as an outbreak in 2011. […] The influenza A viruses have a structure similar to the H1N1 virus; each type has a somewhat different H and/or N structure.
  • #23 H1N1 Influenza (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/nurse-article-22472/
    The 1918 deadly influenza pandemic caused by H1N1 influenza virus, infected approximately 500 million people around the world and caused the death of roughly fifty to a hundred million people. […] The H1N1 variant of swine flu is the progeny of the strain that caused the 1918 swine flu pandemic. […] The potential retention of influenza virus strains in swine after these strains have disappeared in the human population, essentially make pigs a reservoir where swine influenza viruses could persist, and later emerge to reinfect humans once their immunity to these strains has waned. […] H1N1 influenza virus is an orthomyxovirus and produces virions that are 80 to 120 nm in diameter, with an RNA genome size of approximately 13.5 kb. […] The swine influenza genome has 8 different regions which are segmented and encode 11 different proteins.
  • #24 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/
    Significant shifts in the envelope proteins, known as antigenic shifts, can lead to the emergence of new influenza strains capable of evading the host immune response and facilitating human-to-human transmission in previously susceptible populations. […] The 2009 H1N1 „swine flu” variant is the progeny of the strain that caused the 1918 influenza pandemic. […] Influenza strains, including H1N1, are known to transmit between pigs and humans frequently, but human-to-human transmission is uncommon. […] The potential retention of influenza virus strains in swine after these strains disappear in the human population essentially makes pigs a reservoir where swine influenza viruses can persist. […] The acute symptoms of uncomplicated infections persist for 3 days but can range from 1 to 11 days. […] The body’s immune reaction to the virus and the interferon response are the causes of the viral syndrome, which includes high fever, coryza, and myalgia. […] The H1N1 influenza virus, as a respiratory pathogen, can be prevented through proper personal hygiene and environmental control measures.
  • #25 H1N1 flu (swine flu) | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/influenza-flu/
    The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. It also can enter your body if you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth. […] You can’t catch swine flu from eating pork. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the virus for a slightly longer time.
  • #26 Swine Influenza(a H1n1) | Official Website of Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Puducherry, India.
    https://health.py.gov.in/swine-influenzaa-h1n1
    In the past, severe illness (pneumonia and respiratory failure) and deaths have been reported with swine flu infection in people. […] Like seasonal flu, swine flu may cause a worsening of underlying chronic medical conditions. […] Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with influenza. […] Sometimes people may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. […] People with swine influenza virus infection should be considered potentially contagious as long as they are symptomatic and possible for up to 7 days following illness onset. […] No. Swine influenza viruses are not spread by food. You cannot get swine influenza from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork products is safe.
  • #27 Influenza A H1N1 | Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | CUN
    https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/influenza-a-h1n1
    Influenza A is an infectious disease caused by a type A influenza virus, belonging to the family orthoymyxoviridae, which primarily affects swine populations. Its morbidity is usually high and its mortality low (1-4%). […] Influenza viruses can be transmitted directly from pigs to people and from people to pigs. […] Human infections with influenza viruses from pigs are more likely to occur in people who are in close contact with infected pigs. […] Person-to-person transmission of swine influenza can also occur, primarily when persons infected with influenza virus cough or sneeze. […] It is highly contagious (3-7 days once symptoms begin) and most likely to occur indoors. […] Influenza A is not spread to people by eating properly processed or prepared pork or other pork products. […] The swine flu virus is killed by cooking at temperatures of 70 C.
  • #28 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/
    Significant shifts in the envelope proteins, known as antigenic shifts, can lead to the emergence of new influenza strains capable of evading the host immune response and facilitating human-to-human transmission in previously susceptible populations. […] The 2009 H1N1 „swine flu” variant is the progeny of the strain that caused the 1918 influenza pandemic. […] Influenza strains, including H1N1, are known to transmit between pigs and humans frequently, but human-to-human transmission is uncommon. […] The potential retention of influenza virus strains in swine after these strains disappear in the human population essentially makes pigs a reservoir where swine influenza viruses can persist. […] The acute symptoms of uncomplicated infections persist for 3 days but can range from 1 to 11 days. […] The body’s immune reaction to the virus and the interferon response are the causes of the viral syndrome, which includes high fever, coryza, and myalgia. […] The H1N1 influenza virus, as a respiratory pathogen, can be prevented through proper personal hygiene and environmental control measures.
