Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bowen’s Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8917478/

  Bowen’s disease (BD) is an in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of epidermis. The etiology of BD is multifactorial with high incidence among Caucasians. […] The major etiological factors of BD include ultraviolet light exposure, immunosuppression, and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections. […] The etiology of BD is multifactorial. The risk factors include Caucasian race, fair skin, photo-sensitive individuals, and an increase in total occupational and recreational sun exposure. […] The cumulative exposure to ultraviolet light radiation produces DNA damage and immunosuppression facilitating the clonal expansion of underlying p53 mutation. […] The patients with allogeneic organ transplantation on immunosuppressive drugs such as systemic corticosteroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine may activate different pathways resulting in induction and promotion of skin malignancies.

• #1 Bowen’s disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease is a type of slow-growing and red, scaly skin patch. […] The cause of Bowens disease is often unknown, but known risk factors include: […] Gender the condition is more common in women. […] Age the condition is more common in people over 40 years. Elderly women are particularly prone. […] Sun exposure Bowens disease is more common in sunny countries. Bowens is most common on parts of the body exposed to direct sunlight. […] Arsenic people who are exposed to arsenic are at increased risk. […] Systemic immunosuppression this is required by organ transplant recipients to prevent organ rejection. […] Viral infection infections with certain subtypes of the human papilloma virus (wart virus) can predispose to Bowens disease. This is especially relevant for genital Bowens disease.

• #1 Bowen’s Disease Treatment Reading – Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Derma

  https://www.dermareading.co.uk/bowens-disease

  Bowen’s disease and other pre-cancerous lesions often develop as a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, and thus most often present in skin that has been regularly exposed to the sun such as the face, ears, hands, shoulders, upper chest and back. However, the popularity of unhealthy exposure to UV light whether sunbathing on holiday, or the use of harmful tanning beds means Bowens disease may develop in other areas, and it can also develop in areas of the body that have not been exposed to UV light. […] Bowen’s disease usually affects older people, typically over 60 years of age. Its usually not genetic although people may have a family history of skin cancers. The condition is non-infectious, meaning it cant be transmitted to others. […] Factors that may mean someone has an increased susceptibility to Bowens disease include; Previous skin cancer, A family history of skin cancer, Fair, or pale skin that burns easily, Working outdoors, Immunosuppression due to diseases that affect the immune system, such as HIV or leukaemia, Immunosuppressive medication, such as methotrexate, ciclosporin and azathioprine, Previous radiotherapy treatment, The virus HPV (human papillomavirus), Historic arsenic poisoning.

• #1 Bowen Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1100113-overview

  Bowen disease may arise de novo or from a preexisting actinic keratosis. The etiology is most likely multifactorial. […] Chronic UV radiation exposure: The age and sun-exposed body distribution of Bowen disease suggests the importance of chronic sun damage as a factor in the carcinogenesis of Bowen disease. […] Arsenic exposure: The literature supports an association between Bowen disease and arsenic exposure, often occurring after a time lag of 10 years. The main sources of arsenic exposure include Fowler solution, a medication formerly used to treat psoriasis; Gay solution, a medication formerly used to treat asthma; contaminated well water; and certain pesticides. […] Human papillomavirus: Human papillomavirus type 16 is by far the most common subtype isolated from lesions of Bowen disease, although other subtypes, such as HPV 2, 18, 31, 33, 54, 56, 61, 62, and 73 also have been found. […] Immunosuppression: Immunosuppressed patients with Bowen disease are more likely to have multiple tumors and more aggressive tumors. […] Other possible causes include genetic factors, trauma, other chemical carcinogens, and x-ray radiation.

• #1 Bowen’s Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8917478/

  In immunosuppressed patients, Merkel cell polyomavirus has been associated. […] The BD arising secondary to arsenic exposure is known to occur after several decades. […] Arsenic exposures produce oxidative stress and deplete antioxidants. It causes immune dysregulation, impaired DNA repair, genotoxicity, and disorganized signal transduction. […] In BD, several subtypes of Human Papilloma Virus such as HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 54, 58, 61, 62, and 73 have been detected. […] A strong association with HPV 16 had been reported with vulvar BD. […] HPV DNA is observed in 31% of the extragenital BD. […] HPV 16, 31/33, 56, and 71 have been detected by in-situ hybridization in nail BD. […] BD is also known to arise following ionizing radiation, thermal skin injury, inflammatory dermatoses such as chronic lupus erythematosus, lupus vulgaris, and following Psoralens and Ultraviolet-A radiation. […] BD has been reported in a person who was involved in arc welding. […] The incidence of aneuploidy and DNA instability is high in lesional skin of BD.

