Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Descriptive Epidemiology of Cervical Dystonia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3822401/

  Cervical dystonia (CD), the most common form of adult-onset focal dystonia, has a heterogeneous clinical presentation with variable clinical features, leading to difficulties and delays in diagnosis. […] Owing to the lack of reviews specifically focusing on the frequency of primary CD in the general population, we performed a systematic literature search to examine its prevalence/incidence and analyze methodological differences among studies. […] We performed a systematic literature search to examine the prevalence data of primary focal CD. […] Prevalence estimates ranged from 204,100 cases/million. […] Despite the varying prevalence estimates, an approximate 2:1 female:male ratio was consistent among many studies. […] Although several studies have attempted to estimate the prevalence and incidence of CD, there is a need for additional well-designed epidemiological studies on primary CD that include large populations; use defined CD diagnostic criteria; and stratify for factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity.

• #1 Descriptive Epidemiology of Cervical Dystonia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3822401/

  Service-based studies and record-linkage systems did not take into account subjects who were not seeking medical advice or who were misdiagnosed; therefore, they provided estimates that were mostly in the low end of the range of variability (20 to 183 cases per million). […] In contrast, population-based studies provided estimates that were in the middle to the high range of variability (100 to 4,100 cases per million). […] The selected studies differed in size, as well as age and ethnicity of the study populations. […] Our literature search identified three studies that examined the incidence of primary CD. […] According to prevalence/incidence studies, the peak age at CD onset reported by the various studies is in the fourth to fifth decade, with a mean age of 42 years. […] Despite methodological differences and variable prevalence estimates, comparable gender ratios were reported in the various studies, with an overall mean female:male ratio of 1.7:1 across studies.

• #1 Descriptive Epidemiology of Cervical Dystonia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3822401/

  Assessment of CD epidemiology may help to provide insight into the cause of the disorder and improve medical education, public awareness, and patient health services. […] We performed a systematic literature search to examine the prevalence and incidence of primary CD and analyzed methodological differences among studies with three objectives in mind: to search for more precise estimates of the prevalence and incidence of primary CD, to determine whether differences exist in prevalence rates among geographic areas and by gender and age distributions, and to make recommendations for future studies. […] The crude prevalence estimates from the 16 studies that provided prevalence data ranged between 20 and 4,100 cases per million. […] A common major methodological limitation was that no study was based on published, validated criteria for diagnosing CD, as there are none.

• #2 Descriptive Epidemiology of Cervical Dystonia | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.170

  Cervical dystonia (CD), the most common form of adult-onset focal dystonia, has a heterogeneous clinical presentation with variable clinical features, leading to difficulties and delays in diagnosis. […] Owing to the lack of reviews specifically focusing on the frequency of primary CD in the general population, we performed a systematic literature search to examine its prevalence/incidence and analyze methodological differences among studies. […] We performed a systematic literature search to examine the prevalence data of primary focal CD. […] Because the reported prevalence estimates were found to vary widely across studies, we analyzed methodological differences and other factors to determine whether true differences exist in prevalence rates among geographic areas (and by gender and age distributions), as well as to facilitate recommendations for future studies.

• #2 Descriptive Epidemiology of Cervical Dystonia | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.170

  Prevalence estimates ranged from 204,100 cases/million. […] Generally, studies that relied on service-based and record-linkage system data likely underestimated the prevalence of CD, whereas population-based studies suffered from over-ascertainment. […] Despite the varying prevalence estimates, an approximate 2:1 female:male ratio was consistent among many studies. […] Although several studies have attempted to estimate the prevalence and incidence of CD, there is a need for additional well-designed epidemiological studies on primary CD that include large populations; use defined CD diagnostic criteria; and stratify for factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity. […] Assessment of CD epidemiology may help to provide insight into the cause of the disorder and improve medical education, public awareness, and patient health services.

• #3 Descriptive epidemiology of cervical dystonia. | Foundation Dystonia Research

  http://foundationdystoniaresearch.org/news/descriptive-epidemiology-cervical-dystonia

  Cervical dystonia (CD), the most common form of adult-onset focal dystonia, has a heterogeneous clinical presentation with variable clinical features, leading to difficulties and delays in diagnosis. […] Owing to the lack of reviews specifically focusing on the frequency of primary CD in the general population, we performed a systematic literature search to examine its prevalence/incidence and analyze methodological differences among studies. […] Prevalence estimates ranged from 204,100 cases/million. Generally, studies that relied on service-based and record-linkage system data likely underestimated the prevalence of CD, whereas population-based studies suffered from over-ascertainment. […] The more methodologically robust studies yielded a range of estimates of 28183 cases/million. Despite the varying prevalence estimates, an approximate 2:1 female:male ratio was consistent among many studies.

• #3 Descriptive epidemiology of cervical dystonia. | Foundation Dystonia Research

  http://foundationdystoniaresearch.org/news/descriptive-epidemiology-cervical-dystonia

  Three studies estimated incidence, ranging from 812 cases/million person-years. […] Although several studies have attempted to estimate the prevalence and incidence of CD, there is a need for additional well-designed epidemiological studies on primary CD that include large populations; use defined CD diagnostic criteria; and stratify for factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity.

• #4 Cervical dystonia: Etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cervical-dystonia-etiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Cervical dystonia is one of the most frequent focal dystonias and the most common adult-onset dystonia in some parts of the world. The estimated prevalence ranges from 5 to 30 cases per 100,000 individuals. The incidence in the United States has been estimated at 1.18 per 100,000 person-years.

