Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001767.htm

  To reduce the morbidity and subsequent complications associated with C. trachomatis infection in the United States, effective prevention and control strategies must be implemented. […] Comprehensive guidelines for the formulation of such control programs, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to infected individuals, are provided in this document. […] Selective screening to detect asymptomatic infection is an essential component of a successful control program. […] Education of the public and of health professionals is essential for prevention at all three levels (primary, secondary, tertiary), especially in the absence of an effective vaccine. […] Providers of health care can play a leading role in reducing the incidence of C. trachomatis infection and its complications.

• #2 Chlamydia Trachomatis | British Society for Immunology

  https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/pathogens-disease/chlamydia-trachomatis

  Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection is the commonest bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide. […] Ct is diagnosed by urinary testing or genital swab. It is treated with antibiotic therapy, such as azithromycin or doxycycline. […] There is currently no vaccine for Ct. Much more research is needed to understand the balance between the immune response and the growth of the organism to develop more effective ways of controlling this infection and preventing the reproductive dysfunction that it is associated with.

• #3 Chlamydia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4023-chlamydia

  The only way to avoid getting chlamydia is to abstain from having vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone who has a chlamydia infection. And be sure that sex toys that carry the bacteria dont come in contact with your genitals. […] With prevention in mind, its a good idea to make safer sex practices a regular part of your sex life: Use condoms during intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. Use dental dams during oral sex or vagina-to-vagina contact. Dont share sex toys, but if you do, wash them after each use and cover toys used for penetration with a condom. Have sex with only one partner, who only has sex with you.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chlamydia

  Consistent and correct use of condoms when having vaginal and anal sex is the only way to prevent chlamydial infection. […] If you are pregnant, getting tested for chlamydia and receiving prompt treatment if you test positive can prevent transmission to the baby. […] There are no vaccines for the prevention of chlamydial infection.

• #5 Chlamydia trachomatis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/chlamydia-trachomatis

  The surest way to prevent chlamydia infection is to abstain from sexual activities. Short of that, you can: […] Use condoms. Use a male latex condom or a female polyurethane condom during each sexual contact. Condoms used properly during every sexual encounter lower but don’t eliminate the risk of infection. […] Limit your number of sex partners. Having multiple sex partners puts you at a high risk of contracting chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections. […] Get regular screenings. If you’re sexually active, particularly if you have multiple partners, talk with your healthcare professional about how often you should be screened for chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections. […] A medicine called doxycycline may be an option to prevent infection among people at higher risk than average of getting chlamydia. Higher risk groups include men who have sex with men and transgender women. […] Taking doxycycline within 3 days of sexual activity lowers the risk of an infection with the bacteria that cause chlamydia. Your healthcare professional can prescribe doxycycline and any testing you need while taking the medicine.

• #6 Chlamydia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chlamydia/

  Chlamydia is spread through vaginal fluid and semen. It can pass from person to person by having vaginal, oral or anal sex without a condom. […] There are some things you can do to avoid getting chlamydia and spreading it to others. […] use condoms when you have vaginal or anal sex […] use a condom to cover the penis, or a latex or plastic square (dam) to cover the vagina, if you have oral sex […] get tested once a year, or if you have a new sexual partner […] complete the full treatment if you or your sexual partner have chlamydia. […] do not share sex toys (if you do, wash and cover them with a new condom before anyone else uses them).

• #7 Chlamydia Infections | Chlamydia | Chlamydia Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/chlamydiainfections.html

  The only sure way to prevent chlamydia is to not have vaginal, anal, or oral sex. […] Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading chlamydia. If your or your partner is allergic to latex, you can use polyurethane condoms.

• #8

  https://www.everlywell.com/blog/sti-testing/how-to-prevent-chlamydia/?srsltid=AfmBOoqE4i1oaqgAfZdmsuR53n2BCXO60lcRc6zrBsTBULMKdOxsMdJD

  Chlamydia, however, deserves our special attention. As the single most reported sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the US, cases have risen so steeply in recent years that the CDC declared it an epidemic in 2015. For this reason, many people are now concerned with how to prevent chlamydia. […] Fortunately, these 8 methods can help prevent chlamydia through safe sexual practices. […] One of the most effective ways to avert chlamydia is by using a barrier method of birth control—specifically, a male condom. Even though condoms aren’t foolproof, if used appropriately, they can curb your chances of contracting chlamydia by 75%. […] Because chlamydia can be transmitted through oral sex, you may want to use a dental dam if you’re unsure of your partner’s status. […] However, according to The Office on Women’s Health, washing your genitals with a combination of water and purportedly cleansing fluids may increase your risk for STIs like chlamydia.

• #9 Condom effectiveness for prevention of C trachomatis infection | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/82/3/265.1

  Condom effectiveness for prevention of C trachomatis infection […] condoms were effective in preventing chlamydia among STD clinic patients with known exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Their findings confirm the importance of restricting the study population to people with known STI exposure (that is, sexual contacts of infected people) to reduce confounding on condom effectiveness estimates.

• #10

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001767.htm

  To reduce the morbidity and subsequent complications associated with C. trachomatis infection in the United States, effective prevention and control strategies must be implemented. […] Comprehensive guidelines for the formulation of such control programs, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to infected individuals, are provided in this document. […] Selective screening to detect asymptomatic infection is an essential component of a successful control program. […] Education of the public and of health professionals is essential for prevention at all three levels (primary, secondary, tertiary), especially in the absence of an effective vaccine. […] Providers of health care can play a leading role in reducing the incidence of C. trachomatis infection and its complications.

• #11 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are increasing in the United States. Because most infections are asymptomatic, screening is key to preventing complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility and decreasing community and vertical neonatal transmission. All sexually active people with a cervix who are younger than 25 years and older people with a cervix who have risk factors should be screened annually for chlamydial and gonococcal infections. Sexually active men who have sex with men should be screened at least annually. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends behavioral counseling on condom use, communication strategies for safer sex, and problem solving with those at increased risk of STIs. […] Physicians should emphasize barrier protection as the best way to prevent STIs.

