Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Group B Streptococcus and Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482443/

  Group B streptococcus, or Streptococcus agalactiae, is a gram-positive bacterium commonly found in the genital and gastrointestinal tracts of humans and less frequently in the upper respiratory tracts of children and adults, which poses significant health risks, particularly to neonates, young infants, pregnant women, and those with certain medical conditions. Group B streptococcus can colonize the gastrointestinal and vaginal tracts of up to one-third of pregnant individuals and can cause various infections, including asymptomatic bacteriuria, urinary tract infections, chorioamnionitis, postpartum endometritis, pneumonia, puerperal sepsis, and bacteremia. […] Effective prevention of neonatal group B streptococcus disease depends on proper screening, timely antibiotic administration, and coordination with pediatric care clinicians. Despite CDC recommendations for routine group B streptococcus screening and intrapartum antibiotics, group B streptococcus remains a leading cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis in the United States.

• #2 Group B Strep (GBS) in pregnancy | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

  https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/group-b-strep-test

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a normal bacteria that can live in your rectum, urethra or vagina. […] If you are pregnant and have GBS, bacteria can pass to your baby before or during a vaginal birth and can make your baby sick. […] If you are a GBS carrier or if you develop risk factors for GBS infection, intravenous (IV) antibiotics during labour can reduce the risk of infection in your baby. […] Being a carrier of GBS in pregnancy is not usually harmful to you, but it can cause infection in your baby. […] If you carry GBS while pregnant, there is a small risk of the infection affecting you or your baby. […] GBS in pregnancy can lead to: bacteria in your urine this doesnt have symptoms and is known as asymptomatic bacteriuria, urinary tract infection (UTI) or upper genital tract infection, kidney infection, known as pyelonephritis, an infection in the fluid around your baby, called chorioamnionitis, inflammation of the lining of your uterus, or postpartum endometritis, a type of lung infection, known as pneumonia, a serious response to infection known as sepsis.

• #3 Group B Strep in Pregnancy – Diagnosis and Nursing Interventions

  https://nursingcecentral.com/group-b-strep/

  Group B strep is a naturally occurring bacteria in the human body. […] Most pregnant women should test for it as it puts them and their unborn child at an elevated risk for other diseases. […] This bacterial infection is commonly treated with antibiotics. […] Group B strep (GBS) is most talked about during pregnancy and delivery because of the potential risks associated with the newborn. […] Be sure to educate patients on the risks of GBS disease, indications for maternal antibiotic prophylaxis, and risks to the newborn. […] For patients who are positive for group b strep, it can place them at an elevated risk for those infections. […] Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis is performed when indicated with Penicillin as the first-line antibiotic and Ampicillin used as an acceptable alternative.

• #4 Group B Strep and your pregnancy

  https://www.marshfieldclinic.org/specialties/obgyn/pregnancy/awareness/pregnancy-infection-gbs

  About 25% of pregnant women carry Group B Strep (GBS) bacteria. GBS is found in the vagina and/or lower intestines. […] If a pregnant woman has a positive GBS culture, she can transfer the bacteria to her baby during childbirth. These bacteria can cause a life-threatening infection for babies. […] The Centers for Disease Control recommends a vaginal/rectal swab be used to test all pregnant women for GBS around 35 to 37 weeks of pregnancy. […] If you are found to be a carrier for GBS, you will be treated with IV (intravenous) antibiotics during your labor. Antibiotics need to be given during labor, as the bacteria can grow back quickly after treatment. […] Giving antibiotics to a woman during labor has been shown to prevent GBS in newborns.

• #5 What Is Group B Strep? – Group B Strep International

  https://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/what-is-group-b-strep.html

  Group B Strep (GBS) is a type of bacteria that is naturally found in the digestive and lower reproductive tracts of both men and women. About 1 in 4 pregnant individuals „carry” or are „colonized” with group B strep (GBS). Carrying GBS does not mean that you are unclean or have poor hygiene. Carrying GBS or testing GBS+ does not mean you are infected, but it can potentially cause an infection in your baby. […] Babies can be infected by group B strep before birth through several months of age due to their underdeveloped immune systems. These infections have been known as „GBS disease” with a newer terminology of „invasive GBS disease (iGBS)” being introduced. GBS most commonly causes invasive infection in the blood (sepsis), the fluid and lining of the brain (meningitis), and lungs (pneumonia). GBS can also cause invasive bone and joint infections.

• #6 Group B Streptococcus Infection in Babies | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/g/group-b-streptococcus-infection-in-newborns.html

  Everyone should be tested for GBS during their pregnancy. This is part of routine prenatal care. In late pregnancy, your healthcare provider can test for GBS. They do this by taking a swab of your vagina and rectum during a pelvic exam. They can also test your urine for GBS. The swab or urine is sent to a lab to grow the bacteria. Tests are usually done during 36 through 37 weeks of pregnancy. The results may take a few days. Someone with GBS may test positive at certain times and not at others. […] If you test positive for GBS during pregnancy, you will get IV antibiotics during labor. This lowers the risk that your baby will get the infection. Penicillin is the most common antibiotic given. […] Early treatment is important for a baby with a GBS infection.

• #7 Group B Streptococcus Infection in Babies | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/g/group-b-streptococcus-infection-in-newborns.html

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a type of bacteria. It can be found in the digestive tract, urinary tract, and genital area of adults. If you’re healthy, GBS infection usually does not cause problems before pregnancy. But it can cause serious illness for a newborn baby. It may cause sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, or seizures. […] Newborn babies who are ill with GBS infection may need care in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU). They are usually given IV (intravenous) antibiotics. Your baby may need other treatments if the infection is severe or if they have meningitis or pneumonia. […] GBS is the most common cause of serious infections in newborns. GBS infection can lead to meningitis, pneumonia, or sepsis. Meningitis is more common in a baby who has a GBS infection within a week to several months after birth.

