Choroba neuronu ruchowego (chnr)
Etiologia i przyczyny

Choroba neuronu ruchowego (ChNR) to postępujące schorzenie neurodegeneracyjne, które dotyka neurony ruchowe w mózgu i rdzeniu kręgowym. Etiologia ChNR jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca czynniki genetyczne, środowiskowe oraz związane ze stylem życia. Około 10% przypadków ma charakter rodzinny, z mutacjami w genach C9ORF72, SOD1, TARDBP i FUS, odpowiadającymi za 70% przypadków rodzinnych. Ryzyko rozwoju choroby wzrasta z wiekiem, a obecność ChNR u rodzica zwiększa ryzyko u potomstwa do około 1,4% (w porównaniu do 0,3% w populacji ogólnej). Czynniki środowiskowe, takie jak ekspozycja na pestycydy, metale ciężkie, toksynę BMAA, urazy mechaniczne i infekcje wirusowe, oraz elementy stylu życia, w tym intensywna aktywność fizyczna, palenie tytoniu (zwiększające ryzyko o około 40%), służba wojskowa i BMI, również mogą wpływać na rozwój choroby. Mechanizmy patogenetyczne obejmują agregację białek (zwłaszcza TDP-43), ekscytotoksyczność glutaminianową, dysfunkcję mitochondrialną, zaburzenia transportu aksjonalnego, neuroinflamację oraz stres oksydacyjny.

Etiologia choroby neuronu ruchowego (ChNR)

Choroba neuronu ruchowego (ChNR) to postępujące, neurodegeneracyjne schorzenie, które atakuje komórki nerwowe w mózgu i rdzeniu kręgowym odpowiedzialne za kontrolowanie ruchów mięśni. Pomimo intensywnych badań, dokładna przyczyna ChNR pozostaje w dużej mierze nieznana. Aktualne dane wskazują, że etiologia jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca szereg czynników genetycznych, środowiskowych i związanych ze stylem życia.12

Czynniki genetyczne

Badania genetyczne odgrywają kluczową rolę w zrozumieniu etiologii ChNR. Około 10% przypadków ChNR ma charakter rodzinny (dziedziczny), spowodowany mutacjami genetycznymi przekazywanymi w rodzinie.34 Pozostałe 90% przypadków określa się jako sporadyczne, bez wyraźnej historii rodzinnej, chociaż nawet w tych przypadkach czynniki genetyczne mogą odgrywać pewną rolę.5

Zidentyfikowano cztery główne geny związane z dziedziczną postacią ChNR, które odpowiadają za nawet 70% przypadków rodzinnych:6

  • C9ORF72 – najczęściej identyfikowana mutacja genetyczna w rodzinnym ChNR7
  • SOD1 (dysmutaza ponadtlenkowa 1) – pierwszy zidentyfikowany gen związany z ChNR8
  • TARDBP – kodujący białko TDP-43, które jest często znajdowane w nieprawidłowych skupiskach białka w neuronach ruchowych9
  • FUS – zaangażowany w przetwarzanie RNA10

Warto zauważyć, że nawet osoby posiadające mutacje genetyczne nie zawsze rozwijają ChNR w ciągu swojego życia, co wskazuje na niepełną penetrację tych mutacji.1112 Prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju choroby zwiększa się z wiekiem, co sugeruje, że dodatkowe czynniki mogą być niezbędne do wywołania objawów.13

Obecność choroby w rodzinie zwiększa ryzyko zachorowania. Jeśli rodzic choruje na ChNR bez innej historii rodzinnej tej choroby, ryzyko zachorowania u potomstwa wynosi około 1,4%, w porównaniu do 0,3% w populacji ogólnej.14

Czynniki środowiskowe

Badania nad czynnikami środowiskowymi, które mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju ChNR, przyniosły mieszane i często sprzeczne wyniki.15 Niemniej jednak, kilka potencjalnych czynników ryzyka zostało zidentyfikowanych:

  • Ekspozycja na toksynykontakt z pestycydami, herbicydami i innymi chemikaliami rolniczymi1617
  • Ekspozycja na metale ciężkie – ołów, rtęć, arsen – chociaż dowody są niejednoznaczne1819
  • BMAA (beta-metyloamino-L-alanina) – toksyna wytwarzana przez sinice, podejrzewana o przyczynianie się do rozwoju ChNR20
  • Urazy mechaniczne i elektryczne – powtarzające się urazy głowy i traumy fizyczne21
  • Infekcje wirusowe – rozważane jako potencjalny czynnik wyzwalający22

Czynniki związane ze stylem życia

Coraz więcej badań sugeruje, że pewne aspekty stylu życia mogą być powiązane z rozwojem ChNR:23

  • Intensywna aktywność fizyczna – wysoki poziom wysiłku fizycznego, szczególnie sporty kontaktowe, był badany jako potencjalny czynnik ryzyka24
  • Palenie tytoniu – badania wskazują, że palacze mają około 40% wyższe ryzyko rozwoju ChNR2526
  • Służba wojskowa – zauważono zwiększone ryzyko wśród weteranów, choć przyczyny tego związku nie są w pełni zrozumiałe2728
  • BMI – niektóre badania sugerują odwrotną zależność między wskaźnikiem masy ciała a ryzykiem ChNR29

Mechanizmy patofizjologiczne

Badania wskazują na kilka kluczowych mechanizmów, które mogą prowadzić do degeneracji neuronów ruchowych w ChNR:30

  • Agregacja białek – nieprawidłowe skupiska białek, szczególnie TDP-43, rozwijają się wewnątrz neuronów ruchowych w prawie wszystkich przypadkach ChNR i mogą zakłócać normalne funkcjonowanie komórek3132
  • Ekscytotoksyczność glutaminianowa – nadmierna aktywność neurotransmitera glutaminianu może prowadzić do uszkodzenia neuronów3334
  • Dysfunkcja mitochondrialna – zaburzenia w funkcjonowaniu mitochondriów, „elektrowni” komórkowych, mogą prowadzić do niedoboru energii i stresu oksydacyjnego3536
  • Zaburzenia transportu aksjonalnego – zakłócenia w systemach transportowych neuronów ruchowych mogą uniemożliwiać dostarczanie niezbędnych składników odżywczych37
  • Neuroinflammacja – stan zapalny w układzie nerwowym może przyczyniać się do uszkodzenia neuronów38
  • Stres oksydacyjny – zwiększone poziomy reaktywnych form tlenu mogą uszkadzać komórki nerwowe3940

Teorie wieloczynnikowe i hipoteza wielostopniowa

Obecnie najbardziej akceptowaną teorią dotyczącą rozwoju ChNR jest model wieloczynnikowy, zakładający, że choroba powstaje w wyniku złożonej interakcji między wieloma czynnikami. Najnowsze badania sugerują, że ChNR może rozwijać się jako proces wielostopniowy, wymagający sześciu odrębnych etapów prowadzących do degeneracji neuronów ruchowych.4142

Według tej hipotezy, różne kombinacje czynników genetycznych, środowiskowych i związanych z wiekiem mogą „przechylić szalę” w kierunku rozwoju ChNR u osób predysponowanych.43 W przypadku rodzinnej postaci ChNR, dziedziczna mutacja genetyczna może stanowić dwa do czterech z tych kroków, pozostawiając mniej dodatkowych czynników potrzebnych do wywołania choroby.44

Wiek i płeć jako czynniki ryzyka

Wiek jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka w rozwoju ChNR. Choroba najczęściej diagnozowana jest u osób w wieku 50-70 lat.45 Normalne procesy starzenia mogą wpływać na strukturę i funkcję neuronów ruchowych, co może zwiększać podatność na ChNR w połączeniu z innymi czynnikami ryzyka.46

Interesujący jest również wpływ płci – ChNR diagnozuje się prawie dwukrotnie częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet, choć różnica ta zmniejsza się u osób po 70. roku życia.47 Według najnowszych badań, całożyciowe ryzyko rozwoju ChNR wynosi 1 na 347 u mężczyzn i 1 na 436 u kobiet.48