• #12 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  The USPSTF and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend annual screening for chlamydial and gonococcal infections to prevent infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease in sexually active people 24 years and younger with a cervix and in older people with a cervix who have risk factors. […] Screening should include the pharynx, urethra, and rectum based on reported anatomic sites of exposure. […] Routine testing for chlamydial infections of the oropharynx is not recommended, but many laboratories will test for gonococcal and chlamydial infections simultaneously. […] The CDC recommends using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for the diagnosis of gonococcal or chlamydial infections because it is the most sensitive. […] All people who test positive or report known exposure to C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae should be treated.

• #13 Chlamydia trachomatis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355355

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends chlamydia testing for anyone with chlamydia symptoms. […] In general, some groups are screened more often than others, such as: […] Sexually active women age 25 or younger. The rate of chlamydia infection is highest in this group, so a yearly screening test is recommended. […] Pregnant people. Chlamydia screening may be offered during the first prenatal exam. […] People at high risk. People who have new or multiple sex partners or men who have sex with men should consider more frequent chlamydia screening. […] Your sexual partner or partners from the last 60 days also need screening and treatment even if they don’t have symptoms. […] Three months after treatment, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends getting tested for chlamydia again. […] Should my partner be tested or treated for chlamydia infection? […] How can I prevent chlamydia infection in the future?

• #14 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1215/p1127.html

  Currently, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends routine screening in all sexually active women 24 years and younger, and in women 25 years and older who are at increased risk because of having multiple partners or a new sex partner. […] Because of the high risk of intrauterine and postnatal complications if left untreated, all pregnant women at increased risk should be routinely screened for chlamydia during the first prenatal visit. […] There are a number of ways to prevent, or at least significantly reduce, the incidence of genitourinary chlamydia infection. The most definitive methods of prevention are practicing abstinence and being in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship. Patients should be encouraged to avoid high-risk behaviors such as having unprotected sex or multiple sex partners. In addition, the correct and consistent use of condoms has been shown to reduce the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. For adolescents who are considered high risk, specific education about the transmission of disease through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex is warranted.

• #15 Chlamydia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia

  Prevention is by not having sex, the use of condoms, or having sex with only one other person, who is not infected. […] For sexually active women who are not pregnant, screening is recommended in those under 25 and others at risk of infection. Risk factors include a history of chlamydial or other sexually transmitted infection, new or multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use. […] The USPSTF acknowledges that in some communities there may be other risk factors for infection, such as ethnicity. […] In the United Kingdom the National Health Service (NHS) aims to: Prevent and control chlamydia infection through early detection and treatment of asymptomatic infection; Reduce onward transmission to sexual partners; Prevent the consequences of untreated infection; Test at least 25 percent of the sexually active under 25 population annually. […] Following treatment people should be tested again after three months to check for reinfection.

• #16 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  The USPSTF and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend annual screening for chlamydial and gonococcal infections to prevent infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease in sexually active people 24 years and younger with a cervix and in older people with a cervix who have risk factors. […] Screening should include the pharynx, urethra, and rectum based on reported anatomic sites of exposure. […] Routine testing for chlamydial infections of the oropharynx is not recommended, but many laboratories will test for gonococcal and chlamydial infections simultaneously. […] The CDC recommends using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for the diagnosis of gonococcal or chlamydial infections because it is the most sensitive. […] All people who test positive or report known exposure to C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae should be treated.

• #17 Chlamydia trachomatis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/chlamydia-trachomatis

  The surest way to prevent chlamydia infection is to abstain from sexual activities. Short of that, you can: […] Use condoms. Use a male latex condom or a female polyurethane condom during each sexual contact. Condoms used properly during every sexual encounter lower but don’t eliminate the risk of infection. […] Limit your number of sex partners. Having multiple sex partners puts you at a high risk of contracting chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections. […] Get regular screenings. If you’re sexually active, particularly if you have multiple partners, talk with your healthcare professional about how often you should be screened for chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections. […] A medicine called doxycycline may be an option to prevent infection among people at higher risk than average of getting chlamydia. Higher risk groups include men who have sex with men and transgender women. […] Taking doxycycline within 3 days of sexual activity lowers the risk of an infection with the bacteria that cause chlamydia. Your healthcare professional can prescribe doxycycline and any testing you need while taking the medicine.

• #18 Chlamydia trachomatis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/chlamydia-trachomatis

  The surest way to prevent chlamydia infection is to abstain from sexual activities. Short of that, you can: […] Use condoms. Use a male latex condom or a female polyurethane condom during each sexual contact. Condoms used properly during every sexual encounter lower but don’t eliminate the risk of infection. […] Limit your number of sex partners. Having multiple sex partners puts you at a high risk of contracting chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections. […] Get regular screenings. If you’re sexually active, particularly if you have multiple partners, talk with your healthcare professional about how often you should be screened for chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections. […] A medicine called doxycycline may be an option to prevent infection among people at higher risk than average of getting chlamydia. Higher risk groups include men who have sex with men and transgender women. […] Taking doxycycline within 3 days of sexual activity lowers the risk of an infection with the bacteria that cause chlamydia. Your healthcare professional can prescribe doxycycline and any testing you need while taking the medicine.

• #19 Chlamydia: A Common and Curable Infection

  https://www.ashasexualhealth.org/chlamydia-101/

  All partners should be examined and treated. […] The infected person should not have sex until they and any partner or partners have been treated and cured. […] Women should be retested three to four months after treatment because of a high rate of reinfection. […] Doctors will sometimes go ahead and treat people with chlamydia for both infections (chlamydia and gonorrhea). Remember, partners should be examined for infection and treated as well to avoid reinfection. […] Doxy PEP involves taking an oral antibiotic after condomless sex to prevent bacterial STIs. Research has shown that this can reduce the possibility of contracting chlamydia by 88%.

• #20 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  Patients and their partners should be advised to abstain from sex for seven days after completing a single-dose regimen or until the completion of a seven-day treatment course and resolution of symptoms. […] Nonpregnant people should be tested for reinfection approximately three months after treatment or at the first visit in the 12 months after treatment. […] Gonococcal and chlamydial infections in pregnancy are associated with increased risks, including preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, stillbirth, low-birth-weight infants, and neonatal infection. […] The USPSTF recommends universal prophylaxis with ocular erythromycin 0.5% ointment to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.