• #1 Bowen’s Disease: Skin Cancer Linked to HPV Infection

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-bowens-disease

  Bowenoid papulosis is caused by HPV (human papillomavirus), which also can cause genital warts, cervical cancer, vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oral cancers. The virus is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S. Sexually active people under 30 are at the highest risk for it because its most often passed through skin-to-skin contact. […] Scientists arent sure exactly what causes the other forms of Bowens disease. However, long-term sun exposure and aging may increase your odds of getting many skin cancers, including this one. […] Poisoning with arsenic also appears to make you more likely to get this early form of skin cancer.

• #1 Bowen’s disease – treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bowens-disease

  Bowen’s disease starts in the epidermis this is the top, outer layer of skin. Most cases of Bowen’s disease are caused by exposure to sunlight. […] Some people are more at risk of getting Bowen’s disease. It is more common in: those with suppressed immune systems, people who have been exposed to arsenic, those exposed to radiation. […] Bowen’s disease in the mouth, genital or anal areas is often associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Bowens-Disease-Causes.aspx

  In the 20th century, ionizing radiation was also stated to be an inducing agent of Bowen’s disease. […] A number of research studies show evidence of Bowen’s disease as a consequence of over-exposure to sunlight. […] Some other causes of Bowen’s disease could be a previous record of skin damage, inflammation on any part of the skin, or aging of skin.

• #1 A case series of Bowen’s disease in a tertiary care centre in South India – IJCED

  https://www.ijced.org/html-article/22702

  Bowens disease is a rare premalignant condition with multifactorial etiology. […] Chronic ultraviolet radiation exposure, arsenic exposure, various HPV strains, chemical carcinogens, immunosuppression and chronic irritation are considered as some of the risk factors for development of Bowens disease. […] However the exact etiology is not clearly understood. […] In some patients, photo protected sites may be affected too and in these patients, exposure to arsenic and other chemicals and some of the HPV strains such as HPV 16, 31, 33, 56, 71 are implicated in the etiology. […] Bowens disease have been reported to arise from seborrheic keratosis, porokeratosis, Beckers nevus, erythema ab igne, small pox vaccination scar, outer sheet of epidermal and follicular cyst. […] Histopathological features of Bowens disease include hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, atypical keratinocytes with intense mitotic activity, hyperchromatic large pleomorphic nuclei and accompanying loss of polarity which gives an windblown appearance to the epidermis. […] Progression to malignancy is seen in 10% of genital Bowens disease and 3-5% of extragenital Bowens disease.

• #1 Bowen’s disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowens-disease/

  Bowen’s disease usually affects people in their 60s and 70s. The exact cause is unclear, but it’s been closely linked with: long-term exposure to the sun or use of sunbeds especially in people with fair skin […] having a weak immune system for example, it’s more common in people taking medicine to suppress their immune system after an organ transplant, or those with AIDS […] previously having radiotherapy treatment […] the human papillomavirus (HPV) a common virus that often affects the genital area and can cause genital warts. Bowen’s disease does not run in families and it’s not infectious.

• #1 Bowen’s disease – British Skin Foundation

  https://knowyourskin.britishskinfoundation.org.uk/condition/bowens-disease/

  What causes squamous cell carcinoma in situ? Most cases of SCC in situ develop as a result of long-term sun exposure. People who have a weakened immune system and are on long term immunosuppression medication are more likely to get SCC in situ. Very occasionally, SCC in situ may develop after radiotherapy, longstanding arsenic ingestion (very rare nowadays) or due to the human papillomavirus (a common virus that can cause viral warts). SCC in situ is not infectious and is not caused by an allergy. […] No, but some of the factors that increase the risk of getting it, such as a fair skin and a tendency to burn in the sun, do run in families.

