Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. […] Its etiology and pathophysiology have not been fully elucidated and are likely multifactorial. […] The pathophysiology of BHT has not been fully elucidated. It is thought to arise from defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue. This then prevents normal debridement, leading to accumulation of keratinized layers. […] Using antikeratin probes on BHT epithelium, Manabe et al found that the hairs are highly elongated cornified spines that result from delayed desquamation of the cells in the central column of filiform papillae and marked retention of secondary papillary cells that expressed hair-type keratins.

• #2 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is an acquired, benign condition characterized by the appearance of abnormally hypertrophied and elongated filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue. […] Its etiology and pathophysiology have not been fully elucidated and are likely multifactorial. […] The pathophysiology of BHT has not been fully elucidated. It is thought to arise from defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue. This then prevents normal debridement, leading to accumulation of keratinized layers. […] The resulting hypertrophy and elongation of the filiform papillae appear hairlike superficially. […] Using antikeratin probes on BHT epithelium, Manabe et al found that the hairs are highly elongated cornified spines that result from delayed desquamation of the cells in the central column of filiform papillae and marked retention of secondary papillary cells that expressed hair-type keratins.

• #3 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. […] Its etiology and pathophysiology have not been fully elucidated and are likely multifactorial. […] The pathophysiology of BHT has not been fully elucidated. It is thought to arise from defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue. This then prevents normal debridement, leading to accumulation of keratinized layers. […] Using antikeratin probes on BHT epithelium, Manabe et al found that the hairs are highly elongated cornified spines that result from delayed desquamation of the cells in the central column of filiform papillae and marked retention of secondary papillary cells that expressed hair-type keratins.

• #4 Hairy Tongue: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075886-overview

  Hairy tongue (lingua villosa) is a commonly observed condition of defective desquamation of the filiform papillae that results from a variety of precipitating factors. […] Precipitating factors for hairy tongue include poor oral hygiene, the use of medications such as broad-spectrum antibiotics (particularly tetracyclines), and therapeutic irradiation of the head and the neck. All cases of hairy tongue are characterized by a hypertrophy and elongation of filiform papillae, with a lack of normal desquamation. Normal filiform papillae are approximately 1 mm long, whereas filiform papillae in hairy tongue have been measured at more than 15 mm in length. […] The basic defect in hairy tongue is a hypertrophy of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue, usually due to a lack of mechanical stimulation and debridement. This condition often occurs in individuals with poor oral hygiene (eg, lack of tooth brushing, eating a soft diet with no roughage that would otherwise mechanically debride the dorsal surface of the tongue).

• #5 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is an acquired, benign condition characterized by the appearance of abnormally hypertrophied and elongated filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue. […] Its etiology and pathophysiology have not been fully elucidated and are likely multifactorial. […] The pathophysiology of BHT has not been fully elucidated. It is thought to arise from defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue. This then prevents normal debridement, leading to accumulation of keratinized layers. […] The resulting hypertrophy and elongation of the filiform papillae appear hairlike superficially. […] Using antikeratin probes on BHT epithelium, Manabe et al found that the hairs are highly elongated cornified spines that result from delayed desquamation of the cells in the central column of filiform papillae and marked retention of secondary papillary cells that expressed hair-type keratins.

• #6 Hairy Tongue: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075886-overview

  Hairy tongue (lingua villosa) is a commonly observed condition of defective desquamation of the filiform papillae that results from a variety of precipitating factors. […] Precipitating factors for hairy tongue include poor oral hygiene, the use of medications such as broad-spectrum antibiotics (particularly tetracyclines), and therapeutic irradiation of the head and the neck. All cases of hairy tongue are characterized by a hypertrophy and elongation of filiform papillae, with a lack of normal desquamation. Normal filiform papillae are approximately 1 mm long, whereas filiform papillae in hairy tongue have been measured at more than 15 mm in length. […] The basic defect in hairy tongue is a hypertrophy of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue, usually due to a lack of mechanical stimulation and debridement. This condition often occurs in individuals with poor oral hygiene (eg, lack of tooth brushing, eating a soft diet with no roughage that would otherwise mechanically debride the dorsal surface of the tongue).

• #7 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes, What It Is & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17918-black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is a temporary, harmless and fairly common condition in which the top of your tongue looks hairy. […] Little bumps on the top of your tongue called filiform papillae grow and collect food, bacteria and dead skin cells, which provide the color. The papillae are usually about 1 millimeter (1/32 inch) long and theyre supposed to fall off, like a layer of skin being shed, before they grow. This shedding process is called desquamation. If the papillae dont fall off, they can grow as long as 18 millimeters (3/4 inch). […] The two most common causes of black hairy tongue include poor oral hygiene and a diet of soft foods. This is because the shedding process requires stimulation and abrasion to the top of your tongue. […] Most of the time, a black hairy tongue just means you need to improve your oral hygiene at home. However, in some cases, the condition may be caused by an overgrowth of bacteria or fungi.

• #8 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes and Treatments For a Black or Coated Tongue

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is caused by bacteria or fungi in the mouth, which make the tongue appear black and hairy. […] A black hairy tongue is caused by too much bacteria or yeast growth in the mouth. The bacteria build up on tiny rounded projections called papillae. These lie along the surface of the tongue. Instead of shedding as they normally do, the papillae start to grow and lengthen, creating hair-like projections. They can grow to 15 times their normal length. […] Normally, the papillae are pinkish-white. But as they grow, pigments from food, drinks, and possibly the bacteria or yeast themselves get caught in the papillae, dyeing the tongue a color. Most often that color is black, hence the name. […] Certain lifestyle habits and conditions can make people more likely to develop black hairy tongue. They include poor oral hygiene, smoking tobacco, drinking a lot of coffee or tea, using antibiotics (which may disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the mouth), being dehydrated, taking medications that contain the chemical bismuth (such as Pepto-Bismol for upset stomach), not producing enough saliva, regularly using mouthwash that contains peroxide, witch hazel, or menthol, and getting radiation therapy to the head and neck.

• #9 Hairy tongue

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hairy-tongue

  Hairy tongue is due to defective shedding of surface cells. Abnormal filiform papillae prevent normal cleaning and debridement of the tongue, hence debris accumulates. Bacteria and yeasts then overgrow and make porphyrins (deeply coloured organic compounds), which may contribute to the discolouration. […] The filiform papillae can grow up to 18 mm in length a hairy appearance. The tongue becomes discoloured, usually brown or black, although brown, yellow and green have also been described.

• #10 Black hairy tongue – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/black-hairy-tongue/symptoms-causes/syc-20356077

  Black hairy tongue is caused by a buildup of dead skin cells on the tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. […] Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don’t shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy.

• #11 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. […] Its etiology and pathophysiology have not been fully elucidated and are likely multifactorial. […] The pathophysiology of BHT has not been fully elucidated. It is thought to arise from defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue. This then prevents normal debridement, leading to accumulation of keratinized layers. […] Using antikeratin probes on BHT epithelium, Manabe et al found that the hairs are highly elongated cornified spines that result from delayed desquamation of the cells in the central column of filiform papillae and marked retention of secondary papillary cells that expressed hair-type keratins.

• #12 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is an acquired, benign condition characterized by the appearance of abnormally hypertrophied and elongated filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue. […] Its etiology and pathophysiology have not been fully elucidated and are likely multifactorial. […] The pathophysiology of BHT has not been fully elucidated. It is thought to arise from defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue. This then prevents normal debridement, leading to accumulation of keratinized layers. […] The resulting hypertrophy and elongation of the filiform papillae appear hairlike superficially. […] Using antikeratin probes on BHT epithelium, Manabe et al found that the hairs are highly elongated cornified spines that result from delayed desquamation of the cells in the central column of filiform papillae and marked retention of secondary papillary cells that expressed hair-type keratins.

• #13 Hairy Tongue

  https://www.aaom.com/hairy-tongue

  Hairy tongue occurs due to lack of stimulation / abrasion to the top of the tongue. The result is a buildup of a protein known as keratin (the same protein that makes up the hair on your head). […] Certain types of bacteria and yeast can even give the tongue a black appearance, referred to as black hairy tongue.

• #14 Black Hairy Tongue and Other Causes of Black Tongue

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/black-tongue-5190133

  Black tongue occurs when dead skin cells build up around the tiny finger-like projections on the tongue, called papillae. This can lead to an accumulation of bacteria and other substances that can cause the cells to darken and turn brownish or blackish. […] From a biological standpoint, BHT occurs when normal cells at the back of the tongue, called epithelial cells, start to accumulate and provide a haven to otherwise harmless chromogenic (color-producing) bacteria. These are the same bacteria that cause teeth staining if you do not brush. […] Trapped in these havens, the bacteria start to secrete pigments that cause discoloration. At the same time, the bacterial buildup slows the normal shedding of cells from papillae, causing them to elongate and take on a hairy appearance.

