Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessive coffee/black tea consumption, poor oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, general debilitation, xerostomia, and medication use. […] Its etiology and pathophysiology have not been fully elucidated and are likely multifactorial. Male sex, older age, smoking, alcohol use, poor oral hygiene, and certain medications place patients at higher risk for developing BHT. […] The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. Various palette appearance of the hairy tongue likely originates in differences in potentially contributing extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic (chromogenic oral microflora) factors.

• #2 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessive coffee/black tea consumption, poor oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, general debilitation, xerostomia, and medication use. […] Its etiology and pathophysiology have not been fully elucidated and are likely multifactorial. Male sex, older age, smoking, alcohol use, poor oral hygiene, and certain medications place patients at higher risk for developing BHT. […] The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. Various palette appearance of the hairy tongue likely originates in differences in potentially contributing extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic (chromogenic oral microflora) factors.

• #3 Black hairy tongue | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/black-hairy-tongue?content_id=CON-20257486

  Black hairy tongue is caused by a buildup of dead skin cells on the tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. […] Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don’t shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy. […] The cause of black hairy tongue can’t always be found. Possible causes of black hairy tongue include: Changes in the healthy bacteria or yeast found in the mouth when taking antibiotics. Poor cleaning of the mouth and tongue. Dry mouth. Eating a soft diet that doesn’t help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue. Regularly using mouthwashes that have oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, that can irritate your mouth. Using tobacco. Drinking a lot of coffee or black tea. Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol. Certain medicines. Having a condition that lowers your ability to fight infections, such as cancer or HIV.

• #4 Black Tongue: Causes, Symptoms, Home Remedies And MoreAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://www.rodeodental.com/causes-of-black-tongue-symptoms-home-remedies-and-more/

  Black tongue occurs when keratin named protein grows on the surface of the tongue. Excessive buildup of bacteria inside the mouth can also cause your tongue to appear blackish. […] The surface of the tongue is covered in keratin protein. Usually, keratin discharges when the skin cells discharge. But sometimes, the body stops eliminating the dead skin, and keratin grows, making the tongue look black and ugly. […] Here are some factors that elevate the chances of keratin accumulation on your tongue. […] Certain medications can cause dry mouth, making it easier for dead skin cells to build up. […] Excessive use of antibiotics. Antibiotics kill good and bad body bacteria, disturbing the bacterial balance in your mouth. This helps certain bacteria and yeasts to grow. […] Some people may have a black furry tongue. The cause of this type is a bacterial or fungal infection. Other oral diseases can also result in a hairy tongue. […] When you have a buildup of dead skin cells on your tongue, bacteria and other substances can get caught in them. This can make your tongue look dark brown or blackish.

• #5 Black Hairy Tongue and Other Causes of Black Tongue

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/black-tongue-5190133

  Black hairy tongue syndrome (BHT) is a benign condition in which the small bumps on the surface of the tongue, called papillae, become elongated and take on a black or brownish color. The cause of BHT is not entirely clear, but it is thought to be multifactorial (meaning involving a combination of lifestyle and/or health factors). […] From a biological standpoint, BHT occurs when normal cells at the back of the tongue, called epithelial cells, start to accumulate and provide a haven to otherwise harmless chromogenic (color-producing) bacteria. These are the same bacteria that cause teeth staining if you do not brush. […] Trapped in these havens, the bacteria start to secrete pigments that cause discoloration. At the same time, the bacterial buildup slows the normal shedding of cells from papillae, causing them to elongate and take on a hairy appearance.