• #1 Bowen’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/bowens-disease-pro

  Bowen’s disease arises in the outer layers of the epidermis and the risk of progression to invasive SCC is relatively low at about 3% for typical cases. […] Sun damage: exposure to sunlight (especially with fair skin) is a strong risk factor. […] Other irradiation damage: radiotherapy, photochemotherapy, sunbeds. […] Carcinogens: particularly arsenic. Exposure to inorganic arsenic is less common than in the past. […] Viral infection: there is a strong association with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly in genital and perianal lesions and in lesions on the hands and feet. […] Immunosuppression: therapeutic following organ transplants, or due to AIDS. […] Chronic skin injury or dermatoses: rarely, it arises in pre-existing skin lesions such as seborrhoeic warts. […] Bowen’s disease should be seen as a risk marker for other non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC); a third of patients will have another NMSC at the time of diagnosis and patients with Bowen’s disease are 4.3 times more likely to develop NMSC in the future, most likely due to the common aetiology of ultraviolet (UV) light.

• #1 Bowen’s Disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35287414/

  Bowen’s disease (BD) is an in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of epidermis. The etiology of BD is multifactorial with high incidence among Caucasians. […] BD is common in photo-exposed areas of skin, but other sites can also be involved. […] BD is considered as the „lull before the storm,” which precedes an overt squamous cell carcinoma.

• #2 Bowen’s Disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35287414/

  Bowen’s disease (BD) is an in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of epidermis. The etiology of BD is multifactorial with high incidence among Caucasians. […] BD is common in photo-exposed areas of skin, but other sites can also be involved. […] BD is considered as the „lull before the storm,” which precedes an overt squamous cell carcinoma.

• #2 Intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma, intraepidermal SCC, Bowen’s disease

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/intraepidermal-squamous-cell-carcinoma

  Intraepidermal SCC is derived from squamous cells, the flat epidermal cells that make keratin, the horny protein that makes up skin, hair and nails. […] Risk factors for intraepidermal SCC include: Sun exposure: intraepidermal SCC is most often found in sun-damaged individuals. […] Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is the main cause of intraepidermal SCC. It damages the skin cell nucleic acids (DNA), resulting in a mutant clone of the gene p53, setting off uncontrolled growth of the skin cells. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is another major cause of intraepidermal SCC. Oncogenic strains of HPV are the main cause of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), that is, squamous cell carcinoma in situ in mucosal tissue.

• #2 Bowen’s Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/cancer/skin-cancer-types/bowens-disease

  Bowen’s disease occurs when there is a growth of cancer cells in the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). These cancer cells stay within the outer layer of the skin. […] A patch of Bowen’s disease can appear for no apparent reason and can affect anyone. However, there are a number of different things that are thought to increase your risk of developing Bowen’s disease. These include: […] Long-term sun exposure. Also, use of sunbeds. […] Previous radiotherapy treatment – for example, for cancer. […] Immunosuppression. If you have a weak immune system for any reason, this can increase your risk of Bowen’s disease. For example, if you have AIDS, if you are undergoing treatment for cancer, have had an organ transplant, or have had medicines to suppress your immune system. […] Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). It is thought that HPV may be involved in the development of both genital Bowen’s disease and Bowen’s disease affecting other parts of the skin. HPV type 16 is most commonly associated.

• #2 Bowen’s Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8917478/

  In immunosuppressed patients, Merkel cell polyomavirus has been associated. […] The BD arising secondary to arsenic exposure is known to occur after several decades. […] Arsenic exposures produce oxidative stress and deplete antioxidants. It causes immune dysregulation, impaired DNA repair, genotoxicity, and disorganized signal transduction. […] In BD, several subtypes of Human Papilloma Virus such as HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 54, 58, 61, 62, and 73 have been detected. […] A strong association with HPV 16 had been reported with vulvar BD. […] HPV DNA is observed in 31% of the extragenital BD. […] HPV 16, 31/33, 56, and 71 have been detected by in-situ hybridization in nail BD. […] BD is also known to arise following ionizing radiation, thermal skin injury, inflammatory dermatoses such as chronic lupus erythematosus, lupus vulgaris, and following Psoralens and Ultraviolet-A radiation. […] BD has been reported in a person who was involved in arc welding. […] The incidence of aneuploidy and DNA instability is high in lesional skin of BD.