• #15 Hairy Tongue: Why It Happens and How to Treat It

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dental-and-oral-health/hairy-tongue

  Hairy tongue results when the filiform papillae (FP) on your tongue do not shed as they should. […] For people with hairy tongue, the FP grow longer instead of falling off. […] As they grow, the FP begin collecting debris like bacteria and food. […] Black hairy tongue shares many of the same causes with all hairy tongues, but specific factors give this condition the telltale black look. […] As the irregular FP on the tongues surface build up, the cells can become discolored by the foods and beverages you consume, as well as products you use. […] In addition, substances like bacteria and yeast can discolor the FP. […] The color is the result of foods or drinks you’re consuming or products you’re using.

• #16 Hairy tongue

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hairy-tongue

  Hairy tongue is due to defective shedding of surface cells. Abnormal filiform papillae prevent normal cleaning and debridement of the tongue, hence debris accumulates. Bacteria and yeasts then overgrow and make porphyrins (deeply coloured organic compounds), which may contribute to the discolouration. […] The filiform papillae can grow up to 18 mm in length a hairy appearance. The tongue becomes discoloured, usually brown or black, although brown, yellow and green have also been described.

• #17 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes and Treatments For a Black or Coated Tongue

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is caused by bacteria or fungi in the mouth, which make the tongue appear black and hairy. […] A black hairy tongue is caused by too much bacteria or yeast growth in the mouth. The bacteria build up on tiny rounded projections called papillae. These lie along the surface of the tongue. Instead of shedding as they normally do, the papillae start to grow and lengthen, creating hair-like projections. They can grow to 15 times their normal length. […] Normally, the papillae are pinkish-white. But as they grow, pigments from food, drinks, and possibly the bacteria or yeast themselves get caught in the papillae, dyeing the tongue a color. Most often that color is black, hence the name. […] Certain lifestyle habits and conditions can make people more likely to develop black hairy tongue. They include poor oral hygiene, smoking tobacco, drinking a lot of coffee or tea, using antibiotics (which may disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the mouth), being dehydrated, taking medications that contain the chemical bismuth (such as Pepto-Bismol for upset stomach), not producing enough saliva, regularly using mouthwash that contains peroxide, witch hazel, or menthol, and getting radiation therapy to the head and neck.

• #18 Black hairy tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue

  Black hairy tongue syndrome (BHT) is a condition of the tongue in which the small bumps on the tongue elongate with black or brown discoloration, giving a black and hairy appearance. […] The cause is uncertain, but it is thought to be caused by accumulation of epithelial squames and proliferation of chromogenic (i.e., color-producing) microorganisms. […] There may be an increase in keratin production or a decrease in normal desquamation (shedding of surface epithelial cells). […] Many people with BHT are heavy smokers. […] Other possible associated factors are poor oral hygiene, general debilitation, hyposalivation (i.e., decreased salivary flow rate), radiotherapy, overgrowth of fungal or bacterial organisms, and a soft diet. […] Occasionally, BHT may be caused by the use of antimicrobial medications (e.g., tetracyclines), or oxidizing mouthwashes or antacids.

• #19 Hairy tongue

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hairy-tongue

  Hairy tongue is due to defective shedding of surface cells. Abnormal filiform papillae prevent normal cleaning and debridement of the tongue, hence debris accumulates. Bacteria and yeasts then overgrow and make porphyrins (deeply coloured organic compounds), which may contribute to the discolouration. […] The filiform papillae can grow up to 18 mm in length a hairy appearance. The tongue becomes discoloured, usually brown or black, although brown, yellow and green have also been described.

• #20 Hairy tongue

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hairy-tongue

  Hairy tongue is due to defective shedding of surface cells. Abnormal filiform papillae prevent normal cleaning and debridement of the tongue, hence debris accumulates. Bacteria and yeasts then overgrow and make porphyrins (deeply coloured organic compounds), which may contribute to the discolouration. […] The filiform papillae can grow up to 18 mm in length a hairy appearance. The tongue becomes discoloured, usually brown or black, although brown, yellow and green have also been described.

• #21 Black Hairy Tongue Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments – Oral-B

  https://oralb.com/en-us/oral-health/conditions/bad-breath/black-hairy-tongue-causes-symptoms-treatments/

  A black hairy tongue is a temporary and harmless condition that is often caused by an overgrowth of bacteria in your mouth. […] Certain types of bacteria accumulate on the papillae (the small projections that cover the tongue) and create red blood cell pigments, which can make the tongue look black. […] No one knows for sure what causes a black hairy tongue. But some research suggests that it can be caused by a change in the normal bacteria or yeast content in the mouth due to antibiotic use for a medical condition, or by using products that contain bismuth, a chemical element often found in certain cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. […] Other possible causes of a black hairy tongue include smoking or using other tobacco products, drinking excessive amounts of coffee or tea, and failing to follow a regular routine of daily oral hygiene. […] Ironically, chronic bad breath has not been associated with a black hairy tongue but using certain mouthwashes may increase your risk. […] Additionally, individuals with dry mouth symptoms may be more prone to developing black hairy tongue.

• #22 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Use of systemic and local medications has been commonly implicated in the development of BHT. Antibiotics, including penicillin, aureomycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and neomycin are most often associated with this disorder. […] However, it should be noted that the cause and effect factor between antibiotics and development of black hairy tongue needs to be further elucidated. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness.

• #23 Black hairy tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue

  Diagnosis is usually made on the clinical appearance without the need for a tissue biopsy. […] However, when biopsies have been taken, the histologic appearance is one of marked elongation and hyperparakeratosis of the filiform papillae and numerous bacteria growing on the epithelial surface. […] Black hairy tongue can also be caused by antibiotics e.g., (penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, clarithromycin and linezolid).

• #24 Black hairy tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue

  Diagnosis is usually made on the clinical appearance without the need for a tissue biopsy. […] However, when biopsies have been taken, the histologic appearance is one of marked elongation and hyperparakeratosis of the filiform papillae and numerous bacteria growing on the epithelial surface. […] Black hairy tongue can also be caused by antibiotics e.g., (penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, clarithromycin and linezolid).

• #25 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/black-hairy-tongue

  Common contributing factors include poor oral hygiene, regular use of irritating substances, such as peroxide or oxidizing mouthwashes, xerostomia (dry mouth), use of certain medications, such as antibiotics, that can alter the normal oral microbiome, tobacco use, drinking excessive amounts of coffee, tea, or alcohol, and eating mainly soft foods that prevent normal desquamation. […] Some of the medications that can cause black discoloration and a hair-like appearance on the surface of the tongue include antibiotics such as penicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and neomycin. […] Older or first-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine, chlorpromazine, and olanzapine due to their xerostomic (mouth drying) effects as a result of their anticholinergic properties. […] A black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra) is a benign condition that usually does not require any treatment. However, depending on the cause, your doctor may prescribe medications. […] If antibiotic use has caused oral candidiasis (a fungal infection of the mouth), your doctor may prescribe antifungal medications. […] If your black hairy tongue does not go away with the home remedies outlined above, you should make an appointment to see your healthcare provider.

• #26 Black hairy tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue

  Diagnosis is usually made on the clinical appearance without the need for a tissue biopsy. […] However, when biopsies have been taken, the histologic appearance is one of marked elongation and hyperparakeratosis of the filiform papillae and numerous bacteria growing on the epithelial surface. […] Black hairy tongue can also be caused by antibiotics e.g., (penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, clarithromycin and linezolid).

• #27 Hairy Tongue: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075886-overview

  Hairy tongue (lingua villosa) is a commonly observed condition of defective desquamation of the filiform papillae that results from a variety of precipitating factors. […] Precipitating factors for hairy tongue include poor oral hygiene, the use of medications such as broad-spectrum antibiotics (particularly tetracyclines), and therapeutic irradiation of the head and the neck. All cases of hairy tongue are characterized by a hypertrophy and elongation of filiform papillae, with a lack of normal desquamation. Normal filiform papillae are approximately 1 mm long, whereas filiform papillae in hairy tongue have been measured at more than 15 mm in length. […] The basic defect in hairy tongue is a hypertrophy of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue, usually due to a lack of mechanical stimulation and debridement. This condition often occurs in individuals with poor oral hygiene (eg, lack of tooth brushing, eating a soft diet with no roughage that would otherwise mechanically debride the dorsal surface of the tongue).