• #21 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS – WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK379708/

  In neonates with chlamydial conjunctivitis, the WHO STI guideline recommends using oral azithromycin 20 mg/kg/day orally, one dose daily for 3 days, over erythromycin 50 mg/kg/day orally, in four divided doses daily for 14 days. […] For all neonates, the WHO STI guideline recommends topical ocular prophylaxis for the prevention of gonococcal and chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum. […] For ocular prophylaxis, the WHO STI guideline suggests one of the following options for topical application to both eyes immediately after birth: tetracycline hydrochloride 1% eye ointment, erythromycin 0.5% eye ointment, povidone iodine 2.5% solution (water-based), silver nitrate 1% solution, chloramphenicol 1% eye ointment. […] Recommendations 6 and 7 apply to the prevention of both chlamydial and gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.

• #22 Chlamydia infection – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/chlamydia-infection

  Correct and consistent use of condoms significantly decreases the risk of infection during anal, vaginal or oral sexual contact. […] For all neonates, the WHO STI guideline recommends topical ocular prophylaxis for the prevention of gonococcal and chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum (eye infection).

• #23 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS – WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK379708/

  In neonates with chlamydial conjunctivitis, the WHO STI guideline recommends using oral azithromycin 20 mg/kg/day orally, one dose daily for 3 days, over erythromycin 50 mg/kg/day orally, in four divided doses daily for 14 days. […] For all neonates, the WHO STI guideline recommends topical ocular prophylaxis for the prevention of gonococcal and chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum. […] For ocular prophylaxis, the WHO STI guideline suggests one of the following options for topical application to both eyes immediately after birth: tetracycline hydrochloride 1% eye ointment, erythromycin 0.5% eye ointment, povidone iodine 2.5% solution (water-based), silver nitrate 1% solution, chloramphenicol 1% eye ointment. […] Recommendations 6 and 7 apply to the prevention of both chlamydial and gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.

• #24

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001767.htm

  To reduce the morbidity and subsequent complications associated with C. trachomatis infection in the United States, effective prevention and control strategies must be implemented. […] Comprehensive guidelines for the formulation of such control programs, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to infected individuals, are provided in this document. […] Selective screening to detect asymptomatic infection is an essential component of a successful control program. […] Education of the public and of health professionals is essential for prevention at all three levels (primary, secondary, tertiary), especially in the absence of an effective vaccine. […] Providers of health care can play a leading role in reducing the incidence of C. trachomatis infection and its complications.

• #25

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001767.htm

  One such practice that should be encouraged is the use of barrier methods of contraception. Barrier methods of contraception (condoms and diaphragms) are known to provide protection against Chlamydia infection and other STD when used properly. […] Disseminate the following information to the public: Risks of chlamydial infection associated with sexual activity, especially when multiple partners are involved. […] Role of barrier methods of contraception for personal prophylaxis to prevent chlamydial infection and other STD. […] Importance and frequency of asymptomatic chlamydial infection. […] Importance of compliance with treatment and behavioral recommendations. […] Sequelae of untreated chlamydial infection and other STD, such as PID, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and infant morbidity.

• #26 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are increasing in the United States. Because most infections are asymptomatic, screening is key to preventing complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility and decreasing community and vertical neonatal transmission. All sexually active people with a cervix who are younger than 25 years and older people with a cervix who have risk factors should be screened annually for chlamydial and gonococcal infections. Sexually active men who have sex with men should be screened at least annually. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends behavioral counseling on condom use, communication strategies for safer sex, and problem solving with those at increased risk of STIs. […] Physicians should emphasize barrier protection as the best way to prevent STIs.

• #27 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Treatment and follow-up – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/treatment-follow-up.html

  C. trachomatis infections are nationally notifiable and are reportable by laboratories, physicians and designated health professionals to local public health authorities in all provinces and territories. Some provinces and territories distinguish cases caused by LGV and non-LGV genotypes in their surveillance data. […] Case finding and partner notification are critical to the prevention and control of C. trachomatis. Notify, clinically assess, test and empirically treat partners who have had sexual contact with the index case within 60 days prior to date of specimen collection (if index case is asymptomatic) or prior to symptom onset. Empiric treatment is indicated regardless of clinical findings and without waiting for test results. […] Repeat screening is recommended three months post-treatment for all people with C. trachomatis infection because the risk of reinfection is high.

• #28 Chlamydia (Chlamydial Genitourinary Infections) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antibiotic Therapy, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214823-treatment

  Individuals who are sexually active should be aware of the risks posed not only of genitourinary chlamydia infection but also by the whole gamut of STDs. Patients should be tested for other STDs or referred for other STD testing as appropriate. All sexual contacts also should be referred for testing and, if necessary, treatment. […] In addition, patients should be aware that the most effective way of avoiding infection, other than abstaining from sexual activity, is to practice safe sex. This means using appropriate barrier protection (ie, latex condoms) with each sexual encounter. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has released guidelines on expedited partner therapy for chlamydial and gonorrheal sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). While designed to prevent reinfection with chlamydia and gonorrhea, the recommendations also can be applied to other STDs. The ACOG recommendations include the following: Expedited partner therapy to prevent reinfection, with legalization of expedited partner therapy; Counsel partners to undergo screening for HIV infection and other STDs; Expedited partner therapy contraindicated in cases of suspected abuse or compromised patient safety; pretreatment evaluation for abuse potential recommended; Expedited partner therapy medications and protocols based on CDC, state, and/or local guidelines.

• #29

• #30 Chlamydia trachomatis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355355

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends chlamydia testing for anyone with chlamydia symptoms. […] In general, some groups are screened more often than others, such as: […] Sexually active women age 25 or younger. The rate of chlamydia infection is highest in this group, so a yearly screening test is recommended. […] Pregnant people. Chlamydia screening may be offered during the first prenatal exam. […] People at high risk. People who have new or multiple sex partners or men who have sex with men should consider more frequent chlamydia screening. […] Your sexual partner or partners from the last 60 days also need screening and treatment even if they don’t have symptoms. […] Three months after treatment, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends getting tested for chlamydia again. […] Should my partner be tested or treated for chlamydia infection? […] How can I prevent chlamydia infection in the future?