  • #29 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/
    Significant shifts in the envelope proteins, known as antigenic shifts, can lead to the emergence of new influenza strains capable of evading the host immune response and facilitating human-to-human transmission in previously susceptible populations. […] The 2009 H1N1 „swine flu” variant is the progeny of the strain that caused the 1918 influenza pandemic. […] Influenza strains, including H1N1, are known to transmit between pigs and humans frequently, but human-to-human transmission is uncommon. […] The potential retention of influenza virus strains in swine after these strains disappear in the human population essentially makes pigs a reservoir where swine influenza viruses can persist. […] The acute symptoms of uncomplicated infections persist for 3 days but can range from 1 to 11 days. […] The body’s immune reaction to the virus and the interferon response are the causes of the viral syndrome, which includes high fever, coryza, and myalgia. […] The H1N1 influenza virus, as a respiratory pathogen, can be prevented through proper personal hygiene and environmental control measures.
  • #30 Swine Flu (H1N1, H3N2v) Symptoms, Vaccine, Treatment, Contagious
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/swine_flu/article_em.htm
    Mutations in swine flu viruses allow for easy transmission to humans. […] Influenza viruses are small RNA viruses that infect many mammals, including humans, birds, and swine. […] Before 2009, swine influenza predominately affected swine and was not transmitted often or easily to people. […] The 2009 novel H1N1 swine influenza strain appeared to be a result of a genetic shift, meaning that it contains pieces of influenza from many different sources. […] The 2009 virus included genes that come from bird influenza viruses, swine influenza viruses, and human influenza viruses. […] The swine influenza virus in the 2009 outbreak was an H1N1 virus. […] In fact, although the term swine flu is often used to describe the outbreak, the official term for the 2009 virus is novel H1N1 influenza.
  • #31 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-swine-flu.aspx
    Swine flu is caused by the H1N1 strain of the influenza virus. […] The influenza virus that causes swine flu is termed H1N1 2009 and belongs to the class influenza A. […] The H1N1 viruses have been causing yearly flu outbreaks in humans for a long time, but the 2009 pandemic was caused by a variation in the usual H1N1 virus. […] This strain had not previously been found in pigs or humans. It carries a mixture of genes from human flu, pig flu (swine flu) and bird flu (avian flu). […] Antigenic shift results from a new virus that people have never been exposed to infects humans. Consequently, there is no immunity against the new variant virus. This is what happened in 2009 when an influenza A H1N1 virus with swine, avian and human genes in a mixed pool of the H1N1 2009 strain led to the pandemic. […] Influenza A H1N1 2009 was first reported in Mexico and from there spread rapidly worldwide, with the World Health Organization (WHO) declaring a pandemic in June 2009.
  • #32 Swine Flu Symptoms – What Is Swine Flu – H1N1 Influenza A – Swine Flu Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/features/swine-flu-faq-1
    The H1N1 swine flu virus appeared in the U.S. in April 2009 and never went away. […] The disease originally was nicknamed swine flu because the virus that causes the disease originally jumped to humans from the live pigs in which it evolved. The virus is a „reassortant” — a mix of genes from swine, bird, and human flu viruses. […] But the current „swine flu” outbreak is different. It’s caused by a new swine flu virus that has changed in ways that allow it to spread from person to person — among people who haven’t had any contact with pigs. […] To distinguish it from flu viruses that infect mainly pigs and from the seasonal influenza A H1N1 viruses that have been in circulation for many years, the CDC calls the virus „2009 H1N1 virus.” […] The H1N1 swine flu is not the usual „drift variant” of H1N1. It came to humans from a different line of evolution. That means most people have no natural immunity to H1N1 swine flu.
  • #33 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/
    Significant shifts in the envelope proteins, known as antigenic shifts, can lead to the emergence of new influenza strains capable of evading the host immune response and facilitating human-to-human transmission in previously susceptible populations. […] The 2009 H1N1 „swine flu” variant is the progeny of the strain that caused the 1918 influenza pandemic. […] Influenza strains, including H1N1, are known to transmit between pigs and humans frequently, but human-to-human transmission is uncommon. […] The potential retention of influenza virus strains in swine after these strains disappear in the human population essentially makes pigs a reservoir where swine influenza viruses can persist. […] The acute symptoms of uncomplicated infections persist for 3 days but can range from 1 to 11 days. […] The body’s immune reaction to the virus and the interferon response are the causes of the viral syndrome, which includes high fever, coryza, and myalgia. […] The H1N1 influenza virus, as a respiratory pathogen, can be prevented through proper personal hygiene and environmental control measures.