• #6 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/black-hairy-tongue

  Common contributing factors for black hairy tongue include poor oral hygiene, regular use of oxidizing mouthwashes, dry mouth, antibiotic use, tobacco, coffee, tea, alcohol, and eating mainly soft foods. […] Medications that can cause the appearance of a black hairy tongue include antibiotics like penicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and neomycin, as well as antipsychotics like chlorpromazine and olanzapine. […] Its not always possible to identify the exact cause of a black hairy tongue. Common contributing factors include: Poor oral hygiene, Regular use of irritating substances, such as peroxide or oxidizing mouthwashes, Xerostomia (dry mouth), Use of certain medications, such as antibiotics, that can alter the normal oral microbiome (change the usual bacteria and yeast in the mouth), Tobacco use, Drinking excessive amounts of coffee, tea, or alcohol, Eating mainly soft foods that prevent normal desquamation (natural rubbing off of dead skin cells from the dorsal tongue).

• #7 Black Hairy Tongue: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/how_do_you_get_rid_of_black_hairy_tongue/article_em.htm

  Black hairy tongue is caused by certain types of bacteria and yeast. […] Black hairy tongue is caused by a lack of stimulation or abrasion to the top of the tongue which results in the surface of the tongue not shedding properly. Causes of this lack of stimulation include: […] Poor oral hygiene […] Use of certain medications including penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, lansoprazole, olanzapine, bismuth, erlotinib, and linezolid […] Smoking or chewing tobacco […] Colored beverages, including coffee and tea […] Drinking alcohol […] Chlorhexidine or peroxidase-containing mouthwash […] Dehydration […] Dry mouth […] Radiation therapy to the head and neck area […] Cocaine use. […] Black hairy tongue may also develop in people who have no teeth because a soft food diet does not help with the normal shedding of the papillae.

• #8 Hairy tongue

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hairy-tongue

  Hairy tongue is due to defective shedding of surface cells. Abnormal filiform papillae prevent normal cleaning and debridement of the tongue, hence debris accumulates. Bacteria and yeasts then overgrow and make porphyrins (deeply coloured organic compounds), which may contribute to the discolouration. […] A range of medications have been linked to hairy tongue including penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, lansoprazole, olanzapine, bismuth, erlotinib, linezolid. […] Other factors that may cause, and/or aggravate hairy tongue include poor oral hygiene, smoking or chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol, cocaine, chlorhexidine or peroxidase-containing mouthwash, coloured beverages, including coffee, dehydration, hyposalivation (dry mouth), radiation therapy.

• #9 Hairy Tongue: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075886-overview

  Hairy tongue (lingua villosa) is a commonly observed condition of defective desquamation of the filiform papillae that results from a variety of precipitating factors. […] The basic defect in hairy tongue is a hypertrophy of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue, usually due to a lack of mechanical stimulation and debridement. This condition often occurs in individuals with poor oral hygiene (eg, lack of tooth brushing, eating a soft diet with no roughage that would otherwise mechanically debride the dorsal surface of the tongue). […] Contributory factors for hairy tongue are numerous and include tobacco use and coffee or tea drinking. These factors account for the various colors associated with the condition. […] Medications, such as lorazepam and similar agents, lithium, and linezolid, have been implicated. […] Other medications that have been reported to induce black hairy tongue include doxycycline, penicillin lozenges, mepazine, oral tetracycline, olanzapine, oral erythromycin, vancomycin, and meropenem.

• #10 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  Heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Alcohol and intravenous drug use, excessive coffee consumption, poor oral hygiene, general debilitation, and recent radiation therapy to the head and neck region are important risk factors that predispose some patients to develop BHT. […] Prolonged use of oxidizing mouthwashes containing sodium perborate, sodium peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide has also been associated with the development of BHT. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness. […] In addition, BHT has been reported in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. This painful condition, associated with poor oral intake and decreased mastication, is thought to limit tongue movement, resulting in decreased tongue friction with food, palate, and teeth and ultimately hindering normal desquamation of the keratinized filiform papillae, thus leading to the development of BHT.