• #31 Expedited Partner Therapy (EPT) for infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and/or Trichomonas vaginalis Guidance for Health Professionals in Minnesota – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/stds/hcp/ept/eptguidance.html

  Expedited partner therapy (also known as EPT, expedited partner treatment, or partner-delivered partner treatment) is a harm reduction strategy and is defined as the practice of treating the sexual partners of patients diagnosed with certain qualifying sexually transmitted infections by providing antimicrobial treatment for the partner(s) without a formal medical examination by a health care provider. EPT has been legal in the state of Minnesota since 2008 (refer to Minnesota Statutes, Section 151.37 Subd. 2(g)) and may be prescribed by any licensed practitioner and/or another licensed health care professional under a collaborative practice agreement or protocol. The potential public health benefits of EPT include: […] The CDC and/or MDH recommend that when partners of patients diagnosed with the following qualifying STIs are unable or unlikely to seek timely evaluation and treatment, EPT is recommended: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Trichomoniasis.

• #32 Chlamydia (Chlamydial Genitourinary Infections) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antibiotic Therapy, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214823-treatment

  Individuals who are sexually active should be aware of the risks posed not only of genitourinary chlamydia infection but also by the whole gamut of STDs. Patients should be tested for other STDs or referred for other STD testing as appropriate. All sexual contacts also should be referred for testing and, if necessary, treatment. […] In addition, patients should be aware that the most effective way of avoiding infection, other than abstaining from sexual activity, is to practice safe sex. This means using appropriate barrier protection (ie, latex condoms) with each sexual encounter. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has released guidelines on expedited partner therapy for chlamydial and gonorrheal sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). While designed to prevent reinfection with chlamydia and gonorrhea, the recommendations also can be applied to other STDs. The ACOG recommendations include the following: Expedited partner therapy to prevent reinfection, with legalization of expedited partner therapy; Counsel partners to undergo screening for HIV infection and other STDs; Expedited partner therapy contraindicated in cases of suspected abuse or compromised patient safety; pretreatment evaluation for abuse potential recommended; Expedited partner therapy medications and protocols based on CDC, state, and/or local guidelines.

• #33 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  Patients and their partners should be advised to abstain from sex for seven days after completing a single-dose regimen or until the completion of a seven-day treatment course and resolution of symptoms. […] Nonpregnant people should be tested for reinfection approximately three months after treatment or at the first visit in the 12 months after treatment. […] Gonococcal and chlamydial infections in pregnancy are associated with increased risks, including preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, stillbirth, low-birth-weight infants, and neonatal infection. […] The USPSTF recommends universal prophylaxis with ocular erythromycin 0.5% ointment to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.

• #34 Chlamydia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chlamydia/

  Chlamydia is spread through vaginal fluid and semen. It can pass from person to person by having vaginal, oral or anal sex without a condom. […] There are some things you can do to avoid getting chlamydia and spreading it to others. […] use condoms when you have vaginal or anal sex […] use a condom to cover the penis, or a latex or plastic square (dam) to cover the vagina, if you have oral sex […] get tested once a year, or if you have a new sexual partner […] complete the full treatment if you or your sexual partner have chlamydia. […] do not share sex toys (if you do, wash and cover them with a new condom before anyone else uses them).

• #35 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  Patients and their partners should be advised to abstain from sex for seven days after completing a single-dose regimen or until the completion of a seven-day treatment course and resolution of symptoms. […] Nonpregnant people should be tested for reinfection approximately three months after treatment or at the first visit in the 12 months after treatment. […] Gonococcal and chlamydial infections in pregnancy are associated with increased risks, including preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, stillbirth, low-birth-weight infants, and neonatal infection. […] The USPSTF recommends universal prophylaxis with ocular erythromycin 0.5% ointment to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.

• #36 Chlamydia trachomatis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355355

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends chlamydia testing for anyone with chlamydia symptoms. […] In general, some groups are screened more often than others, such as: […] Sexually active women age 25 or younger. The rate of chlamydia infection is highest in this group, so a yearly screening test is recommended. […] Pregnant people. Chlamydia screening may be offered during the first prenatal exam. […] People at high risk. People who have new or multiple sex partners or men who have sex with men should consider more frequent chlamydia screening. […] Your sexual partner or partners from the last 60 days also need screening and treatment even if they don’t have symptoms. […] Three months after treatment, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends getting tested for chlamydia again. […] Should my partner be tested or treated for chlamydia infection? […] How can I prevent chlamydia infection in the future?

• #37 Personal, partner and public health benefits of testing for Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women – Bruisten – Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine

  https://jlpm.amegroups.org/article/view/3757/html

  Male partners should therefore always be notified in case of a positive test outcome and if possible, get tested, since many of them proved to be positive for C. trachomatis infection. […] A test of cure is recommended after 3 months, since in about 20% of cases recurrent chlamydia infections occur. […] Counselling is important and women at risk should be screened at least once a year according to Wiesenfeld or more often, if having complaints. […] An efficient and cost-effective way for screening for C. trachomatis infection is sampling at home using a validated assay and sending the sample to an accredited laboratory for subsequent testing. […] The personal health of a woman may improve if she is tested timely and treated adequately, since this will avert future problems when conceiving and giving birth to a healthy child.

• #38

• #39 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Epidemiology, Prevention, Clinical, and Basic Science Research | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/35002/chlamydia-trachomatis-infection-epidemiology-prevention-clinical-and-basic-science-researchundefined

  Chlamydia trachomatis infection can lead to severe complications in the absence of treatment, including tubal infertility or ectopic pregnancy, as well as facilitation of HIV transmission and infection. […] This underscores the importance of multi-disciplinary research to inform clinical decisions, public health control measures, surveillance, diagnostics, and prevention strategies. […] We invite submissions of Original Research, Reviews, and Commentaries, in the subtopics of, but not limited to:- Epidemiology, surveillance, modelling and implementation of chlamydia trachomatis infection control. […] Chlamydia trachomatis infection clinical management. […] Persistence and immune evasion of chlamydia trachomatis. […] Protective immunity, vaccine development and barriers to vaccine acceptance. […] Diagnostics, especially in self-testing, self-collection, and decentralized testing of chlamydia trachomatis infection.

