Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Streptococcus agalactiae – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae

  Streptococcus agalactiae (also known as group B streptococcus or GBS) is a gram-positive coccus (round bacterium) with a tendency to form chains (as reflected by the genus name Streptococcus). It is a beta-hemolytic, catalase-negative, and facultative anaerobe. […] In general, GBS is a harmless commensal bacterium being part of the human microbiota colonizing the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of up to 30% of healthy human adults (asymptomatic carriers). Nevertheless, GBS can cause severe invasive infections especially in newborns, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems. […] GBS colonization of the vagina usually does not cause problems in healthy women, nevertheless during pregnancy it can sometimes cause serious illness for the mother and the newborn. GBS is the leading cause of bacterial neonatal infection in the baby during gestation and after delivery with significant mortality rates in premature infants.

• #2 Group B strep disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/group-b-strep/symptoms-causes/syc-20351729

  Group B strep is a common type of bacteria. Another name for it is Streptococcus agalactiae. It’s often carried in the intestines or lower genital tract. […] Group B strep can spread to a baby during a vaginal delivery. This happens if the baby is exposed to or swallows fluids that contains the bacteria. […] Many healthy people carry group B strep bacteria in their bodies. You might carry the bacteria in your body for a short time. It can come and go. Or you might always have it. Group B strep bacteria are not spread through sex, food or water. It isn’t clear how the bacteria are spread to anyone other than newborns.

• #3 Group B streptococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection

  Group B streptococcal infection, also known as Group B streptococcal disease or just Group B strep infection, is the infectious disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae. […] Its significance as a human pathogen was first described in 1938, and in the early 1960s, GBS came to be recognized as a major cause of infections in newborns. […] Up to 30% of healthy human adults are asymptomatic carriers of GBS. […] This opportunistic harmless bacterium can, in some circumstances, cause severe invasive infections (opportunistic infection). […] GBS infections in the mother can cause chorioamnionitis (intra-amniotic infection or severe infection of the placental tissues) infrequently, postpartum infections (after birth) and it had been related to prematurity and fetal death. […] GBS urinary tract infections, more than 100.000 CFU (colony forming units) /mL, may induce labour in pregnant women and cause premature delivery (preterm birth) and miscarriage and requires antibiotic treatment.

• #4 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/group-b-streptococcus-gbs

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a bacterium that can be found in the digestive tract, urinary tract, and genital area of adults. Although GBS usually doesn’t cause problems in healthy women before pregnancy, it can cause serious illness for the mother and baby during pregnancy and after delivery. […] GBS is the most common cause of life-threatening infections in newborns. […] The bacterium that causes GBS may live in an adult’s body for years and not cause any problems. The only time it becomes an issue is when a woman gets pregnant. […] Newborns can contract GBS during pregnancy or from the mother’s genital tract during labor and delivery. […] GBS is the most common cause of life-threatening infections in newborns, including pneumonia and meningitis. […] In a pregnant woman, GBS infection may cause chorioamnionitis (a severe infection of the placental tissues) and postpartum (after birth) infection. Urinary tract infections caused by GBS can lead to preterm labor and birth. […] Although it is rare, GBS may also develop in babies one week to several months after birth. Only about half of late-onset GBS disease among newborns comes from a mother who is a GBS carrier. The source of infection for others with late-onset GBS disease is unknown.

• #5 Group B streptococcal (GBS) infection – symptoms, causes, risk to babies | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/group-b-streptococcal

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a type of bacteria. […] GBS infections are caused by the GBS bacteria. […] GBS is commonly found in healthy people. These people are not considered to be infected with GBS, but they are carriers of the bacteria. They can pass it on to other people. […] Pregnant carriers of GBS can pass the bacteria on to their baby during a vaginal birth.

• #6 Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6432937/

  The dominant serotypes causing disease vary regionally and differ by invasive and colonizing isolates. […] Pregnancy has been associated with a high incidence of invasive GBS disease. […] Rates of maternal invasive GBS disease in the United States vary by state, with rates ranging from 0.1 per 1,000 deliveries to 0.8 per 1,000 deliveries. […] Asymptomatic rectovaginal colonization rates among pregnant women vary widely worldwide, although the majority of estimates fall between 5 and 30%. […] The elderly population accounted for approximately 40% of invasive cases reported in the United States in 2015, and they had a higher incidence of deaths compared to the incidence of death in the general population. […] GBS is the leading etiology of culture-confirmed neonatal bacterial infection in the United States and results in significant mortality.

• #7 Group B Strep In Pregnancy: Test, Risks & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11045-group-b-streptococcus–pregnancy

  Group B strep infection (also GBS or group B Streptococcus) is caused by bacteria typically found in your vagina or rectal area. […] About 25% of pregnant women have GBS, but don’t know it because it doesn’t cause symptoms. […] If you have GBS, you can pass the bacteria to your baby during vaginal delivery. […] Experts aren’t entirely sure why the bacteria spreads, but they know that its potentially harmful in babies and people with weakened immune systems. […] Group B strep screening during pregnancy has decreased the number of cases. […] According to the CDC, about 930 babies get early-onset GBS, and 1,050 get late-onset GBS. […] About 4% of babies who develop GBS will die from it. […] Healthcare providers prevent GBS infection in your baby by treating you with intravenous (IV) antibiotics during labor and delivery.

• #8 Group B strep

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/group-b-strep/

  Group B strep is a type of bacteria called streptococcal bacteria. […] Group B strep is normally harmless and most people will not realise they have it. […] if you’re pregnant it could spread to your baby […] in young babies it can make them very ill […] if you’re older or you’re already very ill it can cause repeated or serious infections. […] Group B strep is common in pregnancy and rarely causes any problems. […] there’s a small risk it could spread to your baby during labour and make them ill this happens in about 1 in 1,750 pregnancies. […] If you had group B strep during pregnancy, there’s a small risk it could spread to your baby and make them very ill. […] Most babies with a group B strep infection make a full recovery if treated. […] Some babies may develop serious problems like sepsis or meningitis. […] This can cause lasting problems like hearing loss or loss of vision. Sometimes it can be fatal.

• #9 Group B streptococcal infection causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Group_B_streptococcal_infection_causes

  Group B Streptococcus (GBS) disease is caused by the infection with the bacterium GBS which is a beta hemolytic gram-positive streptococcus characterized by the presence of group B Lancefield antigen. […] GBS is a species of the normal flora of the gut and female urogenital tract. […] The polysaccharide antiphagocytic capsule is this bacterium’s main virulence factor.

• #10 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) commonly appears in up to 35% of healthy women’s reproductive or gastrointestinal tracts. Pregnant women colonized with GBS can transmit the bacteria to their newborns at the time of birth. This infection can lead to neonatal sepsis and/or meningitis. Thus, it is essential to screen and understand the clinical presentations and treatments for GBS infections. […] The pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae represents group B streptococcus (GBS). GBS colonization in pregnant women is a major risk factor for neonatal and infant infection. […] The group B specific cell wall carbohydrate antigen is common to all strains of GBS, and a surface capsular polysaccharide allows classification into types Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX (Lancefield classification scheme).

• #11 Streptococcus Group B | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29530

  The pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae represents group B streptococcus (GBS). GBS colonization in pregnant women is a major risk factor for neonatal and infant infection. […] GBS is also an occasional cause of infections in postpartum women (endometritis) and individuals with impaired immune systems, in whom the organism may cause septicemia or pneumonia. […] The group B specific cell wall carbohydrate antigen is common to all strains of GBS, and a surface capsular polysaccharide allows classification into types Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX (Lancefield classification scheme). […] GBS can be found colonizing normal gastro-intestinal and genitourinary flora in up to one-third of healthy asymptomatic women. […] Pregnant women colonized with GBS can spread the bacteria to their infants before or during childbirth.

• #12 Group B Streptococcus: Virulence Factors and Pathogenic Mechanism

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/12/2483

  Group B Streptococcus (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae is a major cause of neonatal mortality. When colonizing the lower genital tract of pregnant women, GBS may cause premature birth and stillbirth. If transmitted to the newborn, it may result in life-threatening illnesses, including sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia. […] More than twenty different virulence factors contribute to the GBS pathogenesis. These include adhesins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and other proteins. Most of the adhesins mediate GBS colonization in the epithelium of the vaginal tract, enabling its transmission to newborns as they pass through the genital tract at birth. Adhesins have also been associated with EOD, such as early-onset sepsis. […] This paper will discuss major characterized virulence factors and their involvement in the pathogenesis of GBS. A better understanding of these mechanisms has significant implications for overcoming the challenges associated with vaccine development and the development of new treatment regimens for GBS.

• #13 Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6432937/

  Invasive disease due to group B Streptococcus infection (Streptococcus agalactiae) results in a wide spectrum of clinical disease. In North America, serotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, and V are most frequently associated with invasive disease. Group B Streptococcus remains a continuing source of morbidity and mortality in high-risk populations, including pregnant women, neonates, and the elderly; an increasing incidence of invasive disease has been observed in nonpregnant adults. Group B Streptococcus remains the most common culture-confirmed neonatal bacterial infection in the United States and is a significant source of neonatal morbidity globally. […] The incidence of invasive GBS disease continues to increase, and it remains a significant pathogen among both infants and adults. […] Among nonpregnant adults in the United States, the most common serotype causing invasive disease is group V (29% in 2005 to 2006), followed by serotypes Ia, II, and III.