Genetyka w sporadycznej ChNR

Chociaż większość przypadków ChNR jest sporadyczna, badania sugerują, że czynniki genetyczne mogą odpowiadać za około 52% ryzyka rozwoju choroby, nawet w przypadkach bez wyraźnej historii rodzinnej.4950 Oznacza to, że w przypadku sporadycznej ChNR, wiele różnych wariantów genetycznych o niewielkim wpływie może działać razem, tworząc profil ryzyka genetycznego.51

Dodatkowo, pewne mutacje genetyczne zostały zidentyfikowane również u osób ze sporadyczną postacią choroby, bez historii rodzinnej, co sugeruje, że mogą one występować spontanicznie.52 Jest to jednym z powodów, dla których granica między rodzinną a sporadyczną ChNR staje się coraz bardziej rozmyta.53

Poszukiwanie nowych terapii w oparciu o etiologię

Zrozumienie przyczyn ChNR ma kluczowe znaczenie dla opracowania skutecznych metod leczenia. Aktualnie dostępne leczenie ma głównie charakter objawowy, z ograniczoną zdolnością do modyfikacji przebiegu choroby.54

Obiecujące nowe podejścia terapeutyczne opierają się na wiedzy o mechanizmach etiologicznych:55

  • Terapie antysensowneoligonukleotydy antysensowne, takie jak tofersen, celują w konkretne mutacje genetyczne, na przykład w genie SOD156
  • Terapie komórkami macierzystymi – potencjalne zastosowanie ludzkich komórek macierzystych jako terapii komórkowej zastępczej lub wspomagającej57
  • Badania nad mitochondriami – leki ukierunkowane na poprawę funkcji mitochondriów i zmniejszenie stresu oksydacyjnego58
  • Modulacja neuroinflamacji – interwencje mające na celu zmniejszenie stanu zapalnego w układzie nerwowym59

Rzadkie przypadki odwracalnej postaci ChNR

Warto wspomnieć, że w literaturze opisano wyjątkowo rzadkie przypadki zespołów przypominających ChNR, które uległy spontanicznej remisji.60 Te tzw. „odwracalne choroby neuronu ruchowego” mogą stanowić cenne źródło informacji na temat mechanizmów ochronnych, które w pewnych okolicznościach mogą przeciwdziałać degeneracji neuronów ruchowych.61

Aktualna wiedza o etiologii ChNR

Pomimo znaczących postępów w badaniach, pełne zrozumienie przyczyn ChNR pozostaje jednym z największych wyzwań współczesnej neurologii.62 Aktualny stan wiedzy wskazuje, że:

  • ChNR jest prawdopodobnie wynikiem złożonej interakcji między czynnikami genetycznymi, środowiskowymi i związanymi ze stylem życia6364
  • Około 10% przypadków ma wyraźny komponent genetyczny (ChNR rodzinna), podczas gdy pozostałe 90% ma charakter sporadyczny65
  • Nawet w sporadycznej ChNR, czynniki genetyczne odgrywają znaczącą rolę, odpowiadając za około połowę ryzyka66
  • Wiek, płeć i ekspozycja na różne czynniki środowiskowe mogą modyfikować ryzyko rozwoju choroby6768
  • Mechanizmy patologiczne obejmują agregację białek, ekscytotoksyczność glutaminianową, dysfunkcję mitochondrialną i stres oksydacyjny69

Dalsze badania nad etiologią ChNR są niezbędne, aby opracować skuteczniejsze metody leczenia, które nie tylko będą łagodzić objawy, ale potencjalnie spowolnią lub zatrzymają postęp tej wyniszczającej choroby.7071 Zrozumienie wieloczynnikowej natury ChNR może również prowadzić do zidentyfikowania biomarkerów umożliwiających wczesną diagnozę oraz opracowania strategii profilaktycznych dla osób z grupy podwyższonego ryzyka.72

