Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cervical Dystonia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25228-cervical-dystonia

  Theres no known way to prevent cervical dystonia. […] Cervical dystonia is a lifelong condition, but it doesnt affect your life expectancy. The condition may progressively worsen over time or your symptoms may plateau (reach a point where they dont change). […] With treatment, you and your healthcare provider can manage your symptoms so you can get back to the activities you enjoy without discomfort. […] No. Theres no cure for cervical dystonia. Botox, a brand of botulinum toxin, can temporarily treat the symptoms of cervical dystonia, but it isnt a cure.

• #1 Dystonia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6006-dystonia

  Dystonia happens unpredictably, so you cant prevent it. You also cant reduce the risk of developing primary dystonia. Thats because you either inherit it or develop it for unknown reasons. […] However, some causes of secondary dystonia are preventable, or you can reduce your risk of developing them. The things you can do include: Eat a balanced diet and maintain a healthy weight. Many conditions related to your circulatory and heart health, especially stroke, can damage areas of your brain, causing dystonia. Preventing, delaying or reducing the severity of these conditions can have a big effect on whether or not you develop dystonia. […] Dont ignore infections. Eye and ear infections need fast treatment. When these infections spread to your brain, they become a serious threat. Infections can cause brain inflammation (encephalitis) that can lead to dystonia.

• #1 Physical Therapy for Cervical Dystonia | BenchMark Physical Therapy

  https://www.benchmarkpt.com/blog/physical-therapy-for-cervical-dystonia/

  Early intervention is essential to manage cervical dystonia symptoms more effectively and prevent the condition from worsening. […] Physical therapy plays a crucial role in treating cervical dystonia by targeting the affected muscles to improve muscle strength, flexibility, and correct posture. […] Physical therapy for cervical dystonia can include: […] Physical therapy treatment plans are customized to each patients unique symptoms and individual needs. […] However, maintaining these gains is crucial because this condition is not curable. Ongoing maintenance therapy is essential in preventing flare-ups and sustaining progress. […] Cervical dystonia pain relief and symptom management requires a holistic approach that combines physical therapy with other treatment methods, including medication, deep brain stimulation, and Botulinum toxin (Botox) injections. […] If you suspect you have cervical dystonia, its important to seek professional help to confirm the diagnosis and explore treatment options, with physical therapy being a valuable part of your care plan.

• #1 What Is Cervical Dystonia? – Cervical Dystonia Treatment | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/cervical-dystonia/

  Cervical dystonia can’t be prevented or avoided. […] Cervical dystonia is a lifelong disorder. There is no cure. However, it doesn’t lower your expected life span. Some people may experience lengths of time without any symptoms. That means they’re in remission. If your cervical dystonia causes you pain, work with your doctor to help control it. […] Try to minimize stress in your life. Even though stress doesn’t cause dystonia, your symptoms may be worse when you’re feeling stressed.

• #1 Patient considerations in the treatment of cervical dystonia: focus on botulinum toxin type A

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4459632/

  Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia characterized by involuntary muscle contractions causing abnormal movements and posturing of the head and neck and is associated with significant pain. […] Botulinum toxin is considered first-line therapy in the treatment of pain and abnormal head posturing associated with cervical dystonia. […] Intramuscular injections of BoNT into involved dystonic muscles is effective in alleviating symptoms of CD and is considered first-line treatment. […] Several studies have confirmed the long-term efficacy and safety of BoNT use for dystonia. […] A multimodal physiotherapy program can consist of active exercises, stretching, massage, relaxation, active and passive mobilization of the cervical spine, EMG biofeedback, or electrical stimulation of antagonist muscles.

• #1 Cervical Dystonia | BOTOX ONE® | BOTOX® (onabotulinumtoxinA)

  https://www.botoxone.com/cervical-dystonia

  BOTOX is indicated for the treatment of adults with cervical dystonia to reduce the severity of abnormal head position and neck pain associated with cervical dystonia. […] BOTOX (onabotulinumtoxinA) for injection is indicated for the treatment of adults with cervical dystonia to reduce the severity of abnormal head position and neck pain associated with cervical dystonia. […] After over 20 years, BOTOX is still your trusted treatment for Cervical Dystonia. […] BOTOX has been a proven treatment for Cervical Dystonia for over 20 years. […] BOTOX is approved to treat the 8 muscles primarily involved in Cervical Dystonia.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/07011/treatment_of_cervical_dystonia_with_botox.6.aspx

  OnabotulinumtoxinA was approved in the US in 2000 for the treatment of CD to decrease the severity of neck pain and abnormal head position in adult patients. […] Following the introduction of Botox, people realized that it had a more favorable risk-benefit profile and gradually moved away from therapies such as surgery and phenol, which have the potential for permanent adverse events. […] Botox not only has dramatically changed the quality of life of patients with CD but has favorably altered the natural history of the condition by preventing the development of contractures. […] The availability of onabotulinumtoxinA resulted in more CD patients seeking treatment. […] Since there was no effective treatment available for CD before the introduction of Botox, patients generally did not seek medical advice since they were frequently given wrong diagnoses, mostly pertaining to those with psychogenic origin. The incidence of CD was extremely low during those days because of lack of awareness. Since the approval of Botox in the treatment of CD, the reported incidence increased significantly because more patients are learning about an effective treatment for the condition.