• #8 Airborne and Direct Contact Diseases – Group B Strep – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/airborne/group-b.shtml

  Group B streptococcus (group B strep) is a type of bacteria that causes illness in newborn babies, pregnant women, the elderly, and adults with other illnesses, such as diabetes or liver disease. Group B strep is the most common cause of life-threatening infections in newborns. […] Group B strep is the most common cause of sepsis (blood infection) and meningitis (infection of the fluid and lining around the brain) in newborns. Group B strep is a frequent cause of newborn pneumonia and is more common than other, more well-known, newborn problems such as rubella, congenital syphilis, and spina bifida. Good prenatal care and testing during pregnancy can greatly reduce the risk of newborn infection.

• #9 Evidence on Group B Strep in Pregnancy

  https://evidencebasedbirth.com/groupbstrep/

  In some countries, pregnant people are tested for Group B Streptococcus (Group B Strep or GBS) bacteria towards the end of pregnancy. If a pregnant person is a carrier of Group B Strep (sometimes called “colonized with GBS”) and not treated with appropriate antibiotics during labor, then there is a 1-2% chance that their baby will develop early GBS disease. […] Early GBS disease is a serious illness in the first week of life that can result in a long and expensive stay in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) (Steer et al. 2020). […] To prevent early GBS disease in newborns, countries around the world generally choose one of two approaches: The “universal screening approach.” Screen all pregnant people for GBS at 35-37 weeks and treat everyone who tests positive with appropriate antibiotics during labor.

• #10 Patient education: Group B streptococcus and pregnancy (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/group-b-streptococcus-and-pregnancy-beyond-the-basics/print

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a bacterium that can cause serious infections in pregnant people, newborn babies, and infants less than three months of age. GBS is one of many types of streptococcal bacteria, sometimes called „strep.” […] This article discusses the risks of GBS during pregnancy and ways to prevent complications of GBS. […] Pregnant people who carry GBS can pass on the bacteria to their newborns, and some of those babies develop GBS disease. Newborns who are infected with GBS can develop pneumonia (lung infection), septicemia (blood infection), and/or meningitis (infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord). When a newborn is infected within the first few hours or days of life, this is called „early-onset” GBS disease. […] Newborn GBS infection and infection of the uterus after delivery can usually be prevented by giving an intravenous (IV) antibiotic during labor to anyone who is a GBS carrier when giving birth.

• #11 Patient education: Group B streptococcus and pregnancy (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/group-b-streptococcus-and-pregnancy-beyond-the-basics/print

  If you have a serious allergy and you carry GBS, your GBS should be tested in the laboratory to determine which antibiotic should be used during labor. […] Late-onset GBS—it is important to note that young infants up to age three months can also develop sepsis, meningitis, and other serious GBS infections.

• #12 What Is Group B Strep? – Group B Strep International

  https://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/what-is-group-b-strep.html

  Only a few babies who are exposed to GBS become infected, but iGBS can cause babies to be miscarried, stillborn, or become very ill and sometimes die after birth. There are three types of perinatal invasive GBS disease, each with their own prevention challenges: Prenatal-onset iGBS (before birth), Early-onset iGBS (birth through the first 6 days of life), Late-onset iGBS (7 days to 3 months of age, but also less commonly after three months of age which is called ultra late-onset iGBS disease). […] iGBS in your baby from birth through the first six days of life is more likely if: You tested GBS positive in your urine or GBS swab test during this pregnancy, Your baby was born before 37 weeks (preterm), Your water has been broken 18+ hours without delivering, You have a fever during labor, You previously had a baby who developed iGBS.

• #13 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  GBS colonization in pregnant women is a major risk factor for neonatal and infant infection. […] Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is indicated for all mothers with a positive GBS screening culture routinely obtained at 35 to 37 weeks gestation. […] Prophylaxis with a beta-lactam antibiotic (preferably penicillin) given four or more hours before delivery is highly effective for early-onset disease prevention. […] To prevent transmission of GBS from mother to infant, all pregnant women should be screened for GBS colonization as part of their routine prenatal care late in their third trimester (usually between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation). […] Since the initiation of universal screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, the incidence of early-onset GBS disease has decreased tremendously by approximately 80%. However, the incidence of late-onset GBS disease remains the same. Thus, further collaboration between all healthcare workers and researchers is essential in understanding the pathophysiology of late-onset GBS disease, the potential use for immunoprophylaxis, and further promoting awareness and education to women regarding GBS disease. These interprofessional team strategies will lead to better outcomes for both mother and child.

• #14 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  Targeted intravenous intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has demonstrated efficacy for prevention of GBS early-onset disease (EOD) in neonates born to women with positive antepartum GBS cultures and women who have other risk factors for intrapartum GBS colonization. Neither antepartum nor intrapartum oral or intramuscular regimens have been shown to be comparably effective in reducing GBS EOD. […] Regardless of planned mode of birth, all pregnant women should undergo antepartum screening for GBS at 36 0/737 6/7 weeks of gestation, unless intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for GBS is indicated because of GBS bacteriuria during the pregnancy or because of a history of a previous GBS-infected newborn. […] All women whose vaginalrectal cultures at 36 0/737 6/7 weeks of gestation are positive for GBS should receive appropriate intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis unless a prelabor cesarean birth is performed in the setting of intact membranes.