  • #34 H1N1 Influenza (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/nurse-article-22472/
    The 1918 deadly influenza pandemic caused by H1N1 influenza virus, infected approximately 500 million people around the world and caused the death of roughly fifty to a hundred million people. […] The H1N1 variant of swine flu is the progeny of the strain that caused the 1918 swine flu pandemic. […] The potential retention of influenza virus strains in swine after these strains have disappeared in the human population, essentially make pigs a reservoir where swine influenza viruses could persist, and later emerge to reinfect humans once their immunity to these strains has waned. […] H1N1 influenza virus is an orthomyxovirus and produces virions that are 80 to 120 nm in diameter, with an RNA genome size of approximately 13.5 kb. […] The swine influenza genome has 8 different regions which are segmented and encode 11 different proteins.
  • #35 H1N1 influenza | EBSCO Research Starters
    https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/h1n1-influenza
    Primary viral is the most common type of pneumonia in severe cases, but secondary pneumonia has been found in 30 percent of fatal cases. […] Prevention of H1N1 disease can be accomplished by administration of the seasonal flu vaccine, which is available by shot or nasal spray. […] The 2009 H1N1 virus had a number of similar features to the 1918 virus.
  • #36 Swine Flu Symptoms – What Is Swine Flu – H1N1 Influenza A – Swine Flu Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/features/swine-flu-faq-1
    The H1N1 swine flu virus, like the seasonal flu virus, can become airborne if you cough or sneeze without covering your nose and mouth, sending germs into the air. […] The H1N1 swine flu virus is a human virus spread by people and not by pigs. The only way to get the new swine flu is from another person. […] Pandemic H1N1 swine flu virus is sensitive to the antiviral drugs Tamiflu and Relenza. […] The CDC strongly recommends antiviral treatment for people at risk of severe flu complications who come down with flu-like symptoms. […] The 2009 H1N1 virus is still circulating. […] The U.S. government declared swine flu to be a public health emergency. The World Health Organization considers it a global emergency. […] Despite more than 12,000 U.S. deaths in relatively young people and many more deaths worldwide, the 2009 H1N1 virus was not as bad as it could have been.
  • #37 Influenza | Iowa State University
    https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/influenza
    Cases of human-to-pig and pig-to-human transmission have been documented to occur. […] Swine simultaneously infected with different SIV subtypes (including viruses derived from turkeys, chickens, ducks, certain waterfowl and people) may recombine to produce novel subtypes that, on rare occasion, are maintained in swine populations or transmit to other species. […] The SIV gains access by the nasopharyngeal route and enters respiratory epithelium where it causes inflammation with widespread degeneration and necrosis of cells lining bronchi and bronchioles. […] Most of the mortality associated with SIV is the result of secondary bacterial infections or concurrent infections with other primary agents of pneumonia. […] Infection during pregnancy may result in abortion due to acute illness in sows and sometimes small, weak litters. […] The classic subtype in swine, H1N1, has been the predominant subtype in swine in the US since 1918 but H3N2 and H1N2 emerged during the 1990s and have persisted as significant causes of disease in US commercial swine.
  • #38 Influenza | Iowa State University
    https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/influenza
    Cases of human-to-pig and pig-to-human transmission have been documented to occur. […] Swine simultaneously infected with different SIV subtypes (including viruses derived from turkeys, chickens, ducks, certain waterfowl and people) may recombine to produce novel subtypes that, on rare occasion, are maintained in swine populations or transmit to other species. […] The SIV gains access by the nasopharyngeal route and enters respiratory epithelium where it causes inflammation with widespread degeneration and necrosis of cells lining bronchi and bronchioles. […] Most of the mortality associated with SIV is the result of secondary bacterial infections or concurrent infections with other primary agents of pneumonia. […] Infection during pregnancy may result in abortion due to acute illness in sows and sometimes small, weak litters. […] The classic subtype in swine, H1N1, has been the predominant subtype in swine in the US since 1918 but H3N2 and H1N2 emerged during the 1990s and have persisted as significant causes of disease in US commercial swine.
  • #39 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/
    Significant shifts in the envelope proteins, known as antigenic shifts, can lead to the emergence of new influenza strains capable of evading the host immune response and facilitating human-to-human transmission in previously susceptible populations. […] The 2009 H1N1 „swine flu” variant is the progeny of the strain that caused the 1918 influenza pandemic. […] Influenza strains, including H1N1, are known to transmit between pigs and humans frequently, but human-to-human transmission is uncommon. […] The potential retention of influenza virus strains in swine after these strains disappear in the human population essentially makes pigs a reservoir where swine influenza viruses can persist. […] The acute symptoms of uncomplicated infections persist for 3 days but can range from 1 to 11 days. […] The body’s immune reaction to the virus and the interferon response are the causes of the viral syndrome, which includes high fever, coryza, and myalgia. […] The H1N1 influenza virus, as a respiratory pathogen, can be prevented through proper personal hygiene and environmental control measures.