• #5 Descriptive Epidemiology of Cervical Dystonia | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.170

  We performed a systematic literature search to examine the prevalence and incidence of primary CD and analyzed methodological differences among studies with three objectives in mind: to search for more precise estimates of the prevalence and incidence of primary CD, to determine whether differences exist in prevalence rates among geographic areas and by gender and age distributions, and to make recommendations for future studies. […] The crude prevalence estimates from the 16 studies that provided prevalence data ranged between 20 and 4,100 cases per million. […] This large variability is associated with differences in study design and study populations. […] A recently published meta-analysis of primary dystonia suggested an overall CD prevalence of about 50 per million. […] Despite methodological differences, the estimates of CD incidence are probably consistent across the available studies and suggest a minimum incidence estimate of 812 cases per million person-years.

• #6 Descriptive Epidemiology of Cervical Dystonia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3822401/

  Despite some valiant attempts to examine CD epidemiology, the studies that have been performed to date all had limitations to varying degrees; therefore, the prevalence and incidence of CD are difficult to determine accurately. […] If examination of service-based and record-linkage studies is limited to those that recruited subjects who were directly examined by a neurologist or a physician knowledgeable about dystonia diagnosis and included both focal and segmental cases from neurological and non-neurological services, the crude prevalence of CD among individuals seeking medical attention ranged from 28-183 cases per million. […] A recently published meta-analysis of primary dystonia suggested an overall CD prevalence of about 50 per million. […] Despite methodological differences, the estimates of CD incidence are probably consistent across the available studies and suggest a minimum incidence estimate of 8-12 cases per million person-years.

• #7 Spasmodic torticollis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis

  Spasmodic torticollis is one of the most common forms of dystonia seen in neurology clinics, occurring in approximately 0.390% of the United States population in 2007 (390 per 100,000). […] Worldwide, it has been reported that the incidence rate of spasmodic torticollis is at least 1.2 per 100,000 person years, and a prevalence rate of 57 per 1 million. […] The exact prevalence of the disorder is not known; several family and population studies show that as many as 25% of cervical dystonia patients have relatives that are undiagnosed. […] Studies have shown that spasmodic torticollis is not diagnosed immediately; many patients are diagnosed well after a year of seeking medical attention. […] A survey of 59 patients diagnosed with spasmodic torticollis show that 43% of the patients visited at least four physicians before the diagnosis was made.

• #8 The prevalence of adult-onset isolated dystonia in Finland 2007-2016 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0207729

  The prevalence of adult-onset isolated dystonia in Finland 2007-2016 […] 1316 patients were confirmed to have adult-onset isolated idiopathic or hereditary dystonia based on hospital records from two provinces. On average, the age-adjusted prevalence for all adult-onset dystonia was 405 per million and for cervical dystonia 304 per million. […] Adult onset cervical dystonia was the most common type of dystonia with relatively high prevalence in Finland compared with other countries. The prevalence of other types of dystonia was similar compared with other European studies. The higher prevalence of cervical dystonia may be partially explained by the better coverage of patients in public health care, but genetic and exogenous factors might contribute to it. […] In general, the prevalence of dystonia has been reported to be around 164 per million, focal cervical dystonia (CD) being the most common type of dystonia. […] Present results suggest that the prevalence of CD in Finland (304 per million) is higher than in other countries with reported CD prevalence, including Norway, Iceland, England, Ireland, Germany, Italy, Serbia, Egypt, Japan, China, Thailand and Colombia. […] A report of dystonia prevalence in Finland was published previously as part of the Epidemiological Study of Dystonia in Europe epidemiology (ESDE) in 2000. Also then, the prevalence of CD in Finland (233 per million) was higher than in other studied countries. […] The higher prevalence in Finland might be linked to geographical factors or common genetic background, but again, the influence of methodological differences cannot be excluded. […] In summary, adult onset focal CD was the most common type of dystonia with relatively high prevalence in Finland compared with other countries. The prevalence of other dystonia subtypes was comparable to other countries. The higher prevalence of CD might partially be explained by the better coverage of patients in the public health care system, but might also be attributable to geographical or genetic factors.

• #9 7 Major Market Cervical Dystonia Epidemiology Forecast Report 2020-2034: Focus on United States, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, and Japan – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250416250089/en/7-Major-Market-Cervical-Dystonia-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2020-2034-Focus-on-United-States-Germany-France-Italy-Spain-United-Kingdom-and-Japan—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  The report delivers an in-depth understanding of cervical dystonia, historical and forecasted epidemiology, as well as the trends in the United States, EU4 (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain), and the United Kingdom, and Japan. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted epidemiology segmented by total diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia, gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia, and type-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia in the 7MM covering the United States, EU4 (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain) and the United Kingdom, and Japan from 2020 to 2034. […] According to estimates, in 2022, there were approximately 106,252 total diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia in the 7MM. These cases are expected to increase by 2034.

• #9 7 Major Market Cervical Dystonia Epidemiology Forecast Report 2020-2034: Focus on United States, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, and Japan – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250416250089/en/7-Major-Market-Cervical-Dystonia-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2020-2034-Focus-on-United-States-Germany-France-Italy-Spain-United-Kingdom-and-Japan—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Among the 7MM, the US accounted for approximately 57.4%, EU4 and the UK for nearly 39.3%, and Japan for around 3.3% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia in 2022. […] The US accounted for approximately 60,992 diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia in 2022. These cases are expected to increase during the study period. […] Among EU4 and the UK, Germany accounted for the highest diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia which was nearly 21,172 cases, followed by the UK with nearly 7,932 cases, while Spain accounted for the least cases around 2,688 in 2022. These cases are expected to change during the study period. […] Among the gender-specific cases of cervical dystonia, in EU4 and the UK, females accounted for nearly 29,713 cases, while males accounted for approximately 12,070 cases in 2022.