• #14 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  ABSTRACT: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of newborn infection. The primary risk factor for neonatal GBS early-onset disease (EOD) is maternal colonization of the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Approximately 50% of women who are colonized with GBS will transmit the bacteria to their newborns. Vertical transmission usually occurs during labor or after rupture of membranes. In the absence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, 12% of those newborns will develop GBS EOD. Other risk factors include gestational age of less than 37 weeks, very low birth weight, prolonged rupture of membranes, intraamniotic infection, young maternal age, and maternal black race. The key obstetric measures necessary for effective prevention of GBS EOD continue to include universal prenatal screening by vaginalrectal culture, correct specimen collection and processing, appropriate implementation of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and coordination with pediatric care providers. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists now recommends performing universal GBS screening between 36 0/7 and 37 6/7 weeks of gestation. All women whose vaginalrectal cultures at 36 0/737 6/7 weeks of gestation are positive for GBS should receive appropriate intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis unless a prelabor cesarean birth is performed in the setting of intact membranes.

• #15 Group B strep disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/group-b-strep/symptoms-causes/syc-20351729

  Group B strep also can cause dangerous infections in adults with some long-term conditions, such as diabetes or liver disease. […] If you’re pregnant, get a group B strep screening test during your third trimester. If you have this type of bacteria in your body, medicines called antibiotics given to you during labor can protect your baby. […] If you have symptoms of group B strep infection, call a member of your health care team right away. […] If you’re pregnant, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends a group B strep screening test during weeks 36 to 37 of pregnancy. […] Medicine can prevent group B bacteria from spreading to your baby during labor or delivery. An antibiotic through a needle in a vein, also called an IV, is given to you when labor begins.

• #16 Group B Strep and Pregnancy | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/group-b-strep-and-pregnancy

  What should I know about group B strep if I’m pregnant? In women, GBS most often is found in the vagina and rectum. This means that GBS can pass from you to your fetus during labor. This is rare. It happens to 1 or 2 babies out of 100 when the mother does not receive treatment with antibiotics during labor. The chance of a newborn getting sick is much lower when the mother receives treatment. […] Will I be tested for group B strep? Yes, you should be screened for GBS as part of routine prenatal care. The test for GBS is called a culture. It is now done between 36 and 38 weeks of pregnancy. In this test, a swab is used to take a sample from the vagina and rectum. […] What if the test result is positive? If the results show that GBS is present, antibiotics are usually given through an intravenous (IV) line once labor has started. This is done to help protect the fetus from being infected. The best time for treatment is during labor.

• #17 Group B Strep Infection: GBS | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-complications/group-b-strep-infection/

  Group B Streptococcus also known as Group B Strep Infection (GBS) is a type of bacterial infection that can be found in a pregnant woman’s vagina or rectum. This bacteria is normally found in the vagina and/or rectum of about 25% of all healthy, adult women. Women who test positive for GBS are said to be colonized. A mother can pass GBS to her baby during delivery. GBS affects about 1 in every 2,000 babies in the United States. Not every baby who is born to a mother who tests positive for GBS will become ill. Although GBS is rare in pregnant women, the outcome can be severe. As such, physicians include testing as a routine part of prenatal care. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended routine screening for vaginal strep B for all pregnant women. This screening is performed between the 35th and 37th week of pregnancy. Studies show that testing done within 5 weeks of delivery is the most accurate at predicting the GBS status at birth. The test involves a swab of both the vagina and the rectum. The sample is then taken to a lab where a culture is analyzed for any presence of GBS. Test results are usually available within 24 to 48 hours. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all women who have risk factors PRIOR to being screened for GBS (for example, women who have preterm labor beginning before completing 37 gestational weeks) are treated with IV antibiotics until their GBS status is established.

• #18 Group B Strep and Pregnancy (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/groupb.html

  About 1 out of every 4 women have GBS. In pregnant women, GBS can cause infection of the urinary tract, placenta, womb, and amniotic fluid. […] Even if they haven’t had any symptoms of infection, pregnant women can pass the infection to their babies during labor and delivery. […] Doctors will test a pregnant woman to see if she has GBS. If she does, she will get intravenous (IV) antibiotics during labor to kill the bacteria. […] It’s best for a woman to get antibiotics for at least 4 hours before delivery. This simple step greatly helps to prevent the spread of GBS to the baby. […] Because GBS comes and goes from the body, a woman should be tested for it during each pregnancy. Women who are GBS-positive and get antibiotics at the right time during labor do well, and most don’t pass the infection to their babies. […] If you are GBS-positive and begin to go into labor, go to the hospital rather than laboring at home. By getting IV antibiotics for at least 4 hours before delivery, you can help protect your baby against early-onset GBS disease.

• #19 Group B Strep Positive | Scenario CloudLaerdal logoLaerdal logo

  https://scenariocloud.laerdal.com/library/scenario/group-b-strep-positive

  This scenario is developed to train the identification of Group B Strep risk and implementation of Group B Strep perinatal guidelines for a high-risk patient. The primary risk for neonatal GBS disease is maternal intrapartum GBS colonization. Vigilant and accurate adherence to the CDC guidelines for prevention of perinatal GBS disease is vital to continue to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality in newborns. […] The students will be expected to recognize the signs and symptoms of active labor, perform a general assessment, implement initial orders, initiate Group B Strep protocol, and instruct the patient, boyfriend, and family appropriately regarding patient and infant plan of care. […] Upon completion of the simulation, the student will be able to: […] Implement Group B Strep prophylaxis protocol while patient is in active labor […] Educate mother and family on maternal and infant Group B Strep protocol […] Verbalize Group B Strep guidelines for newborn per protocol.