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Motor neurone disease (MND)
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/motor-neurone-disease/
    Motor neurone disease (MND) affects nerves in your brain and spinal cord called motor neurones. Motor neurones tell your muscles what to do. […] If you have MND, your motor neurones stop working properly. […] It’s not clear why this happens, but for most people it’s thought that a combination of certain genes and other factors are involved. […] About 1 in 10 people with MND have a family history of the condition. But if someone in your family has MND it does not necessarily mean you will also get it.
  • #2 Motor Neurone Disease (MND) – Queensland Brain Institute – University of Queensland
    https://qbi.uq.edu.au/the-brain/motor-neurone-disease
    Motor neurone disease (MND) is a rapidly progressing neurological disorder that attacks the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord controlling the way we walk, talk, eat, speak, and breathe. […] The causes of MND are currently unclear but the generally accepted view is that this disease is a result of a combination of environmental, lifestyle and subtle genetic risks. About 5-10% of MND patients have a known family history of MND. The remaining cases (90-95%) are sporadic.
  • #3 Motor neurone disease (MND) – causes, symptoms and treatments | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/motor-neurone-disease-mnd
    Motor neurone disease (MND) is the name for a group of diseases that affect your motor nerves a type of nerve that allows you to move, swallow, talk and breathe. […] In rare cases a genetic mutation can cause MND, but usually there is no known cause. […] Most of the time the exact cause of MND is not known. […] There are theories that MND can develop because of a combination of environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors. More research is needed to investigate these theories. […] Around 1 in 10 cases are 'familial’, meaning the condition is inherited. This is because of a genetic mutation, which is an error in a gene. Inherited MND is also known as familial MND. […] It is important to remember that not all people with the genetic mutation will develop MND.
  • #4 Motor neurone disease (MND) | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/motor-neurone-disease-mnd/
    MND occurs when specialist nerve cells (motor neurones) in the brain and spinal cord progressively fail. Its not clear why this happens. […] One known cause of MND is an error in your genes with 20% of cases linked to genetic causes. Half of genetic cases will be in people who have a family history of MND. The other half of genetic cases will occur in those without a family history. […] Having a family history of frontotemporal dementia can also increase the risk of inheriting MND. […] The error in the gene affects the cells ability to perform normally and survive. […] If you have a genetic form of MND, theres a chance that you could pass the risk of developing MND on to your child. The risk of them developing the condition can be affected by many factors like age. […] Not everyone who has the genetic mutation will develop MND in their lifetime. Typically, the longer you live, the more likely you are to develop the condition.
  • #5 Motor neuron disease (MND): Types, causes, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164342
    Motor neuron disease (MND) can appear at any age, but the symptoms usually appear after the age of 50 years. […] Experts believe that around 10% of MNDs are hereditary. The other 90% develop randomly. […] The exact causes are unclear, but the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke reports that genetic, toxic, viral, and other environmental factors may play a role.
  • #6 Motor Neuron Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560774/
    Motor neuron disease (MND) refers to a group of chronic sporadic and hereditary neurological disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons. […] Existing research points towards an underlying genetic basis. Four genes are associated with up to 70 percent cases of Familial ALS, namely the C9ORF72, TARDBP, SOD1, and FUS. […] A study of population-based registries of ALS has led a degree of credibility to the hypothesis that ALS follows a complex genetic inheritance, where a variety of environmental factors interact with genetic mutations (present in at-risk variants), through a multistep process that decides the pattern of the disease manifestation. […] Dysregulation of micro RNA and variations in ion channels that predispose to cellular excitotoxicity has also been postulated as the etiology underlying motor neuron disease.
  • #7 Unravelling the mysteries of motor neurone disease – Barker Brettell
    https://www.barkerbrettell.co.uk/20630-2/
    More recently, mutations in the C9orf72 gene were identified as the most common genetic cause of MND, accounting for around 40% of familial cases. […] Although these three mutations account for the majority of inherited motor neurone disease cases, there are other genes that can contribute to the development of the disease. […] It is currently thought that a number of genetic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors need to combine before most forms of MND develop. […] Some key factors include: inherited genetic mutations; environmental factors such as exposure to certain chemicals, infections or trauma; oxidative stress; and glutamate excitotoxicity.
  • #8 Motor neurone disease: how could stem cells help? | Eurostemcell
    https://www.eurostemcell.org/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help
    The first genetic form of MND was found to result from a mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). […] Since this discovery, many other MND-causing mutations, both in SOD1 and about a dozen other genes, have been identified, leading to a multitude of hypotheses about how the disease develops. […] Current therapeutic approaches focus on relieving symptoms or providing technological and functional aids to improve life quality. […] To date there is no cure for any form of MND. […] It is likely therefore, that a combination of treatments will be needed to halt or slow disease progression. […] The possibility of using stem cell-derived neurons as a cell-replacement therapy to treat MND remains a huge conceptual, technical and ethical challenge. […] An alternative potential use for human stem cells in MND might be to transplant cells that can support the survival and function of remaining motor neurons and/or modify the environment to which they are exposed.
  • #9 Motor neurone disease (MND) | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/motor-neurone-disease-mnd/
    If you have a parent with MND with no other family history of the disease, youre at a slight increased risk of MND of about 1.4%. The risk to the general population of MND is about 0.3%. […] Its unclear why the motor neurones begin to lose function. Most experts believe that its a combination of factors that affect either the motor neurones or the cells that support them. […] Aggregates are abnormal clumps of protein that develop inside motor neurones. Theyre found in nearly all cases of MND and may disrupt the normal working of the motor neurones. […] The protein TDP-43 is most commonly found in these aggregates. This is a protein involved in the processing of the genetic instructions for the cell through a molecule known as RNA. Mutations in the gene (TARDBP) coding for this protein can be a cause of genetic cases of MND.
  • #10 Motor Neuron Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560774/
    Motor neuron disease (MND) refers to a group of chronic sporadic and hereditary neurological disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons. […] Existing research points towards an underlying genetic basis. Four genes are associated with up to 70 percent cases of Familial ALS, namely the C9ORF72, TARDBP, SOD1, and FUS. […] A study of population-based registries of ALS has led a degree of credibility to the hypothesis that ALS follows a complex genetic inheritance, where a variety of environmental factors interact with genetic mutations (present in at-risk variants), through a multistep process that decides the pattern of the disease manifestation. […] Dysregulation of micro RNA and variations in ion channels that predispose to cellular excitotoxicity has also been postulated as the etiology underlying motor neuron disease.
  • #11 Motor neurone disease (MND) | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/motor-neurone-disease-mnd/
    MND occurs when specialist nerve cells (motor neurones) in the brain and spinal cord progressively fail. Its not clear why this happens. […] One known cause of MND is an error in your genes with 20% of cases linked to genetic causes. Half of genetic cases will be in people who have a family history of MND. The other half of genetic cases will occur in those without a family history. […] Having a family history of frontotemporal dementia can also increase the risk of inheriting MND. […] The error in the gene affects the cells ability to perform normally and survive. […] If you have a genetic form of MND, theres a chance that you could pass the risk of developing MND on to your child. The risk of them developing the condition can be affected by many factors like age. […] Not everyone who has the genetic mutation will develop MND in their lifetime. Typically, the longer you live, the more likely you are to develop the condition.
  • #12 Is MND hereditary? – Oxford University Hospitals
    https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/services/departments/neurosciences/neurology/mnd/support/is-mnd-hereditary.aspx
    Genetics will not explain the cause of MND in most patients. Some people find the identification of a faulty gene can help by explaining why MND has arisen, and can provide information to other family members, especially those thinking about planning their own families. […] New drugs, called antisense oligonucleotides, are becoming available for testing in clinical trials as specific treatments targeting the familial forms of MND. One drug, called tofersen, has been licensed in the USA for the treatment of some people with changes in the SOD1 gene causing their MND.
  • #13 What causes Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease/
    For many people with MND, certain genes play a role in the cause of the disease. However, other environmental and lifestyle factors are also thought to be needed alongside these gene changes. Just because someone has a change in a gene, does not guarantee they will develop MND. […] In some families, changes in genes can be passed down through generations and play a larger role in the start of the disease. Around 1 in 10 people with MND have a family history of the disease. In these cases, it is thought that genetics is a major contributor to the development of MND, but again other factors alongside the genetic influence are thought to trigger symptoms. […] Most people diagnosed with MND are aged between 50 and 70 years old. Research has shown that normal ageing can affect the structure and function of motor neurons. These age-related effects could also play a vital role in development of MND, again, alongside other lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors.
  • #14 Motor neurone disease (MND) | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/motor-neurone-disease-mnd/