• #11 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes, What It Is & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17918-black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue sounds awful, but its a harmless and fairly common condition. Poor oral hygiene, tobacco use and certain medications are just a few of the things that can cause black hairy tongue. […] The two most common causes of black hairy tongue include poor oral hygiene and a diet of soft foods. This is because the shedding process requires stimulation and abrasion to the top of your tongue. Common black hairy tongue causes include: […] Most of the time, a black hairy tongue just means you need to improve your oral hygiene at home. However, in some cases, the condition may be caused by an overgrowth of bacteria or fungi.

• #12 Black hairy tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue

  A soft diet may be involved as normally food has an abrasive action on the tongue, which keeps the filiform papillae short. […] Transient surface discoloration of the tongue and other soft tissues in the mouth can occur in the absence of hairy tongue. Causes include smoking (or betel chewing), some foods and beverages (e.g., coffee, tea or liquorice), and certain medications (e.g., chlorhexidine, iron salts, or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)).

• #13 Hairy tongue: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320201

  The exact causes of hairy tongue are sometimes unknown. […] Hairy tongue may be caused by tobacco, tea, or coffee. […] Different factors can trigger the onset of hairy tongue. These include: A soft diet: A lack of stimulation for abrasion to the surface of the tongue can prevent sufficient shedding of the papillae. Poor oral hygiene: This can cause a buildup of bacteria or yeast, contributing to hairy tongue. Certain substances: Tobacco use, as well as excessive consumption of alcohol, coffee or tea, for example. Dehydration or dry mouth: Lack of moisture in the mouth can make a person more prone to having hairy tongue. Certain medications: These include some treatments for stomach acid reflux. Oral hygiene products: Certain types of mouthwash, such as those containing peroxide. […] Hairy tongue can take on a number of different colors, but some triggers will cause specific colors to develop. An example of this is black hairy tongue, which is associated with the consumption of tobacco, coffee, tea, or use of some mouthwashes.

• #14 Hairy Tongue: Why It Happens and How to Treat It

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dental-and-oral-health/hairy-tongue

  A tongue that looks hairy can have various causes, such as taking certain medications and not brushing your teeth well enough. […] It’s not clear what causes hairy tongue, but certain factors can increase your risk for developing the condition. […] Other causes may also increase the chances of developing hairy tongue. These include: use of certain medications, especially antibiotics and proton-pump inhibitors (used to treat acid reflux), poor oral hygiene (not brushing your teeth regularly or well enough), radiation therapy, especially to the head and neck, excessive use of alcohol, use of cocaine, dehydration, dry mouth (xerostomia), excessive coffee or tea consumption, smoking, chewing, or dipping tobacco. […] Black hairy tongue shares many of the same causes with all hairy tongues, but specific factors give this condition the telltale black look.

• #15 Black Hairy Tongue Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | Oral B

  https://www.oralb.ca/en-ca/oral-health/conditions/bad-breath/black-hairy-tongue-causes-symptoms-treatments

  Ironically, chronic bad breath has not been associated with a black hairy tongue, but using certain mouthwashes may increase your risk. Mouthwashes containing astringents (such as menthol or witch hazel), or full-strength oxidizing agents such as peroxide, may increase your risk of developing a black hairy tongue if you use them excessively.

• #16 Black Tongue: What Causes a Black Tongue and How to Get Rid of It

  https://www.healthline.com/health/black-tongue

  Antibiotics kill both good and bad bacteria in your body. This can affect the delicate balance of bacteria in your mouth, allowing certain yeasts and bacteria to thrive. […] Tobacco is one of the biggest risk factors of black tongue. Tobacco very easily stains the elongated papillae on your tongue. […] Drinking coffee or tea can also easily stain elongated papillae, especially if you drink a lot of either of them. […] Certain harsh mouthwashes that contain oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, can affect the balance of bacteria in your mouth. […] Bismuth subsalicylate is a common ingredient in some over-the-counter gastrointestinal medications. When it reacts with traces of sulfur in your mouth, it can stain your tongue, making it appear black.