• #20 Group B Strep and Pregnancy | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/group-b-strep-and-pregnancy

  Penicillin is the antibiotic that is most often given to prevent early-onset disease in newborns. While treatment with antibiotics during labor can help prevent early-onset GBS disease in a baby, this treatment does not prevent late-onset disease. […] Are there times when antibiotics are given without testing first? In some cases, your doctor may recommend antibiotics during labor without testing for GBS. Antibiotics may be given without testing if you had a previous child who had GBS disease, you have GBS bacteria in your urine at any point during your pregnancy, your GBS status is not known when you go into labor and you have a fever, your GBS status is not known and you go into labor before 37 weeks, your GBS status is not known and it has been 18 hours or more since your water broke, your GBS status for this pregnancy is not known but you tested positive for GBS in a past pregnancy.

• #21 Group B Strep – North Memorial Health

  https://northmemorial.com/condition/group-b-strep/

  Group B strep infection is a condition caused by bacteria called group B streptococcus (GBS). GBS are normally found in the digestive organs or vagina. A person may carry GBS and not get infected and become sick. GBS live inside the body, along with many other bacteria that are harmless to most people. GBS rarely cause serious problems in adults, but can be life-threatening to babies. […] Your baby is more likely to be infected with GBS if you have any of the following: Water that breaks before the 37th week of pregnancy. Fever during labor. Previous birth to a baby with GBS infection. Positive test result for GBS in current pregnancy. Preterm labor. […] Screening tests for GBS in mothers may be done during the 35th to 37th weeks of pregnancy. A sample from your vagina or rectum may be taken to check if you carry GBS. You may be given antibiotics if you carry the bacteria. Antibiotics will be given during your labor and delivery through an IV to prevent you from passing GBS to your baby.

• #22 Group B Strep In Pregnancy: Test, Risks & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11045-group-b-streptococcus–pregnancy

  Group B strep infection (also GBS or group B Streptococcus) is caused by bacteria typically found in your vagina or rectal area. […] Healthcare providers screen for group B strep as part of your routine prenatal care. If you test positive, your provider will treat you with antibiotics. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine screening for group B strep in all pregnancies. You’re screened for GBS between 36 and 37 weeks of pregnancy. […] Taking antibiotics for GBS reduces your chances of passing it to your baby. […] Healthcare providers prevent GBS infection in your baby by treating you with intravenous (IV) antibiotics during labor and delivery. […] Giving you an antibiotic at this time helps prevent the spread of GBS from you to your newborn. […] Any pregnant woman who has previously given birth to a baby who developed a GBS infection or who has had a urinary tract infection in this pregnancy caused by GBS will also be treated during labor.

• #23 What Is Group B Strep? – Group B Strep International

  https://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/what-is-group-b-strep.html

  These steps can help reduce the risk of early-onset iGBS: Have your urine cultured early in pregnancy for GBS as well as other bacteria and, if GBS- in your urine, have a swab test for GBS during your 36th or 37th week of pregnancy. If you are GBS+ in either your urine or swab test, or have previously had a baby with a GBS infection, having IV antibiotics for GBS when your water breaks or your labor starts. […] It is not standard to treat individuals for GBS during pregnancy unless found at a significant level in their urine or GBS is causing urinary or vaginitis symptoms. In some cases, if a pregnant person is heavily colonized or has had a baby previously infected by GBS, they may be treated with oral antibiotics during pregnancy, although this is not a standard routine. […] If you have already had a baby with iGBS or have had GBS in your urine in this pregnancy, you should receive IV antibiotics for GBS during labor and delivery even if you later test negative for GBS in your urine or in a vaginal/rectal swab test for GBS in a current or future pregnancy.

• #24 Preventing Group B Strep Disease in Newborns | Group B Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-b-strep/prevention/index.html

  The best way to prevent GBS disease during the first week of life is to give antibiotics, during labor, to women at increased risk. […] Healthcare providers give antibiotics to women who are at increased risk of having a baby who will develop GBS disease. The antibiotics help protect babies from infection, but only if given during labor. […] Most babies born to women who tested positive for GBS bacteria don’t need treatment if their mother received antibiotics during labor. […] Antibiotics are very effective at preventing GBS disease in newborns.

• #25 Group B Streptococcus and Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482443/

  IAP is recommended to prevent neonatal GBS-EOD in women with identified GBS colonization or with risk factors for GBS colonization. […] ACOG recommends penicillin as the first-line antibiotic for GBS prophylaxis due to its narrow antimicrobial activity, which decreases the risk of resulting antibiotic resistance. […] For women with penicillin allergies, the choice of IAP antibiotic depends on the allergy history and, if available, clindamycin susceptibility results from GBS cultures. […] In patients with preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes, the following recommendations for GBS prophylaxis have been established by ACOG: IAP should be started during the initial management of preterm labor and continued if labor progresses. […] Women planning a cesarean birth should still undergo prenatal GBS culture as labor or rupture of membranes might occur before the scheduled delivery. […] Due to known adverse effects of IAP, including allergic reactions, neonatal thrush, and antibiotic resistance, other therapeutic avenues have been researched to treat GBS colonization.

• #26 Group B Streptococcus Disease: AAP Updates Guidelines for the Management of At-Risk Infants | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0315/p378.html

  Maternal screening for GBS and intrapartum antibiotics for positive screening are important for reducing early-onset GBS disease risk. […] Infants born before 35 weeks’ gestation because of cervical insufficiency, preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, intra-amniotic infection, or acute or unexplained nonreassuring fetal status should receive empiric antibiotics because of the high risk of GBS disease. […] Infants born before 35 weeks’ gestation because of other causes should receive empiric antibiotics for insufficient intrapartum antibiotics, maternal intrapartum fever, or newborn signs of illness. […] Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis prevents newborn GBS through two mechanisms. Maternal antibiotic treatment temporarily decreases vaginal GBS colonization, preventing newborn surface and mucous membrane colonization during birth. Newborn bloodstream antibiotic levels also exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration for GBS.