• #9 7 Major Market Cervical Dystonia Epidemiology Forecast Report 2020-2034: Focus on United States, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, and Japan – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250416250089/en/7-Major-Market-Cervical-Dystonia-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2020-2034-Focus-on-United-States-Germany-France-Italy-Spain-United-Kingdom-and-Japan—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  According to estimates, males accounted for nearly 1,623 cases in Japan, while females accounted for around 1,855 cases of cervical dystonia in 2022. These cases are expected to change during the forecast period. […] As per the epidemiology model, the type specific cervical dystonia includes torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and anterocollis. In 2022, of the total diagnosed cervical dystonia cases, torticollis accounted for the highest number of cases, with nearly 2,310 cases, followed by laterocollis with 838 cases, retrocollis with 228, and anterocollis with 102 cases in Japan. These cases are expected to change during the forecast period (2023-2034). […] The report provides the segmentation of the disease epidemiology for the 7MM, by total diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia, gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia, and type-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia.

• #10 Cervical Dystonia – Epidemiology Forecast – 2034

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5524767/cervical-dystonia-epidemiology-forecast-2034?srsltid=AfmBOoqE50ihqu4w7_G9r-U_7yPkFhtEt63zqN1NMS2ianx_YNTZzTwl

  The Cervical Dystonia – Epidemiology Forecast – 2034 report delivers an in-depth understanding of cervical dystonia, historical and forecasted epidemiology, as well as the trends in the United States, EU4 (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain), and the United Kingdom, and Japan. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted epidemiology segmented by total diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia, gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia, and type-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia in the 7MM covering the United States, EU4 (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain) and the United Kingdom, and Japan from 2020 to 2034. […] According to estimates, in 2022, there were approximately 106,252 total diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia in the 7MM. These cases are expected to increase by 2034.

• #10 Cervical Dystonia – Epidemiology Forecast – 2034

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5524767/cervical-dystonia-epidemiology-forecast-2034?srsltid=AfmBOoqE50ihqu4w7_G9r-U_7yPkFhtEt63zqN1NMS2ianx_YNTZzTwl

  Among the 7MM, the US accounted for approximately 57.4%, EU4 and the UK for nearly 39.3%, and Japan for around 3.3% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia in 2022. […] The US accounted for approximately 60,992 diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia in 2022. These cases are expected to increase during the study period. […] Among EU4 and the UK, Germany accounted for the highest diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia which was nearly 21,172 cases, followed by the UK with nearly 7,932 cases, while Spain accounted for the least cases around 2,688 in 2022. These cases are expected to change during the study period. […] Among the gender-specific cases of cervical dystonia, in EU4 and the UK, females accounted for nearly 29,713 cases, while males accounted for approximately 12,070 cases in 2022.

• #10 Cervical Dystonia – Epidemiology Forecast – 2034

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5524767/cervical-dystonia-epidemiology-forecast-2034?srsltid=AfmBOoqE50ihqu4w7_G9r-U_7yPkFhtEt63zqN1NMS2ianx_YNTZzTwl

  According to estimates, males accounted for nearly 1,623 cases in Japan, while females accounted for around 1,855 cases of cervical dystonia in 2022. These cases are expected to change during the forecast period. […] As per the epidemiology model, the type specific cervical dystonia includes torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and anterocollis. In 2022, of the total diagnosed cervical dystonia cases, torticollis accounted for the highest number of cases, with nearly 2,310 cases, followed by laterocollis with 838 cases, retrocollis with 228, and anterocollis with 102 cases in Japan. These cases are expected to change during the forecast period (2023-2034).

• #11

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-022-11310-9

  The prevalence of dystonia has been studied since the 1980s. […] Prevalence [n/1mio] and relative frequency is 601.1 (100%) for all forms of dystonia, 251.1 (42%) for cervical dystonia. […] CD patients are 63.813.9 years. Their male/female ratio is 0.3. 42% of all dystonia patients suffer from CD. It is by far the most common dystonia manifestation. Its prevalence is 251.1/1mio. Extrapolation suggests 20,387 CD patients in Germany. […] Our adjusted overall dystonia prevalence is more than double the prevalence of the latest comparable study. When PSY and symptomatic dystonia such as TRD, HD and CRPD are included, our prevalence more than triples the previous one.

• #12 Development of a patient journey map for people living with cervical dystonia | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-022-02270-4

  Cervical dystonia (CD) is a is focal dystonia of the cervical region primarily characterized by involuntary contractions of the neck muscles, resulting in twisting and repetitive movements, and abnormal postures of the head. CD may also present with tremor. It is one of the most common forms of adult-onset dystonia with a recent estimated incidence of about 1.18 per 100,000 person-years. The average age of CD onset is around 41 years old, and many patients are working and have young families when they are diagnosed. Disability with functional impairment, pain and embarrassment with social withdrawal are common and bring significant quality of life burdens. Treatment with botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections is considered first line therapy. […] Patient journey maps are increasingly used as a tool that enables healthcare providers to reconfigure their approach to the treatment and care, seen from the patients point of view. Through patient journey mapping, a healthcare provider and other stakeholders can identify unmet needs, the barriers and potential gaps in service provision, and work on the solutions to these problems, as well as identifying potential new opportunities for improvement and innovation. Additionally, patient journey tools are increasingly used as a baseline for designing and improving treatment algorithms and developing costing models that can be used to audit the impact of service improvements. As part of the ongoing European Reference Networks for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) program, we aimed to develop a patient journey map for CD that describes the patient experience from pre-diagnosis through to long-term treatment.