• #14 Group B Strep Infections In Babies: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/baby-group-b-strep

  Group B strep is a bacterial infection babies can catch from their mother during childbirth or pick up in their first few months of life. […] Group B strep bacteria live in the intestines and genital tract, including the vagina. About 1 out of every 4 pregnant women carries these bacteria. […] In some cases, they can cause bladder and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Group strep B bacteria aren’t dangerous to you, but if you get pregnant, they are risky for your baby. […] If you carry group B strep bacteria, your baby can become infected during a vaginal delivery. Not every baby who is exposed to GBS will get infected, but a small percentage can. […] Babies can get two types of GBS infection: Early-onset starts during a newborn’s first week of life. Babies get this type during delivery. Late-onset starts a week to a few months after the baby is born. This type may be acquired in the home or in the community, and it isn’t prevented by antibiotics given during delivery.

• #15 Prenatal-onset Group B Strep (POGBS) Disease

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/prenatal-onset-group-b-strep-pogbs-disease

  Perhaps the reason that prenatal-onset GBS disease has not been officially recognized is that the general medical opinion considers GBS-caused miscarriages and stillbirths to be rare occurrences. […] Fortunately there are at least four main courses of action to help prevent prenatal-onset GBS disease: […] The August 16, 2002 CDC MMWR specifically states that GBS can cross intact amniotic membranes. […] GBS can then penetrate membranes and infect the baby or damage the placenta which eventually results in miscarriage or early pregnancy stillbirth. […] The presence of GBS bacteriuria in any concentration in a pregnant woman is a marker for heavy genital tract colonization and possibly absent maternal immunity which can put the baby at greater risk. […] These women do not need vaginal and rectal screening at 35-37 weeks.

• #16 Group A and B Streptococcus: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/group-and-b-streptococcus

  Infections with group B Streptococcus (also known as GBS or Strep B) are responsible for severe invasive infections (including bacteremia and meningitis) in newborns. […] The main reservoir of Streptococcus agalactiae is the digestive tract, from where the bacteria may colonize the female genital tract, often on a sporadic basis. […] Neonatal infections are mostly linked with the inhalation and ingestion of vaginal secretions during childbirth. Mother-to-child transmission essentially occurs if the baby inhales or ingests infected amniotic fluid when the fetal membranes rupture or during delivery by passage through a GBS-colonized birth canal. […] GBS infections in newborns may be divided into two types, depending on when they occur: Early-onset infections, 80% of which occur during the first 24 hours of the infant’s life, and late-onset infections, which occur between the first week and the third month.

• #17 Group B strep infection | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/group-b-strep-infection

  Group B streptococcus (also called Group B strep or GBS) is a common type of bacteria (tiny organisms that live in and around your body) that can cause infection. […] While GBS may not be harmful to you, it can be very harmful to your baby. If you’re pregnant, you can pass it to your baby during labor and childbirth. […] If you have GBS during childbirth and it’s not treated, there is a 1 to 2 percent chance that your baby will get the infection. […] If you have GBS and you’re given antibiotics during labor and birth, your treatment helps protect your baby from the infection. […] Treatment with antibiotics helps prevent your baby from getting the infection. […] If you have GBS, you can pass this kind of infection to your baby. […] If you have GBS, you can pass this kind of infection to your baby during or after birth.

• #18 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  The primary risk factor for neonatal GBS EOD is maternal vaginalrectal colonization with GBS during the intrapartum period. Other risk factors include gestational age less than 37 weeks, very low birth weight, prolonged rupture of membranes, intraamniotic infection, young maternal age, and maternal black race. Heavy vaginalrectal colonization, GBS bacteriuria, and having a previous newborn affected by GBS EOD also are associated with an increased risk. […] Approximately 50% of women who are colonized with GBS will transmit the bacteria to their newborns. In the absence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, 12% of those newborns will develop GBS EOD. […] Targeted intravenous intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has demonstrated efficacy for prevention of GBS early-onset disease (EOD) in neonates born to women with positive antepartum GBS cultures and women who have other risk factors for intrapartum GBS colonization. Neither antepartum nor intrapartum oral or intramuscular regimens have been shown to be comparably effective in reducing GBS EOD.

• #19 Streptococcus Group B | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29530

  Research has also described horizontal transmission from mothers or other nosocomial and community contacts. […] In addition to newborn infants, GBS can also cause invasive infections in those with a weakened immune system, such as pregnant women or immunocompromised adults with malignancy, diabetes mellitus, or HIV. […] GBS remains the primary cause of neonatal sepsis since the 1970s. […] Invasive GBS disease is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in adults older than 65, Black individuals, and adults with diabetes. […] GBS is a bacterium commonly present in the lower gastrointestinal and genital tracts of up to 35% of healthy women. […] In pregnant women, this can be critical and life-threatening to both the infant and/or mother. […] To prevent transmission of GBS from mother to infant, all pregnant women should be screened for GBS colonization as part of their routine prenatal care late in their third trimester (usually between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation).

• #20 Group B Strep (GBS) During Pregnancy | Pampers

  https://www.pampers.com/en-us/pregnancy/prenatal-health-and-wellness/article/group-b-strep

  Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a common type of bacteria that many people carry without symptoms. […] During pregnancy, the Strep B bacteria can cause urinary tract infections, or an infection of the placenta, womb, and amniotic fluid. […] Individuals are routinely tested for GBS during pregnancy because in some cases GBS can cause an infection that can be passed from the pregnant person to their baby during a vaginal delivery. […] Experts are uncertain about how group B streptococcus (GBS) is transmitted among adults. […] Group B Streptococcus (GBS) typically does not cause harm and usually does not result in illness or noticeable symptoms. However, in some cases, the bacteria can invade your system and lead to an infection known as GBS disease. […] There is an increased risk that your baby will develop GBS disease if you carry GBS in your body.

• #21 Group B strep disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/group-b-strep/symptoms-causes/syc-20351729

  Group B strep is a common type of bacteria. Another name for it is Streptococcus agalactiae. It’s often carried in the intestines or lower genital tract. […] Group B strep can spread to a baby during a vaginal delivery. This happens if the baby is exposed to or swallows fluids that contains the bacteria. […] Many healthy people carry group B strep bacteria in their bodies. You might carry the bacteria in your body for a short time. It can come and go. Or you might always have it. Group B strep bacteria are not spread through sex, food or water. It isn’t clear how the bacteria are spread to anyone other than newborns.

• #22 Group B Strep Infection in Pregnancy and Newborns

  https://www.medicinenet.com/group_b_strep/article.htm

  Late-onset GBS infection occurs more commonly in babies who are born prematurely (37 weeks) and in those babies whose mothers tested positive for GBS during pregnancy. […] Group B strep infection is not a sexually transmitted disease (STD). […] The exact source of group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults is often not determined. […] For women who test positive for GBS during pregnancy and for those with certain risk factors for developing or transmitting GBS infection during pregnancy, intravenous antibiotics are recommended at the time of labor. […] The administration of antibiotics has been shown to significantly decrease GBS early-onset infection in newborns; however, it does not prevent late-onset GBS infection. […] Invasive infection with GBS in babies may result in sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, or occasionally death.

• #23 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  GBS can be found colonizing normal gastro-intestinal and genitourinary flora in up to one-third of healthy asymptomatic women. Several factors associated with a higher risk of colonization include Black race, obesity, multiple sexual partners, man-to-woman oral sex, frequent sexual intercourse, tampon use, and infrequent hand washing. […] Research studies investigating the causes of late-onset GBS disease propose an acquired fecal-oral route of transmission. […] GBS is also an occasional cause of infections in postpartum women (endometritis) and individuals with impaired immune systems, in whom the organism may cause septicemia or pneumonia. […] The initial therapy for suspected neonatal sepsis is ampicillin and an aminoglycoside, typically gentamicin. Both ampicillin and gentamicin have activity against GBS, which is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis.

• #24 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  GBS can be found colonizing normal gastro-intestinal and genitourinary flora in up to one-third of healthy asymptomatic women. Several factors associated with a higher risk of colonization include Black race, obesity, multiple sexual partners, man-to-woman oral sex, frequent sexual intercourse, tampon use, and infrequent hand washing. […] Research studies investigating the causes of late-onset GBS disease propose an acquired fecal-oral route of transmission. […] GBS is also an occasional cause of infections in postpartum women (endometritis) and individuals with impaired immune systems, in whom the organism may cause septicemia or pneumonia. […] The initial therapy for suspected neonatal sepsis is ampicillin and an aminoglycoside, typically gentamicin. Both ampicillin and gentamicin have activity against GBS, which is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis.

• #25 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  GBS can be found colonizing normal gastro-intestinal and genitourinary flora in up to one-third of healthy asymptomatic women. Several factors associated with a higher risk of colonization include Black race, obesity, multiple sexual partners, man-to-woman oral sex, frequent sexual intercourse, tampon use, and infrequent hand washing. […] Research studies investigating the causes of late-onset GBS disease propose an acquired fecal-oral route of transmission. […] GBS is also an occasional cause of infections in postpartum women (endometritis) and individuals with impaired immune systems, in whom the organism may cause septicemia or pneumonia. […] The initial therapy for suspected neonatal sepsis is ampicillin and an aminoglycoside, typically gentamicin. Both ampicillin and gentamicin have activity against GBS, which is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis.

• #26 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  GBS can be found colonizing normal gastro-intestinal and genitourinary flora in up to one-third of healthy asymptomatic women. Several factors associated with a higher risk of colonization include Black race, obesity, multiple sexual partners, man-to-woman oral sex, frequent sexual intercourse, tampon use, and infrequent hand washing. […] Research studies investigating the causes of late-onset GBS disease propose an acquired fecal-oral route of transmission. […] GBS is also an occasional cause of infections in postpartum women (endometritis) and individuals with impaired immune systems, in whom the organism may cause septicemia or pneumonia. […] The initial therapy for suspected neonatal sepsis is ampicillin and an aminoglycoside, typically gentamicin. Both ampicillin and gentamicin have activity against GBS, which is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis.