• #27 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  If the prenatal GBS culture result is unknown when labor starts, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated for women who have risk factors for GBS EOD. […] Intravenous penicillin remains the agent of choice for intrapartum prophylaxis, with intravenous ampicillin as an acceptable alternative. […] For women who are at high risk of anaphylaxis after exposure to penicillin, the laboratory requisitions for ordering antepartum GBS screening cultures (whether on paper or online in electronic medical records) should indicate clearly the presence of penicillin allergy. […] Intravenous vancomycin remains the only pharmacokinetically and microbiologically validated option for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in women who report a high-risk penicillin allergy and whose GBS isolate is not susceptible to clindamycin.

• #28 Evidence on Group B Strep in Pregnancy

  https://evidencebasedbirth.com/groupbstrep/

  The antibiotic of choice is IV penicillin, and IV ampicillin is an appropriate alternative. […] For people with a reported allergy to penicillin, if they are at low risk for an anaphylactic allergic reaction, then IV cefazolin is recommended. […] For people with an allergy to penicillin who are at high risk for anaphylaxis, then clindamycin should only be used if laboratory testing shows that their GBS strain is susceptible to clindamycin.

• #29 Group B Strep in Pregnancy – Diagnosis and Nursing Interventions

  https://nursingcecentral.com/group-b-strep/

  Prompt IV access should be prioritized when intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated in patients in order to achieve antibiotic prophylaxis before delivery. […] Successful antibiotic prophylaxis is obtained when one course of antibiotics is administered at least 4 hours before delivery. […] The most critical component with a positive or unknown GBS patient is the concern for the newborn during delivery when Group B Strep is not effectively treated. […] Infection can be acquired through vertical transmission during delivery from the mother to the newborn. […] Newborns are at risk for developing sepsis, meningitis, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, respiratory conditions, genitourinary problems, and death. […] Group B strep is a bacterial infection that affects the pregnant mother and the newborn. […] In most cases, a course of antibiotics is all that’s needed.

• #30 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  Obstetric interventions, when necessary, should not be delayed solely to provide 4 hours of antibiotic administration before birth. Such interventions include but are not limited to administration of oxytocin, artificial rupture of membranes, or planned cesarean birth, with or without precesarean rupture of membranes.

• #31 Patient education: Group B streptococcus and pregnancy (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/group-b-streptococcus-and-pregnancy-beyond-the-basics/print

  If you are found to have GBS during pregnancy, even if you have no symptoms of infection, you will receive intravenous (IV) antibiotics during labor to significantly lower the risk of passing the bacteria on to your newborn. […] Being treated with an antibiotic during labor greatly reduces the chance that you or your newborn will develop a serious infection related to GBS in the first week after birth. […] If you go into preterm labor—if you go into preterm (premature) labor before you’ve been tested to find out if you carry GBS, a swab culture or NAAT will be done when you are admitted to the hospital. Then you will be treated with an IV antibiotic until your baby is born or the labor is stopped by your health care provider or labor stops on its own. […] If you have a planned cesarean birth („C-section”), you will not need IV antibiotics because the risk of passing GBS on to the newborn is much lower than with a vaginal birth. However, even if you plan ahead to have a C-section, you should still be tested for GBS during pregnancy.

• #32 Group B Strep and Pregnancy | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/group-b-strep-and-pregnancy

  If you have a cesarean birth, you do not need to be given antibiotics for GBS during delivery if your labor has not started and the amniotic sac has not ruptured (your water has not broken). But you should still be tested for GBS because labor may happen before a cesarean birth. If the test result is positive, the baby may need to be monitored for GBS disease after birth.

• #33 3 Prenatal Infection Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/prenatal-infection-nursing-care-plans/

  Bacterial infections are the single most common medical complication encountered by healthcare professionals. […] Others, such as listeriosis and group B streptococcal (GBS) infection, are of greatest concern to the fetus. […] Implementing strategies to prevent transmission of the infection from mother to fetus, such as counseling on hygiene practices, safe sexual practices, and avoiding exposure to known sources of infection. […] Administering appropriate antibiotics to treat the specific prenatal infection, considering factors such as the type of infection, drug safety during pregnancy, and the patients individual circumstances. […] Screening of tuberculosis early in pregnancy is important because it is a chronic and debilitating disease that increases the risk of miscarriage. […] Administer antibiotics and other medications as indicated to the client and her sexual partner.

• #34 Group B Strep (GBS) in Pregnancy: Two Mothers, One Infection

  https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/articles/the-story-of-two-mothers-who-faced-group-b-strep-infections

  Amanda Caldwell and her husband Brandon Caldwell were thrilled when they became pregnant soon after they started trying. Her pregnancy was largely uneventful, but at 37 weeks of pregnancy, she was given a routine screening for Group B streptococcus (GBS) and tested positive. […] Reagan, who had become lethargic and was not eating, was transferred to a larger hospital, Albany Med, where he started having seizures in Amanda’s arms. The doctors took him from her and intubated him to give him antibiotics; he was eventually diagnosed with bacterial meningitis and sepsis, as a result of group B strep, which bloated his face and entire body. […] Amanda wishes she’d known more about group B strep during pregnancy—that she had been given a brochure about how to spot signs of infection and react quickly.