• #28 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/black-hairy-tongue

  Common contributing factors include poor oral hygiene, regular use of irritating substances, such as peroxide or oxidizing mouthwashes, xerostomia (dry mouth), use of certain medications, such as antibiotics, that can alter the normal oral microbiome, tobacco use, drinking excessive amounts of coffee, tea, or alcohol, and eating mainly soft foods that prevent normal desquamation. […] Some of the medications that can cause black discoloration and a hair-like appearance on the surface of the tongue include antibiotics such as penicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and neomycin. […] Older or first-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine, chlorpromazine, and olanzapine due to their xerostomic (mouth drying) effects as a result of their anticholinergic properties. […] A black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra) is a benign condition that usually does not require any treatment. However, depending on the cause, your doctor may prescribe medications. […] If antibiotic use has caused oral candidiasis (a fungal infection of the mouth), your doctor may prescribe antifungal medications. […] If your black hairy tongue does not go away with the home remedies outlined above, you should make an appointment to see your healthcare provider.

• #29 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Use of systemic and local medications has been commonly implicated in the development of BHT. Antibiotics, including penicillin, aureomycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and neomycin are most often associated with this disorder. […] However, it should be noted that the cause and effect factor between antibiotics and development of black hairy tongue needs to be further elucidated. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness.

• #30 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/black-hairy-tongue

  Common contributing factors include poor oral hygiene, regular use of irritating substances, such as peroxide or oxidizing mouthwashes, xerostomia (dry mouth), use of certain medications, such as antibiotics, that can alter the normal oral microbiome, tobacco use, drinking excessive amounts of coffee, tea, or alcohol, and eating mainly soft foods that prevent normal desquamation. […] Some of the medications that can cause black discoloration and a hair-like appearance on the surface of the tongue include antibiotics such as penicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and neomycin. […] Older or first-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine, chlorpromazine, and olanzapine due to their xerostomic (mouth drying) effects as a result of their anticholinergic properties. […] A black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra) is a benign condition that usually does not require any treatment. However, depending on the cause, your doctor may prescribe medications. […] If antibiotic use has caused oral candidiasis (a fungal infection of the mouth), your doctor may prescribe antifungal medications. […] If your black hairy tongue does not go away with the home remedies outlined above, you should make an appointment to see your healthcare provider.

• #31 Black hairy tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue

  Diagnosis is usually made on the clinical appearance without the need for a tissue biopsy. […] However, when biopsies have been taken, the histologic appearance is one of marked elongation and hyperparakeratosis of the filiform papillae and numerous bacteria growing on the epithelial surface. […] Black hairy tongue can also be caused by antibiotics e.g., (penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, clarithromycin and linezolid).

• #32 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Use of systemic and local medications has been commonly implicated in the development of BHT. Antibiotics, including penicillin, aureomycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and neomycin are most often associated with this disorder. […] However, it should be noted that the cause and effect factor between antibiotics and development of black hairy tongue needs to be further elucidated. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness.

• #33 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/black-hairy-tongue

  Common contributing factors include poor oral hygiene, regular use of irritating substances, such as peroxide or oxidizing mouthwashes, xerostomia (dry mouth), use of certain medications, such as antibiotics, that can alter the normal oral microbiome, tobacco use, drinking excessive amounts of coffee, tea, or alcohol, and eating mainly soft foods that prevent normal desquamation. […] Some of the medications that can cause black discoloration and a hair-like appearance on the surface of the tongue include antibiotics such as penicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and neomycin. […] Older or first-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine, chlorpromazine, and olanzapine due to their xerostomic (mouth drying) effects as a result of their anticholinergic properties. […] A black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra) is a benign condition that usually does not require any treatment. However, depending on the cause, your doctor may prescribe medications. […] If antibiotic use has caused oral candidiasis (a fungal infection of the mouth), your doctor may prescribe antifungal medications. […] If your black hairy tongue does not go away with the home remedies outlined above, you should make an appointment to see your healthcare provider.

• #34 Black hairy tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue

  Diagnosis is usually made on the clinical appearance without the need for a tissue biopsy. […] However, when biopsies have been taken, the histologic appearance is one of marked elongation and hyperparakeratosis of the filiform papillae and numerous bacteria growing on the epithelial surface. […] Black hairy tongue can also be caused by antibiotics e.g., (penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, clarithromycin and linezolid).

• #35

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2023/06000/linezolid_induced_black_hairy_tongue_in_a_patient.129.aspx

  Linezolid-induced black hairy tongue (BHT) is a highly scarce adverse event of linezolid therapy. The onset and mechanism of BHT are also not well understood. […] Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a very rare side-effect of linezolid which presents as hypertrophy and discoloration of the filiform papillae of the tongue. […] The pathophysiologic mechanism for linezolid-induced BHT is not well understood. The hypothesized mechanism involves drug-induced defective tongue desquamation resulting in thickened and hypertrophied filiform papillae which, with debris and microbiological colonization lead to staining which in turn leads to BHT. […] The clinical diagnosis relies on visual observation and correlation with a detailed clinical history. Pathology evaluation may also be required on rare occasions. Treatment involves the identification and discontinuation of the offending agent. […] The offending agent (linezolid) was instantly discontinued after the episode of BHT and the patient recovered in 2 weeks. […] The importance of patient counselling has always been highlighted in all such reports.

• #36 Black hairy tongue // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is caused by a buildup of dead skin cells on the tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. […] Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don’t shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy. […] The cause of black hairy tongue can’t always be found. Possible causes of black hairy tongue include: Changes in the healthy bacteria or yeast found in the mouth when taking antibiotics. Poor cleaning of the mouth and tongue. Dry mouth. Eating a soft diet that doesn’t help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue. Regularly using mouthwashes that have oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, that can irritate your mouth. Using tobacco. Drinking a lot of coffee or black tea. Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol. Certain medicines. Having a condition that lowers your ability to fight infections, such as cancer or HIV.

• #37 Black Hairy Tongue Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments – Oral-B

  https://oralb.com/en-us/oral-health/conditions/bad-breath/black-hairy-tongue-causes-symptoms-treatments/

  A black hairy tongue is a temporary and harmless condition that is often caused by an overgrowth of bacteria in your mouth. […] Certain types of bacteria accumulate on the papillae (the small projections that cover the tongue) and create red blood cell pigments, which can make the tongue look black. […] No one knows for sure what causes a black hairy tongue. But some research suggests that it can be caused by a change in the normal bacteria or yeast content in the mouth due to antibiotic use for a medical condition, or by using products that contain bismuth, a chemical element often found in certain cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. […] Other possible causes of a black hairy tongue include smoking or using other tobacco products, drinking excessive amounts of coffee or tea, and failing to follow a regular routine of daily oral hygiene. […] Ironically, chronic bad breath has not been associated with a black hairy tongue but using certain mouthwashes may increase your risk. […] Additionally, individuals with dry mouth symptoms may be more prone to developing black hairy tongue.

• #38 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Use of systemic and local medications has been commonly implicated in the development of BHT. Antibiotics, including penicillin, aureomycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and neomycin are most often associated with this disorder. […] However, it should be noted that the cause and effect factor between antibiotics and development of black hairy tongue needs to be further elucidated. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness.

• #39 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/black-hairy-tongue

  Common contributing factors include poor oral hygiene, regular use of irritating substances, such as peroxide or oxidizing mouthwashes, xerostomia (dry mouth), use of certain medications, such as antibiotics, that can alter the normal oral microbiome, tobacco use, drinking excessive amounts of coffee, tea, or alcohol, and eating mainly soft foods that prevent normal desquamation. […] Some of the medications that can cause black discoloration and a hair-like appearance on the surface of the tongue include antibiotics such as penicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and neomycin. […] Older or first-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine, chlorpromazine, and olanzapine due to their xerostomic (mouth drying) effects as a result of their anticholinergic properties. […] A black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra) is a benign condition that usually does not require any treatment. However, depending on the cause, your doctor may prescribe medications. […] If antibiotic use has caused oral candidiasis (a fungal infection of the mouth), your doctor may prescribe antifungal medications. […] If your black hairy tongue does not go away with the home remedies outlined above, you should make an appointment to see your healthcare provider.

• #40 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/black-hairy-tongue

  Common contributing factors include poor oral hygiene, regular use of irritating substances, such as peroxide or oxidizing mouthwashes, xerostomia (dry mouth), use of certain medications, such as antibiotics, that can alter the normal oral microbiome, tobacco use, drinking excessive amounts of coffee, tea, or alcohol, and eating mainly soft foods that prevent normal desquamation. […] Some of the medications that can cause black discoloration and a hair-like appearance on the surface of the tongue include antibiotics such as penicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and neomycin. […] Older or first-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine, chlorpromazine, and olanzapine due to their xerostomic (mouth drying) effects as a result of their anticholinergic properties. […] A black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra) is a benign condition that usually does not require any treatment. However, depending on the cause, your doctor may prescribe medications. […] If antibiotic use has caused oral candidiasis (a fungal infection of the mouth), your doctor may prescribe antifungal medications. […] If your black hairy tongue does not go away with the home remedies outlined above, you should make an appointment to see your healthcare provider.