• #27 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  GBS can be found colonizing normal gastro-intestinal and genitourinary flora in up to one-third of healthy asymptomatic women. Several factors associated with a higher risk of colonization include Black race, obesity, multiple sexual partners, man-to-woman oral sex, frequent sexual intercourse, tampon use, and infrequent hand washing. […] Research studies investigating the causes of late-onset GBS disease propose an acquired fecal-oral route of transmission. […] GBS is also an occasional cause of infections in postpartum women (endometritis) and individuals with impaired immune systems, in whom the organism may cause septicemia or pneumonia. […] The initial therapy for suspected neonatal sepsis is ampicillin and an aminoglycoside, typically gentamicin. Both ampicillin and gentamicin have activity against GBS, which is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis.

• #28 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  GBS can be found colonizing normal gastro-intestinal and genitourinary flora in up to one-third of healthy asymptomatic women. Several factors associated with a higher risk of colonization include Black race, obesity, multiple sexual partners, man-to-woman oral sex, frequent sexual intercourse, tampon use, and infrequent hand washing. […] Research studies investigating the causes of late-onset GBS disease propose an acquired fecal-oral route of transmission. […] GBS is also an occasional cause of infections in postpartum women (endometritis) and individuals with impaired immune systems, in whom the organism may cause septicemia or pneumonia. […] The initial therapy for suspected neonatal sepsis is ampicillin and an aminoglycoside, typically gentamicin. Both ampicillin and gentamicin have activity against GBS, which is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis.

• #29 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  GBS can be found colonizing normal gastro-intestinal and genitourinary flora in up to one-third of healthy asymptomatic women. Several factors associated with a higher risk of colonization include Black race, obesity, multiple sexual partners, man-to-woman oral sex, frequent sexual intercourse, tampon use, and infrequent hand washing. […] Research studies investigating the causes of late-onset GBS disease propose an acquired fecal-oral route of transmission. […] GBS is also an occasional cause of infections in postpartum women (endometritis) and individuals with impaired immune systems, in whom the organism may cause septicemia or pneumonia. […] The initial therapy for suspected neonatal sepsis is ampicillin and an aminoglycoside, typically gentamicin. Both ampicillin and gentamicin have activity against GBS, which is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis.

• #30 What Is Group B Strep? – Group B Strep International

  https://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/what-is-group-b-strep.html

  Group B Streptococcus (GBS), also known as group B strep, Streptococcus agalactiae, Strep B, or Beta Strep, is a type of bacteria that is naturally found in the digestive and lower reproductive tracts of both men and women. About 1 in 4 pregnant individuals „carry” or are „colonized” with group B strep (GBS). Carrying GBS does not mean that you are unclean or have poor hygiene. Carrying GBS or testing GBS+ does not mean you are infected, but it can potentially cause an infection in your baby. […] Unfortunately, babies can be infected by group B strep before birth through several months of age due to their underdeveloped immune systems. These infections have been known as „GBS disease” with a newer terminology of „invasive GBS disease (iGBS)” being introduced. „GBS” refers to the type of bacteria while „iGBS” refers to an invasive infection (disease) caused by GBS. GBS most commonly causes invasive infection in the blood (sepsis), the fluid and lining of the brain (meningitis), and lungs (pneumonia). GBS can also cause invasive bone and joint infections. Some iGBS survivors experience handicaps such as blindness, deafness, and mental challenges, and/or cerebral palsy. Only a few babies who are exposed to GBS become infected, but iGBS can cause babies to be miscarried, stillborn, or become very ill and sometimes die after birth.

• #31 Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6432937/

  Risk factors for EOD disease include maternal vaginal or rectal GBS colonization, GBS bacteriuria during pregnancy, prolonged labor, prolonged rupture of membranes, low birth weight, prematurity, intrapartum fever, and systemic maternal GBS disease. […] Neonatal invasive GBS disease overall results in case fatality rates ranging from 1 to 8.4% in full-term infants to 5 to 20% in preterm infants.

• #32 Evidence on Group B Strep in Pregnancy

  https://evidencebasedbirth.com/groupbstrep/

  The main risk factor for early GBS disease is when the birthing person is a carrier of GBS. […] However, about 60% infants who develop early GBS disease have none of the risk factors on this bullet point list, except for the fact that the birthing person is a carrier of GBS. […] The specific risk factors that are chosen may vary slightly from country to country. […] The items marked with an asterisk are some of the most important risk factors. […] However, there are some other factors that increase the likelihood that a baby may have early GBS disease: Being born preterm has been linked with a higher risk of the baby having early GBS disease, possibly because a GBS uterine infection can lead to preterm birth in the first place. […] A long time period (18-24 hours or longer) between water breaking and giving birth.

• #33 Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6432937/

  Risk factors for EOD disease include maternal vaginal or rectal GBS colonization, GBS bacteriuria during pregnancy, prolonged labor, prolonged rupture of membranes, low birth weight, prematurity, intrapartum fever, and systemic maternal GBS disease. […] Neonatal invasive GBS disease overall results in case fatality rates ranging from 1 to 8.4% in full-term infants to 5 to 20% in preterm infants.

• #34 Group B Streptococcus – Antibiotics – Screening – TeachMeObGyn

  https://teachmeobgyn.com/pregnancy/medical-disorders/infections/group-b-streptococcus/

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a commensal bacterium found in the vagina or rectum of ~25% of pregnant women. […] However, sometimes, particularly in the presence of certain risk factors, GBS can cause an infection (typically sepsis, pneumonia, or meningitis) in the neonate – early onset GBS disease of the newborn. […] The incidence rate of early onset GBS is 0.05%. There is a 5% mortality rate in babies that develop GBS. […] In additional to GBS disease of the newborn, Streptococcus agalactiae can also cause chorioamnioitis or endometritis in the mother. […] The risk factors for colonisation with group B streptococcus are poorly understood. […] However, risk factors for GBS infection in the neonate are well documented, and include: GBS infection in a previous baby, Prematurity 37 weeks, Rupture of membranes 24 hours before delivery, Pyrexia during labour, Positive test for GBS in the mother, Mother diagnosed with a UTI found to be GBS during pregnancy.

• #35 Group B Strep Infection in Pregnancy and Newborns

  https://www.medicinenet.com/group_b_strep/article.htm

  In newborns, group B Streptococcus infection is acquired through direct contact with the bacteria while in the uterus or during birth; thus, the gestational bacterial infection is transmitted from the colonized mother to her newborn. Approximately 50% of colonized mothers will pass the bacteria to their babies during pregnancy and vaginal birth. […] Group B strep infection is more common in African Americans than in whites. There are also maternal risk factors that increase the chance of transmitting group B Streptococcus to the newborn leading to early-onset disease: Labor or membrane rupture before 37 weeks gestation, Membrane rupture more than 18 hours before delivery, Urinary tract infection with GBS during pregnancy, Previous baby with GBS infection, Fever during labor, A positive culture for GBS colonization at 35-37 weeks.

• #36 Streptococcal infection – group B | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/streptococcal-infection-group-b

  Risk factors that may prompt your obstetrician to screen for GBS infection include: a GBS-positive swab in a previous pregnancy, a previous baby with GBS infection, pre-term labour, rupturing of the membranes well before the onset of labour (18 hours or more), signs of infection around the time of labour or delivery (such as fever in the mother), prolonged labour. […] For non-pregnant women and others, chronic diseases such as diabetes or cancer make you more vulnerable to getting GBS infection.

• #37 Group B Strep Infection in Pregnancy and Newborns

  https://www.medicinenet.com/group_b_strep/article.htm

  In newborns, group B Streptococcus infection is acquired through direct contact with the bacteria while in the uterus or during birth; thus, the gestational bacterial infection is transmitted from the colonized mother to her newborn. Approximately 50% of colonized mothers will pass the bacteria to their babies during pregnancy and vaginal birth. […] Group B strep infection is more common in African Americans than in whites. There are also maternal risk factors that increase the chance of transmitting group B Streptococcus to the newborn leading to early-onset disease: Labor or membrane rupture before 37 weeks gestation, Membrane rupture more than 18 hours before delivery, Urinary tract infection with GBS during pregnancy, Previous baby with GBS infection, Fever during labor, A positive culture for GBS colonization at 35-37 weeks.

• #38 Evidence on Group B Strep in Pregnancy

  https://evidencebasedbirth.com/groupbstrep/

  The main risk factor for early GBS disease is when the birthing person is a carrier of GBS. […] However, about 60% infants who develop early GBS disease have none of the risk factors on this bullet point list, except for the fact that the birthing person is a carrier of GBS. […] The specific risk factors that are chosen may vary slightly from country to country. […] The items marked with an asterisk are some of the most important risk factors. […] However, there are some other factors that increase the likelihood that a baby may have early GBS disease: Being born preterm has been linked with a higher risk of the baby having early GBS disease, possibly because a GBS uterine infection can lead to preterm birth in the first place. […] A long time period (18-24 hours or longer) between water breaking and giving birth.

• #39 Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6432937/

  Risk factors for EOD disease include maternal vaginal or rectal GBS colonization, GBS bacteriuria during pregnancy, prolonged labor, prolonged rupture of membranes, low birth weight, prematurity, intrapartum fever, and systemic maternal GBS disease. […] Neonatal invasive GBS disease overall results in case fatality rates ranging from 1 to 8.4% in full-term infants to 5 to 20% in preterm infants.