• #35 Group B strep disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/group-b-strep/symptoms-causes/syc-20351729

  Antibiotic treatment during labor also is recommended if you: Have a urinary tract infection. […] Taking antibiotics by mouth ahead of time won’t help lower the risk of passing the bacteria to your baby. That’s because the bacteria can return before labor begins. […] For that reason, your newborn’s health care team closely watches the baby’s health for up to 48 hours.

• #36 Group B strep infection | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/group-b-strep-infection

  Treatment with antibiotics helps prevent your baby from getting the infection. […] If you have GBS and you’re having a scheduled Cesarean birth (c-section) before labor starts and before your water breaks, you will probably receive other prevention antibiotics to prevent wound infection. […] It’s not helpful to take oral antibiotics before labor to treat GBS. […] Most babies who are treated for GBS do fine. […] But even with treatment, about 1 in 20 babies (5 percent) who have GBS die. […] It’s important to try and prevent a newborn from getting GBS. […] Babies infected with early-onset GBS or late-onset GBS are treated with antibiotics through an IV, and are kept in the hospital until the cultures are negative. […] If you’re treated for GBS during labor and birth, you probably won’t get a uterine infection after your baby is born. […] If you have a UTI caused by GBS, your provider gives you antibiotics to take by mouth during pregnancy. […] Identification of GBS in your prenatal care and preventive antibiotics during labor are the best protection for the baby.

• #37 Group B Strep in Pregnancy | Lancaster & Lebanon Counties, PA | May-Grant Obstetrics & Gynecology

  https://maygrant.com/later-pregnancy/group-b-strep-in-pregnancy/

  If you carry GBS in your vagina at the time of birth and are not able to receive penicillin before your baby is born, your baby will be watched closely for signs of GBS infection. Almost all babies who develop GBS infection will show signs within 24 hours of being born. […] How do I know if my baby has a GBS infection? […] If your baby gets a GBS infection, symptoms include difficulty breathing (including grunting or being pale), problems with temperature (too cold or too hot), difficulty breastfeeding with more spitting up than usual, or extreme sleepiness that interferes with breastfeeding. […] What is the treatment if my baby has a GBS infection? […] If the infection is caught early and your baby is full-term, most babies will completely recover with IV antibiotic treatment. Of the babies who get sick, about 1 in 6 can have serious complications. Some babies who are very sick will die. In most cases, if you carry GBS in the vagina at the time of birth and are given IV penicillin in labor, the risk of your baby getting sick is very rare (about 1 in 4,000).

• #38 What Is Group B Strep? – Group B Strep International

  https://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/what-is-group-b-strep.html

  GBS can cause preterm labor as well as cause a woman’s water to break too soon, also known as preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). It’s important to know the warning signs and symptoms of preterm labor. […] GBS is treated with antibiotics through the vein (also called IV for intravenous). When your water breaks or labor starts, remind your care provider of your GBS status and report any fever. […] Breastfeeding can supply your baby with important antibodies to fight infection. However, it is speculated that a few late-onset and recurrent GBS infections are possibly associated with infected breast milk. It is currently thought that the health benefits of breastfeeding outweigh any potential risk of exposure to GBS. […] A little over half of survivors will have no long term effects. While there needs to be more research on the lasting effects of invasive GBS sepsis, the lasting effects of invasive GBS meningitis depend on the severity of the infection.

• #39 Group B Strep Infection in Newborns

  https://www.nwh.org/patient-guides-and-forms/maternity-guide/maternity-chapter-1/group-b-strep-infection-in-newborns

  Group B Strep is the most common cause of two types of infection affecting newborns. […] Most early-onset disease can be prevented by giving antibiotics (usually penicillin) intravenously during labor to women who test positive for Group B Strep. […] Given these risks, babies born to GBS positive mothers who are not fully treated with antibiotics four hours prior to delivery will be watched closely for signs of infection in the hospital for 24 to 48 hours. […] Babies who are born to GBS positive mothers who are not fully treated need to be watched closely at home as well. If any newborn less than six weeks of age has any of the following signs, the babys physician should be notified immediately: Rectal temperature of 100.4 or greater. Signs of lethargy (increased sleepiness or unresponsiveness) or poor feeding. Signs of irritability (baby is crying excessively and is inconsolable).

• #40 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) in pregnancy and newborn babies | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/group-b-streptococcus-gbs-in-pregnancy-and-newborn-babies/

  If you have previously had a baby who was diagnosed with GBS infection, you should be offered antibiotics through a drip when you are in labour. […] If your waters break after 37 weeks of your pregnancy and you are known to carry GBS, you will be offered induction of labour straight away. […] If you have been offered antibiotics to prevent GBS infection in your baby, these should be started as soon as possible after your labour begins, or after your waters have broken. […] If your baby is felt to be at higher risk of GBS infection and you did not get antibiotics through a drip at least 4 hours before giving birth then your baby will be monitored closely for signs of infection for at least 12 hours. […] Babies with signs of GBS infection or babies who are suspected to have the infection should be treated with antibiotics as soon as possible.

• #41 Group B strep disease – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/group-b-strep/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351735

  If your baby tests positive for group B strep, the baby receives IV antibiotics through a vein. Depending on your baby’s condition, the baby might need IV fluids, oxygen or other medicines. […] Antibiotics can treat group B strep infection in adults. The choice of antibiotic depends on the location and extent of the infection. It also depends on your specific circumstances. […] If you’re pregnant and you have medical problems because of group B strep, you’ll likely receive antibiotics by mouth. Most often, you’ll be given penicillin, amoxicillin (Amoxil, Larotid) or cephalexin. All are considered safe to take during pregnancy.

