Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bowen’s disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowens-disease/

  Bowen’s disease usually appears as a patch on the skin that has clear edges and does not heal. […] The patch is flat with an irregular outline and looks dry and scaly. […] The patch may be scaly or crusty, flat or raised, up to a few centimetres across, itchy (but not all the time), red or pink on white skin, but this may be harder to see on brown and black skin. […] The patch can appear anywhere on the skin, but is especially common on exposed areas like the lower legs, neck and head. […] If the patch bleeds, starts to turn into an open sore (ulcer) or develops a lump, it could be a sign it’s turned into squamous cell skin cancer. […] Bowen’s disease itself is not usually serious. It tends to grow very slowly over months or years, and there are several very effective treatments for it. […] The concern is that Bowen’s disease can eventually develop into a different type of skin cancer called squamous cell skin cancer if it’s left undiagnosed or neglected. […] It’s estimated this happens in up to 1 in 20 to 1 in 30 people with untreated Bowen’s disease.

• #2 Bowen’s Disease Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-cancer/bowens-disease

  It can take 2 to 40 years for your lesion to reach its full size, so its important for you to get it identified and treated early. […] For some people, their lesions might be asymptomatic and cause no symptoms at all. […] Bowens disease is a type of SCC, a type of cancer. It can be successfully treated using various methods, but it should be treated early or else it can become invasive. […] The key is to treat Bowens disease as early as possible. Thats because its more difficult to treat in its later stages.

• #3 Bowen’s Disease Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-cancer/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease typically involves a red, scaly, crusty lesion. The lesion might look like other skin conditions, such as eczema (a condition that makes your skin red and itchy) or psoriasis. […] For most people, Bowens disease is characterized by a single lesion. About 10 to 20 percent of people with Bowens disease develop multiple lesions. […] The lesion most commonly develops on your head or neck. It typically looks like a red, scaly patch, or a plaque. Symptoms include: red scaling, though it could appear as white or yellow; moist pinkness or redness under the scaling (in all skin tones); lack of bleeding in the area; itching (some of the time); plaques are flat or slightly raised or may appear as nodules as they develop; crusting; slow growth; pus (when infected); defined borders; size is between a few millimeters to a few centimeters.

• #4 Bowen’s Disease – Identify the Symptoms for Skin Cancer Diagnosis | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/could-that-odd-patch-on-your-skin-be-bowens-disease-find-out-now

  Red, scaly patches on the skin are the primary symptom of Bowen’s disease, which affects the squamous cells in the skin’s outer layer. […] The symptoms of this cancer are the formation of red, scaly patches on the skin. […] The majority of people with Bowen’s disease only have one lesion, and only 10 to 20 percent of individuals experience multiple lesions. […] Usually, the lesion appears on your head or neck and resembles a plaque, which might be nodular, flat, or slightly elevated. […] Among the symptoms are the absence of blood in the affected region, and occasional itching, but some individuals may have asymptomatic lesions. […] The size of the lesions ranges from a few millimeters to a few centimeters. […] However, you shouldnt disregard the condition since there is a slim chance that it might spread and develop into a more dangerous type of skin cancer.

• #5 Bowen’s disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowens-disease/

  Bowen’s disease usually appears as a patch on the skin that has clear edges and does not heal. […] The patch is flat with an irregular outline and looks dry and scaly. […] The patch may be scaly or crusty, flat or raised, up to a few centimetres across, itchy (but not all the time), red or pink on white skin, but this may be harder to see on brown and black skin. […] The patch can appear anywhere on the skin, but is especially common on exposed areas like the lower legs, neck and head. […] If the patch bleeds, starts to turn into an open sore (ulcer) or develops a lump, it could be a sign it’s turned into squamous cell skin cancer. […] Bowen’s disease itself is not usually serious. It tends to grow very slowly over months or years, and there are several very effective treatments for it. […] The concern is that Bowen’s disease can eventually develop into a different type of skin cancer called squamous cell skin cancer if it’s left undiagnosed or neglected. […] It’s estimated this happens in up to 1 in 20 to 1 in 30 people with untreated Bowen’s disease.

• #6 Bowen’s disease | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/types/bowens-disease

  Usually, Bowen’s disease appears as red scaly patches. Sometimes they look like raised spots or warts. Often the affected skin looks red and sore. […] Another symptom of Bowen’s disease is itching. But often there are no symptoms apart from a patch on the skin. In some cases, the affected skin may become sore and bleed.

• #7 Bowen’s Disease Treatment Reading – Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Derma

  https://www.dermareading.co.uk/bowens-disease

  Bowen’s disease typically presents as a patch on the skin that has clear edges, and does not heal. […] The lesions, or patches caused by Bowens disease tend to grow very slowly over months or years, and may present similarly to other skin conditions, like psoriasis or eczema, so this is why suspected pre-cancerous lesions should always be checked by a medical expert. […] Symptoms of Bowens Disease […] A Bowens disease lesion can be; Red, pink or sometimes brownish in hue, Scaly or crusty in texture, Either flat or raised, Up to a few centimetres wide, Itchy, but it doesnt need to be itchy all the time. […] Bowen’s disease lesions can appear on skin anywhere on the body, but they are especially common on areas that are exposed to UV light, like the lower legs, neck and head. […] Some signs that a Bowens disease patch has turned into SCC are if; The lesion bleeds, either regularly or intermittently; The lesion changes, turning into an open sore (also called an ulcer); The lesion develops swelling or a hard lump.