• #1 Impact of Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Pain in Cervical Dystonia | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.867

  Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most common form of focal dystonia in adults. Studies show that physiotherapy (PT) in combination with BoNT has an effect on pain in cervical dystonia. […] Physiotherapy could therefore be a valuable treatment option for patients with CD and pain. […] Our uncontrolled study illustrates the high frequency of physiotherapy in addition to BoNT treatment in a real-life cohort of patients with cervical dystonia. We were able to show that PT reduces patients perceived pain in a patient reported outcome measure. This highlights the importance of PT in reducing CD-related pain, which considerably impairs quality of life. […] In our cohort 53.8 % of the patients received concomitant PT. According to the documentation of the treating physiotherapists, 60.4 % of patients obtained PT with a focus on dystonia specific symptoms, while 39.6 % took advantage of general PT with no special focus on CD.

• #1 A Neurological Physical Therapist’s Guide to Treating Cervical Dystoni

  https://www.reactivept.com/single-post/2019/03/16/a-neurological-physical-therapists-guide-to-treating-cervical-dystonia

  A holistic and team-based approach is essential for success in the treatment of CD. […] First, it is super important to note that treatment in dystonia is not done in a PT bubbleit is necessary to have a holistic team approach! […] Exploring everyday healthy behaviors that help decrease the over excitation in the nervous system such as mindfulness, getting 8 hours of sleep, eating healthy well-rounded meals at least 3x/day and having 3-5x/week of regular fitness activities are also essential components of the approach. […] A multi-disciplinary an holistic approach […] Treat underlying factors.

• #1 Pain and Quality of Life in the Treatment of Cervical Dystonia – touchNEUROLOGY

  https://touchneurology.com/movement-disorders/journal-articles/pain-and-quality-of-life-in-the-treatment-of-cervical-dystonia/

  Cervical dystonia (CD) is a chronic movement disorder characterised by abnormal postures of the neck. […] The management of CD should incorporate problems such as pain, depression and anxiety in order to achieve a significant decrease in the burden of disease. […] The presence of pain in CD is frequent and constitutes a distinctive feature not usually present in other focal dystonias. […] Pain was associated with more prolonged and/or severe head turning along with the presence of transient spasms of the head. […] The main determinants for a poor QoL are depression, anxiety and pain. […] Although there are no specific trials that have evaluated the effect of pharmacological, surgical or physical treatments on pain or QoL as primary outcomes, the best data available suggest that all interventions that have improved dystonia have also alleviated pain and improved QoL domains.

• #1 New Treatment for Cervical Dystonia: A New Approach in Neuroplastic Training – Dystonia Recovery Program

  https://dystoniarecoveryprogram.com/new-treatment-for-cervical-dystonia/

  Cervical dystonia, a complex neurological disorder characterised by involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures, has traditionally been challenging to treat. […] Dr. Farias has introduced a different approach. His method, known as Neuroplastic Training and Neuroplastic Movement Therapy, explores the brains capacity for neuroplasticity, offering a novel perspective on addressing the underlying mechanisms of dystonia. […] Dr. Farias method originated from observing that some patients with dystonia experience occasional, unanticipated moments of normal movement. […] His Neuroplastic Training aims to facilitate this reorganisation process through targeted brain exercises, sensory stimulation, and specific physical therapy treatments designed for Dystonia. […] Dr. Farias approach focuses on retraining the brain to remember and reinstate proper movement patterns.

• #1 New Treatment for Cervical Dystonia: A New Approach in Neuroplastic Training – Dystonia Recovery Program

  https://dystoniarecoveryprogram.com/new-treatment-for-cervical-dystonia/

  The therapy involves exercises that encourage the brain to replace faulty movement patterns with functional ones, thus promoting recovery of motor function. […] A significant aspect of Dr. Farias work involves identifying and managing the involuntary muscle tensions that contribute to dystonia. […] By analysing and addressing these responses, the therapy aims to alleviate the underlying causes of dystonia. […] This optimisation of cortical and cerebellar function corresponds with a marked reduction in dystonia symptoms, such as decreased spasms and improved posture. […] Dr. Farias incorporates techniques such as rhythmic sensory stimulation to promote neuroplastic changes in the brain. […] His therapy, therefore, focuses on restoring coordination by addressing this confusion. […] By addressing disruptions in these areas, the therapy aims to improve movement patterns over time.

• #1 New Treatment for Cervical Dystonia: A New Approach in Neuroplastic Training – Dystonia Recovery Program

  https://dystoniarecoveryprogram.com/new-treatment-for-cervical-dystonia/

  Dr. Farias Neuroplastic Training and Neuroplastic Movement Therapy offer a new perspective on the treatment of cervical dystonia. […] This approach focuses on the brains natural ability to adapt and reorganise, aiming to address the underlying causes of dystonia rather than merely managing symptoms. […] initial results, including findings from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), suggest that this approach may offer benefits to patients and could be considered as a complementary treatment in conjunction with conventional therapies.