• #41 Black Hairy Tongue: A Rare Adverse Effect of Olanzapine

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/black-hairy-tongue-rare-adverse-effect-olanzapine/

  Amatus Lusitanus first described black hairy tongue in 1557 as a painless, benign clinical condition characterized by defective desquamation and reactive hypertrophy of the filiform papillae of the tongue. […] While olanzapine is often linked to metabolic side effects, we report the case of a patient who developed black hairy tongue as a result of using the medication. […] The exact mechanism behind olanzapine induced black hairy tongue is unknown. It has been suggested that the anticholinergic properties of olanzapine may play a role in its development.

• #42 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes and Treatments For a Black or Coated Tongue

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is caused by bacteria or fungi in the mouth, which make the tongue appear black and hairy. […] A black hairy tongue is caused by too much bacteria or yeast growth in the mouth. The bacteria build up on tiny rounded projections called papillae. These lie along the surface of the tongue. Instead of shedding as they normally do, the papillae start to grow and lengthen, creating hair-like projections. They can grow to 15 times their normal length. […] Normally, the papillae are pinkish-white. But as they grow, pigments from food, drinks, and possibly the bacteria or yeast themselves get caught in the papillae, dyeing the tongue a color. Most often that color is black, hence the name. […] Certain lifestyle habits and conditions can make people more likely to develop black hairy tongue. They include poor oral hygiene, smoking tobacco, drinking a lot of coffee or tea, using antibiotics (which may disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the mouth), being dehydrated, taking medications that contain the chemical bismuth (such as Pepto-Bismol for upset stomach), not producing enough saliva, regularly using mouthwash that contains peroxide, witch hazel, or menthol, and getting radiation therapy to the head and neck.

• #43 What causes black hairy tongue?

  https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/what-causes-black-hairy-tongue-3573892/

  Black hairy tongue is often caused by an overgrowth of papillae (taste buds) on the tongue. It results in a dark, furry appearance of dead skin cells on the surface of the tongue that can be stained from bacteria, food, or tobacco. […] A „pseudo-black hairy tongue” (that mimics the look of black hairy tongue without the elongated cells on the tongue) can also occur from using products containing bismuth, such as Pepto-Bismol.

• #44 Pantoprazole Induced Black Hairy Tongue: A Case Report

  https://www.ijmrhs.com/medical-research/pantoprazole-induced-black-hairy-tongue-a-case-report-100944.html

  Black Hairy Tongue (BHT) is characterized by abnormally hypertrophied and elongated filiform papillae, resulting in a blackish discoloration on the dorsal surface of the tongue. […] The precise origins and mechanisms responsible for BHT remain incompletely understood. Factors such as smoking, the consumption of heavily pigmented beverages like black tea or coffee, inadequate oral hygiene, as well as conditions such as HIV infection, malignancy, trigeminal neuralgia, and the use of specific medications including antipsychotics, methyldopa, antidepressants, anticancer drugs, and antibiotics have all been linked to the development of BHT. […] Pathophysiology of black hairy tongue has not been fully elucidated. It is thought to arise from defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue, which prevents normal debridement, leading to accumulation of keratinized layers and a hair-like appearance.

• #45 Pantoprazole Induced Black Hairy Tongue: A Case Report

  https://www.ijmrhs.com/medical-research/pantoprazole-induced-black-hairy-tongue-a-case-report-100944.html

  PPI induced BHT is possibly due to alteration of the pH of gastric acid in the stomach and saliva and also a decrease in saliva production which may lead to defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue thereby accumulating a keratinized layer and allowing the growth of candida species and porphyrin producing chromogenic organisms in the oral flora giving the characteristic colour. […] Another possible explanation is the use of red, black and yellow ferric oxide in capsules and tablets as a colorant which accumulates as debris with overgrowth of bacteria and yeasts which lead to synthesis of porphyrin producing chromogenic organisms resulting in BHT. […] This alteration of oral flora predispose to trapping of foreign material and stimulate local microbial overgrowth that lead to colour change with delayed desquamation of cells in central column of filiform papillae and marked retention of secondary papillary cells that express hair type keratins. […] BHT can be successfully managed by stopping the offending agent, mechanical debridement like tongue scraping, maintaining good oral hygiene and adequate hydration. […] Our report clearly indicates that BHT is reversible and unlikely to be harmful.

• #46 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Use of systemic and local medications has been commonly implicated in the development of BHT. Antibiotics, including penicillin, aureomycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and neomycin are most often associated with this disorder. […] However, it should be noted that the cause and effect factor between antibiotics and development of black hairy tongue needs to be further elucidated. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness.

• #47 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness. […] The diagnosis of BHT primarily relies on a visual intraoral examination. […] Management is primarily focused on mechanical debridement, maintenance of proper oral hygiene, and removal of potential causative agents. […] Overall clinical prognosis of BHT is excellent.

• #48 Black Hairy Tongue Causes And Treatment | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/threats-to-dental-health/black-hairy-tongue-causes-and-treatment

  Certain lifestyle factors can also trigger this overgrowth on the tongue. According to a review in the World Journal of Gastroenterology, if you use tobacco or drink alcohol, black tea, or coffee excessively, you have a higher risk of developing it. Poor oral hygiene is also a significant risk factor. Individuals who eat a soft diet may develop the condition because soft foods do not aid in papillae shedding. […] Your doctor or dentist can diagnose hyperkeratosis on the tongue visually. They will review your medical history to rule out other possible causes, such as infections, oral lesions, and medications and foods that have stained the tongue. It is important to tell your medical or dental professional about all medications you are currently taking to determine if these medications may affect your tongue. You will likely not have any symptoms to report, as the condition is painless, but some people may experience gagging or bad breath.

• #49 Black hairy tongue syndrome – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152586/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. […] Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessive coffee/black tea consumption, poor oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, general debilitation, xerostomia, and medication use. […] Treatment involves identification and discontinuation of the offending agent, modifications of chronic predisposing factors, patient’s re-assurance to the benign nature of the condition, and maintenance of adequate oral hygiene with gentle debridement to promote desquamation. […] BHT remains an important medical condition which may result in additional burden on the patient and health care system and requires appropriate prevention, recognition and treatment.

• #50 Black hairy tongue // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is caused by a buildup of dead skin cells on the tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. […] Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don’t shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy. […] The cause of black hairy tongue can’t always be found. Possible causes of black hairy tongue include: Changes in the healthy bacteria or yeast found in the mouth when taking antibiotics. Poor cleaning of the mouth and tongue. Dry mouth. Eating a soft diet that doesn’t help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue. Regularly using mouthwashes that have oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, that can irritate your mouth. Using tobacco. Drinking a lot of coffee or black tea. Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol. Certain medicines. Having a condition that lowers your ability to fight infections, such as cancer or HIV.

• #51 Black hairy tongue in a patient with chronic alcoholism (lingua villosa nigra)

  https://www.clinmedkaz.org/article/black-hairy-tongue-in-a-patient-with-chronic-alcoholism-lingua-villosa-nigra-8801

  Black Hairy Tongue (BHT) is a hereditary benign condition which is characterized by the appaerance of abnormally hypertrophied and elongated pilliform papilla on dorsal surface of tongue. Its exact pathogenesis is unknown; however, there is significant involvement of secondary papillary cells producing hairy-type keratin. Known predisposing factors include smoking, consumption of excessive coffee / black tea, bad oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, poverty, xesrostomia, drugs and alcohol. […] Hairy tongue is especially seen in those who smoke intensively in high prevalance; however our case is associated with excessive alcohol consumption.

• #52 Black hairy tongue // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is caused by a buildup of dead skin cells on the tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. […] Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don’t shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy. […] The cause of black hairy tongue can’t always be found. Possible causes of black hairy tongue include: Changes in the healthy bacteria or yeast found in the mouth when taking antibiotics. Poor cleaning of the mouth and tongue. Dry mouth. Eating a soft diet that doesn’t help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue. Regularly using mouthwashes that have oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, that can irritate your mouth. Using tobacco. Drinking a lot of coffee or black tea. Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol. Certain medicines. Having a condition that lowers your ability to fight infections, such as cancer or HIV.