• #13 Cervical dystonia | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/cervical-dystonia

  The incidence of cervical dystonia was evaluated in a study in Rochester, Minnesota between 1960 and 1979. The overall incidence rate was 1.2 per 100,000. […] Based on a 2-million subject commercial database in the United States, a study estimated the prevalence in the United States was estimated to be 390 per 100,000. […] A systematic literature review on the epidemiology of cervical dystonia found a wide range in the reported values, with an estimated prevalence of 28 to 183 cases per million and an incidence of eight to 12 cases per million person-years. […] This is consistent with the reported incidence estimate for cervical dystonia of 1.07 per 100,000 person-years. […] The peak age at onset is in the fourth to fifth decade with a mean age of 42 years. […] A 2:1 female-to-male ratio has been consistently reported.

• #13 Cervical dystonia | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/cervical-dystonia

  Occasionally, it starts at a much younger age and has been reported as early as 3 years of age in a series of young-onset cases. […] In a report of 76 patients with cervical dystonia with disease onset before the age of 28, the male-to-female ratio was 1.24:1 and the mean onset age was 21 (3 to 28) years. […] A family history of a movement disorder was present in 35.7% of patients in a data set of focal dystonia in Ireland, whereas a positive history of dystonia was present in 16.5% of the cases.

• #14 Cervical Dystonia Market Outlook and Forecast-Thelansis

  https://thelansis.com/reports/cervical-dystonia-market-outlook-forecast/

  The incidence of diagnosed cases of Cervical dystonia/Spasmodic torticollis ranges from 22 to 31 cases per 100,000 population in the USA. […] KOLs across 8 MM markets from the center of Excellence/ Public/ Private hospitals participated in the study. Insights around current treatment landscape, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, future treatment paradigm, and Unmet needs. […] Cervical Dystonia Epidemiology in US (2023-2033) […] Incidence of Cervical Dystonia […] Diagnosed cases […] Treatable Patient Pool […] Epidemiology Trends […] Cervical Dystonia Epidemiology in EU-5 (2023-2033) […] Incidence of Cervical Dystonia […] Diagnosed cases […] Treatable Patient Pool […] Epidemiology Trends […] Cervical Dystonia Epidemiology in Japan (2023-2033) […] Incidence of Cervical Dystonia […] Diagnosed cases […] Treatable Patient Pool […] Epidemiology Trends […] Cervical Dystonia Epidemiology in China (2023-2033) […] Incidence of Cervical Dystonia […] Diagnosed cases […] Treatable Patient Pool […] Epidemiology Trends […] Epidemiology Trends (World-wide).

• #14 Cervical Dystonia Market Outlook and Forecast-Thelansis

  https://thelansis.com/reports/cervical-dystonia-market-outlook-forecast/

  Cervical dystonia, alternatively termed spasmodic torticollis, is an uncommon neurological condition stemming from a brain malfunction. It stands as the most prevalent form of focal dystonia. Characterized by involuntary muscle contractions in the neck, cervical dystonia leads to abnormal movements and positions of the neck and head. Patients with CD are typically categorized into two groups: primary CD, which is idiopathic, and secondary CD, which arises due to identifiable causes. Primary CD lacks evidence from history, physical examination, or laboratory tests (except for the primary dystonia gene), pointing to any secondary cause for the dystonic symptoms. It can be a generalized or focal dystonic condition component, with a possible genetic basis in generalized cases. Secondary or symptomatic CD may result from central or peripheral trauma, exposure to dopamine receptor antagonists (tardive), neurodegenerative disease, or other conditions linked to abnormal basal ganglia function. Most isolated cases of cervical dystonia are idiopathic, although a genetic predisposition may be present, as suggested by a positive family history in roughly 10-25 percent of cases. Cervical dystonia has been associated with genetic mutations in several genes (GNAL, THAP1, CIZ1, and ANO3) and environmental factors. FDA-approved drugs for treating Cervical dystonia include Daxxify (daxibotulinumtoxinA-lanm) for injection, Xeomin (incobotulinumtoxinA), and Myobloc (rimabotulinumtoxinB).

• #15 Cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/cervical-dystonia-spasmodic-torticollis

  Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most common dystonia limited to one part of the body (focal or localised dystonia). CD describes dystonia that specifically occurs in the neck muscles. The condition is characterised by abnormal head posture, involuntary muscle contractions of the cervical spine, head tremor, sustained neck spasms and craniocervical pain. […] Approximately nine out of 100,000 people will develop CD, making it the most common focal dystonia. The condition is more common in women; the female to male sex ratio is approximately 1.7:1. […] CD most often begins during adulthood, with an average onset age of 42.9 years for women and 39.2 years for men. […] It is very rare for children to develop cervical dystonia. […] Some 5 to 21% of people with CD experienced trauma or injury to the neck or head before they experienced CD.

• #15 Cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/cervical-dystonia-spasmodic-torticollis

  CD can be classified as focal or generalised. Focal CD is the most common and affects a small muscle group in the neck whereas generalised CD typically starts at an earlier age and is widespread throughout the cervical spine. […] CD is said to be primary when it is not a symptom associated with any other neurological (brain) condition but is a disorder on its own. […] CD is said to be secondary when it is caused by other neurological conditions. […] The first step a doctor will take to diagnose CD is to obtain a detailed medical history, including any past trauma or injury and any balance issues. […] Around 10% of people will experience pain in the craniocervical region before the onset of dystonia symptoms. […] Cervical dystonia is associated with a significant negative impact on quality of life.