• #1 Vibro-Tactile Stimulation to Treat Cervical Dystonia | Human Sensorimotor Control Lab

  https://hsc.umn.edu/vibro-tactile-stimulation-topic/vibro-tactile-stimulation

  Cervical Dystonia (CD) is a neurological movement disorder that is characterized by abnormal head movements or postures caused by involuntary contractions of neck muscles. There is no cure for CD. Current treatment opportunities for CD are limited and consist mainly of injections of Botulinum toxin (Botox) a neurotoxin injected in the dystonic muscles. […] The aim of this project is to explore vibro-tactile stimulation of neck muscles as a non-invasive, non-pharmacological treatment method for individuals with CD, who do not tolerate the Botox or who want to seek an adjuvant method after injection of the Botox. […] We are currently conducting a larger multi-center clinical trial to determine the effects of VTS on alleviating abnormal cervical muscle contractions in patients with CD. […] Electrophysiological data from target muscles and movement-related data from the head and neck will be recorded to evaluate the severity of dystonic symptoms and if and to what extent cervical VTS reduces dystonic neck symptoms. […] Results from our multi-center clinical trial indicate that cervical VTS can reduce neck pain that is associated with CD.

• #1 Neck Dystonia: Focused Ultrasound Clinical Trial Results – Focused Ultrasound Foundation

  https://www.fusfoundation.org/posts/neck-dystonia-focused-ultrasound-clinical-trial-results/

  Data from a 10-patient pilot clinical trial using focused ultrasound to treat cervical dystonia were recently published. […] The authors concluded that focused ultrasound pallidothalamic tractotomy may be an effective treatment option for patients with cervical dystonia. […] This is the first clinical trial of focused ultrasound surgery for cervical dystonia, said Dr. Horisawa. […] The Foundation funded this clinical trial, the first in the world use of focused ultrasound for treating cervical dystonia.

• #1 Cervical dystonia: effectiveness of a standardized physical therapy program; study design and protocol of a single blind randomized controlled trial | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-13-85

  Cervical dystonia is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions of the neck and abnormal head positions that affect daily life activities and social life of patients. Patients are usually treated with botulinum toxin injections into affected neck muscles to relief pain and improve control of head postures. In addition, many patients are referred for physical therapy to improve their ability to perform activities of daily living. A recent review on allied health interventions in cervical dystonia showed a lack of randomized controlled intervention studies regarding the effectiveness of physical therapy interventions. […] The (cost-) effectiveness of a standardized physical therapy program compared to regular physical therapy, both as add-on treatment to botulinum toxin injections will be determined in a multi-centre, single blinded randomized controlled trial with 100 cervical dystonia patients.

• #1 Cervical dystonia: effectiveness of a standardized physical therapy program; study design and protocol of a single blind randomized controlled trial | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-13-85

  Our study will provide new evidence regarding the (cost-) effectiveness of a standardized, tailored physical therapy program for patients with cervical dystonia. It is widely felt that allied health interventions, including physical therapy, may offer a valuable supplement to the current therapeutic options. A positive outcome will lead to a greater use of the standardized physical therapy program. For the Dutch situation a positive outcome implies that the standardized physical therapy program forms the basis for a national treatment guideline for cervical dystonia. […] In addition to BTX treatment, many CD patients in the Netherlands are referred for physical therapy (PT). However, due to the rarity of CD, experience among Dutch PTs is lacking. […] Although the results of these PT treatments were positive, it is difficult to implement them to current regular care of chronic diseases provided by physiotherapists and exercise therapists.

• #1 Cervical dystonia: effectiveness of a standardized physical therapy program; study design and protocol of a single blind randomized controlled trial | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-13-85

  The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the standardized PT program on improving the ability to perform daily life activities in CD patients compared to usual PT that is given in Dutch private practices. […] A positive outcome of this study will lead to the development of a national treatment guideline which will be implemented via the Dutch DystonieNet. […] In our study we aim to fill the gap in evidence based medicine to treat CD patients with PT by performing a large RCT towards the (cost) effectiveness of a standardized, tailored PT program. […] Another goal of the standardized treatment program is to make patients less dependent of healthcare providers and to decrease the healthcare costs for this patient group. […] In the case of a positive outcome of this study, the standardized PT program will be used as a basis for a national treatment guideline which will be implemented via the Dutch DystonieNet.

• #1 Cervical Dystonia Treatment in Germany – Best Hospitals, Doctors, Prices – Booking Health

  https://bookinghealth.com/disease/cervical-dystonia/germany

  The European Federation of Neurological Societies recommends botulinum toxin therapy as a first-line treatment. Patients receive injections 3-4 times a year. […] Non-pharmacological rehabilitation methods help to better control symptoms. They provide not only short-term but also long-term results. […] In Germany, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used for surgical treatment. A patient undergoes a non-traumatic intervention under general anesthesia, during which electrodes are placed through a small opening in the skull to stimulate the internal segment of the globus pallidus. […] Deep brain stimulation relieves symptoms, improves quality of life, and allows a person to work and return to social life. A patient has a decreased need for other treatments. The operation to implant electrodes in modern Neurosurgery Centers in Germany is safe and does not require any long recovery.

• #1 Pain Reduction in Cervical Dystonia Following Treatment with IncobotulinumtoxinA: A Pooled Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/5/333

  Effective pain control in CD is important to prevent the development of chronic pain. […] Our results showed a reduction in pain severity after treatment with incoBoNT-A. […] The observed reduction in pain severity was sustained over repeated injections of incoBoNT-A and there was a trend over the five treatment cycles towards incremental pain reduction/relief. […] Importantly, we found that 10.3% of patients with pain at baseline were pain-free at Week 4 after the first incoBoNT-A injection, and the proportion of patients who experienced complete pain relief increased over each subsequent injection cycle to 16.8% at the 5th injection cycle. […] Our results provide further evidence to support the long-term use of incoBoNT-A for pain relief in patients with CD.