• #40 Role of D(−)-Lactic Acid in Prevention of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in an In Vitro Model of HeLa Cells

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/7/883

  A vaginal microbiota dominated by lactobacilli is crucial for the prevention of CT infections […] The protective role of lactobacilli against CT is exerted by several mechanisms acting on both the extracellular and intracellular steps of the cycle […] Lactobacilli provide protection against pathogens in several ways, including lactic acid (LA), short-range bacteriocins and long-range hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. It is believed that LA plays a central role in host defense […] The presence of all these compounds, whether independently or in combination, influences the host’s susceptibility to CT infection, highlighting the significance of the host–microbiota relationship […] To investigate these points, we analyzed the effect of cell-free supernatants of lactobacilli supplemented with different amounts of D(−)-LA or L(+)-LA on the viability of HeLa cells

• #41 Role of D(−)-Lactic Acid in Prevention of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in an In Vitro Model of HeLa Cells

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/7/883

  The results shown in Figure 2A indicate that the protective effect of L. crispatus supernatants was maintained. In particular, treatment with L. crispatus supernatant reduced the infectivity of CT by 37.08% ± 0.35 […] These results suggest that D(−)-LA plays a central role in reducing CT infectivity […] The mechanisms underlying the protective properties of LA are multiple: (i) the protonated form of LA can penetrate cell membranes and acidify the cytosol; (ii) LA can also weaken the bacterial cell wall or affect host cell membranes, reducing their susceptibility to infection and finally (iii) LA can induce epigenetic changes that could affect target cell gene expression […] Their results suggest that lactobacilli producing D(−)-LA downregulate the proliferation of vaginal epithelial cells, protecting them from CT infection.

• #42 Patterns of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in different anatomical sites among Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) users in Brazil | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-09144-z

  The presence of untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) significantly increases the chance of acquiring HIV. […] Therefore, it is essential for HIV prevention. […] Tracking, diagnosing, and treating positive cases of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in multiple sites should be considered key elements for successful HIV prevention. […] These strategies reflect and provide the opportunity to offer comprehensive tests in specialized services to identify, in multiple sites, the presence of asymptomatic cases, as well as to promote adequate treatment and break the transmission chain. […] The symptoms are a bad indicator of CT and NG infection, and the screening must be done in more than one site since most of the positive results would be missed if only urines were tested. […] The two-sites testing improves detection rates of CT/NG, and PrEP follow-up benefits people offering STI testing.

• #43 Patterns of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in different anatomical sites among Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) users in Brazil | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-09144-z

  Our main findings suggested that symptoms are a bad indicator of CT/NG infection and the screening must be done in more than one anatomical site, since most of the positive results would be missed if only urine were tested. […] Our findings suggest that including CT/NG testing periodically in PrEP follow-up allows for the timely screening and diagnosis of these pathogens, even when asymptomatic. […] Expanding the supply of these tests facilitates the shift from syndromic to causal treatment, as well as improving the screening of asymptomatic cases that contribute to the transmission cycle.

• #44 Patterns of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae in different anatomical sites among pre-exposure prophylaxis (prpe) users in Brazil | Infectious Diseases Conferences 2024 | Infection Conferences 2024 | Vaccines Conferences 2024 | Noninfectious

  https://infectiouscongress.com/program/scientific-program/2024/patterns-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-and-neisseria-gonorrhoeae-in-different-anatomical-sites-among-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-prpe-users-in-brazil

  The presence of an untreated STI significantly increases the chance of acquiring HIV. […] Multi-site testing for CT/NG improves screening of asymptomatic cases and timely treatment. So, its essential for HIV prevention. […] The symptoms are a bad indicator of CT and NG infection, and the screening must be done in multiple sites since most of the positive results would be missed if only urines were tested. […] Multisite testing improves detection rates of CT/NG, and PrEP follow-up benefits people offering STI testing. […] This will help the audience understand that multisite testing improves the chance of detecting pathogens. […] Finally, it contributes to the discussion that PrEP benefits their users because it makes it easier to access STI testing, early diagnosis and quick treatment.

• #45

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001767.htm

  To reduce the morbidity and subsequent complications associated with C. trachomatis infection in the United States, effective prevention and control strategies must be implemented. […] Comprehensive guidelines for the formulation of such control programs, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to infected individuals, are provided in this document. […] Selective screening to detect asymptomatic infection is an essential component of a successful control program. […] Education of the public and of health professionals is essential for prevention at all three levels (primary, secondary, tertiary), especially in the absence of an effective vaccine. […] Providers of health care can play a leading role in reducing the incidence of C. trachomatis infection and its complications.

• #46 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Prevention and control – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/prevention-control.html

  Prevention and control of Chlamydia trachomatis infections (including lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)). […] Measures to prevent and control the transmission of C. trachomatis include counselling, prompt diagnosis and treatment of the person and their sexual partners. […] Counsel people with suspected or confirmed C. trachomatis about: Consistent practice of safer sex (e.g. use of barrier methods for vaginal, anal and oral sex, cleaning toys prior to use and avoiding sharing sex toys). […] The importance of STBBI screening […] C. trachomatis in infants can be avoided by screening and treating pregnant persons before delivery.

• #47 Chlamydia trachomatis

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/genital/chlamydia-trachomatis/

  Chlamydia is a notifiable disease. Notification process is usually initiated by the testing laboratory. […] A diagnosis of chlamydia in gbMSM should prompt a discussion about HIV prevention including pre-exposure prophylaxis PrEP. […] Advise no sexual contact until after completion of treatment or, where indicated (see above), after negative test of cure no sooner than 3 weeks after treatment. […] Sexual partners in the preceding 6 months should be informed of the need for testing and patients should be encouraged to inform their sexual partners. Sexual partners in the two week window period after last sexual contact may have a false negative result and should be empirically treated for chlamydia.