• #8 Bowen’s Disease Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-cancer/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease typically involves a red, scaly, crusty lesion. The lesion might look like other skin conditions, such as eczema (a condition that makes your skin red and itchy) or psoriasis. […] For most people, Bowens disease is characterized by a single lesion. About 10 to 20 percent of people with Bowens disease develop multiple lesions. […] The lesion most commonly develops on your head or neck. It typically looks like a red, scaly patch, or a plaque. Symptoms include: red scaling, though it could appear as white or yellow; moist pinkness or redness under the scaling (in all skin tones); lack of bleeding in the area; itching (some of the time); plaques are flat or slightly raised or may appear as nodules as they develop; crusting; slow growth; pus (when infected); defined borders; size is between a few millimeters to a few centimeters.

• #9 Bowen’s Disease Treatment Reading – Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Derma

  https://www.dermareading.co.uk/bowens-disease

  Bowen’s disease typically presents as a patch on the skin that has clear edges, and does not heal. […] The lesions, or patches caused by Bowens disease tend to grow very slowly over months or years, and may present similarly to other skin conditions, like psoriasis or eczema, so this is why suspected pre-cancerous lesions should always be checked by a medical expert. […] Symptoms of Bowens Disease […] A Bowens disease lesion can be; Red, pink or sometimes brownish in hue, Scaly or crusty in texture, Either flat or raised, Up to a few centimetres wide, Itchy, but it doesnt need to be itchy all the time. […] Bowen’s disease lesions can appear on skin anywhere on the body, but they are especially common on areas that are exposed to UV light, like the lower legs, neck and head. […] Some signs that a Bowens disease patch has turned into SCC are if; The lesion bleeds, either regularly or intermittently; The lesion changes, turning into an open sore (also called an ulcer); The lesion develops swelling or a hard lump.

• #10 Bowen’s disease – treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bowens-disease

  Bowen’s disease usually looks like a patch of red, scaly skin. […] The patch grows slowly over time. Sometimes the patch may become thicker, more scaly and look inflamed (sore). Sometimes it can look like an ulcer or a thickened scar. […] The patch of skin is often itchy but sometimes there may be no symptoms. […] Bowen’s disease is often mistaken for psoriasis, eczema or a fungal infection. […] If Bowen’s disease is not treated, a there is a chance it could become an invasive skin cancer called a squamous cell carcinoma. That means it can spread locally or to other parts of the body.

• #11 Bowen’s Disease Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-cancer/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease typically involves a red, scaly, crusty lesion. The lesion might look like other skin conditions, such as eczema (a condition that makes your skin red and itchy) or psoriasis. […] For most people, Bowens disease is characterized by a single lesion. About 10 to 20 percent of people with Bowens disease develop multiple lesions. […] The lesion most commonly develops on your head or neck. It typically looks like a red, scaly patch, or a plaque. Symptoms include: red scaling, though it could appear as white or yellow; moist pinkness or redness under the scaling (in all skin tones); lack of bleeding in the area; itching (some of the time); plaques are flat or slightly raised or may appear as nodules as they develop; crusting; slow growth; pus (when infected); defined borders; size is between a few millimeters to a few centimeters.

• #12 Bowen’s disease | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/types/bowens-disease

  Usually, Bowen’s disease appears as red scaly patches. Sometimes they look like raised spots or warts. Often the affected skin looks red and sore. […] Another symptom of Bowen’s disease is itching. But often there are no symptoms apart from a patch on the skin. In some cases, the affected skin may become sore and bleed.

• #13 Bowen’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Risks Factors | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/bowens-disease-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention-risks-factors

  The primary indicator of this disease is red, scaly patches on the skin. […] These lesions may take 2 to 40 years to reach their full size. Therefore it is vital to identify the disease early and get prompt treatment. […] If you notice symptoms of Bowens disease, contact your physician immediately. You may also experience the following: Excessive itching, Redness or discolouration, Ulceration, where the top layer of the skin is missing, Crusting and scaling, Prolonged bleeding, Infection.

• #14 Bowen’s Disease: Causes, Treatment, Prognosis and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bowen-s-disease-overview-and-more-5197049

  Bowens disease is characterized by patches of dry, scaly skin that can be flat or slightly raised. The patches are typically reddish-brown colored and can range from a few millimeters in size to a few centimeters. The patches may split open, have warts, or be dark colored. […] Typically, the patches of skin do not cause additional symptoms. However, in some people, the patches are accompanied by other symptoms, such as: Itching, Oozing of pus (if the patch is infected), Feeling tender to the touch, Bleeding, Crusting. […] In some cases, undiagnosed or untreated Bowens disease can develop into a more invasive form of skin cancer called squamous cell skin cancer. Estimates suggest the progression occurs in one in 20 to one in 30 people with untreated Bowens disease.

• #15 Bowen’s disease | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/worried-about-cancer/pre-cancerous-and-genetic-conditions/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease can occur anywhere on the body. But it is usually found on areas that have been regularly exposed to the sun. These include the face, scalp, neck, hands, and lower legs. […] Bowens disease often starts as a patch of skin that is scaly, red or pink (this can be harder to see on black or brown skin). Sometimes the area can look like raised spots or warts. It may become itchy or sore, and it may bleed. Bowens disease can look like other skin conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis. It is always important to get any skin problems checked by a doctor to be sure of the cause.