• #1 Effective Exercises for Cervical Dystonia Management

  https://lonestarneurology.net/blog/cervical-dystonia-exercises/

  Exercise is one of these therapies. Physical therapy for spasmodic torticollis can assist increase muscle power and coordination. It can help lessen the symptoms of dystonia. […] The uncomplicated form of spastic torticollis requires treatment combined with preventive measures. It is necessary to ensure that the neck muscles are not overstretched. […] It is vital to build a strategy for exercising with cervical dystonia. Here are some tips to help you do this: Set aside time each day to do torticollis neck exercises. Do them in the morning and evening or at least once a day. […] Your doctor may recommend physical therapists or other health care providers. They can give advice and support on exercises for torticollis. […] For best results, it is crucial to follow an exercise regimen. If your neck is still stiff and sore, seek professional help. […] Regular physical therapy for spastic torticollis can help reduce pain. You can improve mobility in your neck, shoulders, and back. With time and diligence, you can manage your symptoms more effectively.

• #1 Physical Therapy for Cervical Dystonia – Focus Physical Therapy

  https://focusptbend.com/spotlight/dystoniaexercises/

  Two very important foundational goals with therapy are to improve body posture awareness and control. Changes with therapy are likely to be slow, and clients are advised to approach treatment and exercise with patience. One benefit of therapy is a reduction in muscle and joint pain from extreme postures and stresses by increasing supportive strength and blood flow. […] Use tools to provide feedback on body position and posture including mirrors, feedback from others (spouses for example), foam rollers and body awareness exercises. […] Practice good posture more easily by sitting on firm chairs and making sure you are in good posture when watching TV, on the computer, driving, sleeping and at work. […] Stay active or develop a regular exercise program – symmetrical movements such as swimming, cycling, walking/jogging are all excellent – a strong body fights stress more effectively.

• #1 Physical Therapy for Cervical Dystonia – Focus Physical Therapy

  https://focusptbend.com/spotlight/dystoniaexercises/

  Come up with a stress reduction plan and practice stress reduction techniques – This can include stress reduction/relaxation techniques such as breathing exercises, visualization and progressive muscle relaxation to stress reducing activities including Tai Chi, Feldenkrais and Yoga. Make meditation a part of these activities and practice them daily. […] Weight training and specific rehab exercises targeting weak muscle groups and patterns should be incorporated into a daily routine. […] If performed slowly with body awareness and without strain, you can use movements and exercises to retrain your nervous system to control movement more symmetrically and with less force.

• #1 Dystonia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/dystonia-causes-types-symptoms-and-treatments

  Cervical dystonia is the most common type and typically happens in middle age, although anyone can get it. Cervical dystonia affects your neck muscles, causing your head to twist and turn or be pulled backward or forward. […] Dystonia can’t be prevented, and there isn’t any way to slow its progress. But there are treatments that may lessen your symptoms. Your doctor can suggest one or more treatments based on the type of dystonia you have. […] If medications don’t relieve your symptoms, or if they cause too many side effects, your doctor might suggest surgery. […] Your doctor might also suggest speech therapy, physical therapy, and stress management to treat your symptoms of dystonia. […] Alternative and complementary therapies won’t cure dystonia, but they may help with your treatment. Check with your doctor to make sure any treatments are OK for you before trying them.

• #2 Cervical dystonia: Treatment and prognosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cervical-dystonia-treatment-and-prognosis

  Cervical dystonia, also known as spasmodic torticollis or simply torticollis, is one of the most common adult-onset focal dystonias. It is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that manifests with varying degrees of abnormal neck posturing, neck tremor, and/or neck pain. Although generally benign, cervical dystonia can lead to significant disability if untreated, and it is often underrecognized and misdiagnosed. […] The treatment of choice for cervical dystonia is botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections, which are administered into target neck muscles to cause selective denervation and relaxation of the abnormal neck posture. Oral medications are useful adjuncts in some patients, but side effects are often limiting and antidystonia effects are relatively modest. Surgical therapy with deep brain stimulation (DBS) is available for refractory cases.

• #2 What Is Cervical Dystonia? – Cervical Dystonia Treatment | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/cervical-dystonia/

  Cervical dystonia can’t be prevented or avoided. […] Cervical dystonia is a lifelong disorder. There is no cure. However, it doesn’t lower your expected life span. Some people may experience lengths of time without any symptoms. That means they’re in remission. If your cervical dystonia causes you pain, work with your doctor to help control it. […] Try to minimize stress in your life. Even though stress doesn’t cause dystonia, your symptoms may be worse when you’re feeling stressed.

• #2 Dystonia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6006-dystonia

  Wear safety equipment. Traumatic brain injuries can damage your brain and cause dystonia. That makes safety equipment essential in reducing your risk of developing this condition. […] Manage your health conditions. Chronic conditions cause or contribute to other conditions that lead to dystonia. That includes conditions like Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, epilepsy and others.

• #2 Cervical Dystonia – American Head & Neck Society

  https://www.ahns.info/survivorship_intro/cervicaldystonia/

  Cervical dystonia is usually diagnosed as a tightness of the neck muscles during surveillance visits with your multidisciplinary head and neck cancer team. […] Treatment for cervical dystonia is focused on release of myofascial scar bands with restoration of range of motion. Such treatment requires the input of a multidisciplinary group of specialists, which may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology. […] Progression of the scar can be prevented by early intervention. Proactive neck and shoulder exercises can maintain flexibility of the muscles and prevent significant scarring.