  • #40 H1N1 in Children | UVA Health Children’s
    https://childrens.uvahealth.com/services/pediatric-infectious-diseases/h1n1-swine-flu
    H1N1 flu (originally called swine flu) is a respiratory infection that can cause mild to severe symptoms. […] The main risk factor for getting H1N1 flu is contact with an infected person. […] There is also a vaccine available for H1N1 and seasonal flu. […] If H1N1 flu becomes severe, it can cause pneumonia.
  • #41 H1N1 influenza | EBSCO Research Starters
    https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/h1n1-influenza
    Primary viral is the most common type of pneumonia in severe cases, but secondary pneumonia has been found in 30 percent of fatal cases. […] Prevention of H1N1 disease can be accomplished by administration of the seasonal flu vaccine, which is available by shot or nasal spray. […] The 2009 H1N1 virus had a number of similar features to the 1918 virus.
  • #42 Swine influenza – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza
    Swine influenza is caused by influenza A subtypes H1N1, H1N2, H2N3, H3N1, and H3N2. In pigs, four influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 and H7N9) are the most common strains worldwide. […] The most common cause of death is respiratory failure. Other causes of death are pneumonia (leading to sepsis), high fever (leading to neurological problems), dehydration (from excessive vomiting and diarrhea), electrolyte imbalance and kidney failure. […] The swine flu was initially seen in the US in April 2009, where the strain of the particular virus was a mixture from 3 types of strains. Six of the genes are very similar to the H1N2 influenza virus that was found in pigs around 2000.
  • #43 Swine Flu (H1N1) Explained: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.artemishospitals.com/blog/articles-by-doctors/swine-flu-h1n1-explained-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention
    Swine flu can lead to severe complications, particularly in people with weakened immune systems, the elderly, pregnant women, and young children. Some potential complications include: Pneumonia A bacterial or viral infection in the lungs, Respiratory failure Difficulty in breathing that may require hospitalization, Dehydration Caused by fever, vomiting, or not drinking enough fluids, Worsening of chronic conditions Exacerbation of pre-existing health conditions like asthma, diabetes, and heart disease.
  • #44 Swine Influenza(a H1n1) | Official Website of Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Puducherry, India.
    https://health.py.gov.in/swine-influenzaa-h1n1
    In the past, severe illness (pneumonia and respiratory failure) and deaths have been reported with swine flu infection in people. […] Like seasonal flu, swine flu may cause a worsening of underlying chronic medical conditions. […] Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with influenza. […] Sometimes people may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. […] People with swine influenza virus infection should be considered potentially contagious as long as they are symptomatic and possible for up to 7 days following illness onset. […] No. Swine influenza viruses are not spread by food. You cannot get swine influenza from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork products is safe.
  • #45 Influenza | Iowa State University
    https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/influenza
    Cases of human-to-pig and pig-to-human transmission have been documented to occur. […] Swine simultaneously infected with different SIV subtypes (including viruses derived from turkeys, chickens, ducks, certain waterfowl and people) may recombine to produce novel subtypes that, on rare occasion, are maintained in swine populations or transmit to other species. […] The SIV gains access by the nasopharyngeal route and enters respiratory epithelium where it causes inflammation with widespread degeneration and necrosis of cells lining bronchi and bronchioles. […] Most of the mortality associated with SIV is the result of secondary bacterial infections or concurrent infections with other primary agents of pneumonia. […] Infection during pregnancy may result in abortion due to acute illness in sows and sometimes small, weak litters. […] The classic subtype in swine, H1N1, has been the predominant subtype in swine in the US since 1918 but H3N2 and H1N2 emerged during the 1990s and have persisted as significant causes of disease in US commercial swine.
  • #46 Influenza | Iowa State University
    https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/influenza
    Cases of human-to-pig and pig-to-human transmission have been documented to occur. […] Swine simultaneously infected with different SIV subtypes (including viruses derived from turkeys, chickens, ducks, certain waterfowl and people) may recombine to produce novel subtypes that, on rare occasion, are maintained in swine populations or transmit to other species. […] The SIV gains access by the nasopharyngeal route and enters respiratory epithelium where it causes inflammation with widespread degeneration and necrosis of cells lining bronchi and bronchioles. […] Most of the mortality associated with SIV is the result of secondary bacterial infections or concurrent infections with other primary agents of pneumonia. […] Infection during pregnancy may result in abortion due to acute illness in sows and sometimes small, weak litters. […] The classic subtype in swine, H1N1, has been the predominant subtype in swine in the US since 1918 but H3N2 and H1N2 emerged during the 1990s and have persisted as significant causes of disease in US commercial swine.