• #48 Reporting Chlamydia trachomatis infections – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/chlamydia/report.html

  Laboratory confirmed cases of Chlamydia trachomatis infections (including serotypes L1, L2, and L3) must be reported to MDH within one working day. […] Health care providers working with patients having chlamydial infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, or HIV, including AIDS, shall tell the patients how to prevent the spread of the infection and inform them of the importance of complying with treatment instructions and of the need to have all relevant contacts promptly tested and treated for the infection.

• #49 Randomised controlled trial of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease: the POPI (prevention of pelvic infection) trial | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c1642

  Objective To determine whether screening and treating women for chlamydial infection reduces the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease over the subsequent 12 months. […] In many developed countries, screening programmes for chlamydia have been set up to reduce transmission and reproductive tract morbidity. […] The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend annual screening of all sexually active women aged 25 or less. […] In England the recommendation applies to women aged 24 or less. […] However, controversy remains about the evidence base. […] The national chlamydia screening programme was progressively rolled out across England from 2003 to 2008. […] In the POPI (prevention of pelvic infection) trial we investigated whether screening young sexually active female students for chlamydial infection and treating those found to be infected reduced the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease in the subsequent 12 months.

• #50 Randomised controlled trial of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease: the POPI (prevention of pelvic infection) trial | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c1642

  Participants were warned of the risks of chlamydial infection and that their samples might not be tested for a year and were advised to get checked independently if they thought they had been at risk. […] The risk of clinical pelvic inflammatory disease over 12 months in women screened for C trachomatis was non-significantly reduced by 35%. […] Our findings suggest that to prevent one case of clinical pelvic inflammatory disease over 12 months, it may be necessary to screen 147 women for chlamydial infection or to treat 13 women who are positive for chlamydia. […] Most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease over 12 months were not prevented by a single chlamydia screen and occurred in women who were negative for chlamydia at baseline. […] Policy makers might consider focusing on more frequent testing of those at higher risk, such as women with a new sexual partner or a recent history of chlamydial infection.

• #51 Personal, partner and public health benefits of testing for Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women – Bruisten – Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine

  https://jlpm.amegroups.org/article/view/3757/html

  In view of personalised laboratory testing for the presence of infections with Chlamydia trachomatis the paper by Wiesenfeld fits perfectly. […] The answer is yes and Wiesenfeld gives a number of good arguments why women at the reproductive age or others at increased risk for infection should be (regularly) tested. […] Regular testing has been reported to substantially reduce the incidence of PID. […] An important question is, however, how much of the PID burden is caused by C. trachomatis infections. […] In the absence of active chlamydia screening, 26.4% of PID at 12-month was attributable to untreated chlamydia infections whereas in the presence of testing and treatment this was less than 10% of PID, showing the effectiveness of screening. […] Extra-genital testing and treatment should be encouraged for women as well as for men since transmission may occur solely via these anatomical locations and stay unnoticed otherwise.

• #52 Chlamydia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia

  Prevention is by not having sex, the use of condoms, or having sex with only one other person, who is not infected. […] For sexually active women who are not pregnant, screening is recommended in those under 25 and others at risk of infection. Risk factors include a history of chlamydial or other sexually transmitted infection, new or multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use. […] The USPSTF acknowledges that in some communities there may be other risk factors for infection, such as ethnicity. […] In the United Kingdom the National Health Service (NHS) aims to: Prevent and control chlamydia infection through early detection and treatment of asymptomatic infection; Reduce onward transmission to sexual partners; Prevent the consequences of untreated infection; Test at least 25 percent of the sexually active under 25 population annually. […] Following treatment people should be tested again after three months to check for reinfection.

• #53 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  Patients and their partners should be advised to abstain from sex for seven days after completing a single-dose regimen or until the completion of a seven-day treatment course and resolution of symptoms. […] Nonpregnant people should be tested for reinfection approximately three months after treatment or at the first visit in the 12 months after treatment. […] Gonococcal and chlamydial infections in pregnancy are associated with increased risks, including preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, stillbirth, low-birth-weight infants, and neonatal infection. […] The USPSTF recommends universal prophylaxis with ocular erythromycin 0.5% ointment to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.

• #54 Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in parturient women in Gipuzkoa, Northern Spain | SpringerPlus | Full Text

  https://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40064-016-2268-4

  The knowledge of the prevalence of the C. trachomatis infection is essential for the design of appropriate infection control programs. […] The most effective measure to control C. trachomatis infection is population-based screening in adolescents and young adults, but it is difficult to implement (ECDC 2014). An additional policy is screening in pregnancy. This form of screening is easy to implement and can achieve high coverage, since pregnant women usually make use of prenatal care and are usually willing to undergo diagnostic tests that could prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancy-based screening would detect infected women who are therefore at risk of pregnancy complications, and of transmitting the infection to their infants during delivery (Rours et al. 2011; Hammerschlag 2011; ECDC 2014; CDC et al. 2010). Most of these women are asymptomatic and their infection would remain undetected without screening. In this context, the high prevalence observed in young women in this study supports the need to recommend C. trachomatis screening in pregnant women 25 years during their first gestational control visit in this region of Spain and the possible broadening of this strategy to women aged 25-29 years. […] A gestational screening should be implemented in young women as part of antenatal care in Spain.

• #55 Chlamydiae – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/chlamydiae-and-mycoplasmas/chlamydiae

  Screening for urogenital chlamydial infection is recommended as part of routine preventive care, depending on risk factors. […] In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends universal prenatal screening of pregnant patients. […] Screening has greatly reduced the incidence of neonatal C. trachomatis conjunctivitis and pneumonia. […] Screen all pregnant patients under age 25 to prevent neonatal (chlamydial) conjunctivitis and other high-risk, asymptomatic patients for sexually transmitted chlamydial infection.