• #2 Treatment Options for Cervical Dystonia – Associates in Neurology

  https://www.ainpc.com/2021/09/24/treatment-options-for-cervical-dystonia/

  Cervical dystonia, also known as spasmodic torticollis, is a rare disorder that usually affects middle-aged individuals, particularly women. The condition causes the neck muscles to involuntarily contract and the head to uncontrollably tilt either backward or forward. […] There is currently no known cure for cervical dystonia; the goal of the treatment is just to mitigate its symptoms, decrease functional disability, and improve quality of life. […] Your doctor may recommend physical therapy, which has shown to be significantly beneficial for your condition. Your physical therapy program could include the following techniques and modalities: […] Stress reduction plan (breathing exercises, meditation, etc.) – This helps prevent flare-ups. […] If conservative interventions fail to manage your symptoms, your doctor may recommend surgery, which could be any of the following: […] Selective denervation- This involves severing the nerves that carry the contraction signals to the dystonic muscles.

• #2 Patient considerations in the treatment of cervical dystonia: focus on botulinum toxin type A

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4459632/

  BoNT is considered the treatment of choice for CD. […] Future studies are needed to establish dosing equivalency, duration of effect, and cost comparisons among the various formulations of BoNT type A. […] Accessibility to BoNT treatment is essential to CD patients when the diagnosis is made, since most patients have been dealing with symptoms for over 3 years before being diagnosed.

• #2 Cervical Dystonia | BOTOX ONE® | BOTOX® (onabotulinumtoxinA)

  https://www.botoxone.com/cervical-dystonia

  BOTOX is indicated for the treatment of adults with cervical dystonia to reduce the severity of abnormal head position and neck pain associated with cervical dystonia. […] BOTOX (onabotulinumtoxinA) for injection is indicated for the treatment of adults with cervical dystonia to reduce the severity of abnormal head position and neck pain associated with cervical dystonia. […] After over 20 years, BOTOX is still your trusted treatment for Cervical Dystonia. […] BOTOX has been a proven treatment for Cervical Dystonia for over 20 years. […] BOTOX is approved to treat the 8 muscles primarily involved in Cervical Dystonia.

• #2 Treatment of Cervical Dystonia | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-97897-0_46

  Cervical dystonia is a focal dystonia that results in abnormal postures of the head, neck, and shoulders. The treatment of cervical dystonia includes rehabilitation, medications, botulinum toxin injections, and surgery. Among these, chemodenervation with botulinum toxin is considered the treatment of choice. Approximately 70% of patients with CD will benefit from this therapy. […] Rehabilitation is viewed as an adjunct therapy and may be important for maintaining range of motion.

• #2 Patient considerations in the treatment of cervical dystonia: focus on botulinum toxin type A

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4459632/

  Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia characterized by involuntary muscle contractions causing abnormal movements and posturing of the head and neck and is associated with significant pain. […] Botulinum toxin is considered first-line therapy in the treatment of pain and abnormal head posturing associated with cervical dystonia. […] Intramuscular injections of BoNT into involved dystonic muscles is effective in alleviating symptoms of CD and is considered first-line treatment. […] Several studies have confirmed the long-term efficacy and safety of BoNT use for dystonia. […] A multimodal physiotherapy program can consist of active exercises, stretching, massage, relaxation, active and passive mobilization of the cervical spine, EMG biofeedback, or electrical stimulation of antagonist muscles.

• #2 Impact of Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Pain in Cervical Dystonia | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.867

  Almost all patients (n = 89/91) indicated a noticeable benefit in pain with an average improvement of 51% (SD 23%) when receiving PT. […] Our study illustrates the high frequency of physiotherapy and other adjunctive therapies in addition to BoNT treatment in a real-life cohort of patients with cervical dystonia. We were able to highlight the importance of PT to reduce pain associated with CD, which significantly affects quality of life. Although, PT is not an evidence-based treatment option in CD our results suggest that PT should be prescribed on a regular basis in addition to BoNT.

• #2 A Neurological Physical Therapist’s Guide to Treating Cervical Dystoni

  https://www.reactivept.com/single-post/2019/03/16/a-neurological-physical-therapists-guide-to-treating-cervical-dystonia

  A holistic and team-based approach is essential for success in the treatment of CD. […] First, it is super important to note that treatment in dystonia is not done in a PT bubbleit is necessary to have a holistic team approach! […] Exploring everyday healthy behaviors that help decrease the over excitation in the nervous system such as mindfulness, getting 8 hours of sleep, eating healthy well-rounded meals at least 3x/day and having 3-5x/week of regular fitness activities are also essential components of the approach. […] A multi-disciplinary an holistic approach […] Treat underlying factors.

• #2 Pain and Quality of Life in the Treatment of Cervical Dystonia – touchNEUROLOGY

  https://touchneurology.com/movement-disorders/journal-articles/pain-and-quality-of-life-in-the-treatment-of-cervical-dystonia/

  The relevance of pain for the management of CD suggests that treatments for CD that strictly target dystonic movements may not be sufficient to have a major impact on QoL. […] The therapeutic strategy to manage CD likely requires multiple pharmacological/ surgical interventions to target dystonia, pain, depression and anxiety in order to achieve a major decrease in the burden of disease.