• #16 Recovery From Cervical Dystonia With Topiramate | Putkonen | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/jmc/article/view/2088/1606

  Primary cervical dystonia (CD), spasmodic torticollis, is the most common focal dystonia. In the US between 60,000 and 90,000 people have been estimated to suffer from this painful disorder with rare recovery and high psychiatric co-morbidity. […] The prevalence of primary CD is unclear as CD is often not recognized by physicians, and no validated diagnostic criteria existed. The minimum incidence estimation was 8-12 cases per million person years. Women are affected 1.5 – 1.9 times more often than men, and the majority of these disorders begin in the middle age. The estimated number of persons having CD in the US is between 60,000 and 90,000. […] The efficacy and tolerability of oral pharmacotherapy for CD is poorly documented. No controlled data are available, and most published recommendations are based on empirical observations. […] This case demonstrates that some patients recover from CD during treatment with topiramate, and remain asymptomatic for years. It would be important to conduct randomized controlled studies of topiramate in CD, and to define the subgroups who may benefit from it.

• #17 Adult-Onset Idiopathic Cervical Dystonia – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/neurology/article/adult-onset-idiopathic-cervical-dystonia-j190422/

  Adult-onset idiopathic cervical dystonia (AOICD) is its most prevalent phenotype. […] There is a relatively high prevalence of anxiety and/or depression, which adversely affects health-related quality of life. […] Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most common expression of AOIFD, characterised by sustained, involuntary contractions of the cervical neck muscles. […] CD affects females more than males (with a ratio of 1.5 females to every 1.0 male). […] Delays in diagnosis complicate research into cervical dystonia, and accurate assessment of age of onset can be difficult. […] AOIFD is an autosomal dominant disorder with poor penetrance. […] Studies have suggested various risk factors associated with the development of the different types of AOIFD. […] Pain is a prominent symptom and can affect the majority of patients with CD.

• #17 Adult-Onset Idiopathic Cervical Dystonia – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/neurology/article/adult-onset-idiopathic-cervical-dystonia-j190422/

  Anxiety and/or depression are important features of AOIFD. […] Various cognitive changes have been noted in the AOIFD literature. […] Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is the most effective treatment for focal dystonias. […] Cervical dystonia is a rare, poorly recognised disorder that can have a big impact on patient QoL.

• #18 Cervical Dystonia Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast – 2034

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5523770/cervical-dystonia-market-insight-epidemiology?srsltid=AfmBOorWZwkzt2fWbyPcYlyf_VzOKzeUjRnnuZOjUN4PZ5lpOfahnuvD

  The prevalence of cervical dystonia is projected to increase during the forecast period (2023-2034). This increase is attributed to heightened awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public regarding cervical dystonia, alongside the aging population. […] In the 7MM, the total diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia were estimated to be approximately 106,252 in 2022, of which the US accounted for around 57.40%, while EU4 and the UK accounted for nearly 39.32%, and Japan accounted for approximately 3.27% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases. […] Among the 7MM, the UK accounted for nearly 7.46% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia, with nearly 7,932 cases in 2022. These cases are expected to increase during the study period (2020-2034). […] According to estimates based on the analyst’s epidemiology model, cervical dystonia exhibits a higher female preponderance than males in the US. Of the total diagnosed prevalent cases in the US, nearly 21% were males and 79% were females, in 2022.

• #18 Cervical Dystonia Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast – 2034

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5523770/cervical-dystonia-market-insight-epidemiology?srsltid=AfmBOorWZwkzt2fWbyPcYlyf_VzOKzeUjRnnuZOjUN4PZ5lpOfahnuvD

  As per the analyst’s epidemiology model, in the US, cervical dystonia is classified into torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and anterocollis. In 2022, of the total diagnosed cervical dystonia cases, there were nearly 33,563, 22,015, 2,526, and 2,887 cases of torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and anterocollis, respectively. […] According to estimates, males accounted for nearly 1,623 cases in Japan, while females accounted for around 1,855 cases of cervical dystonia in 2022. These cases are expected to change during the forecast period.

• #19 Cervical Dystonia Market Insight, Epidemiology And Market Forecast – 2034

  https://www.giiresearch.com/report/del1544158-cervical-dystonia-market-insight-epidemiology.html

  The prevalence of cervical dystonia is projected to increase during the forecast period (2023-2034). This increase is attributed to heightened awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public regarding cervical dystonia, alongside the aging population. […] In the 7MM, the total diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia were estimated to be approximately 106,252 in 2022, of which the US accounted for around 57.40%, while EU4 and the UK accounted for nearly 39.32%, and Japan accounted for approximately 3.27% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases. […] According to estimates based on DelveInsight’s epidemiology model, cervical dystonia exhibits a higher female preponderance than males in the US. Of the total diagnosed prevalent cases in the US, nearly 21% were males and 79% were females, in 2022.

• #19 Cervical Dystonia Market Insight, Epidemiology And Market Forecast – 2034

  https://www.giiresearch.com/report/del1544158-cervical-dystonia-market-insight-epidemiology.html

  As per DelveInsight’s epidemiology model, in the US, cervical dystonia is classified into torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and anterocollis. In 2022, of the total diagnosed cervical dystonia cases, there were nearly 33,563, 22,015, 2,526, and 2,887 cases of torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and anterocollis, respectively. […] Among the 7MM, the UK accounted for nearly 7.46% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases of cervical dystonia, with nearly 7,932 cases in 2022. These cases are expected to increase during the study period (2020-2034).