• #56 Recommendation: Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/chlamydia-and-gonorrhea-screening

  Sexually active women, including pregnant persons The USPSTF recommends screening for chlamydia in all sexually active women 24 years or younger and in women 25 years or older who are at increased risk for infection. B […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for chlamydia in all sexually active women 24 years or younger and in women 25 years or older who are at increased risk for infection has moderate net benefit. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for both infections in pregnant women younger than 25 years and in older pregnant women at increased risk for infection during their first prenatal visit and again during their third trimester if risk remains high. […] The USPSTF found insufficient evidence to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea in men.

• #57 Chlamydia trachomatis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355355

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends chlamydia testing for anyone with chlamydia symptoms. […] In general, some groups are screened more often than others, such as: […] Sexually active women age 25 or younger. The rate of chlamydia infection is highest in this group, so a yearly screening test is recommended. […] Pregnant people. Chlamydia screening may be offered during the first prenatal exam. […] People at high risk. People who have new or multiple sex partners or men who have sex with men should consider more frequent chlamydia screening. […] Your sexual partner or partners from the last 60 days also need screening and treatment even if they don’t have symptoms. […] Three months after treatment, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends getting tested for chlamydia again. […] Should my partner be tested or treated for chlamydia infection? […] How can I prevent chlamydia infection in the future?

• #58 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are increasing in the United States. Because most infections are asymptomatic, screening is key to preventing complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility and decreasing community and vertical neonatal transmission. All sexually active people with a cervix who are younger than 25 years and older people with a cervix who have risk factors should be screened annually for chlamydial and gonococcal infections. Sexually active men who have sex with men should be screened at least annually. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends behavioral counseling on condom use, communication strategies for safer sex, and problem solving with those at increased risk of STIs. […] Physicians should emphasize barrier protection as the best way to prevent STIs.

• #59 Early screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in young women for primary prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease (i-Predict): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial | Trials | Full Text

  https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-017-2211-1

  Genital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection, especially among young women. […] The main objective of the i-Predict trial (Prevention of Diseases Induced by Chlamydia trachomatis) is to determine whether early screening and treatment of 18- to-24-year-old women for genital Ct infection reduces the incidence of PID over 24 months. […] Early diagnosis and antibiotic treatments have been considered a major strategy for prevention of complications and further transmission of Ct infection. In France, the national chlamydia control strategy includes sexual health education, awareness campaigns, promotion of condoms and at-risk population screening. […] A systematic screening programme was introduced throughout England in 2007 for sexually active men and women younger than 25 years old attending various clinical and non-clinical settings (e.g., universities and sporting events), but the effectiveness of systematic screening to prevent PID remains controversial.

• #60 Early screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in young women for primary prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease (i-Predict): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial | Trials | Full Text

  https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-017-2211-1

  This trial is expected to largely contribute to the development of recommendations for Ct screening in young women in France to prevent PID and related complications. […] There is a need to evaluate the efficacy of early screening for prevention of PID and to better understand the natural history of Ct infection and progression to PID in order to develop efficient screening programmes in France. […] The main objective of this study is to determine whether early screening and treatment for genital Ct in young women (25 years of age) in France reduces the cumulative incidence of PID over 24 months. […] Participants with a positive test result for Ct at baseline or months 6, 12 or 18 in the intervention group will be referred to their physician or the nearest STI clinic for treatment. […] Current recommendations for uncomplicated infections include a single-dose therapy of azithromycin (1 g) or a 7-day course of doxycycline. […] This trial will be the first large-scale test in Europe allowing determination of whether screening and treating young women decreases the risk of PID as well as documentation of key characteristics of Ct natural history.

• #61 – i-Predict: Prevention of Diseases Induced by Chlamydia trachomatis – Research – Institut Pasteur

  https://research.pasteur.fr/en/project/i-predict-prevention-of-diseases-induced-by-chlamydia-trachomatis/

  i-Predict is a multicentric controlled randomized trial on genital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), which is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI), especially among young women. […] In France, screening has been recommended to young sexually active women when visiting specific settings such as STI clinics since 2003. […] This leaves an opportunity to conduct a trial to evaluate the efficacy of systematic screening and treatment in preventing PID and to further document key characteristics of Ct natural history and progression to PID. […] We will conduct a randomized prevention trial in 4000 female students aged 18-24 years old of the Universities participating in the i-Share student cohort to determine whether systematic screening and treatment of young women for genital Ct infection reduces the incidence of PID over 24 months. […] If such a role could be highlighted, a change to the treatment and prevention guidelines for Ct and STI in general would be warranted.

• #62 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are increasing in the United States. Because most infections are asymptomatic, screening is key to preventing complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility and decreasing community and vertical neonatal transmission. All sexually active people with a cervix who are younger than 25 years and older people with a cervix who have risk factors should be screened annually for chlamydial and gonococcal infections. Sexually active men who have sex with men should be screened at least annually. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends behavioral counseling on condom use, communication strategies for safer sex, and problem solving with those at increased risk of STIs. […] Physicians should emphasize barrier protection as the best way to prevent STIs.

• #63 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  The USPSTF and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend annual screening for chlamydial and gonococcal infections to prevent infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease in sexually active people 24 years and younger with a cervix and in older people with a cervix who have risk factors. […] Screening should include the pharynx, urethra, and rectum based on reported anatomic sites of exposure. […] Routine testing for chlamydial infections of the oropharynx is not recommended, but many laboratories will test for gonococcal and chlamydial infections simultaneously. […] The CDC recommends using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for the diagnosis of gonococcal or chlamydial infections because it is the most sensitive. […] All people who test positive or report known exposure to C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae should be treated.

• #64 Chlamydia trachomatis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/chlamydia-trachomatis

  The surest way to prevent chlamydia infection is to abstain from sexual activities. Short of that, you can: […] Use condoms. Use a male latex condom or a female polyurethane condom during each sexual contact. Condoms used properly during every sexual encounter lower but don’t eliminate the risk of infection. […] Limit your number of sex partners. Having multiple sex partners puts you at a high risk of contracting chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections. […] Get regular screenings. If you’re sexually active, particularly if you have multiple partners, talk with your healthcare professional about how often you should be screened for chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections. […] A medicine called doxycycline may be an option to prevent infection among people at higher risk than average of getting chlamydia. Higher risk groups include men who have sex with men and transgender women. […] Taking doxycycline within 3 days of sexual activity lowers the risk of an infection with the bacteria that cause chlamydia. Your healthcare professional can prescribe doxycycline and any testing you need while taking the medicine.