• #2 New Treatment for Cervical Dystonia: A New Approach in Neuroplastic Training – Dystonia Recovery Program

  https://dystoniarecoveryprogram.com/new-treatment-for-cervical-dystonia/

  The therapy involves exercises that encourage the brain to replace faulty movement patterns with functional ones, thus promoting recovery of motor function. […] A significant aspect of Dr. Farias work involves identifying and managing the involuntary muscle tensions that contribute to dystonia. […] By analysing and addressing these responses, the therapy aims to alleviate the underlying causes of dystonia. […] This optimisation of cortical and cerebellar function corresponds with a marked reduction in dystonia symptoms, such as decreased spasms and improved posture. […] Dr. Farias incorporates techniques such as rhythmic sensory stimulation to promote neuroplastic changes in the brain. […] His therapy, therefore, focuses on restoring coordination by addressing this confusion. […] By addressing disruptions in these areas, the therapy aims to improve movement patterns over time.

• #2 Vibro-Tactile Stimulation to Treat Cervical Dystonia | Human Sensorimotor Control Lab

  https://hsc.umn.edu/vibro-tactile-stimulation-topic/vibro-tactile-stimulation

  Cervical Dystonia (CD) is a neurological movement disorder that is characterized by abnormal head movements or postures caused by involuntary contractions of neck muscles. There is no cure for CD. Current treatment opportunities for CD are limited and consist mainly of injections of Botulinum toxin (Botox) a neurotoxin injected in the dystonic muscles. […] The aim of this project is to explore vibro-tactile stimulation of neck muscles as a non-invasive, non-pharmacological treatment method for individuals with CD, who do not tolerate the Botox or who want to seek an adjuvant method after injection of the Botox. […] We are currently conducting a larger multi-center clinical trial to determine the effects of VTS on alleviating abnormal cervical muscle contractions in patients with CD. […] Electrophysiological data from target muscles and movement-related data from the head and neck will be recorded to evaluate the severity of dystonic symptoms and if and to what extent cervical VTS reduces dystonic neck symptoms. […] Results from our multi-center clinical trial indicate that cervical VTS can reduce neck pain that is associated with CD.

• #2 Neck Dystonia: Focused Ultrasound Clinical Trial Results – Focused Ultrasound Foundation

  https://www.fusfoundation.org/posts/neck-dystonia-focused-ultrasound-clinical-trial-results/

  Data from a 10-patient pilot clinical trial using focused ultrasound to treat cervical dystonia were recently published. […] The authors concluded that focused ultrasound pallidothalamic tractotomy may be an effective treatment option for patients with cervical dystonia. […] This is the first clinical trial of focused ultrasound surgery for cervical dystonia, said Dr. Horisawa. […] The Foundation funded this clinical trial, the first in the world use of focused ultrasound for treating cervical dystonia.

• #2 Cervical dystonia: effectiveness of a standardized physical therapy program; study design and protocol of a single blind randomized controlled trial | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-13-85

  Cervical dystonia is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions of the neck and abnormal head positions that affect daily life activities and social life of patients. Patients are usually treated with botulinum toxin injections into affected neck muscles to relief pain and improve control of head postures. In addition, many patients are referred for physical therapy to improve their ability to perform activities of daily living. A recent review on allied health interventions in cervical dystonia showed a lack of randomized controlled intervention studies regarding the effectiveness of physical therapy interventions. […] The (cost-) effectiveness of a standardized physical therapy program compared to regular physical therapy, both as add-on treatment to botulinum toxin injections will be determined in a multi-centre, single blinded randomized controlled trial with 100 cervical dystonia patients.

• #2 Cervical Dystonia Treatment in Germany – Best Hospitals, Doctors, Prices – Booking Health

  https://bookinghealth.com/disease/cervical-dystonia/germany

  The European Federation of Neurological Societies recommends botulinum toxin therapy as a first-line treatment. Patients receive injections 3-4 times a year. […] Non-pharmacological rehabilitation methods help to better control symptoms. They provide not only short-term but also long-term results. […] In Germany, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used for surgical treatment. A patient undergoes a non-traumatic intervention under general anesthesia, during which electrodes are placed through a small opening in the skull to stimulate the internal segment of the globus pallidus. […] Deep brain stimulation relieves symptoms, improves quality of life, and allows a person to work and return to social life. A patient has a decreased need for other treatments. The operation to implant electrodes in modern Neurosurgery Centers in Germany is safe and does not require any long recovery.

• #2 Pain Reduction in Cervical Dystonia Following Treatment with IncobotulinumtoxinA: A Pooled Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/5/333

  Effective pain control in CD is important to prevent the development of chronic pain. […] Our results showed a reduction in pain severity after treatment with incoBoNT-A. […] The observed reduction in pain severity was sustained over repeated injections of incoBoNT-A and there was a trend over the five treatment cycles towards incremental pain reduction/relief. […] Importantly, we found that 10.3% of patients with pain at baseline were pain-free at Week 4 after the first incoBoNT-A injection, and the proportion of patients who experienced complete pain relief increased over each subsequent injection cycle to 16.8% at the 5th injection cycle. […] Our results provide further evidence to support the long-term use of incoBoNT-A for pain relief in patients with CD.