• #40 Group B Strep Infection in Pregnancy and Newborns

  https://www.medicinenet.com/group_b_strep/article.htm

  In newborns, group B Streptococcus infection is acquired through direct contact with the bacteria while in the uterus or during birth; thus, the gestational bacterial infection is transmitted from the colonized mother to her newborn. Approximately 50% of colonized mothers will pass the bacteria to their babies during pregnancy and vaginal birth. […] Group B strep infection is more common in African Americans than in whites. There are also maternal risk factors that increase the chance of transmitting group B Streptococcus to the newborn leading to early-onset disease: Labor or membrane rupture before 37 weeks gestation, Membrane rupture more than 18 hours before delivery, Urinary tract infection with GBS during pregnancy, Previous baby with GBS infection, Fever during labor, A positive culture for GBS colonization at 35-37 weeks.

• #41 Prenatal-onset Group B Strep (POGBS) Disease

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/prenatal-onset-group-b-strep-pogbs-disease

  Perhaps the reason that prenatal-onset GBS disease has not been officially recognized is that the general medical opinion considers GBS-caused miscarriages and stillbirths to be rare occurrences. […] Fortunately there are at least four main courses of action to help prevent prenatal-onset GBS disease: […] The August 16, 2002 CDC MMWR specifically states that GBS can cross intact amniotic membranes. […] GBS can then penetrate membranes and infect the baby or damage the placenta which eventually results in miscarriage or early pregnancy stillbirth. […] The presence of GBS bacteriuria in any concentration in a pregnant woman is a marker for heavy genital tract colonization and possibly absent maternal immunity which can put the baby at greater risk. […] These women do not need vaginal and rectal screening at 35-37 weeks.

• #42 Group B streptococcal septicemia of the newborn Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/group-b-streptococcal-septicemia-of-the-newborn

  Group B streptococcal (GBS) septicemia is a severe bacterial infection that affects newborn infants. […] GBS septicemia is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae, which is commonly called group B strep, or GBS. […] There are two ways in which GBS can be passed to a newborn baby: The baby can become infected while passing through the birth canal. […] The infant may also become infected after delivery by coming into contact with people who carry the GBS germ. […] GBS septicemia now occurs less often, because there are methods to screen and treat pregnant women whose babies are at risk. […] The following increase an infant’s risk for GBS septicemia: Being born more than 3 weeks before the due date (prematurity), especially if the mother goes into labor early (preterm labor) and has not been screened for GBS.

• #43 Group B Streptococcus | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/group-b-strep

  The risk of GBS infection in newborn babies is higher if: the baby is born prematurely (before 37 weeks), the mother has previously had a baby infected with GBS, the mother has a high temperature during labour, the mothers waters break more than 18 hours before the baby is born, the mother has GBS in her urine during pregnancy (this means she is infected with GBS, as urine is usually sterile), the mother is younger (under 18 years old), there is an infection in the womb during pregnancy (known as chorioamnionitis), there are low levels of antibody to a specific strain of Group B Strep. […] At present there is no licensed (approved for use) vaccine to prevent GBS. […] GBS was identified as one of the pathogens with a high burden among neonates and infants that may be amenable to prevention by immunization. Studies show that a GBS vaccine given to pregnant women may prevent 231,000 baby and mother cases each year. This could potentially prevent most cases of GBS without the need for antibiotics or screening.

• #44 Evidence on Group B Strep in Pregnancy

  https://evidencebasedbirth.com/groupbstrep/

  The main risk factor for early GBS disease is when the birthing person is a carrier of GBS. […] However, about 60% infants who develop early GBS disease have none of the risk factors on this bullet point list, except for the fact that the birthing person is a carrier of GBS. […] The specific risk factors that are chosen may vary slightly from country to country. […] The items marked with an asterisk are some of the most important risk factors. […] However, there are some other factors that increase the likelihood that a baby may have early GBS disease: Being born preterm has been linked with a higher risk of the baby having early GBS disease, possibly because a GBS uterine infection can lead to preterm birth in the first place. […] A long time period (18-24 hours or longer) between water breaking and giving birth.

• #45 Group B streptococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection

  In the western world, GBS (in the absence of effective prevention measures) is the main cause of bacterial infections in newborns, such as sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, which can lead to death or long-term after effects. […] Colonization with GBS during labor is the primary risk factor for the development of GBS-EOD. […] Though maternal GBS colonization is the key determinant for GBS-EOD, other factors also increase the risk. […] Heavy GBS vaginal colonization may be associated with a higher risk for GBS-EOD. […] Overall, the case fatality rates from GBS-EOD have declined, from 50% observed in studies from the 1970s to between 2 and 10% in recent years, mainly as a consequence of improvements in therapy and management. […] GBS-LOD affects infants from 7 days to 3 months of age and has a lower case fatality rate (1%-6%) than GBS-EOD. […] GBS infections in adults include urinary tract infection, skin and soft-tissue infection (skin and skin structure infection) bacteremia without focus, osteomyelitis, meningitis and endocarditis. […] GBS infection in adults can be serious, and mortality is higher among adults than among neonates.

• #46 Group B Streptococcus and Pregnancy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22444

  The incidence of GBS-EOD in newborns among women with GBS colonization is approximately 29 times higher compared to that of neonates without maternal GBS colonization. […] Over the last 20 years, advancements in screening for GBS colonization and IAP have significantly decreased the incidence of GBS-EOD from approximately 1.8 cases of GBS-EOD per 1000 live births to approximately 0.23 per 1000 live births. […] GBS primarily colonizes the female rectovaginal tract asymptomatically, using mechanisms such as binding to host surfaces and evading the immune system. […] Some GBS strains are more virulent due to specific factors that enhance their ability to spread, evade maternal immunity, and cause tissue damage. […] Maternal GBS colonization is associated with 10% percent of pyelonephritis cases and 5% to 10% of bacteremia cases during pregnancy.

• #47 Group B streptococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection

  In the western world, GBS (in the absence of effective prevention measures) is the main cause of bacterial infections in newborns, such as sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, which can lead to death or long-term after effects. […] Colonization with GBS during labor is the primary risk factor for the development of GBS-EOD. […] Though maternal GBS colonization is the key determinant for GBS-EOD, other factors also increase the risk. […] Heavy GBS vaginal colonization may be associated with a higher risk for GBS-EOD. […] Overall, the case fatality rates from GBS-EOD have declined, from 50% observed in studies from the 1970s to between 2 and 10% in recent years, mainly as a consequence of improvements in therapy and management. […] GBS-LOD affects infants from 7 days to 3 months of age and has a lower case fatality rate (1%-6%) than GBS-EOD. […] GBS infections in adults include urinary tract infection, skin and soft-tissue infection (skin and skin structure infection) bacteremia without focus, osteomyelitis, meningitis and endocarditis. […] GBS infection in adults can be serious, and mortality is higher among adults than among neonates.

• #48 Group B Streptococcus | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/group-b-strep

  The risk of GBS infection in newborn babies is higher if: the baby is born prematurely (before 37 weeks), the mother has previously had a baby infected with GBS, the mother has a high temperature during labour, the mothers waters break more than 18 hours before the baby is born, the mother has GBS in her urine during pregnancy (this means she is infected with GBS, as urine is usually sterile), the mother is younger (under 18 years old), there is an infection in the womb during pregnancy (known as chorioamnionitis), there are low levels of antibody to a specific strain of Group B Strep. […] At present there is no licensed (approved for use) vaccine to prevent GBS. […] GBS was identified as one of the pathogens with a high burden among neonates and infants that may be amenable to prevention by immunization. Studies show that a GBS vaccine given to pregnant women may prevent 231,000 baby and mother cases each year. This could potentially prevent most cases of GBS without the need for antibiotics or screening.

• #49 Group B Strep Infection in Pregnancy and Newborns

  https://www.medicinenet.com/group_b_strep/article.htm

  Late-onset GBS infection occurs more commonly in babies who are born prematurely (37 weeks) and in those babies whose mothers tested positive for GBS during pregnancy. […] Group B strep infection is not a sexually transmitted disease (STD). […] The exact source of group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults is often not determined. […] For women who test positive for GBS during pregnancy and for those with certain risk factors for developing or transmitting GBS infection during pregnancy, intravenous antibiotics are recommended at the time of labor. […] The administration of antibiotics has been shown to significantly decrease GBS early-onset infection in newborns; however, it does not prevent late-onset GBS infection. […] Invasive infection with GBS in babies may result in sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, or occasionally death.

• #50 Group B Streptococcus Disease: AAP Updates Guidelines for the Management of At-Risk Infants | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0315/p378.html

  Maternal screening for GBS and intrapartum antibiotics for positive screening are important for reducing early-onset GBS disease risk. […] GBS disease is the most common cause of newborn early-onset sepsis and a significant cause of late-onset sepsis in infants. […] Because maternal colonization leads to early GBS disease, testing and intrapartum antibiotics are responsible for reductions in early-onset GBS. […] Late-onset GBS disease is defined as identification of GBS from a normally sterile site within one week to less than three months of age. […] Average incidence of late-onset GBS disease did not change from 2006 to 2015, demonstrating that maternal colonization at birth is less responsible for late-onset GBS. […] Preterm birth, positive maternal GBS screening at delivery, and positive maternal screening at diagnosis of late-onset disease are all strongly associated with late-onset GBS disease.