  • #47 Swine Flu (H1N1) Explained: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.artemishospitals.com/blog/articles-by-doctors/swine-flu-h1n1-explained-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention
    Swine flu, also known as H1N1 influenza, is a viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system. The H1N1 swine flu virus is a strain of the influenza A virus, initially found in pigs but has now become a human pandemic concern. The name „swine flu” originated because it was first detected in pigs, but the virus has since evolved to spread among humans, causing widespread illness. […] Swine flu is caused by the H1N1 virus. The swine flu strain virus is a type of influenza A virus that contains genetic material from pigs, birds, and human flu strains. The virus can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. […] The swine flu virus can also spread through contact with surfaces contaminated by infected respiratory droplets. Certain risk factors can increase the risk of contracting H1N1 swine flu, including: Weakened immune system (due to age, health conditions, or medications), Young children and elderly people are more vulnerable, Pregnancy, Healthcare workers or individuals in close contact with infected people, Underlying conditions like asthma, diabetes, or heart disease.
  • #48 Swine Flu (H1N1): What Is It, Causes, Treatments & Prevention – Smile Avenue Family Dentistry
    https://www.smileavenuefamilydentistry.com/swine-flu-h1n1-what-is-it-causes-treatments-prevention/
    Swine flu, also known as H1N1, is a highly contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that affects humans. […] Swine flu is caused by the H1N1 virus, which is a type A influenza virus that commonly infects pigs. […] The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was a significant global health crisis, infecting millions worldwide and putting immense pressure on healthcare systems. […] Understanding its origin, spread, and the subsequent response has been crucial in managing future influenza pandemics. […] Individuals with chronic medical conditions such as asthma, diabetes, or heart disease, pregnant women, young children, and the elderly are at higher risk for severe illness from H1N1. Understanding these risk factors is crucial in the prevention and management of the disease.
  • #49 Swine Flu (H1N1) Explained: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.artemishospitals.com/blog/articles-by-doctors/swine-flu-h1n1-explained-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention
    Swine flu, also known as H1N1 influenza, is a viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system. The H1N1 swine flu virus is a strain of the influenza A virus, initially found in pigs but has now become a human pandemic concern. The name „swine flu” originated because it was first detected in pigs, but the virus has since evolved to spread among humans, causing widespread illness. […] Swine flu is caused by the H1N1 virus. The swine flu strain virus is a type of influenza A virus that contains genetic material from pigs, birds, and human flu strains. The virus can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. […] The swine flu virus can also spread through contact with surfaces contaminated by infected respiratory droplets. Certain risk factors can increase the risk of contracting H1N1 swine flu, including: Weakened immune system (due to age, health conditions, or medications), Young children and elderly people are more vulnerable, Pregnancy, Healthcare workers or individuals in close contact with infected people, Underlying conditions like asthma, diabetes, or heart disease.
  • #50 Swine Flu (H1N1) Explained: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.artemishospitals.com/blog/swine-flu-h1n1-explained-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention
    The swine flu virus can also spread through contact with surfaces contaminated by infected respiratory droplets. Certain risk factors can increase the risk of contracting H1N1 swine flu, including: weakened immune system (due to age, health conditions, or medications), young children and elderly people are more vulnerable, pregnancy, healthcare workers or individuals in close contact with infected people, underlying conditions like asthma, diabetes, or heart disease. […] Swine flu can lead to severe complications, particularly in people with weakened immune systems, the elderly, pregnant women, and young children. Some potential complications include pneumonia, respiratory failure, dehydration, and worsening of chronic conditions.
  • #51 Influenza pandemic (H1N1) of 2009 | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/event/influenza-pandemic-H1N1-of-2009
    influenza pandemic (H1N1) of 2009, the first major influenza outbreak in the 21st century, noted for its rapid global spread, which was facilitated by an unusually high degree of viral contagiousness. […] The pandemic virus caused a respiratory disease typical of that resulting from infection with seasonal influenza. […] The H1N1 virus was most lethal in individuals affected by chronic disease or other underlying health conditions. […] The virus was a strain of swine influenza, and thus the outbreak adopted the name swine flu. […] Laboratory testing of a small subset of patients confirmed that a swine influenza virus was the cause of their illness. […] The virus that was detected was a subtype known as influenza A H1N1, though it was initially identified as a new strain of swine influenza virus because it consisted of genetic material from two different swine influenza viruses as well as genetic material from human and avian strains of influenza virus.