• #17 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  Heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. Similar to smoking, heavy black tea consumption lead to increased prevalence of BHT in both male and female patients. Alcohol and intravenous drug use, excessive coffee consumption, poor oral hygiene, general debilitation, and recent radiation therapy to the head and neck region are important risk factors that predispose some patients to develop BHT. […] Use of systemic and local medications has been commonly implicated in the development of BHT. Antibiotics, including penicillin, aureomycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and neomycin are most often associated with this disorder. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness. In addition, BHT has been reported in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. This painful condition, associated with poor oral intake and decreased mastication, is thought to limit tongue movement, resulting in decreased tongue friction with food, palate, and teeth and ultimately hindering normal desquamation of the keratinized filiform papillae, thus leading to the development of BHT.

• #18 Black Hairy Tongue and Other Causes of Black Tongue

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/black-tongue-5190133

  There are many risk factors associated with BHT. These include lifestyle, medications, and medical conditions that predispose individuals to this otherwise benign (non-cancerous) condition. […] Certain medications can also cause BHT, either independently or in tandem with lifestyle risk factors. […] Medical conditions associated with BHT include those that cause immunosuppression (a weakened immune system) or directly or indirectly affect the tongue and mouth, including dry mouth syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia, HIV, cancer, stem-cell transplantation, head and neck radiation, and general poor health and illness. […] Although BHT is considered harmless, it can lead to certain complications if left untreated. One study suggested that BHT is linked to an increased risk of oral, throat, and lung cancer not so much because it „causes” cancer but because BHT is linked to heavy smoking (which is a risk factor for cancer). […] A black tongue may also be caused by staining from things like Pepto-Bismol, iron supplements, and licorice.

• #19 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i31/10845.htm

  Heavy use of tobacco leads to estimated prevalence of 58% in men and 33% in women. […] Alcohol and intravenous drug use, excessive coffee consumption, poor oral hygiene, general debilitation, and recent radiation therapy to the head and neck region are important risk factors that predispose some patients to develop BHT. […] Prolonged use of oxidizing mouthwashes containing sodium perborate, sodium peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide has also been associated with the development of BHT. […] Other diseases and medical conditions associated with BHT include HIV, advanced cancer, and general body illness. […] In addition, BHT has been reported in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. This painful condition, associated with poor oral intake and decreased mastication, is thought to limit tongue movement, resulting in decreased tongue friction with food, palate, and teeth and ultimately hindering normal desquamation of the keratinized filiform papillae, thus leading to the development of BHT.

• #20 Black hairy tongue – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/black-hairy-tongue/

  Black hairy tongue typically results when projections on the tongue called papillae grow longer because they don’t shed dead skin cells like normal. This makes the tongue look hairy. Debris, bacteria or other organisms can collect on the papillae and result in discoloration. […] Although the cause of black hairy tongue can’t always be determined, possible causes or contributing factors include: […] Changes in the normal bacteria or yeast content of the mouth after antibiotic use […] Poor oral hygiene […] Dry mouth (xerostomia) […] Regular use of mouthwashes containing irritating oxidizing agents, such as peroxide […] Tobacco use […] Drinking excessive amounts of coffee or black tea […] Excessive alcohol use […] Eating a soft diet that doesn’t help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue.

• #21 Black tongue: What is it, and how is it treated? | Perio Implant Advisory

  https://www.perioimplantadvisory.com/clinical-tips/article/14294685/black-tongue-what-is-it-and-how-is-it-treated

  Black hairy tongue (appearance of a black tongue) also known as lingua villosa nigra is a black appearance on the top (dorsal surface) of the tongue and growth of the papillae on the tongue that make it appear as if hair is growing there. […] The exact cause of black hairy tongue is thought to be a growth of cells on the tongue that increase the size of tongue papillae, which then trap bacteria or yeast that produce chromatin and turn the tongue black. […] These extra cells can also accumulate bacteria from food, coffee, tea, and tobacco that can stain them and turn the tongue a darker color. […] Studies have shown that black hairy tongue can occur in 1%11% of the population. […] The rate of this condition also increases in those older than 60. […] Black hairy tongue should be differentiated from fake black tongue (pseudoblack hairy tongue), which can occur when the tongue becomes stained from coffee/tea, food coloring, or medications that contain bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol). […] Black hairy tongue generally resolves within days to weeks after implementation of oral care and removal of the etiologic factors.