• #53 Black Hairy Tongue Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments – Oral-B

  https://oralb.com/en-us/oral-health/conditions/bad-breath/black-hairy-tongue-causes-symptoms-treatments/

  A black hairy tongue is a temporary and harmless condition that is often caused by an overgrowth of bacteria in your mouth. […] Certain types of bacteria accumulate on the papillae (the small projections that cover the tongue) and create red blood cell pigments, which can make the tongue look black. […] No one knows for sure what causes a black hairy tongue. But some research suggests that it can be caused by a change in the normal bacteria or yeast content in the mouth due to antibiotic use for a medical condition, or by using products that contain bismuth, a chemical element often found in certain cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. […] Other possible causes of a black hairy tongue include smoking or using other tobacco products, drinking excessive amounts of coffee or tea, and failing to follow a regular routine of daily oral hygiene. […] Ironically, chronic bad breath has not been associated with a black hairy tongue but using certain mouthwashes may increase your risk. […] Additionally, individuals with dry mouth symptoms may be more prone to developing black hairy tongue.

• #54 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes, What It Is & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17918-black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is a temporary, harmless and fairly common condition in which the top of your tongue looks hairy. […] Little bumps on the top of your tongue called filiform papillae grow and collect food, bacteria and dead skin cells, which provide the color. The papillae are usually about 1 millimeter (1/32 inch) long and theyre supposed to fall off, like a layer of skin being shed, before they grow. This shedding process is called desquamation. If the papillae dont fall off, they can grow as long as 18 millimeters (3/4 inch). […] The two most common causes of black hairy tongue include poor oral hygiene and a diet of soft foods. This is because the shedding process requires stimulation and abrasion to the top of your tongue. […] Most of the time, a black hairy tongue just means you need to improve your oral hygiene at home. However, in some cases, the condition may be caused by an overgrowth of bacteria or fungi.

• #55 Black hairy tongue // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is caused by a buildup of dead skin cells on the tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. […] Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don’t shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy. […] The cause of black hairy tongue can’t always be found. Possible causes of black hairy tongue include: Changes in the healthy bacteria or yeast found in the mouth when taking antibiotics. Poor cleaning of the mouth and tongue. Dry mouth. Eating a soft diet that doesn’t help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue. Regularly using mouthwashes that have oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, that can irritate your mouth. Using tobacco. Drinking a lot of coffee or black tea. Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol. Certain medicines. Having a condition that lowers your ability to fight infections, such as cancer or HIV.

• #56 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes, What It Is & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17918-black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is a temporary, harmless and fairly common condition in which the top of your tongue looks hairy. […] Little bumps on the top of your tongue called filiform papillae grow and collect food, bacteria and dead skin cells, which provide the color. The papillae are usually about 1 millimeter (1/32 inch) long and theyre supposed to fall off, like a layer of skin being shed, before they grow. This shedding process is called desquamation. If the papillae dont fall off, they can grow as long as 18 millimeters (3/4 inch). […] The two most common causes of black hairy tongue include poor oral hygiene and a diet of soft foods. This is because the shedding process requires stimulation and abrasion to the top of your tongue. […] Most of the time, a black hairy tongue just means you need to improve your oral hygiene at home. However, in some cases, the condition may be caused by an overgrowth of bacteria or fungi.

• #57 What causes black hairy tongue? – Sendhil Dental

  https://www.sendhildental.com/what-causes-black-hairy-tongue/

  Soft diet plan The food items we bite and chew scrub a certain amount of dead cells on the tongue. Liquid food items cannot clean the dead cells in that manner. If you maintain a soft diet plan filled with drinks like juices, beverages, soups, then you will develop a black, hairy tongue. […] Medications Tongue discoloration occurs due to the side effect of certain medications. It happens because of the ingredients like Bismuth subsalicylate which can irritate the tongue tissues and discolor the tongue surfaces. […] Similar to the white layer on tongue, the black hairy tongue also occurs due to bacteria imbalance triggered with poor oral care, health disorders. Even it looks scary, it is a benign condition and can be cured with some lifestyle adjustments and advanced dental treatments.

• #58 Black hairy tongue // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is caused by a buildup of dead skin cells on the tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. […] Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don’t shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy. […] The cause of black hairy tongue can’t always be found. Possible causes of black hairy tongue include: Changes in the healthy bacteria or yeast found in the mouth when taking antibiotics. Poor cleaning of the mouth and tongue. Dry mouth. Eating a soft diet that doesn’t help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue. Regularly using mouthwashes that have oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, that can irritate your mouth. Using tobacco. Drinking a lot of coffee or black tea. Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol. Certain medicines. Having a condition that lowers your ability to fight infections, such as cancer or HIV.

• #59 Black Hairy Tongue Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | Oral B

  https://www.oralb.ca/en-ca/oral-health/conditions/bad-breath/black-hairy-tongue-causes-symptoms-treatments

  Ironically, chronic bad breath has not been associated with a black hairy tongue, but using certain mouthwashes may increase your risk. Mouthwashes containing astringents (such as menthol or witch hazel), or full-strength oxidizing agents such as peroxide, may increase your risk of developing a black hairy tongue if you use them excessively.

• #60 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Use of systemic and local medications has been commonly implicated in the development of BHT. Antibiotics, including penicillin, aureomycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and neomycin are most often associated with this disorder. […] However, it should be noted that the cause and effect factor between antibiotics and development of black hairy tongue needs to be further elucidated. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness.

• #61 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness. […] The diagnosis of BHT primarily relies on a visual intraoral examination. […] Management is primarily focused on mechanical debridement, maintenance of proper oral hygiene, and removal of potential causative agents. […] Overall clinical prognosis of BHT is excellent.

• #62 Black hairy tongue // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is caused by a buildup of dead skin cells on the tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. […] Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don’t shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy. […] The cause of black hairy tongue can’t always be found. Possible causes of black hairy tongue include: Changes in the healthy bacteria or yeast found in the mouth when taking antibiotics. Poor cleaning of the mouth and tongue. Dry mouth. Eating a soft diet that doesn’t help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue. Regularly using mouthwashes that have oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, that can irritate your mouth. Using tobacco. Drinking a lot of coffee or black tea. Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol. Certain medicines. Having a condition that lowers your ability to fight infections, such as cancer or HIV.

• #63 Black hairy tongue associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-99572021000500112

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign disorder characterized by dark coloration and hypertrophy with hyperkeratosis in filiform papillae on the surface of the tongue. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including poor dental hygiene, smoking, drinking dark beverages, indiscriminate use of antibiotics, and some malignant diseases, have been proposed as potential causes. […] Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign condition in which the center of the tongue changes its color, from black to yellow, and has a hairy appearance due to hypertrophy and elongation of the filiform papillae. It has a variable prevalence and its occurrence is associated with multiple factors such as poor oral hygiene, tobacco use, antibiotic use, and irritating mouthwashes. An association between BHT and systemic diseases such as HIV and malignancies has been described.

• #64 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Use of systemic and local medications has been commonly implicated in the development of BHT. Antibiotics, including penicillin, aureomycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and neomycin are most often associated with this disorder. […] However, it should be noted that the cause and effect factor between antibiotics and development of black hairy tongue needs to be further elucidated. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness.

• #65 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness. […] The diagnosis of BHT primarily relies on a visual intraoral examination. […] Management is primarily focused on mechanical debridement, maintenance of proper oral hygiene, and removal of potential causative agents. […] Overall clinical prognosis of BHT is excellent.

• #66 What causes black hairy tongue? – Sendhil Dental

  https://www.sendhildental.com/what-causes-black-hairy-tongue/

  Smoking Cigarettes and chewing tobacco are detrimental to both teeth and tongue. The toxic and chemical substances present in tobacco products stain the tongue as well as the teeth. To put it simply, smokers are more prone to black hairy tongue than non-smokers. […] Less Salivary Production Saliva can clean a certain amount of dead cells and stains on the tongue surface. When our body does not produce enough saliva, the cleaning does not happen. Common factors that trigger less saliva production include salivary tumors, smoking and radiation. […] Mouthwashes Some mouthwashes contain oxidizing agents like Hydrogen Peroxide. Similarly, alcohols contain an oxidizing substance called Chromic acid. The oxidative particles nurture the microbes in the mouth and lead to various dental dilemma including tongue discoloration.

• #67

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/black-hairy-tongue-a-case-report-12075.html

  Likewise, the association between trigeminal neuralgia and hairy tongue is also described in the literature, due to the chewing difficulty caused by the pain, thus reducing the mechanical stimulus for the normal peeling of the tongue’s surface. […] Conditions that cause xerostomia, as post-radiotherapy states and certain autoimmune pathologies, such as Sjogren’s Syndrome, also predispose to the appearance of black hairy tongue. […] It is common in the literature the description of cases of black hairy tongue that appear after taking certain antibiotics and antipsychotics and that resolve after its suspension, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully known.