  • #52 Swine flu: Causes, symptoms, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147720
    H1N1, sometimes known as swine flu, can affect both pigs and humans. Swine flu is a respiratory disease that results from an influenza A virus. It can cause flu-like symptoms, which may become severe in some cases. […] The influenza A variant subtype H1N1 is commonly the cause of swine flu in humans. It has similar genetic features to the H1N1 subtype of influenza virus that causes influenza in pigs. […] Doctors now consider H1N1 to be a flu strain that can occur in people and spread alongside seasonal flu viruses. A person can catch it if they are in close contact with someone who has H1N1. […] People who work with swine may have a risk of contracting new types of flu or other diseases from animals. These are known as zoonotic diseases.
  • #53 Swine Flu (H1N1) Explained: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.artemishospitals.com/blog/articles-by-doctors/swine-flu-h1n1-explained-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention
    Swine flu, also known as H1N1 influenza, is a viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system. The H1N1 swine flu virus is a strain of the influenza A virus, initially found in pigs but has now become a human pandemic concern. The name „swine flu” originated because it was first detected in pigs, but the virus has since evolved to spread among humans, causing widespread illness. […] Swine flu is caused by the H1N1 virus. The swine flu strain virus is a type of influenza A virus that contains genetic material from pigs, birds, and human flu strains. The virus can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. […] The swine flu virus can also spread through contact with surfaces contaminated by infected respiratory droplets. Certain risk factors can increase the risk of contracting H1N1 swine flu, including: Weakened immune system (due to age, health conditions, or medications), Young children and elderly people are more vulnerable, Pregnancy, Healthcare workers or individuals in close contact with infected people, Underlying conditions like asthma, diabetes, or heart disease.
  • #54 Influenza A H1N1 | Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | CUN
    https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/influenza-a-h1n1
    Influenza A is an infectious disease caused by a type A influenza virus, belonging to the family orthoymyxoviridae, which primarily affects swine populations. Its morbidity is usually high and its mortality low (1-4%). […] Influenza viruses can be transmitted directly from pigs to people and from people to pigs. […] Human infections with influenza viruses from pigs are more likely to occur in people who are in close contact with infected pigs. […] Person-to-person transmission of swine influenza can also occur, primarily when persons infected with influenza virus cough or sneeze. […] It is highly contagious (3-7 days once symptoms begin) and most likely to occur indoors. […] Influenza A is not spread to people by eating properly processed or prepared pork or other pork products. […] The swine flu virus is killed by cooking at temperatures of 70 C.
  • #55 Influenza A H1N1 | Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | CUN
    https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/influenza-a-h1n1
    Influenza A is an infectious disease caused by a type A influenza virus, belonging to the family orthoymyxoviridae, which primarily affects swine populations. Its morbidity is usually high and its mortality low (1-4%). […] Influenza viruses can be transmitted directly from pigs to people and from people to pigs. […] Human infections with influenza viruses from pigs are more likely to occur in people who are in close contact with infected pigs. […] Person-to-person transmission of swine influenza can also occur, primarily when persons infected with influenza virus cough or sneeze. […] It is highly contagious (3-7 days once symptoms begin) and most likely to occur indoors. […] Influenza A is not spread to people by eating properly processed or prepared pork or other pork products. […] The swine flu virus is killed by cooking at temperatures of 70 C.
  • #56 H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu): Practice Essentials, Background, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-overview
    H1N1 influenza, referred to as swine flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses, as recently reviewed. […] Transmission of swine influenza viruses to humans is uncommon. However, the swine influenza virus can be transmitted to humans via contact with infected pigs or environments contaminated with swine influenza viruses. […] Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses, as recently reviewed. […] Transmission of swine influenza viruses to humans is uncommon. However, the swine influenza virus can be transmitted to humans via contact with infected pigs or environments contaminated with swine influenza viruses. Once a human becomes infected, he or she then can spread the virus to other humans, presumably in the same way as seasonal influenza is spread (ie, via coughing or sneezing).
  • #57
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/flu/Pages/swine-flu-facts-for-families.aspx
    Pigs and birds are the two main animal hosts for influenza. Influenza virus infects the animal and reproduces in its cells. Swine flu in pigs causes symptoms that are similar to flu in humans: a respiratory infection that may include fever, cough, runny nose and red eyes. Swine flu viruses spread year-round in pigs. But just like influenza in people, cases of swine flu usually occur more commonly in late fall and winter. […] Infections with flu viruses that spread from pigs to people happen every year, often at agricultural fairs. […] Rarely, swine flu spreads from pigs to people and on occasion, people can spread flu to pigs! Most commonly, infected pigs spread the virus to people who have direct or indirect contact with: pig saliva, urine, feces, blood other fluids, scratches and bites from a pig, or by eating or drinking contaminated food or water (for example, eating or drinking with unclean hands after touching a pig at a fair).