• #20 Evaluation of outcome of different neurosurgical modalities in management of cervical dystonia | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-022-00493-7

  Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia and is managed by multiple modalities including repeated botulinum toxin injections, in addition to medical treatment with anticholinergics, muscle relaxants, and physiotherapy. […] Epidemiological studies have shown the incidence of CD is from 0.8 to 1.2 per 100,000 person-years and was 3.5 times greater for women than for men, and the peak age at onset in the fourth to fifth decade with a mean age of 42 years. […] Therapy for CD is mainly symptomatic. […] Surgery is usually indicated for patients with CD in whom there is a failure of maximal medical management either due to poor response or occurrence of intolerable side effects. […] Cervical dystonia can be effectively treated surgically without major complications. […] Patients that are refractory to conservative medical treatment may be potential surgical candidates.

• #21 Cervical Dystonia | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/cervical-dystonia/

  Adult-onset focal dystonia is the most common form of isolated or idiopathic dystonia with CD being the most frequently documented type of focal dystonia. The reported prevalence of CD varies greatly from 2.3/100,000 to 390/100,000 with the wide ranges most likely explained by the inclusion of generalized dystonia or regional differences. […] Numbers are also likely under-reported due to delayed diagnosis. In focal dystonias, other than focal hand dystonia, females are more affected than males (1.4:1), with males having an earlier age of onset (39.2 vs 42.9 years). Risk factors for primary CD include certain genes (GNAL, THAP1, CIZ1, ANO3) and inherited causes such as DYT23.3.

• #22 Cervical Dystonia |

  https://sydneynorthneurology.com.au/cervical-dystonia/

  Associate Professor Karl Ng has interest in the diagnosis and management of cervical dystonia including the use of medical injectable therapies. […] Approximately nine out of 100,000 people will develop CD, making it the most common focal dystonia. […] The condition is more common in women; the female to male sex ratio is approximately 1.7:1. […] CD most often begins during adulthood, with an average onset age of 42.9 years for women and 39.2 years for men. […] Some 5 to 21% of people with CD experienced trauma or injury to the neck or head before they experienced CD. […] Over 60% of persons with CD will need analgesics to manage the pain associated with the condition. […] CD can be classified as focal or generalised. […] CD is said to be primary when it is not a symptom associated with any other neurological (brain) condition but is a disorder on its own.

• #22 Cervical Dystonia |

  https://sydneynorthneurology.com.au/cervical-dystonia/

  The cause of primary CD is still largely unknown. […] CD is said to be secondary when it is caused by other neurological conditions. […] The first step a doctor will take to diagnose CD is to obtain a detailed medical history, including any past trauma or injury and any balance issues. […] Around 10% of people will experience pain in the craniocervical region before the onset of dystonia symptoms. […] Once symptoms of CD begin, they will usually worsen for an average of 5 years before plateauing. […] Up to 75% of people with CD will at some stage experience widespread pain over the neck and shoulders. […] Early treatment is recommended, even with mild CD, as this may help prevent progression of the disorder. […] Treatments for CD include an injectable muscle relaxant (which cannot be named here), oral medications, physical therapies, selective peripheral denervation, deep brain stimulation and social and supportive intervention.

• #23 Journal of Movement Disorders

  https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/Table.php?xn=jmd-5-1-9-3.xml&id=

  In China only one epidemiological study of dystonia has been conducted. In 1985, Li et al. reported two patients with cervical dystonia in a door to door survey of over 60000 patients. […] The present study covers a region of East China which is an important transportation and economic center. […] Although most of the centers with movement disorder clinics that provide botulinum toxin treatment in East China participated in this study, the patients with dystonia we collected were only one part of latent patients. […] At present, the proportion of misdiagnoses of patients with primary dystonia remains high. […] In our study, the proportion of misdiagnosis is 42.26%. […] The major limitation of our study is the method of case enrollment because we relied on the clinical recognition and treatment of dystonia.

• #23 Journal of Movement Disorders

  https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/Table.php?xn=jmd-5-1-9-3.xml&id=

  Primary focal or segmental dystonia is a rare clinical condition. The clinical features of dystonia have not been evaluated in China. We performed a study to investigate the epidemiology of primary dystonia and its clinical variants in an adult population. […] The most common focal dystonia were blepharospasm (59%), cervical dystonia (35%), limb dystonia (3%), oromandibular dystonia (2%) and laryngeal dystonia (1%). […] The epidemiological features of dystonia in East China we collected were similar to the report in Japan which contrasts partly with that reported in Europe. […] Because dystonia is considered rare and associated with a low morbidity and is generally non-fatal, there have been only a few studies investigating the epidemiology of dystonia. […] It is our clinical observation that blepharospasm accounts for the highest proportion of primary focal dystonia seen in China, which is similar to that reported in Japan but is quite different from the reports in western countries where cervical dystonia is more common.

• #24 How MYOBLOC Helps Treat Cervical Dystonia

  https://www.myoblochcp.com/for-cervical-dystonia

  The average time from symptom onset to diagnosis1 […] Many patients with cervical dystonia suffer a delayed diagnosis. Patients see ~3 providers before being correctly diagnosed1. More common conditions are often suspected or diagnosed instead of cervical dystonia, at least initially4. Cervical dystonia may lead to functional disability7, occupational disability7, social isolation7,8, depression7,8. Up to 75% of patients with cervical dystonia suffer from neck pain.9. Quality of life scores have been reported to be comparable to those in Parkinson’s disease and stroke.8. MYOBLOC has been evaluated in clinical studies for a range of adult patients with cervical dystonia. Significant clinical efficacy in both Toxin A-responsive and -resistant cervical dystonia10-12. TWSTRS is an assessment scale used to measure the impact of cervical dystonia on patients. It is frequently used in clinical trials for cervical dystonia, including trials for MYOBLOC.