• #2 Effective Exercises for Cervical Dystonia Management

  https://lonestarneurology.net/blog/cervical-dystonia-exercises/

  Exercise is one of these therapies. Physical therapy for spasmodic torticollis can assist increase muscle power and coordination. It can help lessen the symptoms of dystonia. […] The uncomplicated form of spastic torticollis requires treatment combined with preventive measures. It is necessary to ensure that the neck muscles are not overstretched. […] It is vital to build a strategy for exercising with cervical dystonia. Here are some tips to help you do this: Set aside time each day to do torticollis neck exercises. Do them in the morning and evening or at least once a day. […] Your doctor may recommend physical therapists or other health care providers. They can give advice and support on exercises for torticollis. […] For best results, it is crucial to follow an exercise regimen. If your neck is still stiff and sore, seek professional help. […] Regular physical therapy for spastic torticollis can help reduce pain. You can improve mobility in your neck, shoulders, and back. With time and diligence, you can manage your symptoms more effectively.

• #2 Physical Therapy for Cervical Dystonia – Focus Physical Therapy

  https://focusptbend.com/spotlight/dystoniaexercises/

  Come up with a stress reduction plan and practice stress reduction techniques – This can include stress reduction/relaxation techniques such as breathing exercises, visualization and progressive muscle relaxation to stress reducing activities including Tai Chi, Feldenkrais and Yoga. Make meditation a part of these activities and practice them daily. […] Weight training and specific rehab exercises targeting weak muscle groups and patterns should be incorporated into a daily routine. […] If performed slowly with body awareness and without strain, you can use movements and exercises to retrain your nervous system to control movement more symmetrically and with less force.

• #2 Physical Therapy for Cervical Dystonia | BenchMark Physical Therapy

  https://www.benchmarkpt.com/blog/physical-therapy-for-cervical-dystonia/

  Early intervention is essential to manage cervical dystonia symptoms more effectively and prevent the condition from worsening. […] Physical therapy plays a crucial role in treating cervical dystonia by targeting the affected muscles to improve muscle strength, flexibility, and correct posture. […] Physical therapy for cervical dystonia can include: […] Physical therapy treatment plans are customized to each patients unique symptoms and individual needs. […] However, maintaining these gains is crucial because this condition is not curable. Ongoing maintenance therapy is essential in preventing flare-ups and sustaining progress. […] Cervical dystonia pain relief and symptom management requires a holistic approach that combines physical therapy with other treatment methods, including medication, deep brain stimulation, and Botulinum toxin (Botox) injections. […] If you suspect you have cervical dystonia, its important to seek professional help to confirm the diagnosis and explore treatment options, with physical therapy being a valuable part of your care plan.

• #3 Patient considerations in the treatment of cervical dystonia: focus on botulinum toxin type A

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4459632/

  Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia characterized by involuntary muscle contractions causing abnormal movements and posturing of the head and neck and is associated with significant pain. […] Botulinum toxin is considered first-line therapy in the treatment of pain and abnormal head posturing associated with cervical dystonia. […] Intramuscular injections of BoNT into involved dystonic muscles is effective in alleviating symptoms of CD and is considered first-line treatment. […] Several studies have confirmed the long-term efficacy and safety of BoNT use for dystonia. […] A multimodal physiotherapy program can consist of active exercises, stretching, massage, relaxation, active and passive mobilization of the cervical spine, EMG biofeedback, or electrical stimulation of antagonist muscles.

• #3 Dystonia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6006-dystonia

  Dystonia happens unpredictably, so you cant prevent it. You also cant reduce the risk of developing primary dystonia. Thats because you either inherit it or develop it for unknown reasons. […] However, some causes of secondary dystonia are preventable, or you can reduce your risk of developing them. The things you can do include: Eat a balanced diet and maintain a healthy weight. Many conditions related to your circulatory and heart health, especially stroke, can damage areas of your brain, causing dystonia. Preventing, delaying or reducing the severity of these conditions can have a big effect on whether or not you develop dystonia. […] Dont ignore infections. Eye and ear infections need fast treatment. When these infections spread to your brain, they become a serious threat. Infections can cause brain inflammation (encephalitis) that can lead to dystonia.

• #3 Cervical Dystonia – American Head & Neck Society

  https://www.ahns.info/survivorship_intro/cervicaldystonia/

  Cervical dystonia is usually diagnosed as a tightness of the neck muscles during surveillance visits with your multidisciplinary head and neck cancer team. […] Treatment for cervical dystonia is focused on release of myofascial scar bands with restoration of range of motion. Such treatment requires the input of a multidisciplinary group of specialists, which may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology. […] Progression of the scar can be prevented by early intervention. Proactive neck and shoulder exercises can maintain flexibility of the muscles and prevent significant scarring.

• #3

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/movement-disorders/movement-disorders-moment-treatment-approaches-to-cervical-dystonia/31720/

  Botulinum toxins are effective treatment. […] Botulinum neurotoxins are the only treatment for CD approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are the treatment of choice, although multiple oral medications are also used frequently. […] Approximately 50%-90% of patients experience improvements in dystonic symptoms and dystonia-related pain with botulinum toxin. […] Approximately 70% of patients report pain relief after 3 treatments with botulinum toxin injections with a mean time to pain relief close to 7 days, although level of pain relief achieved depends on the initial pain level. […] Improvements in pain can be seen after 1 to 14 days with a peak response between 2 to 6 weeks after the injections that usually wears off after 10 to 12 weeks. […] The therapeutic approach to adjunctive treatment of pain in CD should be tailored to individual needs. […] Physical therapy, massage therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy may have benefit as adjunctive, but not primary, treatment for CD. […] Further research is needed to compare efficacy of available botulinum neurotoxins on pain reduction and long-term benefits.