• #2 Bowenoid Papulosis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/sexual-health/bowenoid-papulosis/

  Bowenoid papulosis is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and usually appears as a single or multiple skin-colored bumps in the genital and anal areas. […] Bowenoid papulosis is a condition that is passed on through sexual contact and is linked to an infection caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). […] The majority of the time, this problem is related to certain high-risk types of HPV, especially HPV 16, although occasionally it can also involve other types such as HPV 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42, 48, 51, 52, 53, and 54. […] Bowenoid papulosis can also appear in people with weakened immune systems, for instance, those who have had an organ transplant. […] Additionally, it has been seen that smoking may possibly lead to a recurrence of the condition.

• #2 Bowen’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/bowens-disease-pro

  Bowen’s disease arises in the outer layers of the epidermis and the risk of progression to invasive SCC is relatively low at about 3% for typical cases. […] Sun damage: exposure to sunlight (especially with fair skin) is a strong risk factor. […] Other irradiation damage: radiotherapy, photochemotherapy, sunbeds. […] Carcinogens: particularly arsenic. Exposure to inorganic arsenic is less common than in the past. […] Viral infection: there is a strong association with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly in genital and perianal lesions and in lesions on the hands and feet. […] Immunosuppression: therapeutic following organ transplants, or due to AIDS. […] Chronic skin injury or dermatoses: rarely, it arises in pre-existing skin lesions such as seborrhoeic warts. […] Bowen’s disease should be seen as a risk marker for other non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC); a third of patients will have another NMSC at the time of diagnosis and patients with Bowen’s disease are 4.3 times more likely to develop NMSC in the future, most likely due to the common aetiology of ultraviolet (UV) light.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/idoj/fulltext/2022/13020/bowen_s_disease.2.aspx

  In immunosuppressed patients, Merkel cell polyomavirus has been associated. […] The BD arising secondary to arsenic exposure is known to occur after several decades. […] Arsenic exposures produce oxidative stress and deplete antioxidants. It causes immune dysregulation, impaired DNA repair, genotoxicity, and disorganized signal transduction. […] In BD, several subtypes of Human Papilloma Virus such as HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 54, 58, 61, 62, and 73 have been detected. […] A strong association with HPV 16 had been reported with vulvar BD. […] HPV DNA is observed in 31% of the extragenital BD. […] HPV 16, 31/33, 56, and 71 have been detected by in-situ hybridization in nail BD. […] BD is also known to arise following ionizing radiation, thermal skin injury, inflammatory dermatoses such as chronic lupus erythematosus, lupus vulgaris, and following Psoralens and Ultraviolet-A radiation. […] The incidence of aneuploidy and DNA instability is high in lesional skin of BD.

• #2 Bowen’s Disease Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-cancer/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease is an early form of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a type of skin cancer. […] The specific cause of Bowens disease is currently unknown. But there are certain factors associated with the disease. […] Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major contributor to Bowens disease. […] Over time, UV radiation damages the DNA in your skin. This can lead to cancerous conditions like Bowens disease. […] A human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is another potential cause of Bowens disease. Several types of HPV may be associated with the disease. […] Chronic arsenic exposure can lead to Bowens disease. It takes about 10 years to develop after your first exposure. […] The most common cause is prolonged sun exposure, but HPV infections, arsenic exposure, and a compromised immune system can also play a role.

• #2 Bowen’s Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/cancer/skin-cancer-types/bowens-disease

  A previous injury to the skin. If you have had an injury to your skin that has caused persistent (chronic) skin damage or scarring, this may increase your risk of developing Bowen’s disease in that area. […] Inflammatory skin conditions. Rarely, people with chronic skin inflammation problems such as eczema can develop Bowen’s disease.