• #68 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  In addition, BHT has been reported in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. This painful condition, associated with poor oral intake and decreased mastication, is thought to limit tongue movement, resulting in decreased tongue friction with food, palate, and teeth and ultimately hindering normal desquamation of the keratinized filiform papillae, thus leading to the development of BHT.

• #69

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/black-hairy-tongue-a-case-report-12075.html

  Likewise, the association between trigeminal neuralgia and hairy tongue is also described in the literature, due to the chewing difficulty caused by the pain, thus reducing the mechanical stimulus for the normal peeling of the tongue’s surface. […] Conditions that cause xerostomia, as post-radiotherapy states and certain autoimmune pathologies, such as Sjogren’s Syndrome, also predispose to the appearance of black hairy tongue. […] It is common in the literature the description of cases of black hairy tongue that appear after taking certain antibiotics and antipsychotics and that resolve after its suspension, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully known.

• #70 What causes black hairy tongue? – Sendhil Dental

  https://www.sendhildental.com/what-causes-black-hairy-tongue/

  Smoking Cigarettes and chewing tobacco are detrimental to both teeth and tongue. The toxic and chemical substances present in tobacco products stain the tongue as well as the teeth. To put it simply, smokers are more prone to black hairy tongue than non-smokers. […] Less Salivary Production Saliva can clean a certain amount of dead cells and stains on the tongue surface. When our body does not produce enough saliva, the cleaning does not happen. Common factors that trigger less saliva production include salivary tumors, smoking and radiation. […] Mouthwashes Some mouthwashes contain oxidizing agents like Hydrogen Peroxide. Similarly, alcohols contain an oxidizing substance called Chromic acid. The oxidative particles nurture the microbes in the mouth and lead to various dental dilemma including tongue discoloration.

• #71

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/black-hairy-tongue-a-case-report-12075.html

  Likewise, the association between trigeminal neuralgia and hairy tongue is also described in the literature, due to the chewing difficulty caused by the pain, thus reducing the mechanical stimulus for the normal peeling of the tongue’s surface. […] Conditions that cause xerostomia, as post-radiotherapy states and certain autoimmune pathologies, such as Sjogren’s Syndrome, also predispose to the appearance of black hairy tongue. […] It is common in the literature the description of cases of black hairy tongue that appear after taking certain antibiotics and antipsychotics and that resolve after its suspension, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully known.

• #72

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/black-hairy-tongue-a-case-report-12075.html

  Likewise, the association between trigeminal neuralgia and hairy tongue is also described in the literature, due to the chewing difficulty caused by the pain, thus reducing the mechanical stimulus for the normal peeling of the tongue’s surface. […] Conditions that cause xerostomia, as post-radiotherapy states and certain autoimmune pathologies, such as Sjogren’s Syndrome, also predispose to the appearance of black hairy tongue. […] It is common in the literature the description of cases of black hairy tongue that appear after taking certain antibiotics and antipsychotics and that resolve after its suspension, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully known.

• #73 Black hairy tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue

  Diagnosis is usually made on the clinical appearance without the need for a tissue biopsy. […] However, when biopsies have been taken, the histologic appearance is one of marked elongation and hyperparakeratosis of the filiform papillae and numerous bacteria growing on the epithelial surface. […] Black hairy tongue can also be caused by antibiotics e.g., (penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, clarithromycin and linezolid).

• #74 Black hairy tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue

  Diagnosis is usually made on the clinical appearance without the need for a tissue biopsy. […] However, when biopsies have been taken, the histologic appearance is one of marked elongation and hyperparakeratosis of the filiform papillae and numerous bacteria growing on the epithelial surface. […] Black hairy tongue can also be caused by antibiotics e.g., (penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, clarithromycin and linezolid).

• #75 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness. […] The diagnosis of BHT primarily relies on a visual intraoral examination. […] Management is primarily focused on mechanical debridement, maintenance of proper oral hygiene, and removal of potential causative agents. […] Overall clinical prognosis of BHT is excellent.

• #76 Black hairy tongue | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue, also known as lingua villosa nigra, is a painless, benign disorder caused by defective desquamation and reactive hypertrophy of the filiform papillae of the tongue. […] The exact pathogenesis is unclear. Precipitating factors include poor oral hygiene, use of the antipsychotic drug olanzapine or a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as erythromycin, and therapeutic radiation of the head and the neck. Tobacco use and drinking coffee and tea are also contributory factors. Neurologic conditions such as trigeminal neuropathy may be associated. […] Manabe et al applied a panel of antikeratin probes, showing that defective desquamation of the cells in the central column of filiform papillae resulted in the formation of highly elongated, cornified spines or hair—the hallmark of lingua villosa nigra.

• #77 Black Hairy Tongue and Other Causes of Black Tongue

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/black-tongue-5190133

  Black tongue occurs when dead skin cells build up around the tiny finger-like projections on the tongue, called papillae. This can lead to an accumulation of bacteria and other substances that can cause the cells to darken and turn brownish or blackish. […] From a biological standpoint, BHT occurs when normal cells at the back of the tongue, called epithelial cells, start to accumulate and provide a haven to otherwise harmless chromogenic (color-producing) bacteria. These are the same bacteria that cause teeth staining if you do not brush. […] Trapped in these havens, the bacteria start to secrete pigments that cause discoloration. At the same time, the bacterial buildup slows the normal shedding of cells from papillae, causing them to elongate and take on a hairy appearance.

• #78 Black Hairy Tongue and Other Causes of Black Tongue

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/black-tongue-5190133

  Black tongue occurs when dead skin cells build up around the tiny finger-like projections on the tongue, called papillae. This can lead to an accumulation of bacteria and other substances that can cause the cells to darken and turn brownish or blackish. […] From a biological standpoint, BHT occurs when normal cells at the back of the tongue, called epithelial cells, start to accumulate and provide a haven to otherwise harmless chromogenic (color-producing) bacteria. These are the same bacteria that cause teeth staining if you do not brush. […] Trapped in these havens, the bacteria start to secrete pigments that cause discoloration. At the same time, the bacterial buildup slows the normal shedding of cells from papillae, causing them to elongate and take on a hairy appearance.

• #79 Black hairy tongue // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is caused by a buildup of dead skin cells on the tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. […] Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don’t shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy. […] The cause of black hairy tongue can’t always be found. Possible causes of black hairy tongue include: Changes in the healthy bacteria or yeast found in the mouth when taking antibiotics. Poor cleaning of the mouth and tongue. Dry mouth. Eating a soft diet that doesn’t help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue. Regularly using mouthwashes that have oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, that can irritate your mouth. Using tobacco. Drinking a lot of coffee or black tea. Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol. Certain medicines. Having a condition that lowers your ability to fight infections, such as cancer or HIV.

• #80 Black Hairy Tongue Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments – Oral-B

  https://oralb.com/en-us/oral-health/conditions/bad-breath/black-hairy-tongue-causes-symptoms-treatments/

  A black hairy tongue is a temporary and harmless condition that is often caused by an overgrowth of bacteria in your mouth. […] Certain types of bacteria accumulate on the papillae (the small projections that cover the tongue) and create red blood cell pigments, which can make the tongue look black. […] No one knows for sure what causes a black hairy tongue. But some research suggests that it can be caused by a change in the normal bacteria or yeast content in the mouth due to antibiotic use for a medical condition, or by using products that contain bismuth, a chemical element often found in certain cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. […] Other possible causes of a black hairy tongue include smoking or using other tobacco products, drinking excessive amounts of coffee or tea, and failing to follow a regular routine of daily oral hygiene. […] Ironically, chronic bad breath has not been associated with a black hairy tongue but using certain mouthwashes may increase your risk. […] Additionally, individuals with dry mouth symptoms may be more prone to developing black hairy tongue.

• #81 Levofloxacin-induced black hairy tongue (BHT) in a 30-year-old female COVID-19 infected patient – International Journal of Case Reports and Images (IJCRI)

  https://www.ijcasereportsandimages.com/archive/article-full-text/101264Z01TM2021

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a condition in which the filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue are elongated and hypertrophied. […] Xerostomia, smoking, coffee, poor oral hygiene and use of medication are risk factors for acquiring BHT. […] Black hairy tongue is also associated with various conditions that cause immune compromise, such as malignancies, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), graft versus host disease (GVHD) and recent radiation therapy to the head and neck region. […] The association between microbial infections and development of BHT has been debated for many years and it seems that bacterial proliferation is secondary to antibiotic use, as well as the elongation of the filiform papillae. The alteration of the oral microflora gives rise to resistant bacteria and fungi, which are trapped and proliferate in the filiform papillae. Fungi such as Candida and Aspergillus are thought to aggravate the condition.