    If you have a parent with MND with no other family history of the disease, youre at a slight increased risk of MND of about 1.4%. The risk to the general population of MND is about 0.3%. […] Its unclear why the motor neurones begin to lose function. Most experts believe that its a combination of factors that affect either the motor neurones or the cells that support them. […] Aggregates are abnormal clumps of protein that develop inside motor neurones. Theyre found in nearly all cases of MND and may disrupt the normal working of the motor neurones. […] The protein TDP-43 is most commonly found in these aggregates. This is a protein involved in the processing of the genetic instructions for the cell through a molecule known as RNA. Mutations in the gene (TARDBP) coding for this protein can be a cause of genetic cases of MND.
  • #15 What causes MND? | MND Association
    https://www.mndassociation.org/about-mnd/mnd-explained/what-causes-mnd
    It is still not possible to be clear about what causes MND, as different things may trigger the disease for each person. […] Current thinking about what causes MND, indicates that a number of genetic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors need to combine before most forms of MND develop. Together, these risk factors may 'tip the balance’ towards someone developing the disease. […] For most people with MND, certain genes have some impact in causing the disease. However, for up to 1 in 10 people with MND, genes play a larger part in the start of the disease. […] Lifestyle and environmental factors that might assist the development of MND have been studied in depth over the years. These studies have found possible links between MND and mechanical and/or electrical trauma, military service, high levels of exercise, exposure to agricultural chemicals, and exposure to a variety of heavy metals.
  • #16 What causes MND – MND NZ
    https://mnd.org.nz/about-mnd/what-is-mnd/what-causes-mnd/
    Scientists believe that the randomly occurring sporadic form of MND is likely to be caused by many small contributory risk factors, including subtle genetic and environmental influences, that in combination may 'tip the balance’ towards someone developing the disease. […] Exposure to environmental factors that might contribute to the development of sporadic MND has been widely studied. Studies have identified possible links with prior exposure to agricultural chemicals, pesticides, and a variety of heavy metals, high levels of exercise, and exposure to mechanical and/or electrical trauma. However, the evidence obtained in these studies has often not been convincing and there are no clear conclusions at this time. […] Researchers worldwide continue to try and find out what causes MND with the ultimate goal of discovering how to stop, slow down, or prevent the disease. […] It is not yet possible to provide advice on how to reduce the risk of developing MND.
  • #17 The Why of Sporadic Motor Neuron Disease – Many Factors, still a Mystery?
    https://www.jneurology.com/articles/the-why-of-sporadic-motor-neuron-disease–many-factors-still-a-mystery.html
    Strong psychophysical stress is supposed to open the blood-brain barrier of the locus coeruleus for metals and toxicants. […] Geographic foci with an up to 100 fold higher incidence of the disease have been identified in parts of Japan, Guam, and South West New Guinea and a neurotoxic non-proteogenic amino acid, beta-methylamino-L-alanine that is produced by symbiotic cyanobacteria living in the roots of Cycas micronesia has been identified to enter the diet of persons living in these foci. […] It must however be emphasized that nutritional BC themselves are not neurotoxic. Most likely inflammation of any origin is contributing, presumably by generation of longer living reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. […] Neuromelanins are also containing proteins, in particular alpha-synuclein, the latter making up about 25% of the protein content of neuromelanin in dopaminergic neurons.
  • #18 What causes Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease/
    Researchers have theorised that a toxin produced by blue-green algae, called beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), could play a role in the development of MND. […] Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury and arsenic, can be toxic to humans. […] Current research into the link between heavy metal exposure and MND is conflicting. […] MND is a very complex disease. It is thought that the disease can be active within the body for a long time before physical symptoms appear. […] At the moment, only genetics, age and gender have been confirmed as risk factors for MND. However, researchers believe that a combination of factors are needed to trigger the development of MND.
  • #19 ALS – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALS
    The multi-step hypothesis suggests the disease is caused by some interaction between an individual’s genetic risk factors and their cumulative lifetime of exposures to environmental factors, termed their exposome. […] The most consistent lifetime exposures associated with developing ALS (other than genetic mutations) include heavy metals (e.g. lead and mercury), chemicals (e.g. pesticides and solvents), electric shock, physical injury (including head injury), and smoking (in men more than women).
  • #20 What causes Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease/
    Researchers have theorised that a toxin produced by blue-green algae, called beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), could play a role in the development of MND. […] Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury and arsenic, can be toxic to humans. […] Current research into the link between heavy metal exposure and MND is conflicting. […] MND is a very complex disease. It is thought that the disease can be active within the body for a long time before physical symptoms appear. […] At the moment, only genetics, age and gender have been confirmed as risk factors for MND. However, researchers believe that a combination of factors are needed to trigger the development of MND.
  • #21 What causes MND? | MND Association
    https://www.mndassociation.org/about-mnd/mnd-explained/what-causes-mnd
    It is still not possible to be clear about what causes MND, as different things may trigger the disease for each person. […] Current thinking about what causes MND, indicates that a number of genetic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors need to combine before most forms of MND develop. Together, these risk factors may 'tip the balance’ towards someone developing the disease. […] For most people with MND, certain genes have some impact in causing the disease. However, for up to 1 in 10 people with MND, genes play a larger part in the start of the disease. […] Lifestyle and environmental factors that might assist the development of MND have been studied in depth over the years. These studies have found possible links between MND and mechanical and/or electrical trauma, military service, high levels of exercise, exposure to agricultural chemicals, and exposure to a variety of heavy metals.
  • #22 What we know, don’t know and suspect about what causes motor neuron disease
    https://theconversation.com/what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-about-what-causes-motor-neuron-disease-79409
    Non-genetic factors that may contribute to the development of MND have been extensively studied over the years, with several potential causes emerging. One of the major risk factors for MND is advancing age. […] A number of lifestyle risk factors for MND have also emerged. Smoking is known to increase the risk of MND, with one study indicating smokers were 42% more likely to be diagnosed with MND, while former smokers had a 44% higher risk. […] Exposure to viruses has also been cited as a potential cause of MND. Polio virus, for example, can infect motor neurons, and may be linked to later weakening of these neurons. […] The causes of MND are many and complex. This is further complicated by the fact we dont know what ultimately causes the death of motor neurons when someone has MND. If we could find this out, then we may well be on the way to developing more effective, and perhaps even curative, therapies for the disease.
  • #23 What Causes Motor Neurone Disease? – NowPatient
    https://nowpatient.com/blog/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease
    Its important to note that these environmental factors alone are unlikely to cause MND directly. Rather, they may act as contributing factors or triggers in individuals who are already genetically predisposed or have other underlying vulnerabilities. […] Certain lifestyle factors have also been investigated for their potential role in MND development. While the evidence is not solid, some associations have been noted: Individuals with a history of high-intensity physical activity or strenuous exercise regimens may be at a slightly increased risk of developing MND, potentially due to the increased metabolic demands and stress on motor neurons. Military service has been associated with a higher incidence of MND in some studies, although the reasons for this association are not fully understood. Smoking and other lifestyle factors that contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation may play a role in the development or progression of MND, but more research is needed.
  • #24 What causes Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease/
    Men are diagnosed with MND almost twice as often as women, but this evens out with people who are 70 or older. […] Some of these lifestyle factors have been investigated to see if they may affect the risk of developing MND. […] Several studies have investigated a potential link between strenuous exercise and MND. […] One theory behind the potential link between exercise and MND is that people who play contact sports, such as football and rugby, are more prone to head injuries. […] A small number of studies have hinted that smoking may increase the risk of developing MND. […] There have been several studies in the United States which suggested people who served in the military have a higher risk of being diagnosed with MND. […] Researchers have also looked for a link between environmental exposures and MND.
  • #25 What we know, don’t know and suspect about what causes motor neuron disease
    https://theconversation.com/what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-about-what-causes-motor-neuron-disease-79409
    Non-genetic factors that may contribute to the development of MND have been extensively studied over the years, with several potential causes emerging. One of the major risk factors for MND is advancing age. […] A number of lifestyle risk factors for MND have also emerged. Smoking is known to increase the risk of MND, with one study indicating smokers were 42% more likely to be diagnosed with MND, while former smokers had a 44% higher risk. […] Exposure to viruses has also been cited as a potential cause of MND. Polio virus, for example, can infect motor neurons, and may be linked to later weakening of these neurons. […] The causes of MND are many and complex. This is further complicated by the fact we dont know what ultimately causes the death of motor neurons when someone has MND. If we could find this out, then we may well be on the way to developing more effective, and perhaps even curative, therapies for the disease.
  • #26 Incidence of and risk factors for Motor Neurone Disease in UK women: a prospective study | BMC Neurology | Full Text
    https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-12-25
    Motor neuron disease (MND) is a severe neurodegenerative disease with largely unknown etiology. […] Little is known about the aetiology of MND. Around five to ten percent of cases are thought to be familial, and to date around 13 susceptibility genes and loci have been identified. […] The only factor for which there is some evidence of an association with MND risk is smoking. […] We found a highly significant trend of decreasing risk with increasing BMI at recruitment, an observation which has not been reported before. […] Ever smoking was associated with a modest 20% increased risk of MND compared to never-smokers.