• #51 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-overview

  Group B streptococcus (GBS), also known as Streptococcus agalactiae, is recognized as a leading cause of postpartum infection and neonatal sepsis. […] GBS organisms colonize the vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and the upper respiratory tract in healthy humans. […] GBS neonatal sepsis is rare, but it is more common in the setting of prematurity and prolonged rupture of the membranes. […] The absence of antibody to GBS in infants is a risk factor for infection. […] Streptococcus agalactiae infection is becoming more common in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying abnormalities. […] GBS infection in elderly people (70 years) is strongly linked to congestive heart failure and being bedridden; urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and soft-tissue infection are the most common manifestations of infection.

• #52 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  GBS infection in healthy adults is becoming more prevalent in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying comorbidities, with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, older age, lower socioeconomic status and obesity being the most common in some series. […] Cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities have also been identified as major factors that predispose individuals to GBS infection. Other conditions associated with GBS infection in adults include neurologic deficits, cirrhosis, steroids, AIDS, renal dysfunction, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Multiple studies have shown that GBS bacteremia is one of the most common clinical manifestations of invasive GBS disease. […] Although a genitourinary, soft-tissue, or line-related source of infection is possible, no source of infection can be identified in most cases. Bacteremia with an unknown source accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of invasive GBS disease in some studies.

• #53 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  GBS infection in healthy adults is becoming more prevalent in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying comorbidities, with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, older age, lower socioeconomic status and obesity being the most common in some series. […] Cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities have also been identified as major factors that predispose individuals to GBS infection. Other conditions associated with GBS infection in adults include neurologic deficits, cirrhosis, steroids, AIDS, renal dysfunction, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Multiple studies have shown that GBS bacteremia is one of the most common clinical manifestations of invasive GBS disease. […] Although a genitourinary, soft-tissue, or line-related source of infection is possible, no source of infection can be identified in most cases. Bacteremia with an unknown source accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of invasive GBS disease in some studies.

• #54 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-overview

  Group B streptococcus (GBS), also known as Streptococcus agalactiae, is recognized as a leading cause of postpartum infection and neonatal sepsis. […] GBS organisms colonize the vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and the upper respiratory tract in healthy humans. […] GBS neonatal sepsis is rare, but it is more common in the setting of prematurity and prolonged rupture of the membranes. […] The absence of antibody to GBS in infants is a risk factor for infection. […] Streptococcus agalactiae infection is becoming more common in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying abnormalities. […] GBS infection in elderly people (70 years) is strongly linked to congestive heart failure and being bedridden; urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and soft-tissue infection are the most common manifestations of infection.

• #55 Group B Strep Symptoms: Babies, Pregnancy, Adults

  https://www.healthline.com/health/strep-throat/group-b-strep-symptoms

  Group B Streptococcus (group B strep) is a type of bacteria that often lives in the human body without causing any problems or symptoms. But when newborns are exposed to group B strep, they can develop life threatening infections. […] Group B strep diseases can also affect vulnerable adults, causing infection in many parts of the body. […] Some people are at a greater risk of group B strep diseases than others. Newborns and adults over the age of 65 are at a higher risk of developing a serious illness from group B strep. […] About half of birthing parents carrying group B strep will pass the bacteria to their babies. Still, only about 1% to 2% of those infants will develop early-onset group B strep infections. […] Group B strep disease can cause serious illness, especially in certain age groups and those with underlying medical conditions. In some cases, hospitalization is required. When left untreated, group B strep may be fatal. […] Group B strep is bacteria that can cause infections in newborns and vulnerable adults, some of which may be life threatening. […] While anyone can develop group B strep disease, newborns, older adults, and those with certain medical conditions are at a higher risk of serious illness.

• #56 Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6432937/

  The dominant serotypes causing disease vary regionally and differ by invasive and colonizing isolates. […] Pregnancy has been associated with a high incidence of invasive GBS disease. […] Rates of maternal invasive GBS disease in the United States vary by state, with rates ranging from 0.1 per 1,000 deliveries to 0.8 per 1,000 deliveries. […] Asymptomatic rectovaginal colonization rates among pregnant women vary widely worldwide, although the majority of estimates fall between 5 and 30%. […] The elderly population accounted for approximately 40% of invasive cases reported in the United States in 2015, and they had a higher incidence of deaths compared to the incidence of death in the general population. […] GBS is the leading etiology of culture-confirmed neonatal bacterial infection in the United States and results in significant mortality.

• #57 Streptococcal infection – group B | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/streptococcal-infection-group-b

  Risk factors that may prompt your obstetrician to screen for GBS infection include: a GBS-positive swab in a previous pregnancy, a previous baby with GBS infection, pre-term labour, rupturing of the membranes well before the onset of labour (18 hours or more), signs of infection around the time of labour or delivery (such as fever in the mother), prolonged labour. […] For non-pregnant women and others, chronic diseases such as diabetes or cancer make you more vulnerable to getting GBS infection.

• #58 Group A and B Streptococcus: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/group-and-b-streptococcus

  Most invasive infections in pregnant women present as bacteremia, sometimes associated with intrauterine infections (infection of the placental tissue). Infection with group B Streptococcus outside the context of pregnancy and early infancy mainly gives rise to bacteremia, but cases of arthritis, endocarditis and meningitis have also been reported. Age and underlying medical conditions such as diabetes or cancer are risk factors. […] Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis is based on a -lactam (penicillin or amoxicillin) or a macrolide in the event of an allergy. In newborns, treatment mainly involves the intravenous administration of -lactam (amoxicillin), possibly in conjunction with another antibiotic (gentamicin) for the first 48 hours, over a period of 10 days to 3 weeks depending on the site of infection (meningitis, arthritis, etc.).

• #59 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  GBS infection in healthy adults is becoming more prevalent in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying comorbidities, with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, older age, lower socioeconomic status and obesity being the most common in some series. […] Cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities have also been identified as major factors that predispose individuals to GBS infection. Other conditions associated with GBS infection in adults include neurologic deficits, cirrhosis, steroids, AIDS, renal dysfunction, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Multiple studies have shown that GBS bacteremia is one of the most common clinical manifestations of invasive GBS disease. […] Although a genitourinary, soft-tissue, or line-related source of infection is possible, no source of infection can be identified in most cases. Bacteremia with an unknown source accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of invasive GBS disease in some studies.

• #60 Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6432937/

  The dominant serotypes causing disease vary regionally and differ by invasive and colonizing isolates. […] Pregnancy has been associated with a high incidence of invasive GBS disease. […] Rates of maternal invasive GBS disease in the United States vary by state, with rates ranging from 0.1 per 1,000 deliveries to 0.8 per 1,000 deliveries. […] Asymptomatic rectovaginal colonization rates among pregnant women vary widely worldwide, although the majority of estimates fall between 5 and 30%. […] The elderly population accounted for approximately 40% of invasive cases reported in the United States in 2015, and they had a higher incidence of deaths compared to the incidence of death in the general population. […] GBS is the leading etiology of culture-confirmed neonatal bacterial infection in the United States and results in significant mortality.

• #61 Streptococcus Group B | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29530

  Research has also described horizontal transmission from mothers or other nosocomial and community contacts. […] In addition to newborn infants, GBS can also cause invasive infections in those with a weakened immune system, such as pregnant women or immunocompromised adults with malignancy, diabetes mellitus, or HIV. […] GBS remains the primary cause of neonatal sepsis since the 1970s. […] Invasive GBS disease is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in adults older than 65, Black individuals, and adults with diabetes. […] GBS is a bacterium commonly present in the lower gastrointestinal and genital tracts of up to 35% of healthy women. […] In pregnant women, this can be critical and life-threatening to both the infant and/or mother. […] To prevent transmission of GBS from mother to infant, all pregnant women should be screened for GBS colonization as part of their routine prenatal care late in their third trimester (usually between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation).

• #62 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  GBS infection in healthy adults is becoming more prevalent in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying comorbidities, with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, older age, lower socioeconomic status and obesity being the most common in some series. […] Cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities have also been identified as major factors that predispose individuals to GBS infection. Other conditions associated with GBS infection in adults include neurologic deficits, cirrhosis, steroids, AIDS, renal dysfunction, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Multiple studies have shown that GBS bacteremia is one of the most common clinical manifestations of invasive GBS disease. […] Although a genitourinary, soft-tissue, or line-related source of infection is possible, no source of infection can be identified in most cases. Bacteremia with an unknown source accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of invasive GBS disease in some studies.

• #63 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  GBS infection in healthy adults is becoming more prevalent in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying comorbidities, with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, older age, lower socioeconomic status and obesity being the most common in some series. […] Cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities have also been identified as major factors that predispose individuals to GBS infection. Other conditions associated with GBS infection in adults include neurologic deficits, cirrhosis, steroids, AIDS, renal dysfunction, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Multiple studies have shown that GBS bacteremia is one of the most common clinical manifestations of invasive GBS disease. […] Although a genitourinary, soft-tissue, or line-related source of infection is possible, no source of infection can be identified in most cases. Bacteremia with an unknown source accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of invasive GBS disease in some studies.

• #64 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  GBS infection in healthy adults is becoming more prevalent in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying comorbidities, with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, older age, lower socioeconomic status and obesity being the most common in some series. […] Cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities have also been identified as major factors that predispose individuals to GBS infection. Other conditions associated with GBS infection in adults include neurologic deficits, cirrhosis, steroids, AIDS, renal dysfunction, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Multiple studies have shown that GBS bacteremia is one of the most common clinical manifestations of invasive GBS disease. […] Although a genitourinary, soft-tissue, or line-related source of infection is possible, no source of infection can be identified in most cases. Bacteremia with an unknown source accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of invasive GBS disease in some studies.