• #16 Bowen’s disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowens-disease/

  Bowen’s disease usually appears as a patch on the skin that has clear edges and does not heal. […] The patch is flat with an irregular outline and looks dry and scaly. […] The patch may be scaly or crusty, flat or raised, up to a few centimetres across, itchy (but not all the time), red or pink on white skin, but this may be harder to see on brown and black skin. […] The patch can appear anywhere on the skin, but is especially common on exposed areas like the lower legs, neck and head. […] If the patch bleeds, starts to turn into an open sore (ulcer) or develops a lump, it could be a sign it’s turned into squamous cell skin cancer. […] Bowen’s disease itself is not usually serious. It tends to grow very slowly over months or years, and there are several very effective treatments for it. […] The concern is that Bowen’s disease can eventually develop into a different type of skin cancer called squamous cell skin cancer if it’s left undiagnosed or neglected. […] It’s estimated this happens in up to 1 in 20 to 1 in 30 people with untreated Bowen’s disease.

• #17 Bowen’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/bowens-disease-pro

  It presents as a slowly growing erythematous, hyperkeratotic patch or plaque with an irregular border. It is sharply demarcated, scaling with a pink or red surface. There may be a small erosion or it may be crusted. It may reach a few centimetres in size. […] The size of a lesion is directly related to its duration. […] Lesions are usually asymptomatic but can bleed. […] Lesions are usually solitary but in 10-20% of cases there are multiple lesions. […] They are most commonly found in sun-exposed areas: on the lower limbs in the UK (60-85%) or head and neck in Australia (44%), Denmark (40-59%) and the USA (66%). It is not known why there is a variation in the body site affected across different countries. […] Other locations are subungual, periungual, palmar, genital or perianal. When it arises on the mucosal surfaces of the glans penis, it is referred to as erythroplasia of Queyrat (EQ). Some vulval lesions also have features of Bowen’s disease.

• #18 Bowen’s Disease: Skin Cancer Linked to HPV Infection

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-bowens-disease

  Bowens disease causes reddish, sometimes brown, patches on sun-damaged skin, most often on your legs. You may also see the patches on your head, neck, palms of your hands, and soles of your feet. Sometimes they develop around the genitals. […] Most people develop only one patch, but you can have several of them. They usually dont cause any discomfort, but they may be: […] Patches that appear on the genitals can cause problems. In that area, Bowens disease may be called one of the following: […] If you have Bowens disease, youre at a higher risk for other types of skin cancers, especially if you have a weak immune system from disease or medical treatments. You should have regular follow-ups and skin checks with your doctor.

• #19 Bowen’s Disease Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-cancer/bowens-disease

  It can take 2 to 40 years for your lesion to reach its full size, so its important for you to get it identified and treated early. […] For some people, their lesions might be asymptomatic and cause no symptoms at all. […] Bowens disease is a type of SCC, a type of cancer. It can be successfully treated using various methods, but it should be treated early or else it can become invasive. […] The key is to treat Bowens disease as early as possible. Thats because its more difficult to treat in its later stages.

• #20 Bowen’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Risks Factors | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/bowens-disease-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention-risks-factors

  The primary indicator of this disease is red, scaly patches on the skin. […] These lesions may take 2 to 40 years to reach their full size. Therefore it is vital to identify the disease early and get prompt treatment. […] If you notice symptoms of Bowens disease, contact your physician immediately. You may also experience the following: Excessive itching, Redness or discolouration, Ulceration, where the top layer of the skin is missing, Crusting and scaling, Prolonged bleeding, Infection.

• #21 Bowen’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/bowens-disease-pro

  It presents as a slowly growing erythematous, hyperkeratotic patch or plaque with an irregular border. It is sharply demarcated, scaling with a pink or red surface. There may be a small erosion or it may be crusted. It may reach a few centimetres in size. […] The size of a lesion is directly related to its duration. […] Lesions are usually asymptomatic but can bleed. […] Lesions are usually solitary but in 10-20% of cases there are multiple lesions. […] They are most commonly found in sun-exposed areas: on the lower limbs in the UK (60-85%) or head and neck in Australia (44%), Denmark (40-59%) and the USA (66%). It is not known why there is a variation in the body site affected across different countries. […] Other locations are subungual, periungual, palmar, genital or perianal. When it arises on the mucosal surfaces of the glans penis, it is referred to as erythroplasia of Queyrat (EQ). Some vulval lesions also have features of Bowen’s disease.

• #22 Pillar | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/pillar/bowens-disease-symptoms-risks-prevention-stages-treatment

  Bowen’s Disease lesions have a tendency to grow gradually over an extended period, sometimes even spanning years. They may also transform into unhealed sores or ulcers, a substantial warning sign. These sores can discharge fluids or blood and commonly prove resistant to typical topical treatments. […] As the condition advances, the afflicted skin can undergo various changes in colour and texture. The lesions may become thicker, more elevated, and assume a warty appearance. They can also adopt a range of colours, including pink, red, brown, and grey. […] Certain cases of Bowen’s Disease are categorised as high-risk, indicating a higher probability of progressing to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. […] The ultimate and most concerning stage of Bowen’s Disease involves its progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. In this phase, the abnormal cells penetrate deeper layers of the skin and have the potential to disseminate to other parts of the body. Managing invasive squamous cell carcinoma necessitates more intricate and aggressive interventions, often including surgical resection, lymph node assessment, and occasionally chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Timely detection and intervention are paramount in preventing the disease from reaching this stage.