• #25 Botulinum Toxin Clinic-Based Epidemiologic Survey of Adults with Primary Dystonia in East China

  https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?number=11

  This finding contrasts with studies reported from Europe where the most common type of dystonia was cervical dystonia. […] The reason for these variations of patterns in different populations is difficult to explain, but may be due to either genetic or environmental factors. […] The present study covers a region of East China which is an important transportation and economic center. […] Although most of the centers with movement disorder clinics that provide botulinum toxin treatment in East China participated in this study, the patients with dystonia we collected were only one part of latent patients. […] At present, the proportion of misdiagnoses of patients with primary dystonia remains high. […] The high rate of misdiagnosis or nondiagnosis increases the difficulty of prevalence estimate.

• #25 Botulinum Toxin Clinic-Based Epidemiologic Survey of Adults with Primary Dystonia in East China

  https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?number=11

  Primary focal or segmental dystonia is a rare clinical condition. […] We performed a study to investigate the epidemiology of primary dystonia and its clinical variants in an adult population. […] The most common focal dystonia were blepharospasm (59%), cervical dystonia (35%), limb dystonia (3%), oromandibular dystonia (2%) and laryngeal dystonia (1%). […] A female predominance was noted for most of the primary dystonias with a male to female ratio (M : F) ranging from 1 : 1.48 to 1 : 3. […] The epidemiological features of dystonia in East China we collected were similar to the report in Japan which contrasts partly with that reported in Europe. […] In China only one epidemiological study of dystonia has been conducted. […] In the present study 523 cases of primary dystonia were found in a review of six centers and clinical characteristics were recorded.

• #26

  https://journals.lww.com/aomd/fulltext/2018/01010/clinical_spectrum_of_dystonia_in_a_tertiary_care.8.aspx

  Focal or segmental isolated dystonia with onset in adulthood was the most common phenotype. […] Among focal dystonias, majority were brachial (65.8%), followed by cranial (27.1%) and cervical (15.7%). […] Cranial dystonias such as blepharospasm and cervical dystonia are the most common types of focal dystonia reported in series from the West and other Asian countries. […] Not much is known about the epidemiology of dystonia in India. […] In a community survey conducted in eastern India, the crude prevalence rate of dystonia was 43.9/100,000 of the population. […] The most common distribution was focal (55.1%), followed by segmental (33.9%), multifocal (7.1%), and generalized (3.93%). […] Among patients with isolated dystonia, 22.8% had early onset (20 years). […] Among focal dystonias, majority were brachial (65.8%), followed by cranial (27.1%) and cervical (15.7%).

• #27 Epidemiology of dystonia, chorea, and athetosis in Al Quseir City (Red Sea Governorate), Egypt | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-019-0109-4

  Thirteen cases with dystonia, 7 cases with chorea and 5 cases with athetosis were found with prevalence rates of 39/100,000, 21/100,000, and 15/100,000 respectively. […] Prevalence rates of dystonia, chorea, and athetosis in Al Quseir City are higher than those of the worldwide. This may be attributed to some specific environmental factors of this locality. […] The prevalence of dystonia in this study is 39/100,000 while the result reported by El-Tallawy and his colleagues in Al Kharga District, Egypt, was (30.36/100,000). […] In our study, the most common focal dystonias were blepharospasm (56.4%), cervical dystonia (36.7%), limb dystonia (3.4%), oromandibular dystonia (2.9%) and laryngeal dystonia (0.6%). […] Moreover, the prevalence of primary dystonia (9/100,000) is consistent with the results reported by Kandil who reported a prevalence of primary dystonia of 10/100,000 in Egypt. […] In our study, seven patients of chorea were identified with total prevalence of 21/100,000. […] In this study, the prevalence of Athetosis was 15/100,000.

• #28 Cervical Dystonia Market Analysis, Epidemiology, Trends

  https://www.openpr.com/news/3101993/cervical-dystonia-market-analysis-epidemiology-trends

  Cervical Dystonia Market Analysis, Epidemiology, Trends […] IMARC Group has recently released a report titled „Cervical Dystonia Market: Analysis of Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Size, Share, and Future Forecast (2023-2033)” that presents a comprehensive assessment of the cervical dystonia market. […] Cervical dystonia, which is also known as spasmodic torticollis, is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary muscle contractions in the neck, resulting in aberrant postures and movements of the neck and head. […] The elevating prevalence of neurological disorders, which cause abnormalities in the basal ganglia or other brain areas that control body movement, is primarily augmenting the cervical dystonia market. […] Additionally, the rising incidence of numerous risk factors, including a family history of dystonia, genetic mutations, advancing age, head or neck trauma, etc., is further propelling the market growth. […] The report on cervical dystonia market presents a comprehensive overview and analysis of the epidemiology and market for this condition in the seven major markets (7MM): the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, France, Italy, UK), and Japan. […] The cervical dystonia market report covers historical and forecasted market data, including epidemiology scenario, providing a reliable and informative resource for developing effective business strategies in 7MM.

• #29 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Dystonia: Current and Emerging Approaches

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/753547

  Cervical dystonia (CD) is a potentially disabling movement disorder associated with abnormal head posture and pain, for which diagnosis is commonly either missed or delayed. Familial studies of focal dystonia have demonstrated that up to 25% of CD patients have relatives that are affected by CD but have never been diagnosed. The prevalence of CD is difficult to ascertain, and estimates range from 0.006% to 0.28%, with women more commonly affected than men. […] CD negatively impacts quality of life and can cause profound disability and pain in patients. General disability is more common in CD than in other focal dystonias. Pain has been reported in 68% to 75% of patients with CD. CD has also been shown to have a substantial negative impact on quality of life that is comparable to that of Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke.