• #2 Bowen’s disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease is a type of slow-growing and red, scaly skin patch. […] The cause of Bowens disease is often unknown, but known risk factors include: […] Gender the condition is more common in women. […] Age the condition is more common in people over 40 years. Elderly women are particularly prone. […] Sun exposure Bowens disease is more common in sunny countries. Bowens is most common on parts of the body exposed to direct sunlight. […] Arsenic people who are exposed to arsenic are at increased risk. […] Systemic immunosuppression this is required by organ transplant recipients to prevent organ rejection. […] Viral infection infections with certain subtypes of the human papilloma virus (wart virus) can predispose to Bowens disease. This is especially relevant for genital Bowens disease.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/idoj/fulltext/2022/13020/bowen_s_disease.2.aspx

  Bowen’s disease (BD) is an in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of epidermis. The etiology of BD is multifactorial with high incidence among Caucasians. […] The major etiological factors of BD include ultraviolet light exposure, immunosuppression, and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections. […] The risk factors include Caucasian race, fair skin, photo-sensitive individuals, and an increase in total occupational and recreational sun exposure. […] The cumulative exposure to ultraviolet light radiation produces DNA damage and immunosuppression facilitating the clonal expansion of underlying p53 mutation. […] The patients with allogeneic organ transplantation on immunosuppressive drugs such as systemic corticosteroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine may activate different pathways resulting in induction and promotion of skin malignancies.

• #2 A case series of Bowen’s disease in a tertiary care centre in South India – IJCED

  https://www.ijced.org/html-article/22702

  Bowens disease is a rare premalignant condition with multifactorial etiology. […] Chronic ultraviolet radiation exposure, arsenic exposure, various HPV strains, chemical carcinogens, immunosuppression and chronic irritation are considered as some of the risk factors for development of Bowens disease. […] However the exact etiology is not clearly understood. […] In some patients, photo protected sites may be affected too and in these patients, exposure to arsenic and other chemicals and some of the HPV strains such as HPV 16, 31, 33, 56, 71 are implicated in the etiology. […] Bowens disease have been reported to arise from seborrheic keratosis, porokeratosis, Beckers nevus, erythema ab igne, small pox vaccination scar, outer sheet of epidermal and follicular cyst. […] Histopathological features of Bowens disease include hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, atypical keratinocytes with intense mitotic activity, hyperchromatic large pleomorphic nuclei and accompanying loss of polarity which gives an windblown appearance to the epidermis. […] Progression to malignancy is seen in 10% of genital Bowens disease and 3-5% of extragenital Bowens disease.

• #2 Bowen’s Disease Treatment |Skin Cancer and Reconstructive Surgery Center

  https://scarscenter.com/bowens-disease/

  Bowens disease or squamous cell carcinoma in situ is a cutaneous neoplasm with a 3-5% risk of invasive carcinoma. […] Sun exposure is one of the causes of Bowens carcinoma, but over of cases have detectable oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18. […] The implication is that HPV-induced Bowens disease should be responsive to agents with antitumor and antiviral effect.

• #2 Bowen’s Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8917478/

  Bowen’s disease (BD) is an in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of epidermis. The etiology of BD is multifactorial with high incidence among Caucasians. […] The major etiological factors of BD include ultraviolet light exposure, immunosuppression, and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections. […] The etiology of BD is multifactorial. The risk factors include Caucasian race, fair skin, photo-sensitive individuals, and an increase in total occupational and recreational sun exposure. […] The cumulative exposure to ultraviolet light radiation produces DNA damage and immunosuppression facilitating the clonal expansion of underlying p53 mutation. […] The patients with allogeneic organ transplantation on immunosuppressive drugs such as systemic corticosteroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine may activate different pathways resulting in induction and promotion of skin malignancies.

• #2 Bowen’s disease – British Skin Foundation

  https://knowyourskin.britishskinfoundation.org.uk/condition/bowens-disease/

  What causes squamous cell carcinoma in situ? Most cases of SCC in situ develop as a result of long-term sun exposure. People who have a weakened immune system and are on long term immunosuppression medication are more likely to get SCC in situ. Very occasionally, SCC in situ may develop after radiotherapy, longstanding arsenic ingestion (very rare nowadays) or due to the human papillomavirus (a common virus that can cause viral warts). SCC in situ is not infectious and is not caused by an allergy. […] No, but some of the factors that increase the risk of getting it, such as a fair skin and a tendency to burn in the sun, do run in families.