• #65 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  GBS infection in healthy adults is becoming more prevalent in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying comorbidities, with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, older age, lower socioeconomic status and obesity being the most common in some series. […] Cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities have also been identified as major factors that predispose individuals to GBS infection. Other conditions associated with GBS infection in adults include neurologic deficits, cirrhosis, steroids, AIDS, renal dysfunction, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Multiple studies have shown that GBS bacteremia is one of the most common clinical manifestations of invasive GBS disease. […] Although a genitourinary, soft-tissue, or line-related source of infection is possible, no source of infection can be identified in most cases. Bacteremia with an unknown source accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of invasive GBS disease in some studies.

• #66 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  GBS infection in healthy adults is becoming more prevalent in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying comorbidities, with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, older age, lower socioeconomic status and obesity being the most common in some series. […] Cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities have also been identified as major factors that predispose individuals to GBS infection. Other conditions associated with GBS infection in adults include neurologic deficits, cirrhosis, steroids, AIDS, renal dysfunction, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Multiple studies have shown that GBS bacteremia is one of the most common clinical manifestations of invasive GBS disease. […] Although a genitourinary, soft-tissue, or line-related source of infection is possible, no source of infection can be identified in most cases. Bacteremia with an unknown source accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of invasive GBS disease in some studies.

• #67 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  GBS infection in healthy adults is becoming more prevalent in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying comorbidities, with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, older age, lower socioeconomic status and obesity being the most common in some series. […] Cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities have also been identified as major factors that predispose individuals to GBS infection. Other conditions associated with GBS infection in adults include neurologic deficits, cirrhosis, steroids, AIDS, renal dysfunction, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Multiple studies have shown that GBS bacteremia is one of the most common clinical manifestations of invasive GBS disease. […] Although a genitourinary, soft-tissue, or line-related source of infection is possible, no source of infection can be identified in most cases. Bacteremia with an unknown source accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of invasive GBS disease in some studies.

• #68 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  GBS infection in healthy adults is becoming more prevalent in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying comorbidities, with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, older age, lower socioeconomic status and obesity being the most common in some series. […] Cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities have also been identified as major factors that predispose individuals to GBS infection. Other conditions associated with GBS infection in adults include neurologic deficits, cirrhosis, steroids, AIDS, renal dysfunction, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Multiple studies have shown that GBS bacteremia is one of the most common clinical manifestations of invasive GBS disease. […] Although a genitourinary, soft-tissue, or line-related source of infection is possible, no source of infection can be identified in most cases. Bacteremia with an unknown source accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of invasive GBS disease in some studies.

• #69 Group B streptococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection

  Group B streptococcal infection, also known as Group B streptococcal disease or just Group B strep infection, is the infectious disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae. […] Its significance as a human pathogen was first described in 1938, and in the early 1960s, GBS came to be recognized as a major cause of infections in newborns. […] Up to 30% of healthy human adults are asymptomatic carriers of GBS. […] This opportunistic harmless bacterium can, in some circumstances, cause severe invasive infections (opportunistic infection). […] GBS infections in the mother can cause chorioamnionitis (intra-amniotic infection or severe infection of the placental tissues) infrequently, postpartum infections (after birth) and it had been related to prematurity and fetal death. […] GBS urinary tract infections, more than 100.000 CFU (colony forming units) /mL, may induce labour in pregnant women and cause premature delivery (preterm birth) and miscarriage and requires antibiotic treatment.

• #70 The emergence of neonatal group B streptococcal infections explained | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/emergence-neonatal-group-b-streptococcal-infections-explained

  Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS have recently revealed the cause behind the emergence in the 1960s of neonatal infections due to group B streptococcus. […] The main reservoir for GBS is the gastrointestinal tract, from which it colonizes the genitourinary tract. […] In the 1960s, an increase in neonatal GBS infections was recorded in maternity wards in the United States and Europe. […] The scientists observed that the group B streptococci population that colonizes and infects humans is composed of a small number of clones with very low genetic diversity, suggesting a recent common origin that points towards a true emergence of GBS neonatal infections. […] Remarkably, some 90% of the GBS strains isolated in humans are resistant to tetracycline. […] Based on their findings, the scientists suggested that the use of this antibiotic led to a susceptible and relatively harmless population of group B streptococci being replaced by a small number of resistant clones, which spread throughout the world. […] These findings explain the emergence of GBS infections in humans and demonstrate the long-term adverse effects of the widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics.

• #71 The emergence of neonatal group B streptococcal infections explained | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/emergence-neonatal-group-b-streptococcal-infections-explained

  Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS have recently revealed the cause behind the emergence in the 1960s of neonatal infections due to group B streptococcus. […] The main reservoir for GBS is the gastrointestinal tract, from which it colonizes the genitourinary tract. […] In the 1960s, an increase in neonatal GBS infections was recorded in maternity wards in the United States and Europe. […] The scientists observed that the group B streptococci population that colonizes and infects humans is composed of a small number of clones with very low genetic diversity, suggesting a recent common origin that points towards a true emergence of GBS neonatal infections. […] Remarkably, some 90% of the GBS strains isolated in humans are resistant to tetracycline. […] Based on their findings, the scientists suggested that the use of this antibiotic led to a susceptible and relatively harmless population of group B streptococci being replaced by a small number of resistant clones, which spread throughout the world. […] These findings explain the emergence of GBS infections in humans and demonstrate the long-term adverse effects of the widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics.

• #72 The emergence of neonatal group B streptococcal infections explained | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/emergence-neonatal-group-b-streptococcal-infections-explained

  Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS have recently revealed the cause behind the emergence in the 1960s of neonatal infections due to group B streptococcus. […] The main reservoir for GBS is the gastrointestinal tract, from which it colonizes the genitourinary tract. […] In the 1960s, an increase in neonatal GBS infections was recorded in maternity wards in the United States and Europe. […] The scientists observed that the group B streptococci population that colonizes and infects humans is composed of a small number of clones with very low genetic diversity, suggesting a recent common origin that points towards a true emergence of GBS neonatal infections. […] Remarkably, some 90% of the GBS strains isolated in humans are resistant to tetracycline. […] Based on their findings, the scientists suggested that the use of this antibiotic led to a susceptible and relatively harmless population of group B streptococci being replaced by a small number of resistant clones, which spread throughout the world. […] These findings explain the emergence of GBS infections in humans and demonstrate the long-term adverse effects of the widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics.

• #73 The emergence of neonatal group B streptococcal infections explained | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/emergence-neonatal-group-b-streptococcal-infections-explained

  Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS have recently revealed the cause behind the emergence in the 1960s of neonatal infections due to group B streptococcus. […] The main reservoir for GBS is the gastrointestinal tract, from which it colonizes the genitourinary tract. […] In the 1960s, an increase in neonatal GBS infections was recorded in maternity wards in the United States and Europe. […] The scientists observed that the group B streptococci population that colonizes and infects humans is composed of a small number of clones with very low genetic diversity, suggesting a recent common origin that points towards a true emergence of GBS neonatal infections. […] Remarkably, some 90% of the GBS strains isolated in humans are resistant to tetracycline. […] Based on their findings, the scientists suggested that the use of this antibiotic led to a susceptible and relatively harmless population of group B streptococci being replaced by a small number of resistant clones, which spread throughout the world. […] These findings explain the emergence of GBS infections in humans and demonstrate the long-term adverse effects of the widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics.

• #74 Group B Streptococcus and Pregnancy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22444

  GBS is the primary cause of GBS-EOD in newborns; maternal GBS colonization is the primary risk factor for newborn GBS-EOD, as maternal-neonatal transmission occurs in approximately half of the women colonized by GBS without IAP. […] According to studies, 20% to 30% of the women in the United States are colonized with GBS. […] Factors that increase the risk of maternal GBS colonization and GBS-EOD in newborns include: Gestational age 37 weeks, Young maternal age 20 years, Low neonatal birth weight, Prolonged rupture of membranes, Maternal fever during labor 100.4 F (38 C), Black or African-American race, Previous infant with GBS-EOD, Heavy maternal vaginalrectal GBS colonization or GBS bacteriuria. […] The prevalence of GBS colonization in pregnant women in the United States is estimated to be between 10% and 30%.

• #75 Group B Strep Awareness: Testing, Risks, and Treatment – BuzzRx Select permission for Location

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/group-b-strep-awareness

  Globally, approximately 20 million pregnant women are colonized with GBS. More than 390,000 newborn babies worldwide experience perinatal GBS disease each year, resulting in more than 500,000 preterm births (babies born prematurely before they reach full-term), 46,000 stillbirths, and 91,000 infant deaths. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), GBS is a leading cause of meningitis and sepsis in newborn babies. […] Transmission of group B strep primarily occurs through the birth canal, where a GBS positive mother can pass on the infection to the infant during vaginal delivery. […] The spread of GBS among non-pregnant adults is not well known. Older adults (age 65 and older) and those with a weakened immune system are more likely to develop complications from a group B strep infection.

• #76 Group B Streptococcus and Pregnancy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22444

  The incidence of GBS-EOD in newborns among women with GBS colonization is approximately 29 times higher compared to that of neonates without maternal GBS colonization. […] Over the last 20 years, advancements in screening for GBS colonization and IAP have significantly decreased the incidence of GBS-EOD from approximately 1.8 cases of GBS-EOD per 1000 live births to approximately 0.23 per 1000 live births. […] GBS primarily colonizes the female rectovaginal tract asymptomatically, using mechanisms such as binding to host surfaces and evading the immune system. […] Some GBS strains are more virulent due to specific factors that enhance their ability to spread, evade maternal immunity, and cause tissue damage. […] Maternal GBS colonization is associated with 10% percent of pyelonephritis cases and 5% to 10% of bacteremia cases during pregnancy.