  • #58 H1N1 influenza (Swine flu): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007421.htm
    The H1N1 virus (swine flu) is an infection of the nose, throat, and lungs. It is caused by the H1N1 influenza virus. […] Earlier forms of the H1N1 virus were found in pigs (swine). Over time, the virus changed (mutated) and infected humans. H1N1 is a new virus first detected in humans in 2009. It spread quickly around the world. […] The H1N1 virus is now considered a regular flu virus. It is one of the three viruses included in the regular (seasonal) flu vaccine.
  • #59 Does the H1N1 Virus Still Exist? Causes & Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/h1n1-7644754
    The H1N1 virus known as swine flu is one type of influenza A virus. Influenza A(H1N1) viruses still exist today. […] The H1N1 virus emerged during the 2009-2010 flu season, when it caused a pandemic. It is often called swine flu because it is a combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds, and humans. […] The H1N1 virus that caused the swine flu pandemic in 2009 was very different from other H1N1 viruses existing at the time. […] The H1N1 virus is a type of influenza A virus. It is also called swine flu because it formed from the virus that affects pigs before it became H1N1 and infected humans. […] While the H1N1 virus still exists today, it is under control.
  • #60 H1N1 influenza (Swine flu) Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/h1n1-influenza-swine-flu
    H1N1 influenza (Swine flu) is an infection of the nose, throat, and lungs. It is caused by the H1N1 influenza virus. […] Earlier forms of the H1N1 virus were found in pigs (swine). Over time, the virus changed (mutated) and infected humans. H1N1 is a new virus first detected in humans in 2009. It spread quickly around the world. […] The H1N1 virus is now considered a regular flu virus. It is one of the three viruses included in the regular (seasonal) flu vaccine. […] You cannot get H1N1 flu virus from eating pork or any other food, drinking water, swimming in pools, or using hot tubs or saunas.
  • #61 H1N1 flu (swine flu) | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/h1n1-flu-swine-flu?content_id=CON-20378087
    The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. […] You can’t catch swine flu from eating pork. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. […] The H1N1 virus is included in the seasonal flu vaccine.
  • #62 Swine Flu (H1N1): What Is It, Causes, Treatments & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23928-swine-flu-h1n1
    Most people with swine flu (H1N1) who are otherwise healthy dont need special drugs or treatments. […] If youre very ill, your healthcare provider may prescribe an antiviral medicine. Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza) can kill the virus. […] Swine flu (H1N1) once caused a serious worldwide pandemic. The virus is under control today, but people can and do still get very sick from H1N1.
  • #63 Swine Flu (H1N1, H3N2v) Symptoms, Vaccine, Treatment, Contagious
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/swine_flu/article_em.htm
    Swine flu is caused by one strain of H1N1, but there are many other strains. […] These subtle differences matter because the human body makes antibodies that are tailored to a single strain of influenza. […] The newest swine flu virus, H3H2v, is not being spread very easily from human to human. […] The majority of infections to date occurred as a result of the swine virus H3N2v being transmitted directly from pigs to humans since most of the reported infected people were associated with pig farms or state fairs with pigs as predominant competition entries. […] The CDC is concerned because this situation could easily change if H3N2v acquires genes that allow easy viral transmission between humans. […] The 2009 influenza pandemic caused significant economic, social, and health problems. […] Although the number of deaths was not high for a pandemic influenza virus, it is concerning that death rates in pregnant women and otherwise healthy young people were disproportionately high.
  • #64
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)
    WHO, through the Global Influenza Programme and GISRS, in collaboration with other partners, continuously monitors influenza viruses and activity globally, recommends seasonal influenza vaccine compositions twice a year for the northern and southern hemisphere influenza seasons, guides countries in tropical and subtropical areas as to which formulation vaccines to use, supports decisions for timing of vaccination campaigns, and supports Member States to develop prevention and control strategies.
  • #65 H1N1 Influenza Information – All for Kids
    https://www.afkpeds.org/h1n1-influenza-information/
    The notable difference between swine flu and seasonal flu is that we are seeing swine flu (H1N1) in August. […] The illness makes people feel really sick with high fevers, chills, fatigue, malaise, muscle aches, headache, congestion, vomiting, diarrhea and cough. […] The vast majority of people who catch the swine flu will completely recover with no sequellae (longlasting complications). […] Therefore, if 90,000 people die of influenza infection this year and the US population is 304,059,724, you have a 1 in 3,378 chance of dying from the flu this year. […] A vaccine against swine flu (H1N1) is currently in trials and should be available in the fall. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) specifically recommends the swine flu vaccine for: pregnant women, people who live with (or care for) children younger than 6 months old, children and young people between the ages of 6 months and 24 years old, people ages 25 to 64 with chronic health conditions or compromised immune systems, health care and emergency services personnel. […] Please know that the swine flu vaccine does not protect against seasonal flu, so its also important to also get the seasonal flu vaccine this year.