  • #27 What causes Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease/
    Men are diagnosed with MND almost twice as often as women, but this evens out with people who are 70 or older. […] Some of these lifestyle factors have been investigated to see if they may affect the risk of developing MND. […] Several studies have investigated a potential link between strenuous exercise and MND. […] One theory behind the potential link between exercise and MND is that people who play contact sports, such as football and rugby, are more prone to head injuries. […] A small number of studies have hinted that smoking may increase the risk of developing MND. […] There have been several studies in the United States which suggested people who served in the military have a higher risk of being diagnosed with MND. […] Researchers have also looked for a link between environmental exposures and MND.
  • #28 Everything you need to know about motor neurone diseaseSearch IconSearch IconLogin iconFacebook iconInstagram iconX iconSnapchat iconLinkedIn iconYouTube iconSaveComment speech bubble iconX IconFacebook IconWhatsApp IconX IconFacebook IconWhatsApp IconSav
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/motor-neurone-disease-causes-symptoms-hereditary-als/
    Motor neurone disease causes the degeneration of nerve cells which run from the spinal cord to the brain […] MND can strike at any age, but most patients are aged between 55 and 75. While rogue gene mutations are thought to play a role in about 10 per cent of cases, the precise triggers for MND remain a mystery. […] The majority of cases occur without an obvious cause. It is not yet clear what environmental risk factors could cause the disease, though there has been speculation. […] Military veterans have been found to be more likely to develop MND, with some suggesting this is linked to greater exposure to lead, pesticides and other toxins. […] Another theory is that either genetic or environmental factors trigger a form of immune system dysfunction, which contributes to the death of motor neurones, perhaps mediated by other brain cells.
  • #29 Incidence of and risk factors for Motor Neurone Disease in UK women: a prospective study | BMC Neurology | Full Text
    https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-12-25
    Motor neuron disease (MND) is a severe neurodegenerative disease with largely unknown etiology. […] Little is known about the aetiology of MND. Around five to ten percent of cases are thought to be familial, and to date around 13 susceptibility genes and loci have been identified. […] The only factor for which there is some evidence of an association with MND risk is smoking. […] We found a highly significant trend of decreasing risk with increasing BMI at recruitment, an observation which has not been reported before. […] Ever smoking was associated with a modest 20% increased risk of MND compared to never-smokers.
  • #30 Motor Neurone Disease Information & Support | MND Australia | MND Australia
    https://www.mndaustralia.org.au/mnd-connect/for-health-professionals-service-providers/overview-of-mnd-for-health-professionals
    A number of different mechanisms that can affect the health of motor neurons are thought to contribute to MND: protein aggregation, glutamate toxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysfunctional signalling pathways, free radical damage, immune mediated damage, loss of growth factors required to maintain motor neurone survival. […] It is thought that these may act individually or in combination to cause or contribute to the development of MND. Recent research suggests a six-step process with genes, environment and ageing contributing to the development of MND. […] Over 150 years have passed since ALS was first reported by Charcot and still the aetiology of the disease remains elusive. Although research is progressing and genetic studies continue to identify novel gene associations, many questions remain surrounding the pathological mechanisms associated with already established mutations, their role in the ALS phenotype, and the as yet undiscovered mechanisms that underlie sporadic onset of disease.
  • #31 Motor neurone disease (MND) | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/motor-neurone-disease-mnd/
    If you have a parent with MND with no other family history of the disease, youre at a slight increased risk of MND of about 1.4%. The risk to the general population of MND is about 0.3%. […] Its unclear why the motor neurones begin to lose function. Most experts believe that its a combination of factors that affect either the motor neurones or the cells that support them. […] Aggregates are abnormal clumps of protein that develop inside motor neurones. Theyre found in nearly all cases of MND and may disrupt the normal working of the motor neurones. […] The protein TDP-43 is most commonly found in these aggregates. This is a protein involved in the processing of the genetic instructions for the cell through a molecule known as RNA. Mutations in the gene (TARDBP) coding for this protein can be a cause of genetic cases of MND.
  • #32 Motor neuron disease/ALS | UK DRI
    https://www.ukdri.ac.uk/conditions/motor-neuron-diseaseals
    Motor neuron disease (MND) is the general name that’s given to a group of illnesses which can affect nerves called motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. […] The causes of motor neurone disease/ALS are not yet fully known, although researchers worldwide are trying to learn more about what triggers the disease. […] Similar to other neurodegenerative conditions, the build-up of harmful protein – in most cases TDP-43 – is a key hallmark and is likely to contribute to the degeneration of motor neurons. […] For most people with MND/ALS, certain genes appear to have some impact on the onset of the disease. For around 1 in 10 people with the condition, genes play a much larger role. ‘Inherited MND/ALS’ is when a family history of MND/ALS increases the level of risk for other family members.
  • #33 Motor neurone disease (MND) | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/motor-neurone-disease-mnd/
    Research suggests that the transport systems in motor neurones become disrupted. […] When they dont work properly the motor neurones no longer receive the support and nutrition they need to function normally. […] One of the neurotransmitters is called glutamate. It excites neurones and one theory is that too much activity through this causes damage to the neurones. […] Mitochondria in the motor neurones of people with MND might not function properly.
  • #34 Pathology of Motor Neuron Disorders: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2111360-overview
    The etiology of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains uncertain, however, ALS is considered to be a multifactorial disease that is triggered by a complex interaction of internal factors (eg, genetic susceptibility to different neuronal insults and immunologic alterations) and external factors (eg, environmental variables). […] The key theories proposed to date for the pathogenesis of ALS include glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, altered mitochondrial function, cytoskeleton alterations, axonal transport dysregulation, neuroinflammation, immunomodulation, and autoimmunity. […] Of these, the leading theory is excitotoxicity induced by glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter, which may disrupt intracellular calcium homeostasis, resulting in motor neuron death.
  • #35 Motor neurone disease (MND) | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/motor-neurone-disease-mnd/
    Research suggests that the transport systems in motor neurones become disrupted. […] When they dont work properly the motor neurones no longer receive the support and nutrition they need to function normally. […] One of the neurotransmitters is called glutamate. It excites neurones and one theory is that too much activity through this causes damage to the neurones. […] Mitochondria in the motor neurones of people with MND might not function properly.
  • #36 Pathology of Motor Neuron Disorders: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2111360-overview
    An alternative hypothesis for which there are some current supporting data suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction acts with oxidative stress to cause abnormal neurodegeneration via calcium-mediated motor neuron injury. […] As external or environmental factors, neurotoxicants such as various metals, chemicals, and foods have been proposed. […] The etiology of primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is unknown, but it may be similar to that proposed for ALS. […] More than 40 genetic loci ascribed to the different types of hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) have been identified; however, a clear genetic basis for most HSP types remains uncertain. […] The etiopathogenesis of Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome and Fazio-Londe disease remains elusive. […] Type I-III spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by alterations in the survival motor neuron gene (SMN).
  • #37 Motor neurone disease (MND) | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/motor-neurone-disease-mnd/
    Research suggests that the transport systems in motor neurones become disrupted. […] When they dont work properly the motor neurones no longer receive the support and nutrition they need to function normally. […] One of the neurotransmitters is called glutamate. It excites neurones and one theory is that too much activity through this causes damage to the neurones. […] Mitochondria in the motor neurones of people with MND might not function properly.
  • #38 Motor Neurone Disease (MND): Types, Symptoms, Causes & Prevention
    https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/motor-neurone-disease-mnd-symptoms-and-causes
    Inflammation within the nervous system may contribute to the onset and progression of MND. Abnormal immune responses and neuroinflammation are, in fact, areas of active research in MND causation. […] Oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between free radicals and the body’s ability to neutralise them, is another possible factor. High levels of oxidative stress can damage cells, including motor neurones, potentially contributing to their degeneration. […] The mitochondria, which are essential for energy production in cells, have been a focus of MND research. Some forms of MND may involve mitochondrial dysfunction, which could lead to motor neuron damage.
  • #39 Motor Neurone Disease (MND): Types, Symptoms, Causes & Prevention
    https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/motor-neurone-disease-mnd-symptoms-and-causes
    Inflammation within the nervous system may contribute to the onset and progression of MND. Abnormal immune responses and neuroinflammation are, in fact, areas of active research in MND causation. […] Oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between free radicals and the body’s ability to neutralise them, is another possible factor. High levels of oxidative stress can damage cells, including motor neurones, potentially contributing to their degeneration. […] The mitochondria, which are essential for energy production in cells, have been a focus of MND research. Some forms of MND may involve mitochondrial dysfunction, which could lead to motor neuron damage.