• #23 Interventions for cutaneous Bowen’s disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6464151/

  Bowen’s disease is the clinical term for in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Cutaneous lesions present as largely asymptomatic, well-defined, scaly erythematous patches on sun-exposed skin. In general, people with Bowen’s disease have an excellent prognosis because the disease is typically slow-growing and responds favourably to treatment. Lesions are persistent and can be progressive, with a small potential (estimated to be 3%) to develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. […] In general, people with Bowen’s disease have an excellent prognosis because the disease is typically slow-growing and responds favourably to treatment, although a significant number of lesions of Bowen’s disease are not treated due to its relatively benign nature and the demographics of the participants with the condition. The risk of progression of Bowen’s disease to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is generally considered to be about 3%.

• #24 Bowen Disease – Toronto Dermatology Centre

  https://torontodermatologycentre.com/bowen-disease/

  Bowens disease most commonly presents as a slow growing, persistent red scaly patch on areas of skin chronically exposed to the sun. […] If left untreated, Bowens disease can progress into invasive skin cancer referred to as squamous cell cancer (SCC). […] There are often no symptoms and hence there is often delay in seeking treatment.

• #25 Bowen’s disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease is a type of slow-growing and red, scaly skin patch. […] The signs of Bowens disease include: Flat, scaly, red and slightly raised patches appear and persist for months to years. […] In most cases, Bowens disease remains confined to the upper layer of the skin (epidermis). However, if left untreated, the affected cells may migrate deeper into the skin layers. If a patch of Bowens disease becomes raised, tender or is bleeding, then it will need immediate medical attention.

• #26 Bowen’s disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowens-disease/

  Bowen’s disease usually appears as a patch on the skin that has clear edges and does not heal. […] The patch is flat with an irregular outline and looks dry and scaly. […] The patch may be scaly or crusty, flat or raised, up to a few centimetres across, itchy (but not all the time), red or pink on white skin, but this may be harder to see on brown and black skin. […] The patch can appear anywhere on the skin, but is especially common on exposed areas like the lower legs, neck and head. […] If the patch bleeds, starts to turn into an open sore (ulcer) or develops a lump, it could be a sign it’s turned into squamous cell skin cancer. […] Bowen’s disease itself is not usually serious. It tends to grow very slowly over months or years, and there are several very effective treatments for it. […] The concern is that Bowen’s disease can eventually develop into a different type of skin cancer called squamous cell skin cancer if it’s left undiagnosed or neglected. […] It’s estimated this happens in up to 1 in 20 to 1 in 30 people with untreated Bowen’s disease.

• #27 Interventions for cutaneous Bowen’s disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6464151/

  Bowen’s disease is the clinical term for in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Cutaneous lesions present as largely asymptomatic, well-defined, scaly erythematous patches on sun-exposed skin. In general, people with Bowen’s disease have an excellent prognosis because the disease is typically slow-growing and responds favourably to treatment. Lesions are persistent and can be progressive, with a small potential (estimated to be 3%) to develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. […] In general, people with Bowen’s disease have an excellent prognosis because the disease is typically slow-growing and responds favourably to treatment, although a significant number of lesions of Bowen’s disease are not treated due to its relatively benign nature and the demographics of the participants with the condition. The risk of progression of Bowen’s disease to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is generally considered to be about 3%.

• #28 Bowen Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1100113-overview

  Patients often present with an asymptomatic, slowly enlarging, erythematous, well-demarcated scaly patch or plaque. […] A classic clinical history is presentation of a nonsteroid-responsive dermatosis. […] Bowen disease may ultimately progress to an invasive squamous cell carcinoma. […] The prognosis for Bowen disease is favorable. The majority of studies report a risk of progression to invasive SCC at 3-5%. […] The risk of invasive carcinoma is estimated to be higher for genital Bowen disease or erythroplasia of Queyrat at 10%.

• #29 Bowen’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/bowens-disease-pro

  This is excellent, especially with treatment. Untreated, 3% progress to invasive SCC; however, metastases are rare. The risk of progression of Bowen’s disease of the penis is higher – possibly 10%. There is no association between Bowen’s disease and internal malignancies. […] Bowens’ disease should be seen as a risk marker for other non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC); a third of patients will have another NMSC at the time of diagnosis and patients with Bowen’s disease are 4.3 times more likely to develop NMSC in the future, most likely due to the common aetiology of ultraviolet (UV) light. Patients should therefore be followed up; however, there is no definitive guidance on the follow-up regime and it should be guided by the risk factors in the individual.

• #30 Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Bowen’s Disease: A Review on Efficacy, Non-Invasive Treatment Monitoring, Tolerability, and Cosmetic Outcome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/4/795

  Overall, the clinical response rate for MAL-PDT in the treatment of BD varies from 88–100% after one or two cycles at 3 months, with 68–89% of lesions clear over follow-up periods of 17–50 months. […] The complete remission rates of small lesions (diameter < 20 mm) and large lesions (diameter > 20 mm) were 69.1% and 48.7%, respectively. A diameter greater than 20 mm was the main cause of treatment failure. […] Immunocompromised BD patients appear to be significantly younger, more likely to have multiple tumors, and are at higher risk for recurrence and progression to invasive disease as compared to patients with normal immune function. […] Pain and burning during illumination, which peak in the first few minutes of treatment, are the main side effects of PDT. Expected skin phototoxicity effects are erythema, edema, vesiculation/pustulation, crusting, and erosion/ulceration. Long-term adverse effects such as pigmentary change, scarring or contact allergy, are uncommon.