  • #66 H1N1 flu (swine flu) | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/influenza-flu/
    The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. It also can enter your body if you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth. […] You can’t catch swine flu from eating pork. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the virus for a slightly longer time.
  • #67 H1N1 Influenza (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/nurse-article-22472/
    The surface glycoproteins HA and NA are how the H1N1-strain is differentiated from other strains of influenza A (H1N1, H1N2) depending on the type of HA or NA antigens expressed with metabolic synergy. […] The function of hemagglutinin is to cause red blood cells to cluster together, and it attaches the virus to the infected cell. […] Neuraminidase helps move the virus particles through the infected cell and assists in budding from host cells. […] The 2009 swine flu strain displayed a combination of segments of 4 different influenza viruses (quadruple genetic reassortment): pig-origin flu north American avian, bird-origin flu of the human influenza strain, North American swine, and Eurasian swine. […] Due to this coinfection with influenza virus from diverse animal species, the viruses were able to interact, mutate, and form new strains that had variable immunity.
  • #68 H1N1 flu (swine flu) | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/influenza-flu/
    The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus. […] During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans. […] Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. It also can enter your body if you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth. […] You can’t catch swine flu from eating pork. […] People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the virus for a slightly longer time.
  • #69 H1N1 Influenza (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/nurse-article-22472/
    The 1918 deadly influenza pandemic caused by H1N1 influenza virus, infected approximately 500 million people around the world and caused the death of roughly fifty to a hundred million people. […] The H1N1 variant of swine flu is the progeny of the strain that caused the 1918 swine flu pandemic. […] The potential retention of influenza virus strains in swine after these strains have disappeared in the human population, essentially make pigs a reservoir where swine influenza viruses could persist, and later emerge to reinfect humans once their immunity to these strains has waned. […] H1N1 influenza virus is an orthomyxovirus and produces virions that are 80 to 120 nm in diameter, with an RNA genome size of approximately 13.5 kb. […] The swine influenza genome has 8 different regions which are segmented and encode 11 different proteins.
  • #70 H1N1 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/
    Significant shifts in the envelope proteins, known as antigenic shifts, can lead to the emergence of new influenza strains capable of evading the host immune response and facilitating human-to-human transmission in previously susceptible populations. […] The 2009 H1N1 „swine flu” variant is the progeny of the strain that caused the 1918 influenza pandemic. […] Influenza strains, including H1N1, are known to transmit between pigs and humans frequently, but human-to-human transmission is uncommon. […] The potential retention of influenza virus strains in swine after these strains disappear in the human population essentially makes pigs a reservoir where swine influenza viruses can persist. […] The acute symptoms of uncomplicated infections persist for 3 days but can range from 1 to 11 days. […] The body’s immune reaction to the virus and the interferon response are the causes of the viral syndrome, which includes high fever, coryza, and myalgia. […] The H1N1 influenza virus, as a respiratory pathogen, can be prevented through proper personal hygiene and environmental control measures.
  • #71 Swine Flu (H1N1) Explained: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.artemishospitals.com/blog/articles-by-doctors/swine-flu-h1n1-explained-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention
    Swine flu can lead to severe complications, particularly in people with weakened immune systems, the elderly, pregnant women, and young children. Some potential complications include: Pneumonia A bacterial or viral infection in the lungs, Respiratory failure Difficulty in breathing that may require hospitalization, Dehydration Caused by fever, vomiting, or not drinking enough fluids, Worsening of chronic conditions Exacerbation of pre-existing health conditions like asthma, diabetes, and heart disease.
  • #72 H1N1 influenza (Swine flu): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007421.htm
    The H1N1 virus (swine flu) is an infection of the nose, throat, and lungs. It is caused by the H1N1 influenza virus. […] Earlier forms of the H1N1 virus were found in pigs (swine). Over time, the virus changed (mutated) and infected humans. H1N1 is a new virus first detected in humans in 2009. It spread quickly around the world. […] The H1N1 virus is now considered a regular flu virus. It is one of the three viruses included in the regular (seasonal) flu vaccine.
  • #73
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)
    WHO, through the Global Influenza Programme and GISRS, in collaboration with other partners, continuously monitors influenza viruses and activity globally, recommends seasonal influenza vaccine compositions twice a year for the northern and southern hemisphere influenza seasons, guides countries in tropical and subtropical areas as to which formulation vaccines to use, supports decisions for timing of vaccination campaigns, and supports Member States to develop prevention and control strategies.