• #42 Group B Strep (GBS) in Pregnancy: Two Mothers, One Infection

  https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/articles/the-story-of-two-mothers-who-faced-group-b-strep-infections

  Thembalami was allowed to touch her baby’s feet and hands but not pick her up and hold her close, the way she wanted to. The doctors told her the baby had brain damage as a result of group b streptococcal infection. […] Thembalami encourages pregnant women to get involved with maternal vaccine research, especially related to group b strep during pregnancy, because then your baby might be healthy and survive, unlike mine, she says. […] Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a bacteria that can cause an infection that, left untreated in infants, may lead to sepsis and meningitis, and even death. It is estimated to cause at least 90,000 newborn deaths and 46,000 stillbirths annually, and more than half those deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa.

• #43 Group B Strep – North Memorial Health

  https://northmemorial.com/condition/group-b-strep/

  Treatment with antibiotic medicines may cause fast or irregular breathing, fever, rash or swelling around the face. Group B strep infection may cause sepsis, meningitis (infection of the membranes around the brain) and pneumonia (lung infection). Your baby may also develop problems with hearing, vision, speech or learning later in life. If left untreated, GBS infection may cause life-threatening brain or organ damage or a coma. […] Your baby may need to stay in the hospital for treatment. Antibiotic medicines are usually needed to treat GBS infection in babies.

• #44 Group B Strep – Community Care Midwives

  https://www.communitycaremidwives.com/group-b-streptococcus.html

  Group Beta Streptococcus (also called Strep B, GBS) is a type of bacteria commonly found in the lower intestine of normal, healthy adults. Because the bacteria can migrate to the vagina, there is approximately a 10-30% chance that you will have this bacterium present in the vagina. At birth, approximately 40-70% of babies born to GBS-positive clients will pick up this bacterium on their body. Of the babies who pick-up GBS, 1-2% may develop an early onset GBS infection. This means 1.8 out of 1000 babies will get a GBS infection. […] GBS can cause serious infections such as sepsis (blood infections), pneumonia, or meningitis in the newborn. These types of infections in infants are extremely difficult to treat and can be fatal. In the general population, the incidence of early onset infection in the first week of life has decreased to 0.41 per 1000 with the use of antibiotics during labour. For babies who develop an early infection, the death rate is approximately 5-9%. Infected babies are also at a higher risk of developing permanent neurological damage (approximately 40% of those with GBS meningitis). GBS could cause you to develop a urinary tract infection. As well, GBS has been associated with increased rates of preterm labour and premature rupture of membranes. During pregnancy and/or the postpartum period, there is also an increased risk of uterine infection.

• #45 Group B Strep During Pregnancy: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.group-b-strep-during-pregnancy-care-instructions.uf7868

  Group B strep infection is caused by a type of bacteria. […] If you have this bacteria in your body, you will get antibiotics when you are in labor. Antibiotics help prevent problems for a newborn baby. […] After birth, doctors will watch and may test your baby. If your baby tests positive for Group B strep, your baby will get antibiotics. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] If you go into labor, or your water breaks, go to the hospital. Your doctor will give you antibiotics to help protect your baby from infection. […] Tell the doctors and nurses at the hospital that you tested positive for group B strep.

• #46

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7868

  Group B strep infection is caused by a type of bacteria. […] If you have this bacteria in your body, you will get antibiotics when you are in labour. Antibiotics help prevent problems for a newborn baby. […] After birth, doctors will watch and may test your baby. If your baby tests positive for Group B strep, your baby will get antibiotics. […] If you go into labour or your water breaks, go to the hospital. Your doctor or midwife will give you antibiotics to help protect your baby from infection. […] Tell the doctors, midwife, and nurses at the hospital that you tested positive for group B strep.

• #47 Group B streptococcus – pregnancy Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/group-b-streptococcus-pregnancy

  Most of the time, GBS is harmless. However, GBS can be passed to a newborn during birth. […] Most babies who get GBS will start having problems during their first week of life. Some babies will not get sick until later. Symptoms can take as long as 3 months to appear. […] The infections caused by GBS are serious and can be fatal. Yet prompt treatment usually leads to complete recovery. […] When you are 35 to 37 weeks pregnant, your health care provider may do a test for GBS. Your provider will take a culture by swabbing the outer part of your vagina and rectum. The swab will be tested for GBS. Results are often ready in a few days. […] If a test shows that you carry GBS, your provider will give you antibiotics through an IV during your labor. Even if you are not tested for GBS but have risk factors, your provider will give you the same treatment. […] There is no way to avoid getting GBS.

• #48 Group B Strep: Safeguarding Mom and Baby | Redeemer Health

  https://www.redeemerhealth.org/stories/group-b-strep-safeguarding-mom-and-baby

  One particularly important screening in the third trimester is for Group B Streptococcus (GBS), commonly known as Group B Strep. […] During pregnancy, GBS may occasionally lead to UTIs or other infections, which are treatable with antibiotics. For newborns, exposure to GBS during delivery can result in severe infections like pneumonia, sepsis, or meningitis. These conditions can be life-threatening, making it critical to know if you have GBS. […] Testing for GBS is typically done between weeks 35-37 of pregnancy. The procedure is quick, painless, and usually performed during a regular prenatal visit. Knowing whether you have GBS enables you and your health care provider to take the necessary precautions to protect your baby during delivery. […] If you test positive for GBS, you will receive antibiotics during labor. These antibiotics are safe for both you and your baby and significantly reduce the risk of transmitting the bacteria during childbirth. Should any complications occur from GBS, hospital staff are well-trained to provide immediate antibiotics and closely monitor your baby after birth. […] Knowing your GBS status is the first step in safeguarding your baby during childbirth. By getting tested, discussing antibiotics with your doctor, and taking timely action during delivery, you can significantly reduce the risks associated with Group B Strep.