• #31 Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/squamous-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352480

  Untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can destroy nearby healthy tissue. It can spread to the lymph nodes or other organs. And it can be fatal, although this is not common. The risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin spreading may be higher if the cancer: Grows very large or deep. Involves the mucous membranes, such as the lips. Occurs in a person with a weakened immune system. Examples of things that might cause a weakened immune system include having chronic leukemia or taking medicine to control the immune system after an organ transplant.

• #32

  https://journals.lww.com/idoj/fulltext/2022/13020/bowen_s_disease.2.aspx

  Bowen’s disease (BD) is an in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of epidermis. BD is common in photo-exposed areas of skin, but other sites can also be involved. The natural course of BD is usually prolonged, needing appropriate treatment. The morphology of BD differs based on age of the lesion, site of origin, and degree of keratinization. The clinical presentation is also altered when it occurs in intertriginous, moist or hyperkeratotic surfaces. Lesions are usually solitary, whereas multiple lesions are seen in 10%20% of the affected individuals. The classical lesions of BD are asymptomatic, while larger lesions can be pruritic. Most commonly BD presents as a slow-growing, well-demarcated, erythematous, scaly patch or plaque. The time taken for full expression of this premalignant condition varies from 2 to 40 years, favoring the slow and lateral spread of the condition in an erratic manner. BD usually have an excellent prognosis because it is a slow-growing premalignant lesion. Even spontaneous regression of BD has been reported, probably due to Fas-mediated apoptosis. In BD, recurrence is relatively rare and is approximately 6% within 5 years of taking sufficient treatment. The clinical signs suggestive of malignant transformation are ulceration, bleeding, and nodule formation. The development of invasive SCC is due to destruction of basement membrane mediated by metalloproteinases. The development of invasive carcinomas is more common among elderly people and immunocompromised individuals. The risk of malignant transformation is around 3% in case of extra-genital BD and 10% in EQ. When confined to the epidermis, BD does not carry any risk of metastasis. However, one-third of the BD which progressed to invasive SCC can metastasize.

• #33 Bowen’s disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowens-disease/

  Bowen’s disease usually appears as a patch on the skin that has clear edges and does not heal. […] The patch is flat with an irregular outline and looks dry and scaly. […] The patch may be scaly or crusty, flat or raised, up to a few centimetres across, itchy (but not all the time), red or pink on white skin, but this may be harder to see on brown and black skin. […] The patch can appear anywhere on the skin, but is especially common on exposed areas like the lower legs, neck and head. […] If the patch bleeds, starts to turn into an open sore (ulcer) or develops a lump, it could be a sign it’s turned into squamous cell skin cancer. […] Bowen’s disease itself is not usually serious. It tends to grow very slowly over months or years, and there are several very effective treatments for it. […] The concern is that Bowen’s disease can eventually develop into a different type of skin cancer called squamous cell skin cancer if it’s left undiagnosed or neglected. […] It’s estimated this happens in up to 1 in 20 to 1 in 30 people with untreated Bowen’s disease.

• #34 Bowen’s Disease | Gainesville Dermatology & Skin Surgery

  https://www.gainesvilledermatologyskinsurgery.com/bowens-disease/

  Bowen’s disease causes an individual to develop slow-growing skin lesions, among other Bowen’s disease symptoms. These skin lesions may appear as red or brown patches or dry, scaly plaques. The patches may bleed, ooze pus, itch, or feel tender to the touch. […] If the lesion bleeds, turns into an ulcer or open sore, or if it develops a lump, it may indicate the presence of squamous cell skin cancer. […] In many situations, Bowen’s disease itself is not serious. It tends to develop slowly, over months or even years, and there are several effective treatments for it. However, the primary concern is that this condition can eventually develop into squamous cell carcinoma if left neglected, untreated, or undiagnosed.

• #35 Bowen’s disease

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/patient-info-leaflets/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease is an area of sun-damaged skin, which left untreated can very occasionally turn into a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. […] Starts as a small red scaly area, which grows very slowly and may reach a diameter of a few cm across. […] Usually there are no symptoms (unlike eczema, which is often itchy). […] The development of a new painful/tender lump, or occasionally ulcer, within a patch of Bowens disease may signify change into a squamous cell carcinoma. […] Once you have had Bowens disease, you are at a higher risk of developing another patch of Bowens disease, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and other types of skin cancer.

• #36 Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Bowen’s Disease: A Review on Efficacy, Non-Invasive Treatment Monitoring, Tolerability, and Cosmetic Outcome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/4/795

  Bowen’s disease represents the in situ form of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; although it has an excellent prognosis, 3–5% of lesions progress to invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, with a higher risk in immunocompromised patients. […] The classical clinical presentation of BD is an erythematous, scaly, slow-growing, well-demarcated patch or plaque, usually asymptomatic, although larger lesions may be associated with itching. […] The prognosis of BD is excellent, as it is usually a slow-growing lesion. However, the overall rate of progression to invasive cSCC is 3–5%, or even up to 10% for genital lesions, and is more common among the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs suggestive of malignant transformation are ulceration, nodule formation, and bleeding.

• #37 Bowen’s disease: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease causes a person to develop slow growing skin lesions. The lesions may appear as red-brown patches or dry, scaly plaques. […] These patches may also bleed or ooze pus, itch, and be tender to the touch. […] Sometimes, these skin lesions can become cancerous. For this reason, a person with Bowens disease should be aware of the signs that a skin lesion is cancerous. These signs include hardening of a skin lesion, a nodule that feels very tender to the touch, the appearance of a flesh-colored nodule or lump, and a skin nodule that bleeds easily. […] According to a Cochrane Review, most people with Bowens disease have an excellent outlook. The reason for this is that most skin lesions grow very slowly, enabling a person to seek treatment before a lesion potentially becomes cancerous. Furthermore, the treatment options for Bowens disease are numerous, and treatment is generally effective.