• #3 Bowen Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1100113-overview

  Bowen disease may arise de novo or from a preexisting actinic keratosis. The etiology is most likely multifactorial. […] Chronic UV radiation exposure: The age and sun-exposed body distribution of Bowen disease suggests the importance of chronic sun damage as a factor in the carcinogenesis of Bowen disease. […] Arsenic exposure: The literature supports an association between Bowen disease and arsenic exposure, often occurring after a time lag of 10 years. The main sources of arsenic exposure include Fowler solution, a medication formerly used to treat psoriasis; Gay solution, a medication formerly used to treat asthma; contaminated well water; and certain pesticides. […] Human papillomavirus: Human papillomavirus type 16 is by far the most common subtype isolated from lesions of Bowen disease, although other subtypes, such as HPV 2, 18, 31, 33, 54, 56, 61, 62, and 73 also have been found. […] Immunosuppression: Immunosuppressed patients with Bowen disease are more likely to have multiple tumors and more aggressive tumors. […] Other possible causes include genetic factors, trauma, other chemical carcinogens, and x-ray radiation.

• #3 Pathology Outlines – Squamous cell carcinoma in situ / Bowen disease

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/skintumornonmelanocyticcisgeneral.html

  Multifactorial […] Ultraviolet radiation damages the skin cell nucleic acids, leading to the mutation and cloning of the p53 gene (StatPearls: Intraepidermal Carcinoma [Accessed 9 October 2024]) […] Diseases or drugs capable of suppressing immune responses to skin damage also can trigger the mutation of squamous cells […] Arsenic exposure causes oxidative stress, antioxidant depletion, immune dysfunction, genotoxicity, impaired DNA repair and disrupted signal transduction (Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023;479:116730) […] HPV in predominantly genital and periungual lesions but it is also reported in extragenital cases […] HPV16 as the most prevalent subtype (Int J Cancer 1983;32:563)

• #3 Pillar | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/pillar/bowens-disease-symptoms-risks-prevention-stages-treatment

  Bowen’s disease, which is also called squamous cell carcinoma in situ or intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma, is an uncommon skin ailment marked by the existence of irregular cells on the skin’s outermost layer. It’s viewed as a precancerous anomaly due to its potential to progress into invasive squamous cell carcinoma when not treated. […] The primary recognized cause of Bowen’s Disease is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation emanating from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Lengthy and excessive UV radiation exposure results in the alteration of DNA within skin cells, instigating mutations that can precipitate the onset of Bowen’s Disease. Individuals with fair skin, characterised by reduced melanin for skin protection, exhibit heightened vulnerability to UV radiation-induced harm.

• #3 Bowen’s disease (Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ; erythroplasia of Queyrat; Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of the Penis) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/bowens-disease-squamous-cell-carcinoma-in-situ-erythroplasia-of-queyrat-squamous-cell-carcinoma-in-situ-of-the-penis/

  Bowens disease may evolve de novo or from a preexisting actinic keratosis. […] Erythroplasia of Queyrat involves the mucocutaneous surface of the penis and is usually seen in uncircumcised males with chronic inflammation and/or viral infection leading to keratinocyte dysplasia. […] Both involve the malignant transformation of the epidermal layer of the skin without invasion through the epidermal-dermal junction. If atypical keratinocytes infiltrate the dermis, then the lesion has progressed to an invasive SCC. […] HPV DNA has been detected in 40% to 80% of cases of penile SCC. The most common associated HPV types reported are HPV type 8 and coinfection with types 16, 39, and 51. Erythroplasia of Queyrat has been found to have a strong association with HPV 16, which is a high-risk oncogenic virus type. In periungual Bowens disease, HPV type 16 has been found to play an important role in carcinogenesis.