• #22 Black Hairy Tongue: Causes and Treatments For a Black or Coated Tongue

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/black-hairy-tongue

  Black hairy tongue is caused by bacteria or fungi in the mouth, which make the tongue appear black and hairy. […] A black hairy tongue is caused by too much bacteria or yeast growth in the mouth. The bacteria build up on tiny rounded projections called papillae. […] Certain lifestyle habits and conditions can make people more likely to develop black hairy tongue. They include poor oral hygiene, smoking tobacco, drinking a lot of coffee or tea, using antibiotics, being dehydrated, taking medications that contain the chemical bismuth, not producing enough saliva, regularly using mouthwash that contains peroxide, witch hazel, or menthol, and getting radiation therapy to the head and neck. […] Black hairy tongue is more common in men, people who use intravenous drugs, and those who are HIV-positive.

• #23 Black Hairy Tongue

  https://fpnotebook.com/ENT/Tongue/BlckHryTng.htm

  Prevalence: 0.5 to 11% […] More common in older patients […] More common in males (3 fold more common than in females) […] Hyperplasia of Filiform Papillae on anterior two thirds of dorsal Tongue (retention hyperkeratosis) […] Response to poor Desquamation, excessive keratinization […] Results in trapping of debris and Bacteria […] Bacterial colonization may result in black appearance […] Tobacco Abuse […] Alcohol Use […] Inadequate Oral Hygiene […] Low fiber diet […] Hyposalivation […] Mouth breathing […] Oxidizing mouth wash use […] Overgrowth of oral Fungus (Thrush) […] HIV Infection or other Immunosuppression […] Epstein Barr Virus has been identified on biopsy […] Radiation Therapy […] Recent Antibiotic therapy (e.g. Linezolid)

• #24 Black hairy tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue

  A soft diet may be involved as normally food has an abrasive action on the tongue, which keeps the filiform papillae short. […] Transient surface discoloration of the tongue and other soft tissues in the mouth can occur in the absence of hairy tongue. Causes include smoking (or betel chewing), some foods and beverages (e.g., coffee, tea or liquorice), and certain medications (e.g., chlorhexidine, iron salts, or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)).

• #25 Black tongue: What is it, and how is it treated? | Perio Implant Advisory

  https://www.perioimplantadvisory.com/clinical-tips/article/14294685/black-tongue-what-is-it-and-how-is-it-treated

  Black hairy tongue (appearance of a black tongue) also known as lingua villosa nigra is a black appearance on the top (dorsal surface) of the tongue and growth of the papillae on the tongue that make it appear as if hair is growing there. […] The exact cause of black hairy tongue is thought to be a growth of cells on the tongue that increase the size of tongue papillae, which then trap bacteria or yeast that produce chromatin and turn the tongue black. […] These extra cells can also accumulate bacteria from food, coffee, tea, and tobacco that can stain them and turn the tongue a darker color. […] Studies have shown that black hairy tongue can occur in 1%11% of the population. […] The rate of this condition also increases in those older than 60. […] Black hairy tongue should be differentiated from fake black tongue (pseudoblack hairy tongue), which can occur when the tongue becomes stained from coffee/tea, food coloring, or medications that contain bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol). […] Black hairy tongue generally resolves within days to weeks after implementation of oral care and removal of the etiologic factors.