• #77 Group B Strep In Pregnancy: Test, Risks & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11045-group-b-streptococcus–pregnancy

  Group B strep infection (also GBS or group B Streptococcus) is caused by bacteria typically found in your vagina or rectal area. […] About 25% of pregnant women have GBS, but don’t know it because it doesn’t cause symptoms. […] If you have GBS, you can pass the bacteria to your baby during vaginal delivery. […] Experts aren’t entirely sure why the bacteria spreads, but they know that its potentially harmful in babies and people with weakened immune systems. […] Group B strep screening during pregnancy has decreased the number of cases. […] According to the CDC, about 930 babies get early-onset GBS, and 1,050 get late-onset GBS. […] About 4% of babies who develop GBS will die from it. […] Healthcare providers prevent GBS infection in your baby by treating you with intravenous (IV) antibiotics during labor and delivery.

• #78 Group B Strep In Pregnancy: Test, Risks & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11045-group-b-streptococcus–pregnancy

  Group B strep infection (also GBS or group B Streptococcus) is caused by bacteria typically found in your vagina or rectal area. […] About 25% of pregnant women have GBS, but don’t know it because it doesn’t cause symptoms. […] If you have GBS, you can pass the bacteria to your baby during vaginal delivery. […] Experts aren’t entirely sure why the bacteria spreads, but they know that its potentially harmful in babies and people with weakened immune systems. […] Group B strep screening during pregnancy has decreased the number of cases. […] According to the CDC, about 930 babies get early-onset GBS, and 1,050 get late-onset GBS. […] About 4% of babies who develop GBS will die from it. […] Healthcare providers prevent GBS infection in your baby by treating you with intravenous (IV) antibiotics during labor and delivery.

• #79 Group B Strep Infection in Pregnancy and Newborns

  https://www.medicinenet.com/group_b_strep/article.htm

  In newborns, group B Streptococcus infection is acquired through direct contact with the bacteria while in the uterus or during birth; thus, the gestational bacterial infection is transmitted from the colonized mother to her newborn. Approximately 50% of colonized mothers will pass the bacteria to their babies during pregnancy and vaginal birth. […] Group B strep infection is more common in African Americans than in whites. There are also maternal risk factors that increase the chance of transmitting group B Streptococcus to the newborn leading to early-onset disease: Labor or membrane rupture before 37 weeks gestation, Membrane rupture more than 18 hours before delivery, Urinary tract infection with GBS during pregnancy, Previous baby with GBS infection, Fever during labor, A positive culture for GBS colonization at 35-37 weeks.

• #80

  https://www.who.int/news/item/05-11-2017-group-b-streptococcus-infection-causes-an-estimated-150-000-preventable-stillbirths-and-infant-deaths-every-year

  Group B Streptococcus infection causes an estimated 150,000 preventable stillbirths and infant deaths every year. […] An estimated one in five pregnant women around the world carry Group B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteria which is a major, yet preventable, cause of maternal and infant ill health globally. […] Despite being home to only 13% of the worlds population, Africa had the highest burden, with 54% of estimated cases and 65% of stillbirths and infant deaths. […] GBS can cause serious infections, such as meningitis and septicaemia, which may lead to stillbirths, and newborn and infant deaths. […] A maternal GBS vaccine could prevent many more cases and deaths worldwide. […] By filling in one of the great voids in public health data, this work provides crucial insight and shows the pressing unmet need for the development of an effective Group B Strep vaccine.

• #81

  https://www.who.int/news/item/05-11-2017-group-b-streptococcus-infection-causes-an-estimated-150-000-preventable-stillbirths-and-infant-deaths-every-year

  Group B Streptococcus infection causes an estimated 150,000 preventable stillbirths and infant deaths every year. […] An estimated one in five pregnant women around the world carry Group B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteria which is a major, yet preventable, cause of maternal and infant ill health globally. […] Despite being home to only 13% of the worlds population, Africa had the highest burden, with 54% of estimated cases and 65% of stillbirths and infant deaths. […] GBS can cause serious infections, such as meningitis and septicaemia, which may lead to stillbirths, and newborn and infant deaths. […] A maternal GBS vaccine could prevent many more cases and deaths worldwide. […] By filling in one of the great voids in public health data, this work provides crucial insight and shows the pressing unmet need for the development of an effective Group B Strep vaccine.

• #82

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/group-b-streptococcus-(gbs)

  Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal and infant sepsis and meningitis globally. GBS is associated with maternal sepsis, stillbirths and preterm births, and can cause disease in immunocompromised adults and the elderly, but the highest incidence of all is in neonates and young infants up to age 3 months. GBS was estimated to have caused 319,000 cases of neonatal disease annually (2015), resulting in 90000 deaths and at least 57,000 stillbirths. […] An average of 18% (with regional variation) of pregnant women carry GBS worldwide. Administration of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) to pregnant women with GBS colonization can substantially reduce the incidence of early-onset GBS disease, but IAP does not prevent late-onset GBS disease, which in most cases are transmitted postnatally.

• #83 Group B Strep Awareness: Testing, Risks, and Treatment – BuzzRx Select permission for Location

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/group-b-strep-awareness

  Globally, approximately 20 million pregnant women are colonized with GBS. More than 390,000 newborn babies worldwide experience perinatal GBS disease each year, resulting in more than 500,000 preterm births (babies born prematurely before they reach full-term), 46,000 stillbirths, and 91,000 infant deaths. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), GBS is a leading cause of meningitis and sepsis in newborn babies. […] Transmission of group B strep primarily occurs through the birth canal, where a GBS positive mother can pass on the infection to the infant during vaginal delivery. […] The spread of GBS among non-pregnant adults is not well known. Older adults (age 65 and older) and those with a weakened immune system are more likely to develop complications from a group B strep infection.

• #84 Group A and B Streptococcus: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/group-and-b-streptococcus

  Infections with group B Streptococcus (also known as GBS or Strep B) are responsible for severe invasive infections (including bacteremia and meningitis) in newborns. […] The main reservoir of Streptococcus agalactiae is the digestive tract, from where the bacteria may colonize the female genital tract, often on a sporadic basis. […] Neonatal infections are mostly linked with the inhalation and ingestion of vaginal secretions during childbirth. Mother-to-child transmission essentially occurs if the baby inhales or ingests infected amniotic fluid when the fetal membranes rupture or during delivery by passage through a GBS-colonized birth canal. […] GBS infections in newborns may be divided into two types, depending on when they occur: Early-onset infections, 80% of which occur during the first 24 hours of the infant’s life, and late-onset infections, which occur between the first week and the third month.

• #85

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/group-b-streptococcus-(gbs)

  Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal and infant sepsis and meningitis globally. GBS is associated with maternal sepsis, stillbirths and preterm births, and can cause disease in immunocompromised adults and the elderly, but the highest incidence of all is in neonates and young infants up to age 3 months. GBS was estimated to have caused 319,000 cases of neonatal disease annually (2015), resulting in 90000 deaths and at least 57,000 stillbirths. […] An average of 18% (with regional variation) of pregnant women carry GBS worldwide. Administration of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) to pregnant women with GBS colonization can substantially reduce the incidence of early-onset GBS disease, but IAP does not prevent late-onset GBS disease, which in most cases are transmitted postnatally.

• #86 Group B Streptococcus: Virulence Factors and Pathogenic Mechanism

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/12/2483

  GBS colonization in the vagina of pregnant women is a major risk to the newborn. These virulence factors are associated with dissemination, immune evasion, and damage to tissue, and allow GBS survival in the hostile vaginal environment. […] The alpha C protein (ACP) is the prototype of a family of Gram-positive bacterial surface proteins. It facilitates the entry of GBS into human cervical epithelial cells and traverses the cell layer by binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAG) on the surface of the host cell. […] GBS capsules consist mainly of carbohydrates with the capsule polysaccharide synthesis (CPS) operon driving its synthesis. The product of the cpsE gene in this operon is crucial for biofilm formation. […] Although specific virulence factors that interact with the endometrium have not been identified yet, GBS invasion could be fatal to the fetus during gestation.

• #87 Group B Streptococcus: Virulence Factors and Pathogenic Mechanism

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/12/2483

  GBS colonization in the vagina of pregnant women is a major risk to the newborn. These virulence factors are associated with dissemination, immune evasion, and damage to tissue, and allow GBS survival in the hostile vaginal environment. […] The alpha C protein (ACP) is the prototype of a family of Gram-positive bacterial surface proteins. It facilitates the entry of GBS into human cervical epithelial cells and traverses the cell layer by binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAG) on the surface of the host cell. […] GBS capsules consist mainly of carbohydrates with the capsule polysaccharide synthesis (CPS) operon driving its synthesis. The product of the cpsE gene in this operon is crucial for biofilm formation. […] Although specific virulence factors that interact with the endometrium have not been identified yet, GBS invasion could be fatal to the fetus during gestation.

• #88 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-overview

  Group B streptococcus (GBS), also known as Streptococcus agalactiae, is recognized as a leading cause of postpartum infection and neonatal sepsis. […] GBS organisms colonize the vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and the upper respiratory tract in healthy humans. […] GBS neonatal sepsis is rare, but it is more common in the setting of prematurity and prolonged rupture of the membranes. […] The absence of antibody to GBS in infants is a risk factor for infection. […] Streptococcus agalactiae infection is becoming more common in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying abnormalities. […] GBS infection in elderly people (70 years) is strongly linked to congestive heart failure and being bedridden; urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and soft-tissue infection are the most common manifestations of infection.