• #38 Interventions for cutaneous Bowen’s disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6464151/

  Bowen’s disease is the clinical term for in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Cutaneous lesions present as largely asymptomatic, well-defined, scaly erythematous patches on sun-exposed skin. In general, people with Bowen’s disease have an excellent prognosis because the disease is typically slow-growing and responds favourably to treatment. Lesions are persistent and can be progressive, with a small potential (estimated to be 3%) to develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. […] In general, people with Bowen’s disease have an excellent prognosis because the disease is typically slow-growing and responds favourably to treatment, although a significant number of lesions of Bowen’s disease are not treated due to its relatively benign nature and the demographics of the participants with the condition. The risk of progression of Bowen’s disease to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is generally considered to be about 3%.

• #39

  https://journals.lww.com/idoj/fulltext/2022/13020/bowen_s_disease.2.aspx

  Bowen’s disease (BD) is an in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of epidermis. BD is common in photo-exposed areas of skin, but other sites can also be involved. The natural course of BD is usually prolonged, needing appropriate treatment. The morphology of BD differs based on age of the lesion, site of origin, and degree of keratinization. The clinical presentation is also altered when it occurs in intertriginous, moist or hyperkeratotic surfaces. Lesions are usually solitary, whereas multiple lesions are seen in 10%20% of the affected individuals. The classical lesions of BD are asymptomatic, while larger lesions can be pruritic. Most commonly BD presents as a slow-growing, well-demarcated, erythematous, scaly patch or plaque. The time taken for full expression of this premalignant condition varies from 2 to 40 years, favoring the slow and lateral spread of the condition in an erratic manner. BD usually have an excellent prognosis because it is a slow-growing premalignant lesion. Even spontaneous regression of BD has been reported, probably due to Fas-mediated apoptosis. In BD, recurrence is relatively rare and is approximately 6% within 5 years of taking sufficient treatment. The clinical signs suggestive of malignant transformation are ulceration, bleeding, and nodule formation. The development of invasive SCC is due to destruction of basement membrane mediated by metalloproteinases. The development of invasive carcinomas is more common among elderly people and immunocompromised individuals. The risk of malignant transformation is around 3% in case of extra-genital BD and 10% in EQ. When confined to the epidermis, BD does not carry any risk of metastasis. However, one-third of the BD which progressed to invasive SCC can metastasize.

• #40 Development of poorly differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma in giant Bowen’s disease: a case report with dermatoscopy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4866620/

  Bowens disease (BD) is an in situ form of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), often occurring in the chronically UV-damaged skin of elderly people. The risk of progression of BD to invasive SCC varies between 3% and 5%, and one-third of invasive tumors may metastasize. […] Bowens disease (BD) can be considered a low-grade form of SCC, with the majority of studies reporting the risk of progression to SCC at 35%. Despite the low incidence of malignant progression, BD has significant consequences since approximately 20% of the tumors that develop into SCC will eventually become metastatic. Therefore, patients with BD should be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. […] In the present case, the periphery of the lesion corresponding to BD showed gray to brownish dots and coiled vessels arranged in lines, while the central part corresponding to invasive SCC revealed white circles, large coiled vessels arranged in lines and ulceration. The diameter of the coiled vessels on the central part was larger in size than seen on the periphery, similar to the progression model of Zalaudek et al. […] Dermatoscopy may help to differentiate intraepidermal carcinoma from invasive SCC, especially when confronted with white circles and coiled vessels with large diameter.

• #41 Interventions for cutaneous Bowen’s disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6464151/

  Bowen’s disease may represent a risk marker for other nonmelanoma skin cancers. Studies that have investigated this association report that about one third of people have another NMSC (nonmelanoma skin cancer), most commonly basal cell carcinomas (BCC), at the time of diagnosis. There is also 4.3 times more risk of developing subsequent NMSC, which most likely reflects the shared ultraviolet light radiation aetiology. […] The lesions are usually persistent and progressive and have a small potential for invasive malignancy.

• #42 Intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma, intraepidermal SCC, Bowen’s disease

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/intraepidermal-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Intraepidermal SCC presents as one or more irregular scaly plaques of up to several centimetres in diameter. They are often an orange-red colour but may also be brown. […] Intraepidermal SCC may start to grow under a nail when it results in a red streak (erythronychia) that later may destroy the nail plate. […] Invasive SCC arises in about 5% of intraepidermal SCC lesions. […] Intraepidermal SCC may recur months or years after treatment. The same procedure can be repeated or another method used. […] Patients that have been treated for intraepidermal SCC are at risk of developing new lesions of intraepidermal SCC. They are also at increased risk of other skin cancers, especially squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and melanoma.

• #43 Bowen’s Disease

  https://www.clinicalondon.co.uk/skin-conditions/bowens-disease/

  This is known to occur from 1 in 20 up to 1 in 30 people when left untreated. Squamous cell skin carcinoma is treatable, though is known to spread deeper into the body and can become very serious. […] It is pre-invasive, meaning that it is only in the outermost layer of the epidermis (skin), it can spread along the surface of the skin and has been known, though rarely, to spread deeper. […] There is a 1 in 10 chance that Bowens Disease will come back after your treatment. Regular follows-ups, post-treatment are important, to monitor signs of return and provide further treatment if necessary.