• #82 Levofloxacin-induced black hairy tongue (BHT) in a 30-year-old female COVID-19 infected patient – International Journal of Case Reports and Images (IJCRI)

  https://www.ijcasereportsandimages.com/archive/article-full-text/101264Z01TM2021

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a condition in which the filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue are elongated and hypertrophied. […] Xerostomia, smoking, coffee, poor oral hygiene and use of medication are risk factors for acquiring BHT. […] Black hairy tongue is also associated with various conditions that cause immune compromise, such as malignancies, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), graft versus host disease (GVHD) and recent radiation therapy to the head and neck region. […] The association between microbial infections and development of BHT has been debated for many years and it seems that bacterial proliferation is secondary to antibiotic use, as well as the elongation of the filiform papillae. The alteration of the oral microflora gives rise to resistant bacteria and fungi, which are trapped and proliferate in the filiform papillae. Fungi such as Candida and Aspergillus are thought to aggravate the condition.

• #83 Levofloxacin-induced black hairy tongue (BHT) in a 30-year-old female COVID-19 infected patient – International Journal of Case Reports and Images (IJCRI)

  https://www.ijcasereportsandimages.com/archive/article-full-text/101264Z01TM2021

  Discoloration of the tongue is accompanied by elongated filiform papillae (1218 mm) along with hypertrophy (2 mm width). Antibiotics can change the mouth flora and chromogenic bacteria contribute to tongue discoloration. Moreover, the use of antimicrobial agents can lead to inadequate desquamation and hairy elongationhypertrophy of the filiform papillae. […] Multiple factors can contribute to this condition, but the pathophysiology is not yet fully understood. […] This tongue disease is self-limiting, does not require antifungal therapy, and is resolved after discontinuation of the causative agent, while improving oral hygiene.

• #84 Pantoprazole Induced Black Hairy Tongue: A Case Report

  https://www.ijmrhs.com/medical-research/pantoprazole-induced-black-hairy-tongue-a-case-report-100944.html

  PPI induced BHT is possibly due to alteration of the pH of gastric acid in the stomach and saliva and also a decrease in saliva production which may lead to defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue thereby accumulating a keratinized layer and allowing the growth of candida species and porphyrin producing chromogenic organisms in the oral flora giving the characteristic colour. […] Another possible explanation is the use of red, black and yellow ferric oxide in capsules and tablets as a colorant which accumulates as debris with overgrowth of bacteria and yeasts which lead to synthesis of porphyrin producing chromogenic organisms resulting in BHT. […] This alteration of oral flora predispose to trapping of foreign material and stimulate local microbial overgrowth that lead to colour change with delayed desquamation of cells in central column of filiform papillae and marked retention of secondary papillary cells that express hair type keratins. […] BHT can be successfully managed by stopping the offending agent, mechanical debridement like tongue scraping, maintaining good oral hygiene and adequate hydration. […] Our report clearly indicates that BHT is reversible and unlikely to be harmful.

• #85 Black Hairy Tongue: A Rare Adverse Effect of Olanzapine

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/black-hairy-tongue-rare-adverse-effect-olanzapine/

  Amatus Lusitanus first described black hairy tongue in 1557 as a painless, benign clinical condition characterized by defective desquamation and reactive hypertrophy of the filiform papillae of the tongue. […] While olanzapine is often linked to metabolic side effects, we report the case of a patient who developed black hairy tongue as a result of using the medication. […] The exact mechanism behind olanzapine induced black hairy tongue is unknown. It has been suggested that the anticholinergic properties of olanzapine may play a role in its development.

• #86

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2023/06000/linezolid_induced_black_hairy_tongue_in_a_patient.129.aspx

  Linezolid-induced black hairy tongue (BHT) is a highly scarce adverse event of linezolid therapy. The onset and mechanism of BHT are also not well understood. […] Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a very rare side-effect of linezolid which presents as hypertrophy and discoloration of the filiform papillae of the tongue. […] The pathophysiologic mechanism for linezolid-induced BHT is not well understood. The hypothesized mechanism involves drug-induced defective tongue desquamation resulting in thickened and hypertrophied filiform papillae which, with debris and microbiological colonization lead to staining which in turn leads to BHT. […] The clinical diagnosis relies on visual observation and correlation with a detailed clinical history. Pathology evaluation may also be required on rare occasions. Treatment involves the identification and discontinuation of the offending agent. […] The offending agent (linezolid) was instantly discontinued after the episode of BHT and the patient recovered in 2 weeks. […] The importance of patient counselling has always been highlighted in all such reports.

• #87 Black Hairy Tongue Causes And Treatment | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/threats-to-dental-health/black-hairy-tongue-causes-and-treatment

  A black and hairy tongue isn’t ultimately harmful to your overall health. It’s generally easy to treat both the condition and any secondary cause. You should be able to clean the surface of your tongue using a soft toothbrush or a tongue scraper. In severe instances, your doctor or dentist may prescribe medications or recommend an antiseptic mouthrinse, notes the NIH. If this hasn’t worked to eliminate black hairy tongue, your dentist may consider using laser surgery or electrical current as the final treatment options. […] The best prevention method is to commit to good, daily oral care and reassess your habits. Along with brushing twice daily and cleaning between your teeth, you might consider using a tongue scraper to clean your tongue. Refraining from tobacco use and limiting your alcohol, black tea, and coffee intake may also help. With a good oral care plan in place that includes regular dental visits, you can keep all the parts of your mouth healthy.

• #88 Black hairy tongue syndrome – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152586/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. […] Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessive coffee/black tea consumption, poor oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, general debilitation, xerostomia, and medication use. […] Treatment involves identification and discontinuation of the offending agent, modifications of chronic predisposing factors, patient’s re-assurance to the benign nature of the condition, and maintenance of adequate oral hygiene with gentle debridement to promote desquamation. […] BHT remains an important medical condition which may result in additional burden on the patient and health care system and requires appropriate prevention, recognition and treatment.

• #89 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness. […] The diagnosis of BHT primarily relies on a visual intraoral examination. […] Management is primarily focused on mechanical debridement, maintenance of proper oral hygiene, and removal of potential causative agents. […] Overall clinical prognosis of BHT is excellent.

• #90

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2023/06000/linezolid_induced_black_hairy_tongue_in_a_patient.129.aspx

  Linezolid-induced black hairy tongue (BHT) is a highly scarce adverse event of linezolid therapy. The onset and mechanism of BHT are also not well understood. […] Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a very rare side-effect of linezolid which presents as hypertrophy and discoloration of the filiform papillae of the tongue. […] The pathophysiologic mechanism for linezolid-induced BHT is not well understood. The hypothesized mechanism involves drug-induced defective tongue desquamation resulting in thickened and hypertrophied filiform papillae which, with debris and microbiological colonization lead to staining which in turn leads to BHT. […] The clinical diagnosis relies on visual observation and correlation with a detailed clinical history. Pathology evaluation may also be required on rare occasions. Treatment involves the identification and discontinuation of the offending agent. […] The offending agent (linezolid) was instantly discontinued after the episode of BHT and the patient recovered in 2 weeks. […] The importance of patient counselling has always been highlighted in all such reports.

• #91 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness. […] The diagnosis of BHT primarily relies on a visual intraoral examination. […] Management is primarily focused on mechanical debridement, maintenance of proper oral hygiene, and removal of potential causative agents. […] Overall clinical prognosis of BHT is excellent.

• #92 Pantoprazole Induced Black Hairy Tongue: A Case Report

  https://www.ijmrhs.com/medical-research/pantoprazole-induced-black-hairy-tongue-a-case-report-100944.html

  PPI induced BHT is possibly due to alteration of the pH of gastric acid in the stomach and saliva and also a decrease in saliva production which may lead to defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue thereby accumulating a keratinized layer and allowing the growth of candida species and porphyrin producing chromogenic organisms in the oral flora giving the characteristic colour. […] Another possible explanation is the use of red, black and yellow ferric oxide in capsules and tablets as a colorant which accumulates as debris with overgrowth of bacteria and yeasts which lead to synthesis of porphyrin producing chromogenic organisms resulting in BHT. […] This alteration of oral flora predispose to trapping of foreign material and stimulate local microbial overgrowth that lead to colour change with delayed desquamation of cells in central column of filiform papillae and marked retention of secondary papillary cells that express hair type keratins. […] BHT can be successfully managed by stopping the offending agent, mechanical debridement like tongue scraping, maintaining good oral hygiene and adequate hydration. […] Our report clearly indicates that BHT is reversible and unlikely to be harmful.