• #26 Black tongue: Causes, treatments, and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327163

  Black tongue is a harmless and temporary oral condition. It usually occurs due to a buildup of the protein keratin on the tongues surface. […] An overgrowth of bacteria or fungi within the mouth can also cause the tongue to appear black. […] There are two main types of black tongue: black hairy tongue and pseudo-black hairy tongue. Each has a different cause, which the following sections will cover in more detail. […] A buildup of the protein keratin may cause a black tongue. […] Sometimes, however, keratin accumulates on the tongue. This can cause the tongue to look black and discolored. Doctors refer to this as black hairy tongue. […] The following factors increase the risk of keratin building up on the tongue: poor oral hygiene, which may result from not regularly brushing or scraping the tongue; drinking coffee or black tea; smoking and other forms of tobacco use; recent or prolonged use of antibiotics; having a weak immune system due to a medical condition, such as diabetes or HIV; a condition called trigeminal neuralgia, which affects the facial nerves; radiation therapy. […] Some people may experience pseudo-black hairy tongue. This refers to a black, furry tongue resulting from a fungal infection, a bacterial infection, or another oral disease.

• #27 Black hairy tongue syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138463/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessive coffee/black tea consumption, poor oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, general debilitation, xerostomia, and medication use. […] Its etiology and pathophysiology have not been fully elucidated and are likely multifactorial. Male sex, older age, smoking, alcohol use, poor oral hygiene, and certain medications place patients at higher risk for developing BHT. […] The etiology of BHT remains unclear and is likely multifactorial, resulting from combination of local and systemic insults. Various palette appearance of the hairy tongue likely originates in differences in potentially contributing extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic (chromogenic oral microflora) factors.

• #28 Black Hairy Tongue: Predisposing Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28247090/

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign condition commonly found among people who smoke, have poor oral hygiene, are immunocompromised, or have a medical condition limiting their ability to practice good oral hygiene. […] Though this condition is harmless, patients need to be educated on etiology as many common medications are associated with this condition. […] This review addresses the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, etiology, histology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of BHT and lists all of the medications reported to cause this condition.

• #29 Black Hairy Tongue

  https://fpnotebook.com/ENT/Tongue/BlckHryTng.htm

  Prevalence: 0.5 to 11% […] More common in older patients […] More common in males (3 fold more common than in females) […] Hyperplasia of Filiform Papillae on anterior two thirds of dorsal Tongue (retention hyperkeratosis) […] Response to poor Desquamation, excessive keratinization […] Results in trapping of debris and Bacteria […] Bacterial colonization may result in black appearance […] Tobacco Abuse […] Alcohol Use […] Inadequate Oral Hygiene […] Low fiber diet […] Hyposalivation […] Mouth breathing […] Oxidizing mouth wash use […] Overgrowth of oral Fungus (Thrush) […] HIV Infection or other Immunosuppression […] Epstein Barr Virus has been identified on biopsy […] Radiation Therapy […] Recent Antibiotic therapy (e.g. Linezolid)

• #30 Black Hairy Tongue: View Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | 1mg

  https://www.1mg.com/diseases/black-hairy-tongue-1039?srsltid=AfmBOop4uDNEfmEJiC94z-MKxEX9pf7IjBi7NazAOtxbIZkzeWgO3EOi

  Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a relatively common, harmless condition that affects up to 13% of people. […] The condition arises when the filiform papillae, tiny bumps on the tongue, fail to shed properly. These papillae grow longer, trapping food particles, bacteria, and fungi, which leads to the characteristic discoloration. […] Hairy tongue happens when the top of the tongue doesn’t get enough stimulation or abrasion, leading to a buildup of keratin (the same protein found in hair). In more severe cases, the papillae on the tongue can grow long, making it look like the tongue’s surface is covered with hair. […] This buildup can cause the tongue to change color, appearing brown, white, green, or pink, depending on the cause. Certain mouthwashes, candy, or even specific bacteria and yeast can make the tongue look black, known as „black hairy tongue.”

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