• #44 Squamous Cell Carcinoma: What it is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17480-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma rarely spreads to other parts of your body (metastasize). If this does happen, it occurs slowly and can be life-threatening if left untreated. If you notice changes to your skin, contact your healthcare provider immediately. […] Most cases of squamous cell carcinoma have a positive prognosis and an excellent survival rate if you receive an early diagnosis. Early detection and treatment prevent the tumor from growing and damaging other parts of your body.

• #45 Bowen’s disease: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease causes a person to develop slow growing skin lesions. The lesions may appear as red-brown patches or dry, scaly plaques. […] These patches may also bleed or ooze pus, itch, and be tender to the touch. […] Sometimes, these skin lesions can become cancerous. For this reason, a person with Bowens disease should be aware of the signs that a skin lesion is cancerous. These signs include hardening of a skin lesion, a nodule that feels very tender to the touch, the appearance of a flesh-colored nodule or lump, and a skin nodule that bleeds easily. […] According to a Cochrane Review, most people with Bowens disease have an excellent outlook. The reason for this is that most skin lesions grow very slowly, enabling a person to seek treatment before a lesion potentially becomes cancerous. Furthermore, the treatment options for Bowens disease are numerous, and treatment is generally effective.

• #46 Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Bowen’s Disease: A Review on Efficacy, Non-Invasive Treatment Monitoring, Tolerability, and Cosmetic Outcome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/4/795

  Overall, the clinical response rate for MAL-PDT in the treatment of BD varies from 88–100% after one or two cycles at 3 months, with 68–89% of lesions clear over follow-up periods of 17–50 months. […] The complete remission rates of small lesions (diameter < 20 mm) and large lesions (diameter > 20 mm) were 69.1% and 48.7%, respectively. A diameter greater than 20 mm was the main cause of treatment failure. […] Immunocompromised BD patients appear to be significantly younger, more likely to have multiple tumors, and are at higher risk for recurrence and progression to invasive disease as compared to patients with normal immune function. […] Pain and burning during illumination, which peak in the first few minutes of treatment, are the main side effects of PDT. Expected skin phototoxicity effects are erythema, edema, vesiculation/pustulation, crusting, and erosion/ulceration. Long-term adverse effects such as pigmentary change, scarring or contact allergy, are uncommon.

• #47 Squamous cell skin cancer: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000829.htm

  Squamous cell cancer usually occurs on the face, ears, neck, hands, or arms. It may occur in other areas. […] The main symptom is a growing bump that may have a rough, scaly surface and flat reddish patches. […] The earliest form (squamous cell carcinoma in situ) can appear as a scaly, crusted, and large reddish patch that can be larger than 1 inch (2.5 centimeters). […] A sore that does not heal can be a sign of squamous cell cancer. Any change in an existing wart, mole, or other skin lesion could be a sign of skin cancer. […] How well a person does depends on many things, including how soon the cancer was diagnosed, the location, and whether or not you have a weakened immune system. Most of these cancers are cured when treated early. […] Some squamous cell cancers may return. There is also a risk that squamous cell skin cancer may spread to other parts of the body.

• #48 Interventions for cutaneous Bowen’s disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6464151/

  Bowen’s disease may represent a risk marker for other nonmelanoma skin cancers. Studies that have investigated this association report that about one third of people have another NMSC (nonmelanoma skin cancer), most commonly basal cell carcinomas (BCC), at the time of diagnosis. There is also 4.3 times more risk of developing subsequent NMSC, which most likely reflects the shared ultraviolet light radiation aetiology. […] The lesions are usually persistent and progressive and have a small potential for invasive malignancy.

• #49 Bowen’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/bowens-disease-pro

  This is excellent, especially with treatment. Untreated, 3% progress to invasive SCC; however, metastases are rare. The risk of progression of Bowen’s disease of the penis is higher – possibly 10%. There is no association between Bowen’s disease and internal malignancies. […] Bowens’ disease should be seen as a risk marker for other non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC); a third of patients will have another NMSC at the time of diagnosis and patients with Bowen’s disease are 4.3 times more likely to develop NMSC in the future, most likely due to the common aetiology of ultraviolet (UV) light. Patients should therefore be followed up; however, there is no definitive guidance on the follow-up regime and it should be guided by the risk factors in the individual.

• #50 Bowen’s disease

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/patient-info-leaflets/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease is an area of sun-damaged skin, which left untreated can very occasionally turn into a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. […] Starts as a small red scaly area, which grows very slowly and may reach a diameter of a few cm across. […] Usually there are no symptoms (unlike eczema, which is often itchy). […] The development of a new painful/tender lump, or occasionally ulcer, within a patch of Bowens disease may signify change into a squamous cell carcinoma. […] Once you have had Bowens disease, you are at a higher risk of developing another patch of Bowens disease, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and other types of skin cancer.

• #51 Bowen’s Disease Treatment Reading – Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Derma

  https://www.dermareading.co.uk/bowens-disease

  It is vital that patients worried about a lesion visit their GPs, who are often able to diagnose pre-cancerous lesions. […] Patients can assist in managing their Bowens disease by self-monitoring their skin for any changes, undergoing annual follow-up appointments, and being vigilant against lifestyle factors that increase risk. […] While adhering to sun awareness advice for example, staying out of the sun (especially during midday hours) and applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen – is best practice for everyone, patients who have previously had Bowens disease, other pre-cancerous lesions or non-melanoma skin cancers should take all precautions to avoid harmful UV rays.