  • #40 The Why of Sporadic Motor Neuron Disease – Many Factors, still a Mystery?
    https://www.jneurology.com/articles/the-why-of-sporadic-motor-neuron-disease–many-factors-still-a-mystery.html
    With an increased load of metals within neuromelanin there is a hazard for the formation and subsequent release of pathological forms of proteins. […] A pathological variant of alpha-synuclein is generated in Parkinsons and possibly also in ALS and is forming complexes with SOD-1, causing deposition of aberrant proteins and reducing the amount and functional activity of SOD-1. […] Superoxide can combine with nitrogen oxide to peroxy-nitrite and with formaldehyde to performic acid, respectively, longer living species and thus effectors of nitrosative and oxidative stress that are more harmful in particular for myelin. […] Exogenous formaldehyde (one source being cigarette smoking) is also described as a risk factor for ALS.
  • #41 Motor Neurone Disease Information & Support | MND Australia | MND Australia
    https://www.mndaustralia.org.au/mnd-connect/for-health-professionals-service-providers/overview-of-mnd-for-health-professionals
    The apparently homogeneous phenotype of predominantly motor degeneration that is ALS can result from many different causes: genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and internal. Thus, many different pathways converge on the final outcome of upper and lower motor neuron death. […] Our findings support the hypothesis that a multistep process requiring just six distinct steps leads to the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This provides hope that the identification of the steps could therefore lead to preventive or therapeutic avenues that have not yet been examined.
  • #42 What causes MND – MND NZ
    https://mnd.org.nz/about-mnd/what-is-mnd/what-causes-mnd/
    What causes MND is the biggest and possibly the most frequently asked question by researchers. […] Most cases of MND occur for no apparent reason, in people without a family history of the disease. This is known as sporadic MND. It is now thought that six environmental triggers combine over a lifetime to cause MND in some people. […] In about 10% of cases, inherited gene mutations cause the condition. This is called familial MND. Some environmental triggers (two to four) are still required to trigger the onset of familial MND. […] There are many theories about the causes of MND. These include exposure to environmental toxins and chemicals, infection by viral agents, immune-mediated damage, premature aging of motor neurons, loss of growth factors required to maintain motor neuron survival and genetic susceptibility.
  • #43 What causes MND? | MND Association
    https://www.mndassociation.org/about-mnd/mnd-explained/what-causes-mnd
    It is still not possible to be clear about what causes MND, as different things may trigger the disease for each person. […] Current thinking about what causes MND, indicates that a number of genetic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors need to combine before most forms of MND develop. Together, these risk factors may 'tip the balance’ towards someone developing the disease. […] For most people with MND, certain genes have some impact in causing the disease. However, for up to 1 in 10 people with MND, genes play a larger part in the start of the disease. […] Lifestyle and environmental factors that might assist the development of MND have been studied in depth over the years. These studies have found possible links between MND and mechanical and/or electrical trauma, military service, high levels of exercise, exposure to agricultural chemicals, and exposure to a variety of heavy metals.
  • #44 What causes MND – MND NZ
    https://mnd.org.nz/about-mnd/what-is-mnd/what-causes-mnd/
    What causes MND is the biggest and possibly the most frequently asked question by researchers. […] Most cases of MND occur for no apparent reason, in people without a family history of the disease. This is known as sporadic MND. It is now thought that six environmental triggers combine over a lifetime to cause MND in some people. […] In about 10% of cases, inherited gene mutations cause the condition. This is called familial MND. Some environmental triggers (two to four) are still required to trigger the onset of familial MND. […] There are many theories about the causes of MND. These include exposure to environmental toxins and chemicals, infection by viral agents, immune-mediated damage, premature aging of motor neurons, loss of growth factors required to maintain motor neuron survival and genetic susceptibility.
  • #45 What causes Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease/
    For many people with MND, certain genes play a role in the cause of the disease. However, other environmental and lifestyle factors are also thought to be needed alongside these gene changes. Just because someone has a change in a gene, does not guarantee they will develop MND. […] In some families, changes in genes can be passed down through generations and play a larger role in the start of the disease. Around 1 in 10 people with MND have a family history of the disease. In these cases, it is thought that genetics is a major contributor to the development of MND, but again other factors alongside the genetic influence are thought to trigger symptoms. […] Most people diagnosed with MND are aged between 50 and 70 years old. Research has shown that normal ageing can affect the structure and function of motor neurons. These age-related effects could also play a vital role in development of MND, again, alongside other lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors.
  • #46 What causes Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease/
    For many people with MND, certain genes play a role in the cause of the disease. However, other environmental and lifestyle factors are also thought to be needed alongside these gene changes. Just because someone has a change in a gene, does not guarantee they will develop MND. […] In some families, changes in genes can be passed down through generations and play a larger role in the start of the disease. Around 1 in 10 people with MND have a family history of the disease. In these cases, it is thought that genetics is a major contributor to the development of MND, but again other factors alongside the genetic influence are thought to trigger symptoms. […] Most people diagnosed with MND are aged between 50 and 70 years old. Research has shown that normal ageing can affect the structure and function of motor neurons. These age-related effects could also play a vital role in development of MND, again, alongside other lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors.
  • #47 What causes Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease/
    Men are diagnosed with MND almost twice as often as women, but this evens out with people who are 70 or older. […] Some of these lifestyle factors have been investigated to see if they may affect the risk of developing MND. […] Several studies have investigated a potential link between strenuous exercise and MND. […] One theory behind the potential link between exercise and MND is that people who play contact sports, such as football and rugby, are more prone to head injuries. […] A small number of studies have hinted that smoking may increase the risk of developing MND. […] There have been several studies in the United States which suggested people who served in the military have a higher risk of being diagnosed with MND. […] Researchers have also looked for a link between environmental exposures and MND.
  • #48 The impact of genetics on motor neurone disease – News & Events | Trinity College Dublin
    https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/the-impact-of-genetics-on-motor-neurone-disease/
    Trinity College Dublin researchers have found that one in 347 men and one in 436 women can be expected to develop motor neurone disease during their lifetime. […] The lead author, Dr Marie Ryan has shown that genetics account for about 52% of the risk of developing MND. […] The main message is that genetic and non-genetic factors contribute equally to ones risk of developing MND. […] In Ireland, in approximately 10% of people with motor neurone disease, the disease is caused by the abnormality in one gene called C9orf72, which runs in families. […] This means that multiple genetic factors working together are likely to play an important role in developing MND.
  • #49 Decoding the causes of motor neuron disease: A new study shows the impact of genetics | ScienceDaily
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190724103809.htm
    Researchers have conducted the largest ever study involving 1117 people diagnosed with motor neuron disease to address the question of ”nature versus nurture” in the causes of MND. […] The lead author, Dr Marie Ryan has shown that genetics account for about 52% of the risk of developing MND. […] Dr Ryan also looked at those who carried known genetic mutations associated with motor neuron disease. […] In Ireland, in approximately 10% of people with motor neuron disease, the disease is caused by the abnormality in one gene called C9orf72, which runs in families. […] The main message is that genetic and non-genetic factors contribute equally to one’s risk of developing MND. […] This means that multiple genetic factors working together are likely to play an important role in developing MND.
  • #50 The impact of genetics on motor neurone disease – News & Events | Trinity College Dublin
    https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/the-impact-of-genetics-on-motor-neurone-disease/
    Trinity College Dublin researchers have found that one in 347 men and one in 436 women can be expected to develop motor neurone disease during their lifetime. […] The lead author, Dr Marie Ryan has shown that genetics account for about 52% of the risk of developing MND. […] The main message is that genetic and non-genetic factors contribute equally to ones risk of developing MND. […] In Ireland, in approximately 10% of people with motor neurone disease, the disease is caused by the abnormality in one gene called C9orf72, which runs in families. […] This means that multiple genetic factors working together are likely to play an important role in developing MND.
  • #51 Motor Neuron Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560774/
    Familial forms of ALS are also characterized by penetrance of less than 50 percent and genetic pleiotropy (where a single gene can lead to the manifestation of multiple phenotypical traits). In contrast, sporadic forms have been associated with oligogenic (determination of a phenotypic trait by more than one gene) and polygenic inheritance. […] Among environmental and lifestyle factors that have been associated with the development of ALS, cyanotoxins, and related compounds deserve mention. The association between the ALS and pre-morbid physical prowess is also an area where some research has been done.
  • #52 Genetic testing for monogenic forms of motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in unaffected family members | European Journal of Human Genetics
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41431-024-01718-4
    Motor neuron disease (MND), also referred to as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a monogenic disease in a minority of cases, with autosomal dominant inheritance. […] Although around 85-90% of MND cases are seemingly sporadic, MND is a monogenic disease in around 10-15% of cases. […] Pathogenic variants in over 40 genes have been associated with development of MND, most of which are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, with reduced penetrance. […] The causal role of many of MND-linked pathogenic variants remains uncertain or disputed. […] There are several factors which can explain the absence of a family history in individuals with MND linked to a monogenic aetiology. […] Given the large number of potential causal genes, genomic diagnosis of MND requires genome or exome based testing (rather than single gene testing in Huntingtons Disease).