• #93 Black hairy tongue syndrome – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152586/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. […] Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessive coffee/black tea consumption, poor oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, general debilitation, xerostomia, and medication use. […] Treatment involves identification and discontinuation of the offending agent, modifications of chronic predisposing factors, patient’s re-assurance to the benign nature of the condition, and maintenance of adequate oral hygiene with gentle debridement to promote desquamation. […] BHT remains an important medical condition which may result in additional burden on the patient and health care system and requires appropriate prevention, recognition and treatment.

• #94 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness. […] The diagnosis of BHT primarily relies on a visual intraoral examination. […] Management is primarily focused on mechanical debridement, maintenance of proper oral hygiene, and removal of potential causative agents. […] Overall clinical prognosis of BHT is excellent.

• #95 Black Hairy Tongue: A Rare Adverse Effect of Olanzapine

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/black-hairy-tongue-rare-adverse-effect-olanzapine/

  Amatus Lusitanus first described black hairy tongue in 1557 as a painless, benign clinical condition characterized by defective desquamation and reactive hypertrophy of the filiform papillae of the tongue. […] While olanzapine is often linked to metabolic side effects, we report the case of a patient who developed black hairy tongue as a result of using the medication. […] The exact mechanism behind olanzapine induced black hairy tongue is unknown. It has been suggested that the anticholinergic properties of olanzapine may play a role in its development.

• #96 Black hairy tongue caused by metronidazole | The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

  https://www.bjid.org.br/en-black-hairy-tongue-caused-by-articulo-S1413867021001021

  Moreover, BHT is linked to various behavioral factors, such as smoking and poor oral hygiene, and the use of several medications, including antibiotics. Erythromycin, doxycycline, linezolid, penicillin, minocycline, and metronidazole reportedly cause BHT. […] Generally, BHT is managed by discontinuing the potential causative medication, modifying the predisposing factors, maintaining a good oral hygiene with tongue care to promote desquamation of the hyperkeratotic papillae.

• #97 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  In addition, BHT has been reported in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. This painful condition, associated with poor oral intake and decreased mastication, is thought to limit tongue movement, resulting in decreased tongue friction with food, palate, and teeth and ultimately hindering normal desquamation of the keratinized filiform papillae, thus leading to the development of BHT.

• #98 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. […] Although casual smoking poses a slightly increased risk of having BHT compared to non-smokers, heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness. […] The diagnosis of BHT primarily relies on a visual intraoral examination. […] Management is primarily focused on mechanical debridement, maintenance of proper oral hygiene, and removal of potential causative agents. […] Overall clinical prognosis of BHT is excellent.

• #99 Black tongue: What is it, and how is it treated? | Perio Implant Advisory

  https://www.perioimplantadvisory.com/clinical-tips/article/14294685/black-tongue-what-is-it-and-how-is-it-treated

  The exact cause of black hairy tongue is thought to be a growth of cells on the tongue that increase the size of tongue papillae, which then trap bacteria or yeast that produce chromatin and turn the tongue black. […] These extra cells can also accumulate bacteria from food, coffee, tea, and tobacco that can stain them and turn the tongue a darker color. […] Black hairy tongue generally resolves within days to weeks after implementation of oral care and removal of the etiologic factors.

• #100 Black hairy tongue associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-99572021000500112

  Hairy appearance is due to inadequate keratin desquamation (hyperkeratosis) over the filiform papillae, which elongate up to 18 mm. On the other hand, color change is caused by yeasts or anaerobic bacteria, chromogenic, amino acid-fermenting, and porphyrin-producing bacteria, and modifications resulting from environmental factors, which can be associated with alterations of the oral microbiome present in HIV infection, graft-versus-host disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, trigeminal neuralgia or malignancy. […] The first line of treatment is based on suspending the medications associated with the condition, having excellent oral hygiene, quitting predisposing habits, and the generous brushing or scraping of the tongue to promote the desquamation of the papillae. […] No cases of BHT and esophageal cancer association were found in the literature review conducted by us, so this is an association that should be taken into account.

• #101 Black hairy tongue associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-99572021000500112

  Hairy appearance is due to inadequate keratin desquamation (hyperkeratosis) over the filiform papillae, which elongate up to 18 mm. On the other hand, color change is caused by yeasts or anaerobic bacteria, chromogenic, amino acid-fermenting, and porphyrin-producing bacteria, and modifications resulting from environmental factors, which can be associated with alterations of the oral microbiome present in HIV infection, graft-versus-host disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, trigeminal neuralgia or malignancy. […] The first line of treatment is based on suspending the medications associated with the condition, having excellent oral hygiene, quitting predisposing habits, and the generous brushing or scraping of the tongue to promote the desquamation of the papillae. […] No cases of BHT and esophageal cancer association were found in the literature review conducted by us, so this is an association that should be taken into account.

• #102 Lingua villosa nigra in an infant – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/lingua-villosa-nigra-in-an-infant/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) or lingua villosa nigra is an acquired, asymptomatic, benign and self-limiting condition rarely seen in infancy. It gets its name due to the hypertrophic reaction of keratin seen in filiform papillae giving it a black hairy appearance. […] BHT (Syn; lingua villosa nigra, keratomycosis linguae, verbatum lingua or hyperkeratosis of the tongue) is a well-described and common pigmentary disorder of the tongue. Delayed desquamation and retention of papillary cells result in build-up of keratin which contributes to the hairy appearance of the tongue, with the length of the papillae reaching more than three times the normal length of the filiform papillae. […] The aetiology of BHT is not fully elucidated and is multifactorial. Various local and systemic insults contribute to an altered oral pH and promotion of chromogenic bacteria.

• #103 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. […] Its etiology and pathophysiology have not been fully elucidated and are likely multifactorial. […] The pathophysiology of BHT has not been fully elucidated. It is thought to arise from defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue. This then prevents normal debridement, leading to accumulation of keratinized layers. […] Using antikeratin probes on BHT epithelium, Manabe et al found that the hairs are highly elongated cornified spines that result from delayed desquamation of the cells in the central column of filiform papillae and marked retention of secondary papillary cells that expressed hair-type keratins.

• #104 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is an acquired, benign condition characterized by the appearance of abnormally hypertrophied and elongated filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue. […] Its etiology and pathophysiology have not been fully elucidated and are likely multifactorial. […] The pathophysiology of BHT has not been fully elucidated. It is thought to arise from defective desquamation of the dorsal surface of the tongue. This then prevents normal debridement, leading to accumulation of keratinized layers. […] The resulting hypertrophy and elongation of the filiform papillae appear hairlike superficially. […] Using antikeratin probes on BHT epithelium, Manabe et al found that the hairs are highly elongated cornified spines that result from delayed desquamation of the cells in the central column of filiform papillae and marked retention of secondary papillary cells that expressed hair-type keratins.

• #105 Black hairy tongue syndrome – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152586/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. […] Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessive coffee/black tea consumption, poor oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, general debilitation, xerostomia, and medication use. […] Treatment involves identification and discontinuation of the offending agent, modifications of chronic predisposing factors, patient’s re-assurance to the benign nature of the condition, and maintenance of adequate oral hygiene with gentle debridement to promote desquamation. […] BHT remains an important medical condition which may result in additional burden on the patient and health care system and requires appropriate prevention, recognition and treatment.

• #106 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/black-hairy-tongue

  Common contributing factors include poor oral hygiene, regular use of irritating substances, such as peroxide or oxidizing mouthwashes, xerostomia (dry mouth), use of certain medications, such as antibiotics, that can alter the normal oral microbiome, tobacco use, drinking excessive amounts of coffee, tea, or alcohol, and eating mainly soft foods that prevent normal desquamation. […] Some of the medications that can cause black discoloration and a hair-like appearance on the surface of the tongue include antibiotics such as penicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and neomycin. […] Older or first-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine, chlorpromazine, and olanzapine due to their xerostomic (mouth drying) effects as a result of their anticholinergic properties. […] A black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra) is a benign condition that usually does not require any treatment. However, depending on the cause, your doctor may prescribe medications. […] If antibiotic use has caused oral candidiasis (a fungal infection of the mouth), your doctor may prescribe antifungal medications. […] If your black hairy tongue does not go away with the home remedies outlined above, you should make an appointment to see your healthcare provider.

• #107 Black hairy tongue syndrome – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152586/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. […] Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessive coffee/black tea consumption, poor oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, general debilitation, xerostomia, and medication use. […] Treatment involves identification and discontinuation of the offending agent, modifications of chronic predisposing factors, patient’s re-assurance to the benign nature of the condition, and maintenance of adequate oral hygiene with gentle debridement to promote desquamation. […] BHT remains an important medical condition which may result in additional burden on the patient and health care system and requires appropriate prevention, recognition and treatment.

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