• #30

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00702-023-02736-0

  Idiopathic cervical dystonia (ICD) is by far the largest subgroup of dystonia. Still, its natural course is largely unknown. We studied the natural course of 100 ICD patients from our botulinum toxin clinics (age at ICD onset 45.813.5 years, female/male ratio 2.0) over a period of 17.511.5 years with follow-ups during botulinum toxin therapy and with semi-structured interviews. Two courses of ICD could be distinguished by symptom development of more or less than 6 months. ICD-type 2 was less frequent (19% vs 81%, p0.001), had a more rapid onset (8.78.0 weeks vs 3.83.5 years), a higher remission rate (92% vs 5%, p0.001) and a higher prevalence of excessive psychological stress preceding ICD (63% vs 1%, p0.001). In both ICD-types, the plateau phase was non-progressive. Significant differences in patient age at ICD onset, latency and extent of remission, female/male ratio and prevalence of family history of dystonia could not be detected. ICD is a non-progressive disorder. ICD-type 1 represents the standard course. ICD-type 2 features rapid onset, preceding excessive psychological stress and a high remission rate. These findings will improve prognosis, treatment strategies and understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. They contradict the widespread fear of patients of a constant and continued decline of their condition. Excessive psychological stress may be an epigenetic factor triggering the manifestation of genetically predetermined dystonia.

• #30

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00702-023-02736-0

  This study wants to describe the natural course of ICD. Results presented here will considerably change the conventional perception of ICD being a progressive disorder. […] The natural course of ICD can be divided into two distinct types with the very different features shown in Table 2. […] The natural course of cervical dystonia-type 1 as reconstructed from data from 81 patients. […] The natural course of idiopathic cervical dystonia type 2 in each individual patient. […] Our data clearly show, that both ICD-types are non-progressive. For patient counselling, we assume no major further deterioration, once ICD has been stable for two or three years. This is important information for patients, as most of them intuitively assume a chronic progressive course similar to other neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer disease.

• #31

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-oct/movement-disorders-moment-treatment-approaches-to-cervical-dystonia

  Cervical dystonia (CD) is more common in women than men, with a prevalence of 5 to 20 per 100,000 individuals. […] In a large survey of people with CD, 66% of patients reported feeling a significant amount of pain. […] The diagnosis of CD is difficult to make, and people may be seen by multiple providers before being referred to a movement disorder specialist. […] Botulinum neurotoxins are the only treatment for CD approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are the treatment of choice. […] Approximately 50%-90% of patients experience improvements in dystonic symptoms and dystonia-related pain with botulinum toxin. […] A systematic review showed mean change from baseline to week 2 to 4 was 0.83 TWSTRS units higher with botulinum toxin B compared with botulinum toxin A group.

• #32 Impairment of sleep homeostasis in cervical dystonia patients | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10802-y

  Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most prevalent form of focal dystonia, characterized by involuntary contractions of cervical muscles resulting in abnormal postures and repetitive movements of the head and neck. […] To date, only a few studies have addressed sleep in CD patients, showing a reduced sleep quality compared to control subjects. […] We explored sleep in a group of CD patients before and after the motor benefit of BoNT injection. […] We found that CD patients at Tpre-BoNT injection manifested a pathological sustained content of SWA throughout the night. […] Remarkably, at BoNT maximal clinical efficacy (Tpost-BoNT), CD patients restored the physiological decrease of SWA throughout the night, associated to a considerable change in the SWA amount in the first part of the night. […] In conclusion, we highlighted a pathophysiological relationship between sleep and CD and provided further evidence of a central effect of BoNT.

• #33 Cervical Dystonia – American Head & Neck Society

  https://www.ahns.info/survivorship_intro/cervicaldystonia/

  Studies have shown cervical dystonia can occur in up to 20% of head and neck cancer patients. […] Cervical dystonia is usually diagnosed as a tightness of the neck muscles during surveillance visits with your multidisciplinary head and neck cancer team. […] Progression of the scar can be prevented by early intervention.

• #34 Tardive Dystonia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287230-overview

  The prevalence of tardive dystonia is 0.521.6% of patients who are treated with antipsychotic medications, with most on the lower end of that range. This condition undoubtedly is less common than oral-buccal-lingual tardive dyskinesia. In a survey of 555 psychiatric patients, Yassa et al found a prevalence rate of 34% for oral tardive dyskinesia and only 1.4% for tardive dystonia. […] Similarly, Friedman et al found a prevalence rate of only 1.5% among 352 hospitalized psychiatric patients. […] One study by Sethi et al indicated a prevalence rate of 21% for tardive dystonia among veterans who were institutionalized long-term. However, most of these cases were mild; only 20% were symptomatic. […] Tardive dystonia appears to occur in all ethnic and racial groups in which it has been studied. However, no large-scale prevalence studies have been done to determine its specific prevalence in each group.

• #34 Tardive Dystonia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287230-overview

  The literature shows a higher prevalence in men than in women. […] In 1982, Burke et al reported a 1.6:1 male-to-female preponderance ratio. In a follow-up of 107 patients, 16 of whom had been previously followed by Burke, the ratio was 1.14:1. […] Friedman et al and Yassa et al conducted studies of two unselected psychiatric populations, the results of which supported a male-to-female predominance ratio of 4:1 and 3:1, respectively. […] Although no large unselected population study exists, tardive dystonia appears to have an earlier mean age of onset than other related dystonic conditions. […] In the study by Yassa et al, tardive dystonia had a mean age of onset of 40.5 years. […] In a study by Kiriakakis et al of 107 patients with tardive dystonia, the mean age of onset was 38.3 +/- 13.7 years, with males having a younger age of onset then females (but with males having also started antipsychotics earlier). […] It was also noted that the younger a patient’s antipsychotic exposure, the shorter the interval before developing tardive dystonia.

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