• #52 Bowen’s disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowens-disease/

  Bowen’s disease usually appears as a patch on the skin that has clear edges and does not heal. […] The patch is flat with an irregular outline and looks dry and scaly. […] The patch may be scaly or crusty, flat or raised, up to a few centimetres across, itchy (but not all the time), red or pink on white skin, but this may be harder to see on brown and black skin. […] The patch can appear anywhere on the skin, but is especially common on exposed areas like the lower legs, neck and head. […] If the patch bleeds, starts to turn into an open sore (ulcer) or develops a lump, it could be a sign it’s turned into squamous cell skin cancer. […] Bowen’s disease itself is not usually serious. It tends to grow very slowly over months or years, and there are several very effective treatments for it. […] The concern is that Bowen’s disease can eventually develop into a different type of skin cancer called squamous cell skin cancer if it’s left undiagnosed or neglected. […] It’s estimated this happens in up to 1 in 20 to 1 in 30 people with untreated Bowen’s disease.

• #53 Bowen’s Disease Treatment Reading – Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Derma

  https://www.dermareading.co.uk/bowens-disease

  Bowen’s disease typically presents as a patch on the skin that has clear edges, and does not heal. […] The lesions, or patches caused by Bowens disease tend to grow very slowly over months or years, and may present similarly to other skin conditions, like psoriasis or eczema, so this is why suspected pre-cancerous lesions should always be checked by a medical expert. […] Symptoms of Bowens Disease […] A Bowens disease lesion can be; Red, pink or sometimes brownish in hue, Scaly or crusty in texture, Either flat or raised, Up to a few centimetres wide, Itchy, but it doesnt need to be itchy all the time. […] Bowen’s disease lesions can appear on skin anywhere on the body, but they are especially common on areas that are exposed to UV light, like the lower legs, neck and head. […] Some signs that a Bowens disease patch has turned into SCC are if; The lesion bleeds, either regularly or intermittently; The lesion changes, turning into an open sore (also called an ulcer); The lesion develops swelling or a hard lump.

• #54 Bowen Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1100113-overview

  Patients often present with an asymptomatic, slowly enlarging, erythematous, well-demarcated scaly patch or plaque. […] A classic clinical history is presentation of a nonsteroid-responsive dermatosis. […] Bowen disease may ultimately progress to an invasive squamous cell carcinoma. […] The prognosis for Bowen disease is favorable. The majority of studies report a risk of progression to invasive SCC at 3-5%. […] The risk of invasive carcinoma is estimated to be higher for genital Bowen disease or erythroplasia of Queyrat at 10%.

• #55 Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Bowen’s Disease: A Review on Efficacy, Non-Invasive Treatment Monitoring, Tolerability, and Cosmetic Outcome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/4/795

  Bowen’s disease represents the in situ form of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; although it has an excellent prognosis, 3–5% of lesions progress to invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, with a higher risk in immunocompromised patients. […] The classical clinical presentation of BD is an erythematous, scaly, slow-growing, well-demarcated patch or plaque, usually asymptomatic, although larger lesions may be associated with itching. […] The prognosis of BD is excellent, as it is usually a slow-growing lesion. However, the overall rate of progression to invasive cSCC is 3–5%, or even up to 10% for genital lesions, and is more common among the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs suggestive of malignant transformation are ulceration, nodule formation, and bleeding.

• #56 Bowen’s disease (severe sun damage) – MySkinDoctor

  https://www.myskindoctor.co.uk/bowens-disease-severe-sun-damage/

  Bowens disease generally causes no symptoms apart from occasional itching and scaling of the skin. It is not unusual for the patches of Bowens (particularly on the legs) to remain unchanged for many years. Many older patients prefer not to have treatment because they cause few problems. […] The presence of pain, growth of a lump or skin breakdown (ulceration) may be a sign of early skin cancer. […] The abnormal skin can be cut out, under local anaesthetic, provided it is not too large. This involves cutting around the lesion and stitching the skin which will leave a scar.

• #57 Interventions for cutaneous Bowen’s disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6464151/

  Bowen’s disease may represent a risk marker for other nonmelanoma skin cancers. Studies that have investigated this association report that about one third of people have another NMSC (nonmelanoma skin cancer), most commonly basal cell carcinomas (BCC), at the time of diagnosis. There is also 4.3 times more risk of developing subsequent NMSC, which most likely reflects the shared ultraviolet light radiation aetiology. […] The lesions are usually persistent and progressive and have a small potential for invasive malignancy.

• #58 Bowen’s Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/cancer/skin-cancer-types/bowens-disease

  Bowen’s disease is a very early form of skin cancer. It causes one or more small patches of scaly red skin. […] Bowen’s disease is typically a red-looking patch of skin that has an irregular outline. The patch can also be crusty or scaly, cracked or ulcerated, flat or raised, and bleeding. Patches can slowly enlarge. Patches of Bowen’s disease may be a few millimetres in diameter but, in some cases, can grow to several centimetres. […] If a patch of Bowen’s disease starts to become ulcerated, bleeds, or if a small bump appears, this could possibly be a sign that it has started to change into a skin cancer. […] Bowen’s disease affecting the genitals or anus may be more likely to develop into a skin cancer than Bowen’s disease in other places. […] With most treatments for Bowen’s disease, there is probably about a 1 in 10 chance that Bowen’s disease will come back (recur) after treatment. Therefore, regular follow-up is needed to look for any signs of recurrence. Further treatment may be needed if this happens. The outlook for most people with Bowen’s disease is very good. The vast majority of people who have Bowen’s disease that is recognised and treated will not develop a skin cancer.

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