  • #53 Motor Neurone Disease Information & Support | MND Australia | MND Australia
    https://www.mndaustralia.org.au/mnd-connect/for-health-professionals-service-providers/overview-of-mnd-for-health-professionals
    Motor neurone disease (MND) is a fatal, progressive, degenerative, neurological condition. The causes of the majority of cases of MND remain unknown. However, about 10% of cases are inherited (familial) and the genetic fault of about 60% of these cases is now known in Australian families. However, current research is showing that many of the sporadic cases also have a genetic component. […] In most cases of MND the cause is unknown. Of the 5-10% of people who develop the familial form of MND, approximately 60-70% of genes involved have now been identified. As genetic factors are identified and metabolic pathways become clearer, the potential environmental factors to test may become more obvious. […] There are a number of causes that have been proposed to contribute to the development of MND. These include: genetic factors, physical trauma/exercise, infection by viral agents, gut microbiomes, exposure to environmental toxins and chemicals.
  • #54 Motor neurone disease: how could stem cells help? | Eurostemcell
    https://www.eurostemcell.org/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help
    The first genetic form of MND was found to result from a mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). […] Since this discovery, many other MND-causing mutations, both in SOD1 and about a dozen other genes, have been identified, leading to a multitude of hypotheses about how the disease develops. […] Current therapeutic approaches focus on relieving symptoms or providing technological and functional aids to improve life quality. […] To date there is no cure for any form of MND. […] It is likely therefore, that a combination of treatments will be needed to halt or slow disease progression. […] The possibility of using stem cell-derived neurons as a cell-replacement therapy to treat MND remains a huge conceptual, technical and ethical challenge. […] An alternative potential use for human stem cells in MND might be to transplant cells that can support the survival and function of remaining motor neurons and/or modify the environment to which they are exposed.
  • #55 Is MND hereditary? – Oxford University Hospitals
    https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/services/departments/neurosciences/neurology/mnd/support/is-mnd-hereditary.aspx
    Genetics will not explain the cause of MND in most patients. Some people find the identification of a faulty gene can help by explaining why MND has arisen, and can provide information to other family members, especially those thinking about planning their own families. […] New drugs, called antisense oligonucleotides, are becoming available for testing in clinical trials as specific treatments targeting the familial forms of MND. One drug, called tofersen, has been licensed in the USA for the treatment of some people with changes in the SOD1 gene causing their MND.
  • #56 Is MND hereditary? – Oxford University Hospitals
    https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/services/departments/neurosciences/neurology/mnd/support/is-mnd-hereditary.aspx
    Genetics will not explain the cause of MND in most patients. Some people find the identification of a faulty gene can help by explaining why MND has arisen, and can provide information to other family members, especially those thinking about planning their own families. […] New drugs, called antisense oligonucleotides, are becoming available for testing in clinical trials as specific treatments targeting the familial forms of MND. One drug, called tofersen, has been licensed in the USA for the treatment of some people with changes in the SOD1 gene causing their MND.
  • #57 Motor neurone disease: how could stem cells help? | Eurostemcell
    https://www.eurostemcell.org/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help
    At present, the main utility of stem cells in the context of MND is in disease modelling. […] Current clinical trials are aiming to determine the best type of stem cells, delivery methods as well as effective and safe doses. […] Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can be easily isolated from bone marrow and grown in the laboratory. […] In human trials, Phase I studies have shown that transplantation of MSCs into people with MND using various delivery methods has no major harmful consequences. […] Neural stem cells (NSCs) are specialised stem cells that can give rise to all cell types of the nervous system. […] In people with MND, however, glial cells may lose these critical functions and even become detrimental to motor neurons. […] Transplanted NSCs offer the opportunity to modify the potentially damaging environment that motor neurons are living in. […] Transplantation of these stem cells is now in the early stages of Phase I clinical trials.
  • #58 Pathology of Motor Neuron Disorders: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2111360-overview
    An alternative hypothesis for which there are some current supporting data suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction acts with oxidative stress to cause abnormal neurodegeneration via calcium-mediated motor neuron injury. […] As external or environmental factors, neurotoxicants such as various metals, chemicals, and foods have been proposed. […] The etiology of primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is unknown, but it may be similar to that proposed for ALS. […] More than 40 genetic loci ascribed to the different types of hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) have been identified; however, a clear genetic basis for most HSP types remains uncertain. […] The etiopathogenesis of Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome and Fazio-Londe disease remains elusive. […] Type I-III spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by alterations in the survival motor neuron gene (SMN).
  • #59 Motor Neurone Disease (MND): Types, Symptoms, Causes & Prevention
    https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/motor-neurone-disease-mnd-symptoms-and-causes
    Inflammation within the nervous system may contribute to the onset and progression of MND. Abnormal immune responses and neuroinflammation are, in fact, areas of active research in MND causation. […] Oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between free radicals and the body’s ability to neutralise them, is another possible factor. High levels of oxidative stress can damage cells, including motor neurones, potentially contributing to their degeneration. […] The mitochondria, which are essential for energy production in cells, have been a focus of MND research. Some forms of MND may involve mitochondrial dysfunction, which could lead to motor neuron damage.
  • #60 Reversible Lower Motor Neuron Disease: A New Case of a Forgotten Disease | Vale | Journal of Neurology Research
    https://www.neurores.org/index.php/neurores/article/view/171/191
    Motor neuron disease (MND) is mostly associated with an irreversible course. Spontaneous recovery has been rarely reported. […] The term motor neuron disease (MND) is mostly associated with an irreversible progression of motor symptoms to death in few years. Several case reports of secondary MND have been published, in which motor symptoms remitted after treatment of the underlying causes, such as lymphoma, carcinoma, cervical trauma, paraproteinaemia and heavy metal intoxication. Spontaneous remission of non-symptomatic MND is extremely rare. […] Our case illustrates a spontaneous remission of MND, defined by clinical and electroneuromyographic studies. There are further cases described in the literature. Mulder and Howard reported that, during the period of 20 years examining more than 2,000 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), they had seen several patients who were initially diagnosed with ALS but subsequently recovered. Tucker and Layzer described four patients with a clinical syndrome closely resembling ALS that recovered completely in 5 – 12 months after onset. In 1993, Tsai et al described the latest case of a clinically resembling ALS that recovered completely in approximately 1.5 years without having any underlying systemic disease, malignancy or intoxication. All previously described cases had both superior and inferior MND features, being characterized as ALS-like syndrome, which differs from our case with predominantly inferior MND features. Given the presence of brisk reflexes in a patient with clear muscle denervation, a superior MND should not be ruled out. One might suggest that the diffuse and abundant fibrillations and positive waves without evident muscle atrophy or reduced motor action potentials on EMG are suggestive of muscle membrane dysfunction rather than denervation. However, no myopathic finding was observed and the motor unit potentials had a neurogenic pattern with decreased recruitment. Our case has diagnostic limitations due to lack of tests for channelopathies, assessment by means of motor evoked potentials or muscle biopsy. All the same, unusual features were present: presence at EMG of active denervation without fasciculation, as well as the coexistence of brisk tendon reflexes, a repeated EMG performed after the clinical recovery with normal results without signs of motor unit rearrangement. Reversible MND is an enigmatic rare condition that physicians can eventually meet.
  • #61 Reversible Lower Motor Neuron Disease: A New Case of a Forgotten Disease | Vale | Journal of Neurology Research
    https://www.neurores.org/index.php/neurores/article/view/171/191
    Motor neuron disease (MND) is mostly associated with an irreversible course. Spontaneous recovery has been rarely reported. […] The term motor neuron disease (MND) is mostly associated with an irreversible progression of motor symptoms to death in few years. Several case reports of secondary MND have been published, in which motor symptoms remitted after treatment of the underlying causes, such as lymphoma, carcinoma, cervical trauma, paraproteinaemia and heavy metal intoxication. Spontaneous remission of non-symptomatic MND is extremely rare. […] Our case illustrates a spontaneous remission of MND, defined by clinical and electroneuromyographic studies. There are further cases described in the literature. Mulder and Howard reported that, during the period of 20 years examining more than 2,000 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), they had seen several patients who were initially diagnosed with ALS but subsequently recovered. Tucker and Layzer described four patients with a clinical syndrome closely resembling ALS that recovered completely in 5 – 12 months after onset. In 1993, Tsai et al described the latest case of a clinically resembling ALS that recovered completely in approximately 1.5 years without having any underlying systemic disease, malignancy or intoxication. All previously described cases had both superior and inferior MND features, being characterized as ALS-like syndrome, which differs from our case with predominantly inferior MND features. Given the presence of brisk reflexes in a patient with clear muscle denervation, a superior MND should not be ruled out. One might suggest that the diffuse and abundant fibrillations and positive waves without evident muscle atrophy or reduced motor action potentials on EMG are suggestive of muscle membrane dysfunction rather than denervation. However, no myopathic finding was observed and the motor unit potentials had a neurogenic pattern with decreased recruitment. Our case has diagnostic limitations due to lack of tests for channelopathies, assessment by means of motor evoked potentials or muscle biopsy. All the same, unusual features were present: presence at EMG of active denervation without fasciculation, as well as the coexistence of brisk tendon reflexes, a repeated EMG performed after the clinical recovery with normal results without signs of motor unit rearrangement. Reversible MND is an enigmatic rare condition that physicians can eventually meet.