• #49 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Guide for Mothers by Dr Ryan Lee | Thomson Medical

  https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/group-b-streptococcus

  Regular prenatal check-ups, timely testing, and appropriate treatment during labour have proven highly effective in protecting both moms and babies. […] If you have any concerns about GBS during pregnancy, discuss them with your healthcare provider; they’ll provide personalised advice and care throughout your pregnancy.

• #50 Evidence on Group B Strep in Pregnancy

  https://evidencebasedbirth.com/groupbstrep/

  The specific risk factors that are chosen may vary slightly from country to country. This method is currently used in 25 countries including the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, South Africa, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, the Philippines, and New Zealand (Le Doare et al. 2017). […] If a birthing person with GBS is treated with antibiotics during labor, the risk of their infant developing early GBS disease drops by 80%. […] In the U.S., the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) runs the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs), a program that tracks potentially invasive bacteria in a sample of ten states, covering a population of 45 million people. […] In the early 1990s, before the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended universal screening for GBS and treating it with IV antibiotics during labor, there were 1.8 cases of early GBS disease per 1,000 live births (ACOG 2019).

• #51 Group B Strep International – Home

  https://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO), each year nearly 20 million pregnant women carry group B strep (GBS). Although GBS is harmless for most pregnant individuals, it can be extremely serious when it passes to babies during pregnancy, childbirth or in the first months of life. Not all babies exposed to GBS become infected, but, for those who do, the results can be devastating. GBS can cause babies to be miscarried, stillborn, born prematurely, become very sick, have lifelong handicaps, or die. Even babies born to someone who tests negative can become infected by group B strep. […] Fortunately there are many ways to help protect babies from group B strep. The website contains resources for you learn more about GBS and help prevent its devastating effects. […] While it is typically harmless in most healthy adults, GBS can sometimes cause infections in mothers during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and the postpartum period. Knowing the risk factors, types and signs of infection, and preventative measures can help for healthier outcomes for both mother and baby. […] Each of the three distinct time periods when GBS can infect babies has its own prevention challenges and strategies.

• #52 Evidence on Group B Strep in Pregnancy

  https://evidencebasedbirth.com/groupbstrep/

  After the newer recommendations went into action, rates of early GBS disease in the U.S. dropped drastically. […] In the U.S., which is considered a high-resource country by researchers (despite the high number of perinatal care deserts), approximately 6.9% of full-term infants with early GBS disease will die from their infection. […] Although newborns in high-resource countries will most likely survive if they have early GBS disease, their illnesses usually require long, expensive stays in a NICU. […] The 2019 ACOG recommendations (reaffirmed in 2022 and endorsed by the AAP) include: All pregnant people should be tested for GBS between 36 weeks 0 days and 37 weeks 6 days. […] Everyone who is positive for GBS should have appropriate IV antibiotics during birth unless they are giving birth by pre-labor Cesarean and the membranes have not yet ruptured.

• #53 Group B Strep: What Pregnant Women Should Know | Banner

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/better-me/group-b-strep-what-you-should-know

  According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), your baby has a 1 in 200 chance of developing GBS if you dont get antibiotics during labor, compared to 1 in 4,000 if you do. […] Discuss with your health care provider how to include IV antibiotics in your birth plan, so your care team knows youll need them when you arrive. […] If you dont make it in time, your hospital or treating facility will watch your baby closely for signs of infection usually 48 hours (about two days) after birth. […] If your baby tests positive, they may need care in the NICU (neonatal intensive care unit) to receive IV antibiotics and be monitored for symptoms. Your baby may need other treatments if the infection is severe or if they have meningitis or pneumonia. […] Dont panic if your provider tells you youre GBS positive during pregnancy. It is a common bacterium, and the chances you pass it to your baby are low, especially if you take antibiotics during labor.

• #54 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-treatment

  Group B streptococci are likely to be sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin. However, resistance to penicillin (and beta-lactams in general) has been increasing, as documented in studies done in the United States, Hong Kong, and Japan. […] Therefore, sensitivity testing should be done before these agents are used. Oral clindamycin remains an excellent agent for use after a course of parenteral therapy for bone, soft-tissue, and lung infections, if the isolate is susceptible. […] Because of possible resistance to clindamycin, vancomycin remains the initial treatment of choice for GBS infection in patients who are allergic to penicillin. […] In general, if ampicillin, penicillin, vancomycin, or ceftriaxone cannot be used, consultation with an infectious diseases specialist is strongly recommended.

• #55

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/bacterial-meningitis/groupb-streptococcal-meningitis

  Most early-onset group B strep infections in babies are preventable by identifying pregnant women who are at increased risk of having a baby with a group B strep infection and treating the mother with antibiotics during labour. […] Currently, there is no vaccine to protect against group B streptococcal meningitis. Scientists are working to develop a vaccine that can be given to pregnant women to protect their babies during pregnancy and birth.

• #56 Group B Streptococcus and Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482443/

  This activity for healthcare professionals is designed to enhance the learner’s competence in recognizing the significance of group B streptococcus in pregnancy, performing the recommended evaluation, and implementing appropriate interprofessional preventive management approaches to improve patient outcomes. […] Universal GBS screening during pregnancy is the primary approach utilized to evaluate patients for GBS colonization in the United States, whereas, in several other countries, including the United Kingdom, testing is only performed on symptomatic patients, such as those with vaginal discharge and premature rupture of membranes. […] GBS colonization in pregnancy is primarily treated with IAP to decrease the transmission of GBS and the incidence of neonatal sepsis by reducing the maternal GBS burden within the genitourinary tract and eliminating GBS bacteria in the fetus.

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