• #3 Bowen’s Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8917478/

  Bowen’s disease (BD) is an in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of epidermis. The etiology of BD is multifactorial with high incidence among Caucasians. […] The major etiological factors of BD include ultraviolet light exposure, immunosuppression, and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections. […] The etiology of BD is multifactorial. The risk factors include Caucasian race, fair skin, photo-sensitive individuals, and an increase in total occupational and recreational sun exposure. […] The cumulative exposure to ultraviolet light radiation produces DNA damage and immunosuppression facilitating the clonal expansion of underlying p53 mutation. […] The patients with allogeneic organ transplantation on immunosuppressive drugs such as systemic corticosteroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine may activate different pathways resulting in induction and promotion of skin malignancies.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Bowens-Disease-Squamous-Cell-Carcinoma-in-Situ.aspx

  Bowen’s disease is a skin condition that has continuous, slow-developing scaly-red patches. […] Although the specific cause of Bowen’s disease is unknown, certain risk factors are expected to contribute in the development of this condition. People with fair skin, those who work outdoors and are exposed to the sun, and those who undergo treatment for immune disorder and usually take drugs are at a high risk to develop this disease. […] People with HPV (Human papillomavirus) infection can also develop Bowen’s disease. Earlier injury to skin that has scarred tissue may also lead to the development of this condition, particularly at that area. In rare cases, people with skin inflammation such as eczema might also develop Bowen’s disease.

• #3 Bowen’s disease – EM Doctors

  https://em-doctors.com/conditions/bowens-disease/

  Bowen’s disease usually affects older people in their 60s and 70s. […] The exact cause is unclear, but it’s been closely linked with: long-term exposure to the sun or use of sunbeds especially in people with fair skin, having a weak immune system for example, it’s more common in people taking medicine to suppress their immune system after an organ transplant, or those with AIDS, previously having radiotherapy treatment, the human papillomavirus (HPV) a common virus that often affects the genital area and can cause genital warts. […] Bowen’s disease does not run in families and it’s not infectious.

• #3 Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/squamous-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352480

  Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin are caused by too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation comes either from sunlight or from tanning beds or lamps. […] Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin occurs when the squamous cells in the skin get changes in their DNA. Cells’ DNA holds the instructions that tell cells what to do. The changes tell the squamous cells to multiply quickly. […] Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes most of the DNA changes in skin cells. UV radiation can come from sunlight, tanning lamps and tanning beds. […] But skin cancers also can grow on skin that’s not usually in sunlight. This means that other factors might add to the risk of skin cancer. One such factor might be having a condition that weakens the immune system. […] Having a history of precancerous skin lesions. Some types of skin sores can turn into skin cancer. Examples are actinic keratosis or Bowen disease. Having one of these conditions increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.

• #3 Bowen’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/bowens-disease-pro

  Bowen’s disease arises in the outer layers of the epidermis and the risk of progression to invasive SCC is relatively low at about 3% for typical cases. […] Sun damage: exposure to sunlight (especially with fair skin) is a strong risk factor. […] Other irradiation damage: radiotherapy, photochemotherapy, sunbeds. […] Carcinogens: particularly arsenic. Exposure to inorganic arsenic is less common than in the past. […] Viral infection: there is a strong association with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly in genital and perianal lesions and in lesions on the hands and feet. […] Immunosuppression: therapeutic following organ transplants, or due to AIDS. […] Chronic skin injury or dermatoses: rarely, it arises in pre-existing skin lesions such as seborrhoeic warts. […] Bowen’s disease should be seen as a risk marker for other non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC); a third of patients will have another NMSC at the time of diagnosis and patients with Bowen’s disease are 4.3 times more likely to develop NMSC in the future, most likely due to the common aetiology of ultraviolet (UV) light.

• #3 Bowen’s disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bowens-disease

  Bowens disease is a type of slow-growing and red, scaly skin patch. […] The cause of Bowens disease is often unknown, but known risk factors include: […] Gender the condition is more common in women. […] Age the condition is more common in people over 40 years. Elderly women are particularly prone. […] Sun exposure Bowens disease is more common in sunny countries. Bowens is most common on parts of the body exposed to direct sunlight. […] Arsenic people who are exposed to arsenic are at increased risk. […] Systemic immunosuppression this is required by organ transplant recipients to prevent organ rejection. […] Viral infection infections with certain subtypes of the human papilloma virus (wart virus) can predispose to Bowens disease. This is especially relevant for genital Bowens disease.

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