• #3 Is There a Standard Rehabilitation Procedure in Cervic…

  https://rehmed.pl/seo/article/01.3001.0016.3419/en

  The majority of authors emphasize the need to supplement DS treatment with comprehensive rehabilitation. However, the variety of forms of the disease and different severity of symptoms make it impossible to draw up a scheme for rehabilitation procedures. In each case, rehabilitation must be tailored individually – according to the needs of a particular patient, and the physiotherapist taking care of the patient should have extensive experience. […] Crowder et al. indicate that there is no standard of physiotherapy in DS. Bradnam et al. point out that due to the above-mentioned numerous non-motor symptoms, comprehensive rehabilitation requires a holistic approach. The main objective of DS exercises is to stretch and relax the dystonic muscles while strengthening the antagonistic one, and to strengthen the muscles responsible for maintaining corrected head posture.

• #3 New Treatment for Cervical Dystonia: A New Approach in Neuroplastic Training – Dystonia Recovery Program

  https://dystoniarecoveryprogram.com/new-treatment-for-cervical-dystonia/

  The therapy involves exercises that encourage the brain to replace faulty movement patterns with functional ones, thus promoting recovery of motor function. […] A significant aspect of Dr. Farias work involves identifying and managing the involuntary muscle tensions that contribute to dystonia. […] By analysing and addressing these responses, the therapy aims to alleviate the underlying causes of dystonia. […] This optimisation of cortical and cerebellar function corresponds with a marked reduction in dystonia symptoms, such as decreased spasms and improved posture. […] Dr. Farias incorporates techniques such as rhythmic sensory stimulation to promote neuroplastic changes in the brain. […] His therapy, therefore, focuses on restoring coordination by addressing this confusion. […] By addressing disruptions in these areas, the therapy aims to improve movement patterns over time.

• #3 Neck Dystonia: Focused Ultrasound Clinical Trial Results – Focused Ultrasound Foundation

  https://www.fusfoundation.org/posts/neck-dystonia-focused-ultrasound-clinical-trial-results/

  Data from a 10-patient pilot clinical trial using focused ultrasound to treat cervical dystonia were recently published. […] The authors concluded that focused ultrasound pallidothalamic tractotomy may be an effective treatment option for patients with cervical dystonia. […] This is the first clinical trial of focused ultrasound surgery for cervical dystonia, said Dr. Horisawa. […] The Foundation funded this clinical trial, the first in the world use of focused ultrasound for treating cervical dystonia.

• #3 Cervical Dystonia Treatment in Germany – Best Hospitals, Doctors, Prices – Booking Health

  https://bookinghealth.com/disease/cervical-dystonia/germany

  The European Federation of Neurological Societies recommends botulinum toxin therapy as a first-line treatment. Patients receive injections 3-4 times a year. […] Non-pharmacological rehabilitation methods help to better control symptoms. They provide not only short-term but also long-term results. […] In Germany, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used for surgical treatment. A patient undergoes a non-traumatic intervention under general anesthesia, during which electrodes are placed through a small opening in the skull to stimulate the internal segment of the globus pallidus. […] Deep brain stimulation relieves symptoms, improves quality of life, and allows a person to work and return to social life. A patient has a decreased need for other treatments. The operation to implant electrodes in modern Neurosurgery Centers in Germany is safe and does not require any long recovery.

• #3 Pain Reduction in Cervical Dystonia Following Treatment with IncobotulinumtoxinA: A Pooled Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/5/333

  Effective pain control in CD is important to prevent the development of chronic pain. […] Our results showed a reduction in pain severity after treatment with incoBoNT-A. […] The observed reduction in pain severity was sustained over repeated injections of incoBoNT-A and there was a trend over the five treatment cycles towards incremental pain reduction/relief. […] Importantly, we found that 10.3% of patients with pain at baseline were pain-free at Week 4 after the first incoBoNT-A injection, and the proportion of patients who experienced complete pain relief increased over each subsequent injection cycle to 16.8% at the 5th injection cycle. […] Our results provide further evidence to support the long-term use of incoBoNT-A for pain relief in patients with CD.

• #3 Physical Therapy for Cervical Dystonia – Focus Physical Therapy

  https://focusptbend.com/spotlight/dystoniaexercises/

  Come up with a stress reduction plan and practice stress reduction techniques – This can include stress reduction/relaxation techniques such as breathing exercises, visualization and progressive muscle relaxation to stress reducing activities including Tai Chi, Feldenkrais and Yoga. Make meditation a part of these activities and practice them daily. […] Weight training and specific rehab exercises targeting weak muscle groups and patterns should be incorporated into a daily routine. […] If performed slowly with body awareness and without strain, you can use movements and exercises to retrain your nervous system to control movement more symmetrically and with less force.

• #4 Pain Reduction in Cervical Dystonia Following Treatment with IncobotulinumtoxinA: A Pooled Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/5/333

  Effective pain control in CD is important to prevent the development of chronic pain. […] Our results showed a reduction in pain severity after treatment with incoBoNT-A. […] The observed reduction in pain severity was sustained over repeated injections of incoBoNT-A and there was a trend over the five treatment cycles towards incremental pain reduction/relief. […] Importantly, we found that 10.3% of patients with pain at baseline were pain-free at Week 4 after the first incoBoNT-A injection, and the proportion of patients who experienced complete pain relief increased over each subsequent injection cycle to 16.8% at the 5th injection cycle. […] Our results provide further evidence to support the long-term use of incoBoNT-A for pain relief in patients with CD.

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