• #89 Group B streptococcal infection causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Group_B_streptococcal_infection_causes

  Group B Streptococcus (GBS) disease is caused by the infection with the bacterium GBS which is a beta hemolytic gram-positive streptococcus characterized by the presence of group B Lancefield antigen. […] GBS is a species of the normal flora of the gut and female urogenital tract. […] The polysaccharide antiphagocytic capsule is this bacterium’s main virulence factor.

• #90 Group B Streptococcus: Virulence Factors and Pathogenic Mechanism

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/12/2483

  The feto–maternal interface includes decidual stromal cells (DSCs), cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), and macrophages (Mφs), which are necessary for the protection of the fetus. In particular, CTBs can secret factors to regulate immune cells at the feto–maternal interface such as factors inhibiting GBS-stimulated Mφ NFκB activity, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) production. […] Neonates can be infected with GBS in several ways, such as exposure to vaginal secretions at birth or through breast milk. Invasive GBS disease is usually classified as EOD and LOD depending on when the newborn is infected with GBS after birth. Sepsis accounts for the largest proportion of both EOD and LOD, but the health status of the newborns is worse in LOD, as meningitis often develops from sepsis and is a serious health risk for newborns.

• #91 Group B Streptococcus: Virulence Factors and Pathogenic Mechanism

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/12/2483

  The feto–maternal interface includes decidual stromal cells (DSCs), cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), and macrophages (Mφs), which are necessary for the protection of the fetus. In particular, CTBs can secret factors to regulate immune cells at the feto–maternal interface such as factors inhibiting GBS-stimulated Mφ NFκB activity, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) production. […] Neonates can be infected with GBS in several ways, such as exposure to vaginal secretions at birth or through breast milk. Invasive GBS disease is usually classified as EOD and LOD depending on when the newborn is infected with GBS after birth. Sepsis accounts for the largest proportion of both EOD and LOD, but the health status of the newborns is worse in LOD, as meningitis often develops from sepsis and is a serious health risk for newborns.

• #92 Group B Streptococcus: Virulence Factors and Pathogenic Mechanism

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/12/2483

  The feto–maternal interface includes decidual stromal cells (DSCs), cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), and macrophages (Mφs), which are necessary for the protection of the fetus. In particular, CTBs can secret factors to regulate immune cells at the feto–maternal interface such as factors inhibiting GBS-stimulated Mφ NFκB activity, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) production. […] Neonates can be infected with GBS in several ways, such as exposure to vaginal secretions at birth or through breast milk. Invasive GBS disease is usually classified as EOD and LOD depending on when the newborn is infected with GBS after birth. Sepsis accounts for the largest proportion of both EOD and LOD, but the health status of the newborns is worse in LOD, as meningitis often develops from sepsis and is a serious health risk for newborns.

• #93 Group B Streptococcus: Virulence Factors and Pathogenic Mechanism

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/12/2483

  The feto–maternal interface includes decidual stromal cells (DSCs), cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), and macrophages (Mφs), which are necessary for the protection of the fetus. In particular, CTBs can secret factors to regulate immune cells at the feto–maternal interface such as factors inhibiting GBS-stimulated Mφ NFκB activity, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) production. […] Neonates can be infected with GBS in several ways, such as exposure to vaginal secretions at birth or through breast milk. Invasive GBS disease is usually classified as EOD and LOD depending on when the newborn is infected with GBS after birth. Sepsis accounts for the largest proportion of both EOD and LOD, but the health status of the newborns is worse in LOD, as meningitis often develops from sepsis and is a serious health risk for newborns.

• #94 Group B Streptococcus: Virulence Factors and Pathogenic Mechanism

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/12/2483

  The feto–maternal interface includes decidual stromal cells (DSCs), cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), and macrophages (Mφs), which are necessary for the protection of the fetus. In particular, CTBs can secret factors to regulate immune cells at the feto–maternal interface such as factors inhibiting GBS-stimulated Mφ NFκB activity, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) production. […] Neonates can be infected with GBS in several ways, such as exposure to vaginal secretions at birth or through breast milk. Invasive GBS disease is usually classified as EOD and LOD depending on when the newborn is infected with GBS after birth. Sepsis accounts for the largest proportion of both EOD and LOD, but the health status of the newborns is worse in LOD, as meningitis often develops from sepsis and is a serious health risk for newborns.

• #95 Group B Streptococcus: Virulence Factors and Pathogenic Mechanism

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/12/2483

  The feto–maternal interface includes decidual stromal cells (DSCs), cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), and macrophages (Mφs), which are necessary for the protection of the fetus. In particular, CTBs can secret factors to regulate immune cells at the feto–maternal interface such as factors inhibiting GBS-stimulated Mφ NFκB activity, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) production. […] Neonates can be infected with GBS in several ways, such as exposure to vaginal secretions at birth or through breast milk. Invasive GBS disease is usually classified as EOD and LOD depending on when the newborn is infected with GBS after birth. Sepsis accounts for the largest proportion of both EOD and LOD, but the health status of the newborns is worse in LOD, as meningitis often develops from sepsis and is a serious health risk for newborns.

• #96

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/group-b-streptococcus-(gbs)

  Since GBS occurs too early in life for neonates and infants to elicit an effective immune response following vaccination, an effective maternal GBS vaccine targeting pregnant women offers the potential to protect infants against both early- and late-onset GBS disease through transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies, and reduce disease burden worldwide. […] GBS are divided into ten serotypes based on capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigens expressed, and five of the serotypes (Ia, Ib, II, III and V) account for the vast majority of the disease. Antibody levels against CPS in pregnant women and the risk of invasive GBS disease in their infants have been shown to be inversely related, leading to the development of several multivalent GBS CPS protein-conjugate vaccine candidates. […] There are also several surface proteins, including the alpha-like proteins, that have been associated with protection against infant disease.

• #97

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/group-b-streptococcus-(gbs)

  Since GBS occurs too early in life for neonates and infants to elicit an effective immune response following vaccination, an effective maternal GBS vaccine targeting pregnant women offers the potential to protect infants against both early- and late-onset GBS disease through transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies, and reduce disease burden worldwide. […] GBS are divided into ten serotypes based on capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigens expressed, and five of the serotypes (Ia, Ib, II, III and V) account for the vast majority of the disease. Antibody levels against CPS in pregnant women and the risk of invasive GBS disease in their infants have been shown to be inversely related, leading to the development of several multivalent GBS CPS protein-conjugate vaccine candidates. […] There are also several surface proteins, including the alpha-like proteins, that have been associated with protection against infant disease.

• #98

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/group-b-streptococcus-(gbs)

  Since GBS occurs too early in life for neonates and infants to elicit an effective immune response following vaccination, an effective maternal GBS vaccine targeting pregnant women offers the potential to protect infants against both early- and late-onset GBS disease through transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies, and reduce disease burden worldwide. […] GBS are divided into ten serotypes based on capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigens expressed, and five of the serotypes (Ia, Ib, II, III and V) account for the vast majority of the disease. Antibody levels against CPS in pregnant women and the risk of invasive GBS disease in their infants have been shown to be inversely related, leading to the development of several multivalent GBS CPS protein-conjugate vaccine candidates. […] There are also several surface proteins, including the alpha-like proteins, that have been associated with protection against infant disease.

• #99

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/group-b-streptococcus-(gbs)

  Since GBS occurs too early in life for neonates and infants to elicit an effective immune response following vaccination, an effective maternal GBS vaccine targeting pregnant women offers the potential to protect infants against both early- and late-onset GBS disease through transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies, and reduce disease burden worldwide. […] GBS are divided into ten serotypes based on capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigens expressed, and five of the serotypes (Ia, Ib, II, III and V) account for the vast majority of the disease. Antibody levels against CPS in pregnant women and the risk of invasive GBS disease in their infants have been shown to be inversely related, leading to the development of several multivalent GBS CPS protein-conjugate vaccine candidates. […] There are also several surface proteins, including the alpha-like proteins, that have been associated with protection against infant disease.

• #100 Group B Streptococcus | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/group-b-strep

  The risk of GBS infection in newborn babies is higher if: the baby is born prematurely (before 37 weeks), the mother has previously had a baby infected with GBS, the mother has a high temperature during labour, the mothers waters break more than 18 hours before the baby is born, the mother has GBS in her urine during pregnancy (this means she is infected with GBS, as urine is usually sterile), the mother is younger (under 18 years old), there is an infection in the womb during pregnancy (known as chorioamnionitis), there are low levels of antibody to a specific strain of Group B Strep. […] At present there is no licensed (approved for use) vaccine to prevent GBS. […] GBS was identified as one of the pathogens with a high burden among neonates and infants that may be amenable to prevention by immunization. Studies show that a GBS vaccine given to pregnant women may prevent 231,000 baby and mother cases each year. This could potentially prevent most cases of GBS without the need for antibiotics or screening.

• #101 Group B Streptococcus | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/group-b-strep

  The risk of GBS infection in newborn babies is higher if: the baby is born prematurely (before 37 weeks), the mother has previously had a baby infected with GBS, the mother has a high temperature during labour, the mothers waters break more than 18 hours before the baby is born, the mother has GBS in her urine during pregnancy (this means she is infected with GBS, as urine is usually sterile), the mother is younger (under 18 years old), there is an infection in the womb during pregnancy (known as chorioamnionitis), there are low levels of antibody to a specific strain of Group B Strep. […] At present there is no licensed (approved for use) vaccine to prevent GBS. […] GBS was identified as one of the pathogens with a high burden among neonates and infants that may be amenable to prevention by immunization. Studies show that a GBS vaccine given to pregnant women may prevent 231,000 baby and mother cases each year. This could potentially prevent most cases of GBS without the need for antibiotics or screening.

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