• #65 Patterns of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in different anatomical sites among Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) users in Brazil | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-09144-z

  The presence of untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) significantly increases the chance of acquiring HIV. […] Therefore, it is essential for HIV prevention. […] Tracking, diagnosing, and treating positive cases of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in multiple sites should be considered key elements for successful HIV prevention. […] These strategies reflect and provide the opportunity to offer comprehensive tests in specialized services to identify, in multiple sites, the presence of asymptomatic cases, as well as to promote adequate treatment and break the transmission chain. […] The symptoms are a bad indicator of CT and NG infection, and the screening must be done in more than one site since most of the positive results would be missed if only urines were tested. […] The two-sites testing improves detection rates of CT/NG, and PrEP follow-up benefits people offering STI testing.

• #66 Patterns of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae in different anatomical sites among pre-exposure prophylaxis (prpe) users in Brazil | Infectious Diseases Conferences 2024 | Infection Conferences 2024 | Vaccines Conferences 2024 | Noninfectious

  https://infectiouscongress.com/program/scientific-program/2024/patterns-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-and-neisseria-gonorrhoeae-in-different-anatomical-sites-among-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-prpe-users-in-brazil

  The presence of an untreated STI significantly increases the chance of acquiring HIV. […] Multi-site testing for CT/NG improves screening of asymptomatic cases and timely treatment. So, its essential for HIV prevention. […] The symptoms are a bad indicator of CT and NG infection, and the screening must be done in multiple sites since most of the positive results would be missed if only urines were tested. […] Multisite testing improves detection rates of CT/NG, and PrEP follow-up benefits people offering STI testing. […] This will help the audience understand that multisite testing improves the chance of detecting pathogens. […] Finally, it contributes to the discussion that PrEP benefits their users because it makes it easier to access STI testing, early diagnosis and quick treatment.

• #67

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001767.htm

  To reduce the morbidity and subsequent complications associated with C. trachomatis infection in the United States, effective prevention and control strategies must be implemented. […] Comprehensive guidelines for the formulation of such control programs, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to infected individuals, are provided in this document. […] Selective screening to detect asymptomatic infection is an essential component of a successful control program. […] Education of the public and of health professionals is essential for prevention at all three levels (primary, secondary, tertiary), especially in the absence of an effective vaccine. […] Providers of health care can play a leading role in reducing the incidence of C. trachomatis infection and its complications.

• #68 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Prevention and control – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/prevention-control.html

  Prevention and control of Chlamydia trachomatis infections (including lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)). […] Measures to prevent and control the transmission of C. trachomatis include counselling, prompt diagnosis and treatment of the person and their sexual partners. […] Counsel people with suspected or confirmed C. trachomatis about: Consistent practice of safer sex (e.g. use of barrier methods for vaginal, anal and oral sex, cleaning toys prior to use and avoiding sharing sex toys). […] The importance of STBBI screening […] C. trachomatis in infants can be avoided by screening and treating pregnant persons before delivery.

• #69

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chlamydia

  Consistent and correct use of condoms when having vaginal and anal sex is the only way to prevent chlamydial infection. […] If you are pregnant, getting tested for chlamydia and receiving prompt treatment if you test positive can prevent transmission to the baby. […] There are no vaccines for the prevention of chlamydial infection.

• #70 Chlamydia : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/chlamydia

  As with all sexually transmitted infections, systematic condom use is the main means of preventing chlamydia infection (even during oral sex). […] There is no vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis infection. […] To break the chain of infection, diagnosed individuals should alert recent sexual partners (dating back one month) so that they can be tested.

• #71 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are increasing in the United States. Because most infections are asymptomatic, screening is key to preventing complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility and decreasing community and vertical neonatal transmission. All sexually active people with a cervix who are younger than 25 years and older people with a cervix who have risk factors should be screened annually for chlamydial and gonococcal infections. Sexually active men who have sex with men should be screened at least annually. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends behavioral counseling on condom use, communication strategies for safer sex, and problem solving with those at increased risk of STIs. […] Physicians should emphasize barrier protection as the best way to prevent STIs.

• #72 Chlamydia infection

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chlamydia-infection

  Chlamydia trachomatis infections can cause long-term complications in women even when they do not produce symptoms of acute disease. […] This risk of long-term reproductive health problems associated with C. trachomatis infections has lead some European countries to routinely offer testing for chlamydia to sexually active young people in an attempt to reduce the spread of the disease.

• #73 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Epidemiology, Prevention, Clinical, and Basic Science Research | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/35002/chlamydia-trachomatis-infection-epidemiology-prevention-clinical-and-basic-science-researchundefined

  Chlamydia trachomatis infection can lead to severe complications in the absence of treatment, including tubal infertility or ectopic pregnancy, as well as facilitation of HIV transmission and infection. […] This underscores the importance of multi-disciplinary research to inform clinical decisions, public health control measures, surveillance, diagnostics, and prevention strategies. […] We invite submissions of Original Research, Reviews, and Commentaries, in the subtopics of, but not limited to:- Epidemiology, surveillance, modelling and implementation of chlamydia trachomatis infection control. […] Chlamydia trachomatis infection clinical management. […] Persistence and immune evasion of chlamydia trachomatis. […] Protective immunity, vaccine development and barriers to vaccine acceptance. […] Diagnostics, especially in self-testing, self-collection, and decentralized testing of chlamydia trachomatis infection.

• #74 Chlamydia Trachomatis | British Society for Immunology

  https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/pathogens-disease/chlamydia-trachomatis

  Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection is the commonest bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide. […] Ct is diagnosed by urinary testing or genital swab. It is treated with antibiotic therapy, such as azithromycin or doxycycline. […] There is currently no vaccine for Ct. Much more research is needed to understand the balance between the immune response and the growth of the organism to develop more effective ways of controlling this infection and preventing the reproductive dysfunction that it is associated with.

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