  • #62 What is Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-is-motor-neurone-disease/
    Motor neurone disease (MND) is a term used to cover a group of diseases where a particular nerve cell in the nervous system, called a motor neuron, becomes damaged. […] MND is classed as a neurodegenerative disease which means that damage gets worse over time and eventually the motor neurons arent able to work as they should and they become damaged and eventually die. […] Research has shown that many different areas of motor neurons are affected by the disease and contribute to the damage and death of neurons. […] While we know some of the things that go wrong in motor neurons in MND, there are still many more to uncover and, for the things we do know about, we often dont know what causes them. […] Understanding more about the biology behind motor neuron damage and what causes it could help to reveal ways to stop or reverse it. […] If we know what goes wrong and what causes it to go wrong, then potential treatments can be developed which target the cause.
  • #63 What Causes Motor Neurone Disease? – NowPatient
    https://nowpatient.com/blog/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease
    Its important to note that these lifestyle factors are not direct causes of MND but may contribute to the overall risk profile in combination with other genetic and environmental factors. […] While researchers have identified various potential contributors to MND, it is becoming increasingly clear that the disease is likely the result of a complex relationship between multiple factors. In most cases, a combination of genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and lifestyle influences may converge to create the perfect storm for the development of MND. […] Motor neurone disease is a complex condition, with its causes rooted in a mixture of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. While researchers have made significant progress in understanding the potential causes and underlying mechanisms, much remains to be uncovered about this disorder.
  • #64 Motor Neurone Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatments
    https://nowpatient.com/conditions/motor-neurone-disease
    It is important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not guarantee the development of Motor Neurone Disease. MND is a complex condition, and the interplay between genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and other contributing factors is still being studied. […] The pathophysiology of Motor Neurone Disease (MND) involves various cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and loss of voluntary muscle control. […] The exact cause of motor neuron degeneration is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and cellular factors. […] The interplay between these mechanisms and the specific contribution of genetic and environmental factors in individual cases of MND is still an area of active research. Understanding the pathophysiology of MND is vital for developing potential therapeutic interventions to slow down or halt the progression of the disease.
  • #65 Motor neuron disease (MND): Types, causes, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164342
    Motor neuron disease (MND) can appear at any age, but the symptoms usually appear after the age of 50 years. […] Experts believe that around 10% of MNDs are hereditary. The other 90% develop randomly. […] The exact causes are unclear, but the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke reports that genetic, toxic, viral, and other environmental factors may play a role.
  • #66 Decoding the causes of motor neuron disease: A new study shows the impact of genetics | ScienceDaily
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190724103809.htm
    Researchers have conducted the largest ever study involving 1117 people diagnosed with motor neuron disease to address the question of ”nature versus nurture” in the causes of MND. […] The lead author, Dr Marie Ryan has shown that genetics account for about 52% of the risk of developing MND. […] Dr Ryan also looked at those who carried known genetic mutations associated with motor neuron disease. […] In Ireland, in approximately 10% of people with motor neuron disease, the disease is caused by the abnormality in one gene called C9orf72, which runs in families. […] The main message is that genetic and non-genetic factors contribute equally to one’s risk of developing MND. […] This means that multiple genetic factors working together are likely to play an important role in developing MND.
  • #67 What causes Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease/
    For many people with MND, certain genes play a role in the cause of the disease. However, other environmental and lifestyle factors are also thought to be needed alongside these gene changes. Just because someone has a change in a gene, does not guarantee they will develop MND. […] In some families, changes in genes can be passed down through generations and play a larger role in the start of the disease. Around 1 in 10 people with MND have a family history of the disease. In these cases, it is thought that genetics is a major contributor to the development of MND, but again other factors alongside the genetic influence are thought to trigger symptoms. […] Most people diagnosed with MND are aged between 50 and 70 years old. Research has shown that normal ageing can affect the structure and function of motor neurons. These age-related effects could also play a vital role in development of MND, again, alongside other lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors.
  • #68 What causes Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-causes-motor-neurone-disease/
    Men are diagnosed with MND almost twice as often as women, but this evens out with people who are 70 or older. […] Some of these lifestyle factors have been investigated to see if they may affect the risk of developing MND. […] Several studies have investigated a potential link between strenuous exercise and MND. […] One theory behind the potential link between exercise and MND is that people who play contact sports, such as football and rugby, are more prone to head injuries. […] A small number of studies have hinted that smoking may increase the risk of developing MND. […] There have been several studies in the United States which suggested people who served in the military have a higher risk of being diagnosed with MND. […] Researchers have also looked for a link between environmental exposures and MND.
  • #69 Motor Neurone Disease Information & Support | MND Australia | MND Australia
    https://www.mndaustralia.org.au/mnd-connect/for-health-professionals-service-providers/overview-of-mnd-for-health-professionals
    A number of different mechanisms that can affect the health of motor neurons are thought to contribute to MND: protein aggregation, glutamate toxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysfunctional signalling pathways, free radical damage, immune mediated damage, loss of growth factors required to maintain motor neurone survival. […] It is thought that these may act individually or in combination to cause or contribute to the development of MND. Recent research suggests a six-step process with genes, environment and ageing contributing to the development of MND. […] Over 150 years have passed since ALS was first reported by Charcot and still the aetiology of the disease remains elusive. Although research is progressing and genetic studies continue to identify novel gene associations, many questions remain surrounding the pathological mechanisms associated with already established mutations, their role in the ALS phenotype, and the as yet undiscovered mechanisms that underlie sporadic onset of disease.
  • #70 Talk therapy can improve quality of life for people with MND | UCL News – UCL – University College London
    https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2024/may/talk-therapy-can-improve-quality-life-people-mnd
    MND is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease with no cure. It affects motor neurons, which are found in the brain and spinal cord, that help tell your muscles what to do. MND causes these messages to stop reaching the muscles, causing them to weaken, stiffen and gradually die. […] Scientists around the world are working to better understand MND, its causes and potential treatments to stop the progression of the disease and cure or prevent it. […] We desperately need treatments to slow down and stop MND. […] The COMMEND study shows psychological support can be effective in improving quality of life and that there is clear clinical benefit in Acceptance Commitment Therapy specifically.
  • #71 What is Motor Neurone Disease?
    https://mndresearch.blog/2024/08/14/what-is-motor-neurone-disease/
    Motor neurone disease (MND) is a term used to cover a group of diseases where a particular nerve cell in the nervous system, called a motor neuron, becomes damaged. […] MND is classed as a neurodegenerative disease which means that damage gets worse over time and eventually the motor neurons arent able to work as they should and they become damaged and eventually die. […] Research has shown that many different areas of motor neurons are affected by the disease and contribute to the damage and death of neurons. […] While we know some of the things that go wrong in motor neurons in MND, there are still many more to uncover and, for the things we do know about, we often dont know what causes them. […] Understanding more about the biology behind motor neuron damage and what causes it could help to reveal ways to stop or reverse it. […] If we know what goes wrong and what causes it to go wrong, then potential treatments can be developed which target the cause.
  • #72 What we know, don’t know and suspect about what causes motor neuron disease
    https://theconversation.com/what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-about-what-causes-motor-neuron-disease-79409
    Non-genetic factors that may contribute to the development of MND have been extensively studied over the years, with several potential causes emerging. One of the major risk factors for MND is advancing age. […] A number of lifestyle risk factors for MND have also emerged. Smoking is known to increase the risk of MND, with one study indicating smokers were 42% more likely to be diagnosed with MND, while former smokers had a 44% higher risk. […] Exposure to viruses has also been cited as a potential cause of MND. Polio virus, for example, can infect motor neurons, and may be linked to later weakening of these neurons. […] The causes of MND are many and complex. This is further complicated by the fact we dont know what ultimately causes the death of motor neurons when someone has MND. If we could find this out, then we may well be on the way to developing more effective, and perhaps even curative, therapies for the disease.